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Nonoyama S, Hotta K, Iwahara N, Tanabe T, Hirose T, Harada S, Junichi S, Nakazawa D, Shigematsu A, Otsuka T, Shinohara N. Use of Mixed Lymphocyte Reaction Assay to Evaluate Immune Tolerance before Kidney Transplantation with an Immunosuppression-Free Protocol following Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation from the Same Donor. Nephron Clin Pract 2023; 147:621-626. [PMID: 37231903 DOI: 10.1159/000531031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Several cases of kidney transplantation after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) from the same donor for end-stage renal disease have been reported. In those cases, immunosuppressive drugs were discontinued since immune tolerance was supposed to be induced. Theoretically, the recipient's immune system recognizes the kidney allograft as its own tissue with the same human leukocyte antigen (HLA) profile, and the kidney allograft will not be rejected, even without the use of immunosuppressive agents. However, almost all recipients receive immunosuppressants in the early stages after kidney transplantation owing to concerns of acute rejection. Here, we report a successful case of post-HSCT kidney transplantation without the use of immunosuppressive drugs, in which a mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR) assay was used to evaluate immune tolerance before kidney transplantation. The patient was a 25-year-old woman. Five years prior, she developed acute myeloid leukemia and underwent HLA-half-matched peripheral blood stem cell transplantation. Thereafter, she was in remission of the acute myeloid leukemia, but 1 year later, she developed renal graft-versus-host disease. Subsequently, the patient's renal function gradually deteriorated to end-stage renal failure, and she underwent kidney transplantation with the previous stem cell donor: her mother. HLA typing of donor and recipient showed a complete chimerism in the peripheral blood. The pretransplantation complement-dependent cytotoxic crossmatch and flow cytometric T-cell crossmatch results were both negative, and HLA antibody measurements were all negative. The MLR assay revealed no T-lymphocyte reaction to the donor; therefore, immunosuppressants were not used. Two years after transplantation, the patient's serum creatinine concentration was around 0.8 mg/dL (down from 4 mg/dL before transplantation). No abnormalities were observed in a renal biopsy performed after 3 months. Our study, along with others, indicates that immune tolerance to a donor develops in post-HSCT kidney transplantation from the same donor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sho Nonoyama
- Department of Urology, Hokkaido University Hospital, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Kiyohiko Hotta
- Department of Urology, Hokkaido University Hospital, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Naoya Iwahara
- Department of Urology, Hokkaido University Hospital, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Tatsu Tanabe
- Department of Urology, Hokkaido University Hospital, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Takayuki Hirose
- Department of Urology, Hokkaido University Hospital, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Shigeru Harada
- Department of Urology, Hokkaido University Hospital, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Sugita Junichi
- Department of Hematology, Hokkaido University Hospital, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Daigo Nakazawa
- Department of Rheumatology and Nephrology, Hokkaido University Hospital, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Akio Shigematsu
- Department of Hematology, Kushiro Rosai Hospital, Kushiro, Japan
| | - Takuya Otsuka
- Department of Surgical Pathology, Hokkaido University Hospital, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Nobuo Shinohara
- Department of Urology, Hokkaido University Hospital, Sapporo, Japan
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Yuan X, Jiang H, Fu D, Robida A, Rajanayake K, Yuan H, Wen B, Sun D, Watch BT, Chinnaswamy K, Stuckey JA, Paczesny S, Rech JC, Yang CY. Structure-Activity relationship of 1-(Furan-2ylmethyl)Pyrrolidine-Based Stimulation-2 (ST2) inhibitors for treating graft versus host disease. Bioorg Med Chem 2022; 71:116942. [PMID: 35930851 PMCID: PMC9451522 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2022.116942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
