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Guo X, Zhang RR, Sun JY, Liu Y, Yuan XS, Chen YY, Sun H, Liu C. The molecular mechanism of action for the potent antitumor component extracted using supercritical fluid extraction from Croton crassifolius root. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 327:117835. [PMID: 38490290 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2024.117835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE The root of Croton crassifolius has been used as a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), called Radix Croton Crassifolius, and commonly known as "Ji Gu Xiang" in Chinese. Its medicinal value has been recorded in several medical books or handbooks, such as "Sheng Cao Yao Xing Bei Yao", "Ben Cao Qiu Yuan" and "Zhong Hua Ben Cao". It has been traditional employed for treating sore throat, stomach-ache, rheumatism and cancer. AIM OF THE STUDY At present, there are limited studies on the evaluation of low-polarity extracts of roots in C. crassifolius. Consequently, the aim of this study was to evaluate the antitumor effect of the low-polarity extract of C. crassifolius root. MATERIALS AND METHODS Extracts were obtained by supercritical fluid extraction. The extracts were tested for antitumor effects in vitro on several cancer cell lines. A CCK-8 kit was used for further analysis of cell viability. A flow cytometer and propidium iodide staining were used to evaluate the cell cycle and apoptosis. Hoechst staining, JC-1 staining and the fluorescence probe DCFH-DA were used to evaluate apoptotic cells. Molecular mechanisms of action were analyzed by quantitative RT‒PCR and Western blotting. Immunohistochemistry was used for the evaluation of xenograft tumors in male BALB/c mice. Finally, molecular docking was employed to predict the bond between the desired bioactive compound and molecular targets. RESULTS Eleven diterpenoids were isolated from low-polarity C. crassifolius root extracts. Among the compounds, chettaphanin II showed the strongest activity (IC50 = 8.58 μM) against A549 cells. Evaluation of cell viability and the cell cycle showed that Chettaphanin II reduced A549 cell proliferation and induced G2/M-phase arrest. Chttaphanin II significantly induced apoptosis in A549 cells, which was related to the level of apoptosis-related proteins. The growth of tumor tissue was significantly inhibited by chettaphanin II in experiments performed on naked mice. The antitumor mechanism of chettaphanin II is that it can obstruct the mTOR/PI3K/Akt signaling pathway in A549 cells. Molecular docking established that chettaphanin II could bind to the active sites of Bcl-2 and Bax. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, the natural diterpenoid chettaphanin II was identified as the major antitumor active component, and its potential for developing anticancer therapies was demonstrated for the first time by antiproliferation evaluation in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Guo
- Key Laboratory of Novel Food Resources Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Processing Technology of Shandong Province/Institute of Agro-Food Science and Technology, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 202 Gongye North Road, Jinan, PR China.
| | - Rui-Rui Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Novel Food Resources Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Processing Technology of Shandong Province/Institute of Agro-Food Science and Technology, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 202 Gongye North Road, Jinan, PR China.
| | - Jin-Yue Sun
- Key Laboratory of Novel Food Resources Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Processing Technology of Shandong Province/Institute of Agro-Food Science and Technology, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 202 Gongye North Road, Jinan, PR China.
| | - Yan Liu
- Department of Nephrology, Tai'an City Central Hospital, Tai'an, Shandong, PR China.
| | - Xian-Shun Yuan
- Department of Radiology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, No.324, Jingwu Road, Jinan, Shandong, PR China.
| | - Ying-Ying Chen
- Key Laboratory of Novel Food Resources Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Processing Technology of Shandong Province/Institute of Agro-Food Science and Technology, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 202 Gongye North Road, Jinan, PR China.
| | - Hui Sun
- Key Laboratory of Novel Food Resources Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Processing Technology of Shandong Province/Institute of Agro-Food Science and Technology, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 202 Gongye North Road, Jinan, PR China.
| | - Chao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Novel Food Resources Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Processing Technology of Shandong Province/Institute of Agro-Food Science and Technology, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 202 Gongye North Road, Jinan, PR China.
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Cai C, Zhi Y, Xie C, Geng S, Sun F, Ji Z, Zhang P, Wang H, Tang J. Ursolic acid-downregulated long noncoding RNA ASMTL-AS1 inhibits renal cell carcinoma growth via binding to HuR and reducing vascular endothelial growth factor expression. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2023; 37:e23389. [PMID: 37300450 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.23389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
It has been reported ursolic acid (UA), one of the naturally abundant pentacyclic triterpenes, possesses a wide range of biological activities including anti-inflammatory, anti-atherosclerotic, and anticancer properties. Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is a severe malignancy due to its asymptomatically spreading ability. Our study aimed to investigate the role and molecular mechanism of UA in RCC. RCC cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and angiogenesis were assessed using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide, Transwell, and tube formation assays. Xenograft tumor models were established to confirm the role of UA and long noncoding RNA ASMTL antisense RNA 1 (ASMTL-AS1) in vivo. Expression levels of ASMTL-AS1 and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) were measured using reverse transcriptase quantitative polymerase chain reaction and western blot analysis. The interaction probabilities of ASMTL-AS1 or VEGF with RNA-binding protein human antigen R (HuR) were verified by RNA immunoprecipitation experiment. The half-life period of messenger RNA (mRNA) was determined using actinomycin D. UA inhibited RCC cell growth in vivo and tumorigenesis in vitro. ASMTL-AS1 was highly expressed in RCC cell lines. Of note, UA downregulated ASMTL-AS1 expression, and overexpressed ASMTL-AS1 reversed the UA-induced suppression on RCC cell migration, invasion, and tube formation. Additionally, ASMTL-AS1 bound to HuR to maintain the stability of VEGF mRNA. Rescue experiments showed that the suppressed malignancy of RCC cells mediated by ASMTL-AS1 knockdown was counteracted by overexpression of VEGF. Moreover, silenced ASMTL-AS1 inhibited RCC tumor growth and metastasis in vivo. The obtained data suggest UA as a promising therapeutic agent to attenuate the development of RCC via regulation of the targeted molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengkuan Cai
- Department of Urology, The First People's Hospital of Lianyungang, The Affiliated Lianyungang Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Lianyungang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yunlai Zhi
- Department of Urology, The First People's Hospital of Lianyungang, The Affiliated Lianyungang Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Lianyungang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Cheng Xie
- Department of Urology, The First People's Hospital of Lianyungang, The Affiliated Lianyungang Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Lianyungang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shen Geng
- Department of Urology, The First People's Hospital of Lianyungang, The Affiliated Lianyungang Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Lianyungang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Fanghu Sun
- Department of Urology, The First People's Hospital of Lianyungang, The Affiliated Lianyungang Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Lianyungang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhengshuai Ji
- Department of Urology, The First People's Hospital of Lianyungang, The Affiliated Lianyungang Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Lianyungang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Pengcheng Zhang
- Department of Urology, The First People's Hospital of Lianyungang, The Affiliated Lianyungang Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Lianyungang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Urology, The First People's Hospital of Lianyungang, The Affiliated Lianyungang Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Lianyungang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jingyuan Tang
- Department of Urology, Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
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Ursolic Acid Analogs as Potential Therapeutics for Cancer. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27248981. [PMID: 36558113 PMCID: PMC9785537 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27248981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Ursolic acid (UA) is a pentacyclic triterpene isolated from a large variety of vegetables, fruits and many traditional medicinal plants. It is a structural isomer of Oleanolic Acid. The medicinal application of UA has been explored extensively over the last two decades. The diverse pharmacological properties of UA include anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antiviral, antioxidant, anti-proliferative, etc. Especially, UA holds a promising position, potentially, as a cancer preventive and therapeutic agent due to its relatively non-toxic properties against normal cells but its antioxidant and antiproliferative activities against cancer cells. Cell culture studies have shown interference of UA with multiple pharmacological and molecular targets that play a critical role in many cells signaling pathways. Although UA is considered a privileged natural product, its clinical applications are limited due to its low absorption through the gastro-intestinal track and rapid elimination. The low bioavailability of UA limits its use as a therapeutic drug. To overcome these drawbacks and utilize the importance of the scaffold, many researchers have been engaged in designing and developing synthetic analogs of UA via structural modifications. This present review summarizes the synthetic UA analogs and their cytotoxic antiproliferative properties reported in the last two decades.