An elevated plasma level of soluble ST2 (sST2) is a risk biomarker for graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) and death in patients receiving hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT). sST2 functions as a trap for IL-33 and amplifies the pro-inflammatory type 1 and 17 response while suppressing the tolerogenic type 2 and regulatory T cells activation during GVHD development. We previously identified small-molecule ST2 inhibitors particularly iST2-1 that reduces plasma sST2 levels and improved survival in two animal models. Here, we reported the structure-activity relationship of the furanylmethylpyrrolidine-based ST2 inhibitors based on iST2-1. Based on the biochemical AlphaLISA assay, we improved the activity of iST2-1 by 6-fold (∼6 μM in IC50 values) in the inhibition of ST2/IL-33 and confirmed the activities of the compounds in a cellular reporter assay. To determine the inhibition of the alloreactivity in vitro, we used the mixed lymphocyte reaction assay to demonstrate that our ST2 inhibitors decreased CD4+ and CD8+ T cells proliferation and increased Treg population. The data presented in this work are critical to the development of ST2 inhibitors in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinrui Yuan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Hua Jiang
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Denggang Fu
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Aaron Robida
- Life Sciences Institute, Departments of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Krishani Rajanayake
- Rogel Cancer Center, Departments of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States; Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Departments of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Hebao Yuan
- Rogel Cancer Center, Departments of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States; Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Departments of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Bo Wen
- Rogel Cancer Center, Departments of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States; Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Departments of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Duxin Sun
- Rogel Cancer Center, Departments of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States; Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Departments of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Brennan T Watch
- Michigan Center for Therapeutic Innovation, Departments of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Krishnapriya Chinnaswamy
- Life Sciences Institute, Departments of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States; Rogel Cancer Center, Departments of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Jeanne A Stuckey
- Life Sciences Institute, Departments of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States; Rogel Cancer Center, Departments of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Sophie Paczesny
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Jason C Rech
- Michigan Center for Therapeutic Innovation, Departments of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States.
| | - Chao-Yie Yang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States.
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Nicotra T, Desnos A, Halimi J, Antonot H, Reppel L, Belmas T, Freton A, Stranieri F, Mebarki M, Larghero J, Cras A, Faivre L. Mesenchymal stem/stromal cell quality control: validation of mixed lymphocyte reaction assay using flow cytometry according to ICH Q2(R1). Stem Cell Res Ther 2020; 11:426. [PMID: 33004063 PMCID: PMC7531151 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-020-01947-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSC) have immunomodulatory properties, studied in a wide range of diseases. Validated quality controls must confirm this activity in the context of clinical trials. This study presents a method’s validation, assessing MSC’s ability to inhibit lymphocyte proliferation, according to the ICH Q2 standard. Methods MSC were co-cultured with CellTrace™ Violet-labeled Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) coming from a bank of ten donors, at seven different ratios for 7 days. Cell trace violet PBMC bank was validated in parallel. Flow cytometry analysis was used to obtain the division percentage of T cells. The percentage of inhibition of lymphocyte proliferation by MSC, for each ratio X, was calculated using the formula: Ratio × percentage of inhibition = (control percentage of division—ratio × percentage of division)/control percentage of division. The inhibition percentage of lymphocyte proliferation function of co-culture ratios was represented in a line graph. The corresponding area under the curve was calculated, representing MSC’s ability to inhibit lymphocyte proliferation. Results Two cell trace violet PBMC banks were compared for bank validation. When compared using four different MSC samples coming each from a different donor, their area under the curve did not show any statistical differences and were correlated. Moreover, the stability of one cell trace violet PBMC bank was confirmed up to 509 days of storage. Analytical parameters were investigated for method validation. Analysis of repeatability and reproducibility respectively showed a standard deviation of 6.1% and 4.6%. The assay was robust regarding PBMC, as no statistical differences were found between inhibitory activities when testing three adjacent concentrations of PBMC. Still, attention is needed on MSC quantity as it can influence results. Linearity was evaluated: the percentage of inhibition of lymphocyte proliferation function of co-culture ratios was linear on the exploited range. Finally, the assay measurement range allowed to differentiate MSC presenting different inhibition activities. Conclusion This quantification method displayed low analytical variability and no inter-bank variability of PBMC. However, MSC quantification should be checked before co-culture to reduce variability. Therefore, it could be used for the qualification of MSC batches’ immunomodulatory activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tess Nicotra
- AP-HP, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Unité de Thérapie Cellulaire, 75010, Paris, France
| | - Aurélie Desnos
- AP-HP, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Unité de Thérapie Cellulaire, 75010, Paris, France
| | - Justine Halimi
- AP-HP, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Unité de Thérapie Cellulaire, 75010, Paris, France
| | - Hélène Antonot
- CHRU de Nancy, Unité de Thérapie Cellulaire et banque de tissus, 54500, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Loïc Reppel
- CHRU de Nancy, Unité de Thérapie Cellulaire et banque de tissus, 54500, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France.,CNRS, UMR 7365, 54500, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France.,Université de Lorraine, 54000, Nancy, France
| | - Thomas Belmas
- AP-HP, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Unité de Thérapie Cellulaire, 75010, Paris, France
| | - Alice Freton
- AP-HP, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Unité de Thérapie Cellulaire, 75010, Paris, France
| | - Floriane Stranieri
- AP-HP, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Unité de Thérapie Cellulaire, 75010, Paris, France
| | - Miryam Mebarki
- AP-HP, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Unité de Thérapie Cellulaire, 75010, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75006, Paris, France
| | - Jérôme Larghero
- AP-HP, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Unité de Thérapie Cellulaire, 75010, Paris, France.,Université de Paris, Inserm, U976 HIPI, F-75006, Paris, France.,Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75010, Paris, France
| | - Audrey Cras
- AP-HP, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Unité de Thérapie Cellulaire, 75010, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75006, Paris, France.,Inserm UMR_S1140, Faculté de Pharmacie, 75006, Paris, France
| | - Lionel Faivre
- AP-HP, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Unité de Thérapie Cellulaire, 75010, Paris, France. .,Université de Paris, Inserm, U976 HIPI, F-75006, Paris, France.
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Zhong M, Zhong C, Cui W, Wang G, Zheng G, Li L, Zhang J, Ren R, Gao H, Wang T, Li X, Che J, Gohda E. Induction of tolerogenic dendritic cells by activated TGF-β/Akt/Smad2 signaling in RIG-I-deficient stemness-high human liver cancer cells. BMC Cancer 2019; 19:439. [PMID: 31088527 PMCID: PMC6515680 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-019-5670-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dendritic cells (DCs) alter their role from being immunostimulatory to immunosuppressive at advanced stages of tumor progression, but the influence of cancer stem cells (CSCs) and their secreted factors on generation and phenotypic change of DCs is unknown. Retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I) plays a role in regulation of other cellular processes including leukemic stemness besides its antiviral function. METHODS Short hairpin RNA-mediated gene silencing was employed to generate stable RIG-I-knocked-down human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cell lines. Expression levels of genes and proteins in spheres of those HCC cells were determined by quantitative real-time PCR and Western bot, respectively. Levels of secreted cytokines were measured by ELISA. The surface molecule expression levels of DCs were analyzed using flow cytometry. The ability of DCs to induce proliferation of T cells was assessed by a mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR) assay. RESULTS RIG-I-knocked-down HCC cells showed upregulated expression of stem cell marker genes, enhanced secretion of factors suppressing in vitro generation of DCs into the conditioned medium (CM), and induction of a phenotype of tumor-infiltrating DCs (TIDCs) with low levels of DC markers in their tumors in nude mice. Those DCs and TIDCs showed reduced MLR, indicating RIG-I deficiency-induced immunotolerance. The RIG-I-deficient HCC cells secreted more TGF-β1 than did reference cells. The tumors formed after injection of RIG-I-deficient HCC cells had higher TGF-β1 contents than did tumors derived from control cells. DC generation and MLR suppressed by the CM of RIG-I-deficient HCC cells were restored by an anti-TGF-β1 antibody. TGF-β1-induced phosphorylation of Smad2 and Akt was enhanced in RIG-I-deficient HCC spheres, knockdown of AKT gene expression abolishing the augmentation of TGF-β1-induced Smad2 phosphorylation. Akt and p-Akt were co-immunoprecipitated with Smad2 in cytoplasmic proteins of RIG-I-deficient spheres but not in those of control spheres, the amounts of co-immunoprecipitated Akt and p-Akt being increased by TGF-β stimulation. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate that RIG-I deficiency in HCC cells induced their stemness, enhanced secretion and signaling of TGF-β1, tolerogenic TIDCs and less generation of DCs, and the results suggest involvement of TGF-β1 in those RIG-I deficiency-induced tolerogenic changes and involvement of CSCs in DC-mediated immunotolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Zhong
- Institute of Tumor Pharmacology, Jining Medical College, Xueyuan Road 669, Rizhao, 276826 China
| | - Cheng Zhong
- Division of Stem Cell Dynamics, Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Wen Cui
- Institute of Tumor Pharmacology, Jining Medical College, Xueyuan Road 669, Rizhao, 276826 China
| | - Guanghui Wang
- Institute of Tumor Pharmacology, Jining Medical College, Xueyuan Road 669, Rizhao, 276826 China
| | - Gongpu Zheng
- Institute of Tumor Pharmacology, Jining Medical College, Xueyuan Road 669, Rizhao, 276826 China
| | - Li Li
- Institute of Tumor Pharmacology, Jining Medical College, Xueyuan Road 669, Rizhao, 276826 China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Institute of Tumor Pharmacology, Jining Medical College, Xueyuan Road 669, Rizhao, 276826 China
| | - Rujing Ren
- Institute of Tumor Pharmacology, Jining Medical College, Xueyuan Road 669, Rizhao, 276826 China
| | - Huijei Gao
- Institute of Tumor Pharmacology, Jining Medical College, Xueyuan Road 669, Rizhao, 276826 China
| | | | - Xin Li
- People’s Hospital of Rizhao, Rizhao, China
| | - Jiantu Che
- S&V Biological Science and Technology Co., Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Eiichi Gohda
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
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Artym J, Kocięba M, Zaczyńska E, Kochanowska I, Zimecki M, Kałas W, Strządała L, Zioło E, Jeleń M, Morak-Młodawska B, Pluta K. Prolongation of skin graft survival in mice by an azaphenothiazine derivative. Immunol Lett 2019; 208:1-7. [PMID: 30825456 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2019.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Revised: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Azaphenothiazines are predominantly immunosuppressive compounds. We evaluated the efficacy of an azaphenothiazine derivative, 6-chloroethylureidoethyldiquino[3,2-b;2',3'-e][1,4]thiazine (DQT) in prolongation of survival of skin allografts between BALB/c and C57Bl/6 mice. The mice were treated intraperitoneally (i.p.) with 100 μg of DQT on alternate days, on days 1-13 of the experiment (7 doses). The effect of DQT on a two-way mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR) in the human model, as well as its effect on production of TNF α and IL-10 in a whole blood cell culture, stimulated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS), were evaluated. In addition, DQT effects were investigated regarding the proportion of T cell subsets in human peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBMC) by flow cytometry. Lastly, the effect of DQT on expression of signaling molecules involved in pro apoptotic pathways was determined by RT PCR. The results showed that DQT significantly extended skin graft survival. The compound also strongly suppressed two-way MLR in the human model at a concentration range of 2.5-5.0 μM. In addition, DQT inhibited LPS-inducible TNF α, but not IL-10 production. The compound preferentially caused a loss of the CD3-CD8+CD11b + PBMC cell subset, and transformed CD3+CD8+high into CD3+CD8+low cells. Lastly, we demonstrated significant increases in expression of caspases (in particular caspase 8) and of p53 in a culture of Jurkat T cells. We conclude that the immunosuppressive actions of the compound in allograft rejection may be predominantly associated with induction of cell apoptosis and inhibition of TNF α production. The apoptosis could be predominantly selective for the CD3-CD8+CD11b + cell phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jolanta Artym
- Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, R. Weigla Str. 12, 53-114, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Maja Kocięba
- Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, R. Weigla Str. 12, 53-114, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Ewa Zaczyńska
- Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, R. Weigla Str. 12, 53-114, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Iwona Kochanowska
- Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, R. Weigla Str. 12, 53-114, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Michał Zimecki
- Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, R. Weigla Str. 12, 53-114, Wrocław, Poland.