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Zafar S, Khan K, Hafeez A, Irfan M, Armaghan M, Rahman AU, Gürer ES, Sharifi-Rad J, Butnariu M, Bagiu IC, Bagiu RV. Ursolic acid: a natural modulator of signaling networks in different cancers. Cancer Cell Int 2022; 22:399. [PMID: 36496432 PMCID: PMC9741527 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-022-02804-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Incidence rate of cancer is estimated to increase by 40% in 2030. Furthermore, the development of resistance against currently available treatment strategies has contributed to the cancer-associated mortality. Scientists are now looking for the solutions that could help prevent the disease occurrence and could provide a pain-free treatment alternative for cancers. Therefore, efforts are now put to find a potent natural compound that could sever this purpose. Ursolic acid (UA), a triterpene acid, has potential to inhibit the tumor progression and induce sensitization to conventional treatment drugs has been documented. Though, UA is a hydrophobic compound therefore it is usually chemically modified to increase its bioavailability prior to administration. However, a thorough literature indicating its mechanism of action and limitations for its use at clinical level was not reviewed. Therefore, the current study was designed to highlight the potential mechanism of UA, its anti-cancer properties, and potential applications as therapeutic compound. This endeavour is a valuable contribution in understanding the hurdles preventing the translation of its potential at clinical level and provides foundations to design new studies that could help enhance its bioavailability and anti-cancer potential for various cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sameen Zafar
- grid.412117.00000 0001 2234 2376Department of Healthcare Biotechnology, Atta-Ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, Punjab Pakistan
| | - Khushbukhat Khan
- grid.412117.00000 0001 2234 2376Department of Healthcare Biotechnology, Atta-Ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, Punjab Pakistan
| | - Amna Hafeez
- grid.412117.00000 0001 2234 2376Department of Healthcare Biotechnology, Atta-Ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, Punjab Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Irfan
- grid.412117.00000 0001 2234 2376Department of Healthcare Biotechnology, Atta-Ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, Punjab Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Armaghan
- grid.412117.00000 0001 2234 2376Department of Healthcare Biotechnology, Atta-Ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, Punjab Pakistan
| | - Anees ur Rahman
- grid.412117.00000 0001 2234 2376Department of Healthcare Biotechnology, Atta-Ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, Punjab Pakistan
| | - Eda Sönmez Gürer
- grid.411689.30000 0001 2259 4311Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacognosy, Sivas Cumhuriyet University, Sivas, Turkey
| | - Javad Sharifi-Rad
- grid.442126.70000 0001 1945 2902Facultad de Medicina, Universidad del Azuay, Cuenca, Ecuador
| | - Monica Butnariu
- University of Life Sciences “King Mihai I” from Timisoara, 300645 Calea Aradului 119, Timis, Romania
| | - Iulia-Cristina Bagiu
- grid.22248.3e0000 0001 0504 4027Department of Microbiology, Victor Babes University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Timisoara, Timisoara, Romania ,Multidisciplinary Research Center on Antimicrobial Resistance, Timisoara, Romania
| | - Radu Vasile Bagiu
- grid.22248.3e0000 0001 0504 4027Department of Microbiology, Victor Babes University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Timisoara, Timisoara, Romania ,Preventive Medicine Study Center, Timisoara, Romania
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Synthesis, docking, and biological investigations of new coumarin-piperazine hybrids as potential antibacterial and anticancer agents. J Mol Struct 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2022.134755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Stitou M, Toufik H, Akabli T, Lamchouri F. Virtual screening of PEBP1 inhibitors by combining 2D/3D-QSAR analysis, hologram QSAR, homology modeling, molecular docking analysis, and molecular dynamic simulations. J Mol Model 2022; 28:145. [PMID: 35545728 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-022-05143-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Human phosphatidylethanolamine binding protein 1 (hPEBP1) is a novel target affecting many cellular signaling pathways involved in the formation of metastases. It can be used in the treatment of many cases of cancer. For these reasons, pharmaceutical companies use computational approaches, including multi-QSAR (2D, 3D, and hologram QSAR) analysis, homology modeling, molecular docking analysis, and molecular dynamic simulations, to speed up the drug discovery process. In this paper, QSAR modeling was conducted using two quantum chemistry optimization methods (AM1 and DFT levels). As per PLS results, we found that the DFT/B3LYP method presents high predictability according to 2D-QSAR, CoMFA, CoMSIA, and hologram QSAR studies, with Q2 of 0.81, 0.67, 0.79, and 0.67, and external power with R2pred of 0.78, 0.58, 0.66, and 0.56, respectively. This result has been validated by CoMFA/CoMSIA graphics, which suggests that electrostatic fields combined with hydrogen bond donor/acceptor fields are beneficial to the antiproliferative activity. While the hologram QSAR models show the contributions of each fragment in improving the activity. The results from QSAR analyses revealed that ursolic acids with heterocyclic rings could improve the activities. Ramachandran plot validated the modeled PEBP1 protein. Molecular docking and MD simulations revealed that the hydrophobic and hydrogen bond interactions are dominant in the PEBP1's pocket. These results were used to predict in silico structures of three new compounds with potential anticancer activity. Similar molecular docking stability studies and molecular dynamics simulations were conducted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mourad Stitou
- Laboratory of Natural Substances, Pharmacology, Environment, Modeling, Health & Quality of Life (SNAMOPEQ), Polydisciplinary Faculty of Taza, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University of Fez, Taza Gare, B.P 1223, Taza, Morocco
| | - Hamid Toufik
- Laboratory of Natural Substances, Pharmacology, Environment, Modeling, Health & Quality of Life (SNAMOPEQ), Polydisciplinary Faculty of Taza, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University of Fez, Taza Gare, B.P 1223, Taza, Morocco.
| | - Taoufik Akabli
- Laboratory of Natural Substances, Pharmacology, Environment, Modeling, Health & Quality of Life (SNAMOPEQ), Polydisciplinary Faculty of Taza, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University of Fez, Taza Gare, B.P 1223, Taza, Morocco
| | - Fatima Lamchouri
- Laboratory of Natural Substances, Pharmacology, Environment, Modeling, Health & Quality of Life (SNAMOPEQ), Polydisciplinary Faculty of Taza, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University of Fez, Taza Gare, B.P 1223, Taza, Morocco
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Guo HY, Chen ZA, Shen QK, Quan ZS. Application of triazoles in the structural modification of natural products. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2021; 36:1115-1144. [PMID: 34167422 PMCID: PMC8231395 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2021.1890066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2020] [Revised: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Nature products have been extensively used in the discovery and development of new drugs, as the most important source of drugs. The triazole ring is one of main pharmacophore of the nitrogen-containing heterocycles. Thus, a new class of triazole-containing natural product conjugates has been synthesised. These compounds reportedly exert anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antiparasitic, antiviral, antioxidant, anti-Alzheimer, and enzyme inhibitory effects. This review summarises the research progress of triazole-containing natural product derivatives involved in medicinal chemistry in the past six years. This review provides insights and perspectives that will help scientists in the fields of organic synthesis, medicinal chemistry, phytochemistry, and pharmacology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Yan Guo
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines of the Changbai Mountain, Affifiliated Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Affiliated Hospital of Yanbian University, Yanji, Jilin, China
| | - Zheng-Ai Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical School of Yanbian University, Yanji, Jilin, China
| | - Qing-Kun Shen
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines of the Changbai Mountain, Affifiliated Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Affiliated Hospital of Yanbian University, Yanji, Jilin, China
| | - Zhe-Shan Quan
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical School of Yanbian University, Yanji, Jilin, China
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Huang J, Zang X, Yang W, Yin X, Huang J, Wu S, Hong Y. Pentacyclic triterpene carboxylic acids derivatives integrated piperazine-amino acid complexes for α-glucosidase inhibition in vitro. Bioorg Chem 2021; 115:105212. [PMID: 34333423 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2021.105212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Eighteen derivatives of pentacyclic triterpene carboxylic acids (Maslinic acid, Corosolic acid and Asiatic acid) have been prepared by coupling the piperazine complex of l-amino acids at the C-28 site of the parent compounds. The α-glucosidase inhibitory activities of the pristine derivatives were evaluated in vitro. The results indicated that the inhibitory activity of some compounds (15e IC50 = 591 μM, 16e IC50 = 423 μM) was closed to that of the reference acarbose (IC50 = 347 μM) in ethanol-water system. In addition, compound 16e (IC50 = 380 μM) showed superior inhibitory activity than acarbose (IC50 = 493 μM) in the measurement system with DMSO as solvent. The comparison of two different solvent systems showed that the derivatives had better α-glucosidase inhibitory activity in the DMSO system than that of in ethanol-water system. Regrettably, all of the as-synthesized derivatives exhibited inferior α-glucosidase inhibitory activities than those of the parent compounds in both test solvent systems. Furthermore, the result of enzyme kinetics demonstrated that the inhibition mechanism of compound 16e was noncompetitive inhibition with the inhibition constant Ki = 552 μM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinxiang Huang
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Natural Product and Functional Food, College of Food Science and Engineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Xufeng Zang
- Department of Applied Physics, Huzhou University, Huzhou 313000, China
| | - Wuying Yang
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Natural Product and Functional Food, College of Food Science and Engineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Xiaoli Yin
- Library of Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Jianping Huang
- College of Science, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China.
| | - Shumin Wu
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Natural Product and Functional Food, College of Food Science and Engineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Yanping Hong
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Natural Product and Functional Food, College of Food Science and Engineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China.
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Zhang RH, Guo HY, Deng H, Li J, Quan ZS. Piperazine skeleton in the structural modification of natural products: a review. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2021; 36:1165-1197. [PMID: 34080510 PMCID: PMC8183565 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2021.1931861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Piperazine moiety is a cyclic molecule containing two nitrogen atoms in positions 1 and 4, as well as four carbon atoms. Piperazine is one of the most sought heterocyclics for the development of new drug candidates with a wide range of applications. Over 100 molecules with a broad range of bioactivities, including antitumor, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and other activities, were reviewed. This article reviewed investigations regarding piperazine groups for the modification of natural product derivatives in the last decade, highlighting parameters that affect their biological activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Run-Hui Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji, Jilin, 133002, China
| | - Hong-Yan Guo
- College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji, Jilin, 133002, China
| | - Hao Deng
- College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji, Jilin, 133002, China
| | - Jinzi Li
- Affiliated Hospital of Yanbian University, Yanji, Jilin, China
| | - Zhe-Shan Quan
- College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji, Jilin, 133002, China
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Khwaza V, Mlala S, Oyedeji OO, Aderibigbe BA. Pentacyclic Triterpenoids with Nitrogen-Containing Heterocyclic Moiety, Privileged Hybrids in Anticancer Drug Discovery. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26092401. [PMID: 33918996 PMCID: PMC8122576 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26092401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2020] [Revised: 11/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Pentacyclic triterpenoids are well-known phytochemicals with various biological activities commonly found in plants as secondary metabolites. The wide range of biological activities exhibited by triterpenoids has made them the most valuable sources of pharmacological agents. A number of novel triterpenoid derivatives with many skeletal modifications have been developed. The most important modifications are the formation of analogues or derivatives with nitrogen-containing heterocyclic scaffolds. The derivatives with nitrogen-containing heterocyclic compounds are among the most promising candidate for the development of novel therapeutic drugs. About 75% of FDA-approved drugs are nitrogen-containing heterocyclic moieties. The unique properties of heterocyclic compounds have encouraged many researchers to develop new triterpenoid analogous with pharmacological activities. In this review, we discuss recent advances of nitrogen-containing heterocyclic triterpenoids as potential therapeutic agents. This comprehensive review will assist medicinal chemists to understand new strategies that can result in the development of compounds with potential therapeutic efficacy.