| | - Wojciech Kałas
- Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, R. Weigla Str. 12, 53-114, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Leon Strządała
- Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, R. Weigla Str. 12, 53-114, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Ewa Zioło
- Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, R. Weigla Str. 12, 53-114, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Jeleń
- The Medical University of Silesia, School of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine, Department of Organic Chemistry, Jagiellońska 4 Str, 41-200, Sosnowiec, Poland
| | - Beata Morak-Młodawska
- The Medical University of Silesia, School of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine, Department of Organic Chemistry, Jagiellońska 4 Str, 41-200, Sosnowiec, Poland
| | - Krystian Pluta
- The Medical University of Silesia, School of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine, Department of Organic Chemistry, Jagiellońska 4 Str, 41-200, Sosnowiec, Poland
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Pissas G, Eleftheriadis T. Assessment of Humoral Alloimmunity in Mixed Lymphocyte Reaction. Bio Protoc 2019; 9:e3139. [PMID: 33654885 PMCID: PMC7854153 DOI: 10.21769/bioprotoc.3139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Revised: 12/16/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Humoral alloimmunity remains a significant and unresolved problem that constrains allograft survival. Thus, there is a need for the development of an easy, preferably non-radioactive, and inexpensive protocol for assessing the effect of various drug treatments on humoral alloimmunity. In order to satisfy this demand, we developed such a protocol in which de novo alloantibodies production is induced in one-way mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR). The amount and capacity of the generated alloantibodies in the supernatant of each one-way MLR is assessed using an antibody-mediated cell dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) assay. The principle of the assay relies on the assessment of cellular survival of resting PBMCs isolated from the same donors, supplemented with the alloantibodies from the one-way MLR supernatant. The lesser is the cellular survival, the higher the production of alloantibodies in one-way MLR and consequently the more potent the humoral alloimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgios Pissas
- Department of Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
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Kwon M, Choi YJ, Sa M, Park SH, Shin EC. Two-Round Mixed Lymphocyte Reaction for Evaluation of the Functional Activities of Anti-PD-1 and Immunomodulators. Immune Netw 2018; 18:e45. [PMID: 30619631 PMCID: PMC6312890 DOI: 10.4110/in.2018.18.e45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Revised: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), such as anti-PD-1 and anti-PD-L1 Abs, have shown efficacy for the treatment of various cancers. Although research has actively sought to develop new ICIs and immunomodulators, no efficient in vitro assay system is available to evaluate their functional activities. In the present study, we established a two-round MLR with human PBMCs for evaluation of the T cell-activating capacity of anti-PD-1 and other immunomodulators. We initially performed conventional MLR for this purpose. However, anti-PD-1 blocking Abs could not increase the proliferation of allo-reactive T cells in conventional MLR because PD-L1+ and PD-L2+ cells disappeared gradually during MLR. Therefore, we re-applied the same stimulator PBMCs to the allo-stimulated responder cells as a second-round MLR on day 6 when anti-PD-1 or immunomodulators were also added. In this two-round MLR, the proliferation of allo-reactive T cells was enhanced by anti-PD-1 in a dose-dependent manner or by immunomodulators, such as lenalidomide and galunisertib, a TGF-β receptor-1 inhibitor. Proliferation was further increased by the combination of immunomodulators with anti-PD-1. Here, we established a modified two-round MLR method with human PBMCs for evaluation of the functional activities of anti-PD-1 and immunomodulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minsuk Kwon
- Laboratory of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Young Joon Choi
- Laboratory of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Moa Sa
- Biomedical Science and Engineering Interdisciplinary Program, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Su-Hyung Park
- Biomedical Science and Engineering Interdisciplinary Program, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Korea.,Laboratory of Translational Immunology and Vaccinology, Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Eui-Cheol Shin
- Laboratory of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Korea.,Biomedical Science and Engineering Interdisciplinary Program, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Korea
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8
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Chu ST, Chien KH, Lin HH, Wu WH, Jian JY, Tzeng WF, Chiou TJ. Using marker gene analysis instead of mixed lymphocyte reaction assay for identification of functional CD4+FOXP3+ regulatory T cells. Biotechnol Lett 2018; 40:535-542. [PMID: 29387988 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-017-2498-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To establish a quick analytical method using quantitative PCR for marker gene analysis to identify the functions of iTreg cells and subsequently curtail the harvest time for iTreg cells. RESULTS The data from the marker gene analysis indicated that varying proportions of iTreg cells could reveal the various expression levels of these genes. FoxP3 expression increased to a considerable degree. By using the same iTreg population, the mixed lymphocyte reaction assay was conducted for 5 days. The suppression percentage of T-cells was dependent on the proportion of iTreg cells, indicating that gene expression levels can represent the biological functions of iTreg cells. By using human peripheral blood mononuclear cells for Treg cell induction, the marker gene expression analysis showed a difference between iTreg cells and uninduced T cells. CONCLUSION Marker gene analysis requires only 1 day to identify the functions of human iTreg cells can save time in clinical application and might prevent graft-versus-host disease occurrence effectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sin-Tak Chu
- Institute of Biochemical Science, College of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Hsuan Chien
- Division of Transfusion Medicine, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsiu-Hsia Lin
- Division of Transfusion Medicine, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Hao Wu
- Division of Transfusion Medicine, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jhih-Yun Jian
- Division of Transfusion Medicine, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Woan-Fang Tzeng
- Department of Life Science, Fu-Jen University, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Tzeon-Jye Chiou
- Division of Transfusion Medicine, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan. .,National Yang-Ming University School of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC.
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Zhao HX, Jiang F, Zhu YJ, Wang L, Li K, Li Y, Wang XH, Li LS, Yao YQ. Enhanced Immunological Tolerance by HLA-G1 from Neural Progenitor Cells (NPCs) Derived from Human Embryonic Stem Cells (hESCs). Cell Physiol Biochem 2017; 44:1435-1444. [PMID: 29186714 DOI: 10.1159/000485539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Accepted: 09/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite the great potential of utilizing human embryonic stem cells (hESCs)-derived cells as cell source for transplantation, these cells were often rejected during engraftment by the immune system due to adaptive immune response. METHODS We first evaluated HLA-G expression level in both hESCs and differentiated progenitor cells. After that, we generated modified hESC lines that over-express HLA-G1 using lentiviral infection with the construct contains both HLA-G1 and GFP tag. The lentivirus was first produced by co-transfecting HLA-G1 expressing lentiviral vector together with packaging vectors into packaging cell line 293T. Then the produced virus was used for the infection of selected hESC lines. We characterized the generated cell lines phenotype, including pluripotency and self-renewal abilities, as well as immune tolerance ability by mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR) and cytotoxicity assays. RESULTS Although the hESCs do not express high levels of HLA-G1, over-expression of HLA-G1 in hESCs still retains their stem cell characteristics as determined by retaining the expression levels of OCT4 and SOX2, two critical transcriptional factors for stem cell function. Furthermore, the HLA-G1 overexpressing hESCs retain the self-renewal and pluripotency characteristics of stem cells, which can differentiate into different types of cells, including pigment cells, smooth muscle cells, epithelia-like cells, and NPCs. After differentiation, the differentiated cells including NPCs retain the high levels of HLA-G1 protein. In comparison with conventional NPCs, these HLA-G1 positive NPCs have enhanced immune tolerance ability. CONCLUSIONS Ectopic expression of HLA-G1, a non-classical major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC I) antigen that was originally discovered involving in engraftment tolerance during pregnancy, can enhance the immunological tolerance in differentiated neural progenitor cells (NPCs). Our study shows that stably overexpressing HLA-G1 in hESCs might be a feasible strategy for enhancing the engraftment of NPCs during transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Xi Zhao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Feng Jiang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Ya-Jing Zhu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Luhe Teaching Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Li Wang
- Peking University Stem Cell Research Center and China National Center for International Research, Beijing, China
| | - Ke Li
- Peking University Stem Cell Research Center and China National Center for International Research, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Li
- Peking University Stem Cell Research Center and China National Center for International Research, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao-Hong Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Ling-Song Li
- Peking University Stem Cell Research Center and China National Center for International Research, Beijing, China
| | - Yuan-Qing Yao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
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Hibberd AD, Clark DA, Trevillian PR, Mcelduff P. Interaction between castanospermine an immunosuppressant and cyclosporin A in rat cardiac transplantation. World J Transplant 2016; 6:206-214. [PMID: 27011919 PMCID: PMC4801797 DOI: 10.5500/wjt.v6.i1.206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Revised: 11/05/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the interaction between castanospermine and cyclosporin A (CsA) and to provide an explanation for it.