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Hoenke S, Christoph MA, Friedrich S, Heise N, Brandes B, Deigner HP, Al-Harrasi A, Csuk R. The Presence of a Cyclohexyldiamine Moiety Confers Cytotoxicity to Pentacyclic Triterpenoids. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26072102. [PMID: 33917636 PMCID: PMC8038856 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26072102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Pentacyclic triterpenoids oleanolic acid, ursolic acid, betulinic acid, and platanic acid were acetylated and converted into several amides 9-31; the cytotoxicity of which has been determined in sulforhodamine B assays employing seral human tumor cell lines and nonmalignant fibroblasts. Thereby, a betulinic acid/trans-1,4-cyclohexyldiamine amide showed excellent cytotoxicity (for example, EC50 = 0.6 μM for HT29 colon adenocarcinoma cells).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Hoenke
- Organic Chemistry, Martin–Luther University Halle–Wittenberg, Kurt–Mothes, Str. 2, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany; (S.H.); (M.A.C.); (S.F.); (N.H.); (B.B.)
| | - Martin A. Christoph
- Organic Chemistry, Martin–Luther University Halle–Wittenberg, Kurt–Mothes, Str. 2, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany; (S.H.); (M.A.C.); (S.F.); (N.H.); (B.B.)
| | - Sander Friedrich
- Organic Chemistry, Martin–Luther University Halle–Wittenberg, Kurt–Mothes, Str. 2, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany; (S.H.); (M.A.C.); (S.F.); (N.H.); (B.B.)
| | - Niels Heise
- Organic Chemistry, Martin–Luther University Halle–Wittenberg, Kurt–Mothes, Str. 2, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany; (S.H.); (M.A.C.); (S.F.); (N.H.); (B.B.)
| | - Benjamin Brandes
- Organic Chemistry, Martin–Luther University Halle–Wittenberg, Kurt–Mothes, Str. 2, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany; (S.H.); (M.A.C.); (S.F.); (N.H.); (B.B.)
| | - Hans-Peter Deigner
- Institute of Precision Medicine, Medical and Life Science Faculty, Furtwangen University, Jakob–Kienzle–Str. 17, D-78054 Villigen–Schwenningen, Germany;
| | - Ahmed Al-Harrasi
- Chair of Oman’s Medicinal Plants and Marine Natural Products, University of Nizwa, P.O. Box 33, Birkat Al-Mauz, PC 616 Nizwa, Oman;
| | - René Csuk
- Organic Chemistry, Martin–Luther University Halle–Wittenberg, Kurt–Mothes, Str. 2, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany; (S.H.); (M.A.C.); (S.F.); (N.H.); (B.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-345-5525660
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Liu Q, Liu Z, Hua W, Gou S. Discovery of 6-(7-Nitro-2,1,3-benzoxadiazol-4-ylthio)hexanol Derivatives as Glutathione Transferase Inhibitors with Favorable Selectivity and Tolerated Toxicity. J Med Chem 2021; 64:1701-1712. [PMID: 33529017 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c02048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Glutathione transferase (GST P1-1) is a potential target for anticancer drugs. In this work, a series of 6-(7-nitro-2,1,3-benzoxadiazol-4-ylthio)hexanol (NBDHEX) derivatives as GST P1-1 inhibitors were designed, synthesized, and evaluated for their biological activity. Among the target compounds, 4n showed more selective inhibition toward GST P1-1 and GST M2-2, better water solubility, and more potent anticancer activities toward all the tested cancer cells (except for HOS) than its parent molecule. Detailed biological studies on the effect of 4n toward 143b cells revealed that 4n could arrest the cell cycle at the G2 phase and induced cell apoptosis in a dose-dependent manner. Like NBDHEX, 4n displayed good pharmacokinetic characteristics. An in vivo study on 143b xenograft models demonstrated that 4n could significantly reduce tumor growth in a dose-dependent manner, showing stronger antitumor activity than NBDHEX. Thus, 4n deserves to be further investigated as a potential antitumor agent for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingqing Liu
- Pharmaceutical Research Center and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
| | - Zhikun Liu
- Pharmaceutical Research Center and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
| | - Wuyang Hua
- Pharmaceutical Research Center and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
| | - Shaohua Gou
- Pharmaceutical Research Center and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China.,Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Biomedical Research, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 211189, China
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Liang GB, Wei JH, Jiang H, Huang RZ, Qin JT, Wang HL, Wang HS, Zhang Y. Design, synthesis and antitumor evaluation of new 1,8-naphthalimide derivatives targeting nuclear DNA. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 210:112951. [PMID: 33109400 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Four series of new 3-nitro naphthalimides derivatives, 4(4a‒4f), 5(5a‒5i), 6(6a‒6e) and 7 (7a‒7j), were designed and synthesized as antitumor agents. Methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium (MTT) screening assay results revealed that some compounds displayed effective in vitro antiproliferative activity on SMMC-7721, T24, SKOV-3, A549 and MGC-803 cancer cell lines in comparison with 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), mitonafide and amonafide. Nude mouse xenotransplantation model assay results indicated that compounds 6b and 7b exhibited good in vivo antiproliferative activity in MGC-803 xenografts in comparison with amonafide and cisplatin, suggesting that compounds 6b and 7b could be good candidates for antitumor agents. Gel electrophoresis assay indicated that DNA and Topo I were the potential targets of compounds 6b and 7b, and comet assay confirmed that compounds 6b and 7b could induce DNA damage, while the further study showed that the 6b- and 7b-induced DNA damage was accompanied by the upregulation of p-ATM, P-Chk2, Cdc25A and p-H2AX. Cell cycle arrest studies demonstrated that compounds 6b and 7b arrested the cell cycle at the S phase, accompanied by the upregulation of the expression levels of the antioncogene p21 and the down-regulation of the expression levels of cyclin E. Apoptosis assays indicated that compounds 6b and 7b caused the apoptosis of tumor cells along with the upregulation of the expression of Bax, caspase-3, caspase-9 and PARP and the downregulation of Bcl-2. These mechanistic studies suggested that compounds 6b and 7b exerted their antitumor activity by targeting to DNA, thereby inducing DNA damage and Topo I inhibition, and consequently causing S stage arrest and the induction of apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gui-Bin Liang
- School of Pharmacy, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, 541004, China; State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, School of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, 541004, China
| | - Jian-Hua Wei
- School of Pharmacy, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, 541004, China.
| | - Hong Jiang
- School of Pharmacy, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, 541004, China
| | - Ri-Zhen Huang
- School of Pharmacy, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, 541004, China; State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, School of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, 541004, China
| | - Jing-Ting Qin
- School of Pharmacy, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, 541004, China
| | - Hui-Ling Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, 541004, China
| | - Heng-Shan Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, School of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, 541004, China
| | - Ye Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, 541004, China; Department of Chemistry & Pharmaceutical Science, Guilin Normal College, Guilin, 541001, China; College of Chemistry and Food Science, Yulin Normal University, Yulin, 537000, China.
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14
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Liu G, Li J, Shi L, Liu M, Cai B. Advances in the Study of Structural Modification and Biological Activities of Ursolic Acid. CHINESE J ORG CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.6023/cjoc202102032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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15
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Brandes B, Koch L, Hoenke S, Deigner HP, Csuk R. The presence of a cationic center is not alone decisive for the cytotoxicity of triterpene carboxylic acid amides. Steroids 2020; 163:108713. [PMID: 32795453 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2020.108713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2020] [Revised: 07/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
3-O-Acetyl-ursolic acid (2) and 3-O-acetyl oleanolic acid (8) were converted into piperazinylamides holding a distal NH, NMe or a NMe2 group. These compounds as well as the corresponding N-methyl-N-oxides were accessed. Their cytotoxicity was assessed in SRB assays employing a panel of human tumor cell lines and non-malignant fibroblasts (NIH 3T3). As a result, compounds holding a quaternary distal N-substituent were less cytotoxic that those holding a NH-moiety. Hence, the presence of a distal cationic center seems not to be a sufficient criterion for obtaining triterpenoids of high cytotoxicity and selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Brandes
- Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Organic Chemistry, Kurt-Mothes-Str. 2, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Lukas Koch
- Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Organic Chemistry, Kurt-Mothes-Str. 2, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Sophie Hoenke
- Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Organic Chemistry, Kurt-Mothes-Str. 2, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Hans-Peter Deigner
- Furtwangen University, Medical and Life Sciences Faculty, Jakob-Kienzle Str. 17, D-78054 Villingen-Schwenningen, Germany
| | - René Csuk
- Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Organic Chemistry, Kurt-Mothes-Str. 2, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
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16
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Popov SA, Semenova MD, Baev DS, Frolova TS, Shestopalov MA, Wang C, Qi Z, Shults EE, Turks M. Synthesis and cytotoxicity of hybrids of 1,3,4- or 1,2,5-oxadiazoles tethered from ursane and lupane core with 1,2,3-triazole. Steroids 2020; 162:108698. [PMID: 32687846 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2020.108698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Revised: 07/05/2020] [Accepted: 07/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Ursane and lupane type (1-((5-aryl-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl)methyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl)methyl and (1-((4-methyl-2-oxido-1,2,5-oxadiazol-3-yl)methyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl)methyl hybrids were prepared by 1,3-cycloaddition reactions of azole-derived azides with alkyne esters connected to positions C-3 and C-28 of triterpene core and tested for cytotoxicity. Hybrid compounds of 1,3,4-oxadiazoles attached at positions 3- and 28- of triterpenoid frame via triazole spacer and combinations of 1,2,5-oxadiazole or 1,3,4-oxadiazole, tethered with succinate linker and 1,2,3-triazole at the position 3- of the ursane backbone, were inactive in relation to all the cancer cells tested. Eventually, combinations of furoxan fragment and 1,2,3-triazole linked to C-28 position of triterpene backbone demonstrated marked cytotoxic activity towards MCF-7 and HepG2 cells. The most active ester of ursolic acid with (1-((4-methyl-2-oxido-1,2,5-oxadiazol-3-yl)methyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl)methyl substituent and 3-O-acetyl group was superior in activity and selectivity over doxorubicin and ursolic acid on MCF-7 cells. The length of the carbon spacer group may be of crucial importance for cytotoxicity. The introduction of the additional ester linker between the C-28 of triterpenoid and triazole or changing triazole spacer between furoxan moiety and triterpenoid core resulted in activity decrease against all the tested cells. In accordance with molecular modeling results, the activity of new derivatives may be explained in terms of the interaction of the new hybrid molecules and Mdm2 binding sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey A Popov
- Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, Acad. Lavrentyev ave. 9, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia.