METHODS: The alkaloid castanospermine was prepared from the seeds of Castanospermum austral consistently achieving purity. Rat heterotopic cardiac transplantation and mixed lymphocyte reactivity were done using genetically inbred strains of PVG (donor) and DA (recipient). For the mixed lymphocyte reaction stimulator cells were irradiated with 3000 rads using a linear accelerator. Cyclosporin A was administered by gavage and venous blood collected 2 h later (C2). The blood levels of CsA (Neoral) were measured by immunoassay which consisted of a homogeneous enzyme assay (EMIT) on Cobas Mira. Statistical analyses of interactions were done by an accelerated failure time model with Weibull distribution for allograft survival and logistic regression for the mixed lymphocyte reactivity.
RESULTS: Castanospermine prolonged transplant survival times as a function of dose even at relatively low doses. Cyclosporin A also prolonged transplant survival times as a function of dose particularly at doses above 2 mg/kg. There were synergistic interactions between castanospermine and CsA in the prolongation of cardiac allograft survival for dose ranges of CsA by castanospermine of (0 to 2) mg/kg by (0 to 200) mg/kg (HR = 0.986; 95%CI: 0.981-0.992; P < 0.001) and (0 to 3) mg/kg by (0 to 100) mg/kg (HR = 0.986; 95%CI: 0.981-0.992; P < 0.001) respectively. The addition of castanospermine did not significantly increase the levels of cyclosporin A on day 3 or day 6 for all doses of CsA. On the contrary, cessation of castanospermine in the presence of CsA at 2 mg/kg significantly increased the CsA level (P = 0.002). Castanospermine inhibited mixed lymphocyte reactivity in a dose dependent manner but without synergistic interaction.
CONCLUSION: There is synergistic interaction between castanospermine and CsA in rat cardiac transplantation. Neither the mixed lymphocyte reaction nor the metabolism of CsA provides an explanation.
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Takeda K, Sawada Y, Kumamoto T, Matsuyama R, Tanaka Y, Ohdan H, Endo I. Successful multidisciplinary treatment of refractory cytomegalovirus infection after living donor liver transplantation using mixed lymphocyte reactions: report of a case. Clin J Gastroenterol 2016; 9:38-42. [PMID: 26892112 DOI: 10.1007/s12328-016-0627-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2015] [Accepted: 01/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
A 52-year-old Japanese male underwent ABO-incompatible living donor liver transplantation for acute-on-chronic hepatitis B infection. Fifty-one months later, he became feverish and a cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection was diagnosed. A dramatically high CMV pp65 antigen (C10/C11) load (2,412) was measured, which did not respond to ganciclovir and immune globulin treatment, and increased further to 5,353. The next treatment strategy was the reduction of immunosuppressants, but to simply reduce immunosuppressants can lead to graft loss. Therefore, before using this strategy, responses to alloantigens were evaluated using a carboxyfluorescein-diacetate-succimidyl ester-labeled mixed lymphocyte reaction (CFSE-MLR). Only limited CD4(+) and CD8(+) T-cell proliferation was observed, suggesting the patient was hyporesponsive. After reducing tacrolimus levels from 3-4 ng/mL to <1.5-1.8 ng/mL, the fever dropped immediately and C10/C11 disappeared after 2 months. In conclusion, CFSE-MLR could be a useful tool for the treatment of refractory infectious disease after transplantation and, importantly, for checking a patient's immunosuppressive state beyond the perioperative period.