| | - Marya D Semenova
- Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, Acad. Lavrentyev ave. 9, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Dmitry S Baev
- Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, Acad. Lavrentyev ave. 9, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Tatiana S Frolova
- The Federal Research Center Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Acad. Lavrentyev Ave., 10, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia; Novosibirsk State University, Pirogova Street, 2, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Michael A Shestopalov
- Nikolaev Institute of Inorganic Chemistry SB RAS, Acad. Lavrentiev ave., 3, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Chengzhang Wang
- Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Nanjing 210042, China
| | - Zhiwen Qi
- Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Nanjing 210042, China
| | - Elvira E Shults
- Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, Acad. Lavrentyev ave. 9, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Māris Turks
- Institute of Technology of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Materials Science and Applied Chemistry, Riga Technical University, P. Valdena Str. 3, Riga LV-1048, Latvia
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17
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Yu H, Liu H, Pang X, Zhang M, Yan H, Bai L. Preparation of a composite monolith with functional graphene oxide and its application in the online enrichment of ursolic acid in medicinal plant. J Appl Polym Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/app.49081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Huan Yu
- Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Quality Control of Hebei Province, College of Pharmaceutical SciencesHebei University Baoding China
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular DiagnosisMinistry of Education Baoding China
| | - Haiyan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Quality Control of Hebei Province, College of Pharmaceutical SciencesHebei University Baoding China
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular DiagnosisMinistry of Education Baoding China
| | - Xiaoya Pang
- Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Quality Control of Hebei Province, College of Pharmaceutical SciencesHebei University Baoding China
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular DiagnosisMinistry of Education Baoding China
| | - Miaomiao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Quality Control of Hebei Province, College of Pharmaceutical SciencesHebei University Baoding China
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular DiagnosisMinistry of Education Baoding China
| | - Hongyuan Yan
- Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Quality Control of Hebei Province, College of Pharmaceutical SciencesHebei University Baoding China
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular DiagnosisMinistry of Education Baoding China
- College of Public HealthHebei University Baoding China
| | - Ligai Bai
- Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Quality Control of Hebei Province, College of Pharmaceutical SciencesHebei University Baoding China
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular DiagnosisMinistry of Education Baoding China
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18
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Khwaza V, Oyedeji OO, Aderibigbe BA. Ursolic Acid-Based Derivatives as Potential Anti-Cancer Agents: An Update. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E5920. [PMID: 32824664 PMCID: PMC7460570 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21165920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ursolic acid is a pharmacologically active pentacyclic triterpenoid derived from medicinal plants, fruit, and vegetables. The pharmacological activities of ursolic acid have been extensively studied over the past few years and various reports have revealed that ursolic acid has multiple biological activities, which include anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-cancer, etc. In terms of cancer treatment, ursolic acid interacts with a number of molecular targets that play an essential role in many cell signaling pathways. It suppresses transformation, inhibits proliferation, and induces apoptosis of tumor cells. Although ursolic acid has many benefits, its therapeutic applications in clinical medicine are limited by its poor bioavailability and absorption. To overcome such disadvantages, researchers around the globe have designed and developed synthetic ursolic acid derivatives with enhanced therapeutic effects by structurally modifying the parent skeleton of ursolic acid. These structurally modified compounds display enhanced therapeutic effects when compared to ursolic acid. This present review summarizes various synthesized derivatives of ursolic acid with anti-cancer activity which were reported from 2015 to date.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Blessing A. Aderibigbe
- Department of Chemistry, University of Fort Hare, Alice Campus, Alice 5700, Eastern Cape, South Africa; (V.K.); (O.O.O.)
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19
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Deepthi A, Krishnan D, Sanju A. Semisynthesis of ursolic acid‐2‐(2‐thienylidene)‐oxadiazole hybrid molecule and an evaluation of its COX inhibition property. J Heterocycl Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.3923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ani Deepthi
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Kerala, Kariavattom Campus Thiruvananthapuram Kerala India
- Department of Computational Biology and BioinformaticsUniversity of Kerala, Kariavattom Campus Thiruvananthapuram Kerala India
| | - Deepa Krishnan
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Kerala, Kariavattom Campus Thiruvananthapuram Kerala India
| | - Anuroopa Sanju
- Department of Computational Biology and BioinformaticsUniversity of Kerala, Kariavattom Campus Thiruvananthapuram Kerala India
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20
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Ostrowska K. Coumarin-piperazine derivatives as biologically active compounds. Saudi Pharm J 2020; 28:220-232. [PMID: 32042262 PMCID: PMC7000312 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2019.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
A number of psychiatric disorders, including anxiety, schizophrenia, Parkinson's disease, depression and others CNS diseases are known to induce defects in the function of neural pathways sustained by the neurotransmitters, like dopamine and serotonin. N-arylpiperazine moiety is important for CNS-activity, particularly for serotonergic and dopaminergic activity. In the scientific literature there are many examples of coumarin-piperazine derivatives, particularly with arylpiperazines linked to a coumarin system via an alkyl liner, which can modulate serotonin, dopamine and adrenergic receptors. Numerous studies have revealed that the inclusion of a piperazine moiety could occasionally provide unexpected improvements in the bioactivity of various biologically active compounds. The piperazine analogs have been shown to have a potent antimicrobial activity and they can also act as BACE-1 inhibitors. On the other hand, arylpiperazines linked to coumarin derivatives have been shown to have antiproliferative activity against leukemia, lung, colon, breast, and prostate tumors. Recently, it has been reported that coumarin-piperazine derivatives exhibit a Fneuroprotective effect by their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities and they also show activity as acetylcholinesterase inhibitors and antifilarial activity. In this work we provide a summary of the latest advances in coumarin-related chemistry relevant for biological activity.
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21
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Yadav D, Nath Mishra B, Khan F. 3D-QSAR and docking studies on ursolic acid derivatives for anticancer activity based on bladder cell line T24 targeting NF-kB pathway inhibition. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2019; 37:3822-3837. [PMID: 30261824 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2018.1528888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Revised: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Bladder cancer is the common reason for mortality worldwide, and its increasing rate announces as a significant area of research in drug designing. The side effects and toxicity of existing drugs and the consequence of gradual cancer cell resistance against the available therapy make the treatment poor. Globally, there is a continuous high demand to develop new, more potent, and easily affordable drugs against cancer. The current research article illustrates the application of developed three-dimensional quantitative structure-activity relationship (3D-QSAR) based on human bladder cancer cell line T24 in vitro anticancer activity. The derived QSAR model has been used for prediction of natural compounds and analogs with 80% similarity of the most active compound of the dataset. The developed model describes the structure-activity relationship for terpenes and their derivatives at the molecular level. The developed comparative molecular field analysis (CoMFA) model shows a satisfactory cross-validation correlation coefficient (q2) of 0.54 and a regression correlation coefficient (r2) of 0.86. In order to evaluate the compliance with electronic pharmacokinetic parameters, Lipinski's rule of five filter, absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) and toxicity of predicted compounds have been calculated. Furthermore, molecular-docking study has been performed to prioritize these predicted compounds based on their docking score and binding pocket similarity through the identified potential anticancer targets. Finally, two compounds T9 and B42 have been identified as the best hit because these two fall within the standard limits of all filters and show a good binding affinity. Conclusively, all satisfactory results strongly suggest that the derived 3D-QSAR model and obtained candidate's binding structures are reasonable in the prediction of a new antagonist's activity. The strategy adopted in the present research is expected to be of immense importance and a great support in the identification and optimization of lead in the early and advance drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepika Yadav
- a Department of Metabolic and Structural Biology , CSIR - Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants , Lucknow , Uttar Pradesh , India
- b Department of Biotechnology , Institute of Engineering and Technology (Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam Technical University) , Lucknow , Uttar Pradesh , India
| | - Bhartendu Nath Mishra
- b Department of Biotechnology , Institute of Engineering and Technology (Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam Technical University) , Lucknow , Uttar Pradesh , India
| | - Feroz Khan
- a Department of Metabolic and Structural Biology , CSIR - Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants , Lucknow , Uttar Pradesh , India
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Hodon J, Borkova L, Pokorny J, Kazakova A, Urban M. Design and synthesis of pentacyclic triterpene conjugates and their use in medicinal research. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 182:111653. [PMID: 31499360 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.111653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Revised: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Triterpenoids are natural products from plants and many other organisms that have various biological activities, such as antitumor, antiviral, antimicrobial, and protective activities. This review covers the synthesis and biological evaluation of pentacyclic triterpene (PT) conjugates with other molecules that have been found to increase the IC50 or improve the pharmacological profile of the parent PT. Some of these molecules are designed to target specific proteins or cellular organelles, which has resulted in highly selective lead structures for drug development. Other PT conjugates are useful for investigating their mechanism of action. This concept has been very successful: 1) Many compounds, especially mitochondria-targeting PT conjugates, have reached a selective cytotoxicity at low nanomolar concentrations in cancer cells. 2) A number of PT conjugates have had high activity against HIV or the influenza virus. 3) Fluorescent PT conjugates have been able to visualize the PT in living cells, which has allowed quantification of the uptake and distribution of the PT within the cell. 4) Biotinylated PT conjugates have been used to identify target proteins, which may help to show their mechanism of action. 5) A large number of PT conjugates with polyethylene glycol (PEG), polyamines, etc. form nanometer-sized micelles that have a much better pharmacological profile than the PT alone. In summary, the connection of a PT to an appropriate modifying molecule has resulted in extremely useful semisynthetic compounds with a high potential to treat cancer or viral infections or compounds that are useful for the study of the mechanism of action of PTs at the molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiri Hodon
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacky University, 17. listopadu 1192/12, 771 46, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Borkova
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacky University, 17. listopadu 1192/12, 771 46, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Pokorny
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacky University, 17. listopadu 1192/12, 771 46, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Anna Kazakova
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacky University, 17. listopadu 1192/12, 771 46, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Milan Urban
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University, Hnevotinská 5, 779 00, Olomouc, Czech Republic.
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Liu C, Zhang RR, Wang YM, Zhang J, Wang Q, Cheng AW, Guo X, Wang XK, Sun JY. Supercritical CO 2 fluid extraction of croton crassifolius Geisel root: Chemical composition and anti-proliferative, autophagic, apoptosis-inducing, and related molecular effects on A549 tumour cells. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2019; 61:152846. [PMID: 31035041 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2019.152846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Revised: 01/12/2019] [Accepted: 01/26/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The use of plant essential oils as pharmaceuticals is a fast-growing market especially in China. Throughout the 20th century, a rapid increase took place in the use of many essential oil-derived products in the medicinal industry as nutraceuticals, medicinal supplements, and pharmaceuticals. PURPOSE The objective of this study was to explore the chemical composition of Croton crassifolius essential oil as well as its potential anti-tumour properties and related anti-proliferative, autophagic, and apoptosis-inducing effects. METHODS Supercritical CO2 fluid extraction technology was used to extract CCEO and the chemical constituents of the essential oil were identified by comparing the retention indices and mass spectra data taken from the NIST library with those calculated based on the C7-C40 n-alkanes standard. The cytotoxic activity and anti-proliferative effects of CCEO were evaluated against five cancer cell lines and one normal human cell line via CCK-8 assays. In addition, flow cytometry was used to detect cell cycle arrest. The efficacy of CCEO treatments in controlling cancer cell proliferation was assessed by cell cycle analysis, clonal formation assays, RT-qPCR, and western blot analysis. Autophagic and apoptosis-inducing effects of oils and the associated molecular mechanisms were assessed by flow cytometry, cell staining, reactive oxygen species assays, RT-qPCR, and western blot analysis. CONCLUSION Forty compounds representing 92.90% of the total oil were identified in CCEO. The results showed that CCEO exerted a measurable selectivity for cancer cell lines, especially for A549 with the lowest IC50 value of 25.00 ± 1.62 μg/mL. Assessment of the anti-proliferative effects of CCEO on A549 cells showed that the oil inhibited cell proliferation and colony formation in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Investigation of the molecular mechanisms of cell cycle regulation confirmed that the oil arrested A549 cells in G2/M phase by decreasing the expression of cyclin B1-CDK1 and cyclin A-CDK1 and increasing the expression of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor (CKI) P21 at both the transcriptional and translational levels. Autophagy staining assays and western blot analysis revealed that CCEO promoted the formation of autophagic vacuoles in A549 cells and increased the expression of autophagy-related proteins beclin-1 and LC3-II in a dose-dependent manner. A series of apoptosis analyses indicated that CCEO induces apoptosis through a mitochondria-mediated intrinsic pathway. This study revealed that CCEO is a promising candidate for development into an anti-tumour drug of the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Novel Food Resources Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Processing Technology of Shandong Province/Institute of Agro-Food Science and Technology, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 202 Gongye North Road, Jinan 250100, Shandong, PR China
| | - Rui-Rui Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Novel Food Resources Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Processing Technology of Shandong Province/Institute of Agro-Food Science and Technology, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 202 Gongye North Road, Jinan 250100, Shandong, PR China
| | - Yue-Ming Wang
- Key Laboratory of Novel Food Resources Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Processing Technology of Shandong Province/Institute of Agro-Food Science and Technology, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 202 Gongye North Road, Jinan 250100, Shandong, PR China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Novel Food Resources Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Processing Technology of Shandong Province/Institute of Agro-Food Science and Technology, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 202 Gongye North Road, Jinan 250100, Shandong, PR China
| | - Qing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Novel Food Resources Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Processing Technology of Shandong Province/Institute of Agro-Food Science and Technology, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 202 Gongye North Road, Jinan 250100, Shandong, PR China
| | - An-Wei Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Novel Food Resources Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Processing Technology of Shandong Province/Institute of Agro-Food Science and Technology, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 202 Gongye North Road, Jinan 250100, Shandong, PR China
| | - Xu Guo
- Key Laboratory of Novel Food Resources Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Processing Technology of Shandong Province/Institute of Agro-Food Science and Technology, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 202 Gongye North Road, Jinan 250100, Shandong, PR China
| | - Xin-Kun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Novel Food Resources Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Processing Technology of Shandong Province/Institute of Agro-Food Science and Technology, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 202 Gongye North Road, Jinan 250100, Shandong, PR China
| | - Jin-Yue Sun
- Key Laboratory of Novel Food Resources Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Processing Technology of Shandong Province/Institute of Agro-Food Science and Technology, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 202 Gongye North Road, Jinan 250100, Shandong, PR China.
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24
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Zhang T, He B, Yuan H, Feng G, Chen F, Wu A, Zhang L, Lin H, Zhuo Z, Wang T. Synthesis and Antitumor Evaluation in Vitro of NO-Donating Ursolic Acid-Benzylidene Derivatives. Chem Biodivers 2019; 16:e1900111. [PMID: 30977577 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.201900111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Antitumor activity of triterpenoid and its derivatives has attracted great attention recently. Our previous efforts led to the discovery of a series of NO-donor betulin derivatives with potent antitumor activity. Herein, we prepared eight compounds derived from ursolic acid (UA). All the compounds were evaluated for their in vitro cytotoxicity against four human cancer cell lines (HepG-2, MCF-7, HT-29 and A549). Among the compounds tested, compound 4a was found to be most active against HT-29 (IC50 =4.28 μm). Further biological assays demonstrated that compound 4a could induce cell cycle arrest at G1 phase and apoptosis in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, compound 4a was found to upregulate pro-apoptotic Bax, p53 and downregulate anti-apoptotic Bcl-2. All these results suggested that compound 4a is a potential candidate drug for the therapy of colon cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Te Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
| | - Baoen He
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
| | - Huan Yuan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
| | - Gaili Feng
- Research and Development Office, Yangling Chairisma Bio-Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Xianyang, 712100, P. R. China
| | - Fenglian Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
| | - Aizhi Wu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
| | - Lili Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
| | - Huiran Lin
- Laboratory Animal Management Office, Public Technology Service Platform, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, P. R. China
| | - Zhenjian Zhuo
- School of Chinese Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, P. R. China
| | - Tao Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
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25
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Wang W, Lei L, Liu Z, Wang H, Meng Q. Design, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation of Novel Nitrogen Heterocycle-Containing Ursolic Acid Analogs as Antitumor Agents. Molecules 2019; 24:E877. [PMID: 30832266 PMCID: PMC6429512 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24050877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Revised: 02/17/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Nineteen ursolic acid analogues were designed, synthesized, and evaluated for their antiproliferative activity against the Hela and MKN45 cell lines. Some compounds containing a piperazine moiety displayed moderate to high levels of antitumor activities against the tested cancer cell lines. The most potent compound shares the IC50 value of 2.1 µM and 2.6 µM for the Hela and MKN45 cell lines, respectively. Further mechanism studies and in vivo antitumor studies have shown that it decreased the apoptosis regulator (BCL2/BAX) ratio, disrupted mitochondrial potential and induced apoptosis, and suppressed the growth of Hela xenografts in nude mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenzhi Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China.
| | - Lei Lei
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China.
| | - Zhi Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China.
| | - Hongbo Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China.
| | - Qingguo Meng
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China.