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Padet L, Loubaki L, Bazin R. Induction of PD-L1 on monocytes: a new mechanism by which IVIg inhibits mixed lymphocyte reactions. Immunobiology 2014; 219:687-94. [PMID: 24875729 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2014.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2013] [Revised: 03/25/2014] [Accepted: 04/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Allograft rejection and graft-versus-host disease (GvHD) are frequent complications following solid organ or stem cell transplantation in which T cell activation plays a central role. Despite the development of new immunosuppressive drugs that improve the success rate of transplantation, allograft survival continues to be a challenge. Recently, intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg) has been proposed as prophylaxis and post-transplant treatment to reduce acute rejection episodes. IVIg is a therapeutic agent that is known to down-modulate T cell functions in patients with autoimmune disorders. To test the hypothesis that this immunomodulatory effect could be beneficial in the context of transplantation, we used mixed lymphocyte reactions (MLR) as an in vitro model of allograft rejection and GvHD. Our results show that IVIg strongly inhibits the MLR as evaluated by IL-2 secretion, a well-known marker of T cell activation. IVIg also modulates the secretion of other pro-(IL-6, IFN-γ) and anti-inflammatory (IL-1RA) cytokines. More importantly, we show that IVIg induces monocytes with a CD80(low) PD-L1(high) phenotype and that blockade of PD-L1 partially abrogates the inhibitory effect of IVIg. We have thus identified a new mechanism by which IVIg inhibits T cell functions in the context of transplantation, supporting the potential usefulness of IVIg in the prevention or treatment of graft rejection and GvHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauriane Padet
- Department of Research and Development, Héma-Québec, Québec, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Bioinformatics, Laval University, Québec, Canada
| | - Lionel Loubaki
- Department of Research and Development, Héma-Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Renée Bazin
- Department of Research and Development, Héma-Québec, Québec, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Bioinformatics, Laval University, Québec, Canada.
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Martínez-Flores JA, Serrano M, Morales P, Paz-Artal E, Morales JM, Serrano A. Comparison of several functional methods to evaluate the immune response on stable kidney transplant patients. J Immunol Methods 2013; 403:62-5. [PMID: 24291342 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2013.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2013] [Revised: 10/29/2013] [Accepted: 11/19/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The introduction of new immunosuppressive drugs in the last two decades has been associated with a significant decline in the prevalence of acute rejection and a huge improvement of graft survival. Monitoring blood levels of immunosuppressive drugs is the most common way to control drug doses in renal transplant patients. This approach is useful and widely used but doesn't give accurate information about the immune status of the patient. For this goal, there are many "in house" protocols which give more information, but cannot be standardized, limiting their applicability to compare results between different laboratories. In this study we compare three classical functional methods to evaluate the immune response: Mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR), phytohemagglutinin stimulated peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs), and anti-CD3 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against PBL with the only FDA-labeled assay to measure the patient immune status: Cylex ImmuKnow® that measures the intracelullar ATP in CD4+ lymphocytes. We used n=111 stable renal transplant patients, all the patients with more than one year functioning grafts. We referred the results to a control population of healthy blood donors (n=125). RESULTS Measurement of intracellular ATP in CD4+ lymphocytes is able to differentiate immunosuppressed populations in renal transplant patients from health controls (242.30±21.62 vs. 386.43±25.12, p 0.0001). By contrary, there were no differences between controls and renal recipients when functional response was measured by MLR, PHA and anti-CD3 mAbs (2.48±0.45 vs. 2.37±0.41; 2.84±0.76 vs. 2.37±0.32; 2.32±0.34 vs. 1.89±0.38 respectively). In summary, our results show that the measurement of ATP in CD4+ lymphocytes gives more accurate information in comparison to the classical methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- José A Martínez-Flores
- Department of Immunology, Instituto de Investigación Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel Serrano
- Department of Nephrology, Instituto de Investigación Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pablo Morales
- Department of Immunology, Instituto de Investigación Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
| | - Estela Paz-Artal
- Department of Immunology, Instituto de Investigación Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain; Section of Immunology, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, Madrid, Spain
| | - José M Morales
- Department of Nephrology, Instituto de Investigación Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio Serrano
- Department of Immunology, Instituto de Investigación Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain; Section of Immunology, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, Madrid, Spain.
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