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26
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Enzymic synthesis, physicochemical, and cell activity of glucosyl ester derivatives based on N-fatty acyl amino acid. CHEMICAL PAPERS 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s11696-018-0614-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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27
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Huang YQ, Yuan JD, Ding HF, Song YS, Qian G, Wang JL, Ji M, Zhang Y. Design, synthesis and pharmacological evaluation of a novel PEG-cRGD-conjugated irinotecan derivative as potential antitumor agent. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 158:82-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.08.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Revised: 07/21/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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28
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Jiang W, Huang RZ, Zhang J, Guo T, Zhang MT, Huang XC, Zhang B, Liao ZX, Sun J, Wang HS. Discovery of antitumor ursolic acid long-chain diamine derivatives as potent inhibitors of NF-κB. Bioorg Chem 2018; 79:265-276. [PMID: 29778798 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2018.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Revised: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
A series of inhibitors of NF-κB based on ursolic acid (UA) derivatives containing long-chain diamine moieties were designed and synthesized as well as evaluated the antitumor effects. These compounds exhibited significant inhibitory activity to the NF-κB with IC50 values at micromolar concentrations in A549 lung cancer cell line. Among them, compound 8c exerted potent activity against the test tumor cell lines including multidrug resistant human cancer lines, with the IC50 values ranged from 5.22 to 8.95 μM. Moreover, compound 8c successfully suppressed the migration of A549 cells. Related mechanism study indicated compound 8c caused cell cycle arrest at G1 phase and triggered apoptosis in A549 cells through blockage of NF-κB signalling pathway. Molecular docking study revealed that key interactions between 8c and the active site of NF-κB in which the bulky and strongly electrophilic group of long-chain diamine moieties were important for improving activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Jiang
- Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Biomedical Research, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, PR China
| | - Ri-Zhen Huang
- Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Biomedical Research, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, PR China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Biomedical Research, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, PR China
| | - Tong Guo
- Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Biomedical Research, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, PR China
| | - Meng-Ting Zhang
- Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Biomedical Research, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, PR China
| | - Xiao-Chao Huang
- Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Biomedical Research, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, PR China
| | - Bin Zhang
- Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Biomedical Research, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, PR China
| | - Zhi-Xin Liao
- Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Biomedical Research, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, PR China.
| | - Jing Sun
- Chinese Acad Sci, Northwest Inst Plateau Biol, Qinghai Key Laboratory of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau Biological Resources, Xining 810000, PR China.
| | - Heng-Shan Wang
- State Key Laboratory for the Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources (Ministry of Education of China), School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, PR China.
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29
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Kuang WB, Huang RZ, Qin JL, Lu X, Qin QP, Zou BQ, Chen ZF, Liang H, Zhang Y. Design, synthesis and pharmacological evaluation of new 3-(1H-benzimidazol-2-yl)quinolin-2(1H)-one derivatives as potential antitumor agents. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 157:139-150. [PMID: 30092368 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.07.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Revised: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 07/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
A series of new 3-(1H-benzimidazol-2-yl)quinolin-2(1H)-one derivatives (5a1-5d6) were designed and synthesized as antitumor agents. In vitro antitumor assay results showed that some compounds exhibited moderate to high inhibitory activity against HepG2, SK-OV-3, NCI-H460 and BEL-7404 tumor cell lines, and most compounds exhibited much lower cytotoxicity against the HL-7702 normal cell line compared to 5-FU and cisplatin. In vivo antitumor assay results demonstrated that 5a3 exhibited effective inhibition on tumor growth in the NCI-H460 xenograft mouse model and that 5d3 displayed excellent antiproliferative activity in the BEL-7402 xenograft model. These results suggested that both 5a3 and 5d3 could be used as anticancer drug candidates. Mechanistic studies suggested that compounds 5a3 and 5d3 exerted their antitumor activity by up-regulation of Bax, intracellular Ca2+ release, ROS generation, downregulation of Bcl-2, activation of caspase-9 and caspase-3 and subsequent cleavage of PARP, inhibition of CDK activity and activation of the p53 protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Bin Kuang
- School of Pharmacy, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541004, China; State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, School of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Ri-Zhen Huang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
| | - Jiao-Lan Qin
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, School of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Xing Lu
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, School of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Qi-Pin Qin
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, School of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Bi-Qun Zou
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, School of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, China; Department of Chemistry & Pharmaceutical Science, Guilin Normal College, Xinyi Road 15, Guangxi 541001, China
| | - Zhen-Feng Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, School of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, China.
| | - Hong Liang
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, School of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, China.
| | - Ye Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541004, China; State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, School of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, China; Department of Chemistry & Pharmaceutical Science, Guilin Normal College, Xinyi Road 15, Guangxi 541001, China.
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30
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Wolfram RK, Fischer L, Kluge R, Ströhl D, Al-Harrasi A, Csuk R. Homopiperazine-rhodamine B adducts of triterpenoic acids are strong mitocans. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 155:869-879. [PMID: 29960206 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.06.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Revised: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Parent pentacyclic triterpenoic acids such as ursolic-, oleanolic, glycyrrhetinic, betulinic and boswellic acid were converted into their acetylated piperazinyl amides that were coupled with rhodamine B. SRB assays to evaluate their cytotoxicity showed all of these triterpene-homopiperazinyl-rhodamine adducts 16-20 being highly cytotoxic for a panel of human tumor cell lines even in nanomolar concentrations while being significantly less cytotoxic for non-malignant cells. Interestingly enough, these compounds were even more cytotoxic than previously prepared piperazinyl analogs, thus making the homopiperazinyl spacer a very interesting scaffold for the development of biologically active compounds. Extra staining experiments showed that the cytostatic effect of compounds 18 and 20 onto A2780 cancer cells is due to their ability to act as a mitocan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ratna Kancana Wolfram
- Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Organic Chemistry, Kurt-Mothes-Str. 2, D-06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Lucie Fischer
- Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Organic Chemistry, Kurt-Mothes-Str. 2, D-06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Ralph Kluge
- Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Organic Chemistry, Kurt-Mothes-Str. 2, D-06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Dieter Ströhl
- Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Organic Chemistry, Kurt-Mothes-Str. 2, D-06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Ahmed Al-Harrasi
- University of Nizwa, Chair of Oman's Medicinal Plants and Marine Natural Products, P.O. Box 33, PC 616, Birkat Al-Mauz, Nizwa, Oman
| | - René Csuk
- Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Organic Chemistry, Kurt-Mothes-Str. 2, D-06120, Halle (Saale), Germany.
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31
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Wei ZY, Chi KQ, Wang KS, Wu J, Liu LP, Piao HR. Design, synthesis, evaluation, and molecular docking of ursolic acid derivatives containing a nitrogen heterocycle as anti-inflammatory agents. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2018; 28:1797-1803. [PMID: 29678461 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2018.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2017] [Revised: 04/08/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Ursolic acid derivatives containing oxadiazole, triazolone, and piperazine moieties were synthesized in an attempt to develop potent anti-inflammatory agents. Structures of the synthesized compounds were elucidated by 1H NMR, 13C NMR, and HRMS. Most of the synthesized compounds showed pronounced anti-inflammatory effects at 100 mg/kg. In particular, compound 11b, which displayed the most potent anti-inflammatory activity of all of the compounds prepared, with 69.76% inhibition after intraperitoneal administration, was more potent than the reference drugs indomethacin and ibuprofen. The cytotoxicity of the compounds was also assessed by the 3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2-H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, and no compounds showed any appreciable cytotoxic activity (IC50 >100 μmol/L). Furthermore, molecular docking studies of the synthesized compounds were performed to rationalize the obtained biological results. Overall, the results indicate that compound 11b could be a therapeutic candidate for the treatment of inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Yu Wei
- Medical College of Dalian University, Dalian, Liaoning Province 116622, China
| | - Ke-Qiang Chi
- Medical College of Dalian University, Dalian, Liaoning Province 116622, China
| | - Ke-Si Wang
- Medical College of Dalian University, Dalian, Liaoning Province 116622, China
| | - Jie Wu
- Key Laboratory of Natural Resources and Functional Molecules of the Changbai Mountain, Affiliated Ministry of Education, Yanbian University College of Pharmacy, Yanji, Jilin Province 133002, China
| | - Li-Ping Liu
- Medical College of Dalian University, Dalian, Liaoning Province 116622, China.
| | - Hu-Ri Piao
- Key Laboratory of Natural Resources and Functional Molecules of the Changbai Mountain, Affiliated Ministry of Education, Yanbian University College of Pharmacy, Yanji, Jilin Province 133002, China.
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32
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Bitencourt FG, de Brum Vieira P, Meirelles LC, Rigo GV, da Silva EF, Gnoatto SCB, Tasca T. Anti-Trichomonas vaginalis activity of ursolic acid derivative: a promising alternative. Parasitol Res 2018; 117:1573-1580. [PMID: 29572567 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-018-5839-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Trichomonas vaginalis is an extracellular parasite that binds to the epithelium of the human urogenital tract and causes the sexually transmitted infection, trichomoniasis. In view of increased resistance to drugs belonging to the 5-nitroimidazole class, new treatment alternatives are urgently needed. In this study, eight semisynthetized triterpene derivatives were evaluated for in vitro anti-T. vaginalis activity. Ursolic acid and its derivative, 3-oxime-urs-12-en-28-oic-ursolic acid (9), presented the best anti-T. vaginalis activity when compared to other derivatives, with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) at 25 μM. Moreover, 9 was active against several T. vaginalis fresh clinical isolates. Hemolysis assay demonstrated that 9 presented a low hemolytic effect. Importantly, 25 μM 9 was not cytotoxic against the Vero cell lineage. Finally, we demonstrated that compound 9 acts synergistically with metronidazole against a T. vaginalis metronidazole-resistant isolate. This report reveals the high potential of the triterpenoid derivative 9 as trichomonicidal agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Gobbi Bitencourt
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Parasitologia, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Ipiranga 2752, Porto Alegre, RS, 90610-000, Brazil
| | - Patrícia de Brum Vieira
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Parasitologia, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Ipiranga 2752, Porto Alegre, RS, 90610-000, Brazil
| | - Lucia Collares Meirelles
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Parasitologia, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Ipiranga 2752, Porto Alegre, RS, 90610-000, Brazil
| | - Graziela Vargas Rigo
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Parasitologia, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Ipiranga 2752, Porto Alegre, RS, 90610-000, Brazil
| | - Elenilson Figueiredo da Silva
- Laboratório de Fitoquímica e Síntese Orgânica, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Ipiranga 2752, Porto Alegre, RS, 90610-000, Brazil
| | - Simone Cristina Baggio Gnoatto
- Laboratório de Fitoquímica e Síntese Orgânica, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Ipiranga 2752, Porto Alegre, RS, 90610-000, Brazil
| | - Tiana Tasca
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Parasitologia, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Ipiranga 2752, Porto Alegre, RS, 90610-000, Brazil.
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33
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Kuang WB, Huang RZ, Fang YL, Liang GB, Yang CH, Ma XL, Zhang Y. Design, synthesis and pharmacological evaluation of novel 2-chloro-3-(1H-benzo[d]imidazol-2-yl)quinoline derivatives as antitumor agents: in vitro and in vivo antitumor activity, cell cycle arrest and apoptotic response. RSC Adv 2018; 8:24376-24385. [PMID: 35539175 PMCID: PMC9082043 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra04640a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of novel 2-chloro-3-(1H-benzo[d]imidazol-2-yl)quinoline derivatives were designed and synthesized as antitumor agents under the combination principle. The antitumor activity and mechanisms were then evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Bin Kuang
- School of Pharmacy
- Guilin Medical University
- Guilin 541004
- PR China
- State Key Laboratory for the Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources (Ministry of Education of China)
| | - Ri-Zhen Huang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Southeast University
- Nanjing 211189
- PR China
| | - Yi-Lin Fang
- State Key Laboratory for the Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources (Ministry of Education of China)
- School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of Guangxi Normal University
- Guilin 541004
- PR China
| | - Gui-Bin Liang
- State Key Laboratory for the Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources (Ministry of Education of China)
- School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of Guangxi Normal University
- Guilin 541004
- PR China
| | - Chen-Hui Yang
- School of Pharmacy
- Guilin Medical University
- Guilin 541004
- PR China
| | - Xian-Li Ma
- School of Pharmacy
- Guilin Medical University
- Guilin 541004
- PR China
| | - Ye Zhang
- School of Pharmacy
- Guilin Medical University
- Guilin 541004
- PR China
- State Key Laboratory for the Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources (Ministry of Education of China)
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34
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Chi KQ, Wei ZY, Wang KS, Wu J, Chen WQ, Jin XJ, Piao HR. Design, synthesis, and evaluation of novel ursolic acid derivatives as HIF-1α inhibitors with anticancer potential. Bioorg Chem 2017; 75:157-169. [PMID: 28950243 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2017.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Revised: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α), a key mediator in tumor metastasis and angiogenesis, is associated with poor patient prognosis and has been recognized as an important cancer drug target. In this work, four novel series of ursolic acid derivatives containing oxadiazole, triazolone, and piperazine moieties were designed, synthesized, and evaluated for anti-tumor activity as HIF-1α inhibitors. The majority of the compounds showed an excellent ability to inhibit the expression of HIF-1α. In particular, 11b inhibited HIF-1α transcriptional activity under hypoxic conditions with IC50=36.9μM. The cytotoxicity of these compounds was also assessed in human colon cancer cell HCT116 cells by the 3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2-H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, and no compounds showed any appreciable cytotoxic activity (IC50>100μmol/L), which was lower than that of ursolic acid (IC50=23.8μmol/L). The mechanism of action of the representative compound 11b was also investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke-Qiang Chi
- Key Laboratory of Natural Resources of Changbai Mountain & Functional Molecules, Ministry of Education, Yanbian University College of Pharmacy, Yanji 133002, China; Medical College of Dalian University, Dalian 116622, China
| | - Zhi-Yu Wei
- Key Laboratory of Natural Resources of Changbai Mountain & Functional Molecules, Ministry of Education, Yanbian University College of Pharmacy, Yanji 133002, China; Medical College of Dalian University, Dalian 116622, China
| | - Ke-Si Wang
- Key Laboratory of Natural Resources of Changbai Mountain & Functional Molecules, Ministry of Education, Yanbian University College of Pharmacy, Yanji 133002, China; Medical College of Dalian University, Dalian 116622, China
| | - Jie Wu
- Key Laboratory of Natural Resources of Changbai Mountain & Functional Molecules, Ministry of Education, Yanbian University College of Pharmacy, Yanji 133002, China
| | - Wei-Qiang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Natural Resources of Changbai Mountain & Functional Molecules, Ministry of Education, Yanbian University College of Pharmacy, Yanji 133002, China
| | - Xue-Jun Jin
- Key Laboratory of Natural Resources of Changbai Mountain & Functional Molecules, Ministry of Education, Yanbian University College of Pharmacy, Yanji 133002, China.
| | - Hu-Ri Piao
- Key Laboratory of Natural Resources of Changbai Mountain & Functional Molecules, Ministry of Education, Yanbian University College of Pharmacy, Yanji 133002, China.
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35
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Salvador JA, Leal AS, Valdeira AS, Gonçalves BM, Alho DP, Figueiredo SA, Silvestre SM, Mendes VI. Oleanane-, ursane-, and quinone methide friedelane-type triterpenoid derivatives: Recent advances in cancer treatment. Eur J Med Chem 2017; 142:95-130. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Revised: 07/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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36
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Gu W, Jin XY, Li DD, Wang SF, Tao XB, Chen H. Design, synthesis and in vitro anticancer activity of novel quinoline and oxadiazole derivatives of ursolic acid. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2017; 27:4128-4132. [PMID: 28733083 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2017.07.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Revised: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A series of new quinoline derivatives of ursolic acid were designed and synthesized in an attempt to develop potential anticancer agents. The structures of these compounds were identified by 1H NMR, 13C NMR, IR and ESI-MS spectra analysis. The target compounds were evaluated for their in vitro cytotoxicity against three human cancer cell lines (MDA-MB-231, Hela and SMMC-7721). From the results, compounds 3a-d displayed significant antitumor activity against three cancer cell lines. Especially, compound 3b was found to be the most potent derivative with IC50 values of 0.61±0.07, 0.36±0.05, 12.49±0.08μM against MDA-MB-231, HeLa and SMMC-7721 cells, respectively, stronger than positive control etoposide. Furthermore, the Annexin V-FITC/PI dual staining assay revealed that compound 3b could significantly induce the apoptosis of MDA-MB-231 cells in a dose-dependent manner. The cell cycle analysis also indicated that compound 3b could cause cell cycle arrest of MDA-MB-231 cells at G0/G1 phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Gu
- Jiangsu Key Lab of Biomass-based Green Fuels and Chemicals, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, PR China.
| | - Xiao-Yan Jin
- Jiangsu Key Lab of Biomass-based Green Fuels and Chemicals, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, PR China
| | - Dong-Dong Li
- Jiangsu Key Lab of Biomass-based Green Fuels and Chemicals, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, PR China
| | - Shi-Fa Wang
- Jiangsu Key Lab of Biomass-based Green Fuels and Chemicals, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, PR China
| | - Xu-Bing Tao
- Jiangsu Key Lab of Biomass-based Green Fuels and Chemicals, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, PR China
| | - Hao Chen
- Jiangsu Key Lab of Biomass-based Green Fuels and Chemicals, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, PR China
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37
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Narva S, Chitti S, Amaroju S, Bhattacharjee D, Rao BB, Jain N, Alvala M, Sekhar KVGC. Design and synthesis of 4-morpholino-6-(1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridin-4-yl)-N-(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)-1,3,5-triazin-2-amine analogues as tubulin polymerization inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2017; 27:3794-3801. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2017.06.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Revised: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 06/23/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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38
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Huang RZ, Hua SX, Liao ZX, Huang XC, Wang HS. Side chain-functionalized aniline-derived ursolic acid derivatives as multidrug resistance reversers that block the nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) pathway and cell proliferation. MEDCHEMCOMM 2017; 8:1421-1434. [PMID: 30108853 DOI: 10.1039/c7md00105c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A series of inhibitors of NF-κB based on ursolic acid (UA) derivatives containing functionalized aniline or amide side chains were synthesized and evaluated for inhibition of NF-κB as well as their antitumor effects. These compounds exhibited significant inhibition activity toward NF-κB with IC50 values at micromolar concentrations in the NCI-H460 lung adenocarcinoma cell line. A docking study of the most active compound 5Y8 revealed key interactions between 5Y8 and the active site of NF-κB in which the functionalized amide moiety at the C-28 position and an ester group at the C-3 position were important for improving the activity. In particular, compound 5Y8 appeared to be the most potent compound against the NCI-H460 cell line, and displayed similar efficiency in drug-sensitive versus drug-resistant cancer cell lines, at least partly, by blocking the NF-κB signaling pathway and inducing apoptosis. Mechanistically, compound 5Y8 might trigger the apoptotic signaling pathway. Thus, the rational design of UA derivatives with functionalized aniline or amide side chains offers significant potential for the discovery of a new class of NF-κB inhibitors with the ability to induce apoptosis and reverse multidrug resistance in the NCI-H460 lung adenocarcinoma cell line.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ri-Zhen Huang
- Pharmaceutical Research Center and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Southeast University , Nanjing 211189 , China .
| | - Shi-Xian Hua
- Pharmaceutical Research Center and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Southeast University , Nanjing 211189 , China .
| | - Zhi-Xin Liao
- Pharmaceutical Research Center and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Southeast University , Nanjing 211189 , China .
| | - Xiao-Chao Huang
- Pharmaceutical Research Center and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Southeast University , Nanjing 211189 , China .
| | - Heng-Shan Wang
- State Key Laboratory for the Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources , School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences , Guangxi Normal University , No. 15 Yucai Road , Guilin 541004 , P. R. China .
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Zhang J, Liu C, Huang RZ, Chen HF, Liao ZX, Sun JY, Xia XK, Wang FX. Three new C-27-carboxylated-lupane-triterpenoid derivatives from Potentilla discolor Bunge and their in vitro antitumor activities. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0175502. [PMID: 28388692 PMCID: PMC5384777 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0175502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2016] [Accepted: 03/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Three new lupane-triterpenoids (1-3) along with six known compounds (4-9) were isolated from the ethanolic extract of whole plant of Potentilla discolor Bunge. The structures of Compounds 1-3 were established by extensive 1D and 2D NMR together with other spectrum analysis, indicating that their C-27 positions were highly oxygenated, which were rarely found in nature. Their in vitro anti-proliferative activities against HepG-2, MCF-7 and T-84 cell lines were evaluated by Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) assay, and the results showed different activities for three cell lines with IC50 values ranging from 17.84 to 40.64 μM. In addition, the results from Hoechst 33258 and AO/EB staining as well as annexinV-FITC assays exhibited Compound 1 caused a markedly increased HepG-2 cellular apoptosis in a dose-dependent manner. The further mechanisms of Compound 1-induced cellular apoptosis were confirmed that 1 induced the production of ROS and the alteration of pro- and anti-apoptotic proteins, which led to the dysfunction of mitochondria and activation of caspase-9 and caspase-3 and finally caused cellular apoptosis. These results would be useful in search for new potential antitumor agents and for developing semisynthetic lupane-triterpenoid derivatives with high antitumor activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, P. R. China
- Institute of Agro-Food Science and Technology/Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Processing Technology of Shandong Province, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, P. R. China
| | - Chao Liu
- Institute of Agro-Food Science and Technology/Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Processing Technology of Shandong Province, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, P. R. China
| | - Ri-Zhen Huang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Hui-Feng Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Zhi-Xin Liao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, P. R. China
- * E-mail: (ZXL); (JYS)
| | - Jin-Yue Sun
- Institute of Agro-Food Science and Technology/Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Processing Technology of Shandong Province, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, P. R. China
- * E-mail: (ZXL); (JYS)
| | - Xue-Kui Xia
- Biotechnology Center, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan, P. R. China
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Dai LM, Huang RZ, Zhang B, Hua J, Wang HS, Liang D. Cytotoxic triterpenoid saponins from Lysimachia foenum-graecum. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2017; 136:165-174. [PMID: 28173950 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2017.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2016] [Revised: 01/22/2017] [Accepted: 01/28/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Eleven oleanane-type triterpenoid saponins, foegraecumosides A-K, and eight known ones, were isolated from the aerial parts of Lysimachia foenum-graecum. Their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic data analyses and chemical methods. All isolated saponins were evaluated for their cytotoxicity against four human cancer cell lines (NCI-H460, MGC-803, HepG2, and T24). Seven saponins containing the aglycone cyclamiretin A exhibited moderate cytotoxicity against all tested human cancer cell lines, with IC50 values of 9.3-24.5 μM. Simultaneously, the cytotoxic activities of foegraecumosides A and B, lysichriside A, ardisiacrispins A and B, cyclaminorin, and 3-O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1 → 2)-β-d-glucopyranosyl-(1 → 4)-α-l-arabinopyranosyl-cyclamiretin A were tested on drug-resistant lung cancer cell lines (A549 and A549/CDDP, respectively). Ardisiacrispin B displayed moderate cytotoxicity against A549/CDDP, with an IC50 value of 8.7 μM and a resistant factor (RF) of 0.9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu-Mei Dai
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, People's Republic of China
| | - Ri-Zhen Huang
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, People's Republic of China; Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Hua
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, People's Republic of China
| | - Heng-Shan Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, People's Republic of China.
| | - Dong Liang
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, People's Republic of China.
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41
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Yu YC, Kuang WB, Huang RZ, Fang YL, Zhang Y, Chen ZF, Ma XL. Design, synthesis and pharmacological evaluation of new 2-oxo-quinoline derivatives containing α-aminophosphonates as potential antitumor agents. MEDCHEMCOMM 2017; 8:1158-1172. [PMID: 30108826 DOI: 10.1039/c7md00098g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2017] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
A series of novel 2-oxo-quinoline derivatives containing α-aminophosphonates were designed and synthesized as antitumor agents. MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assay results demonstrated that some compounds exhibited moderate to high inhibitory activity against HepG2, SK-OV-3 and NCI-H460 tumor cell lines, and most compounds showed much lower cytotoxicity against HL-7702 normal cells than 5-FU and cisplatin. The action mechanism of representative compound 5b was investigated by fluorescence staining assay, flow cytometric analysis and western blot (WB) assay, which indicated that this compound induced apoptosis and G2/M phase arrest accompanied by an increase in the production of intracellular Ca2+ and reactive oxygen species (ROS) and affecting associated enzymes and genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Cheng Yu
- College of Pharmacy , Guilin Medical University , Guilin 541004 , PR China . ; ; ; Tel: +86 773 5895132.,State Key Laboratory for the Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources (Ministry of Education of China) , School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of Guangxi Normal University , Guilin 541004 , PR China .
| | - Wen-Bin Kuang
- State Key Laboratory for the Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources (Ministry of Education of China) , School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of Guangxi Normal University , Guilin 541004 , PR China .
| | - Ri-Zhen Huang
- State Key Laboratory for the Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources (Ministry of Education of China) , School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of Guangxi Normal University , Guilin 541004 , PR China .
| | - Yi-Lin Fang
- State Key Laboratory for the Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources (Ministry of Education of China) , School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of Guangxi Normal University , Guilin 541004 , PR China .
| | - Ye Zhang
- College of Pharmacy , Guilin Medical University , Guilin 541004 , PR China . ; ; ; Tel: +86 773 5895132.,State Key Laboratory for the Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources (Ministry of Education of China) , School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of Guangxi Normal University , Guilin 541004 , PR China . .,Department of Chemistry & Pharmaceutical Science , Guilin Normal College , Guilin 541001 , PR China
| | - Zhen-Feng Chen
- State Key Laboratory for the Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources (Ministry of Education of China) , School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of Guangxi Normal University , Guilin 541004 , PR China .
| | - Xian-Li Ma
- College of Pharmacy , Guilin Medical University , Guilin 541004 , PR China . ; ; ; Tel: +86 773 5895132
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42
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Rhodamine B conjugates of triterpenoic acids are cytotoxic mitocans even at nanomolar concentrations. Eur J Med Chem 2016; 127:1-9. [PMID: 28033541 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2016.12.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2016] [Revised: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Triterpenoic acids 1-6 exhibited very low or no cytotoxicity at all, but their corresponding 2,3-di-O-acetyl-piperazinyl amides 13-18 showed low EC50 values for several human tumor cell lines. Their cytotoxicity, however, was also high for the non-malignant mouse fibroblasts NIH 3T3. A significant improvement was achieved by preparing the rhodamine B derivatives 19-24. While rhodamine B is not cytotoxic (up to a concentration of 30μM - cut-off of the assay), the triterpenoid piperazine-spacered rhodamine B derivatives were cytotoxic in nano-molar concentration. Compound 24 (a diacetylated maslinic acid derivative) was most toxic for several human tumor cell lines but less toxic for mouse fibroblasts NIH 3T3. Staining and double-staining experiments revealed 24 to act as a mitocan.
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43
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Huang Q, Chen H, Ren Y, Wang Z, Zeng P, Li X, Wang J, Zheng X. Anti-hepatocellular carcinoma activity and mechanism of chemopreventive compounds: ursolic acid derivatives. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2016; 54:3189-3196. [PMID: 27564455 DOI: 10.1080/13880209.2016.1214742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2015] [Accepted: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a common cancer around the world, with high mortality rate. Currently, there is no effective drug for the therapy of HCC. Ursolic acid (UA) is a natural product which exists in various medicinal herbs and fruits, exhibiting multiple biological effects such as its outstanding anticancer and hepatoprotective activity, which has drawn many pharmacists' attention. OBJECTIVE This paper summarizes the current status of the hepatoprotective activity of UA analogues and explains the related mechanism, providing a clear direction for the development of novel anti-HCC drugs. METHODS All of the data resources were derived from PubMed. By comparing the IC50 values and analyzing the structure-activity relationships, we listed compounds with good pharmacological activity from the relevant literature, and summarized their anti-HCC mechanism. RESULTS From the database, 58 new UA derivatives possessing wonderful anticancer and hepatoprotective effects were listed, and the relevant anti-HCC mechanism were discussed. CONCLUSION UA's anti-HCC effect is the result of combined action of many mechanisms. These 58 new UA derivatives, particularly compounds 45 and 53, can be used as potential drugs for the treatment of liver cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuxia Huang
- a Department of Pharmacy & Pharmacology , University of South China , Hengyang , China
- b Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study , Hengyang , China
| | - Hongfei Chen
- a Department of Pharmacy & Pharmacology , University of South China , Hengyang , China
- b Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study , Hengyang , China
| | - Yuyan Ren
- a Department of Pharmacy & Pharmacology , University of South China , Hengyang , China
- b Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study , Hengyang , China
| | - Zhe Wang
- a Department of Pharmacy & Pharmacology , University of South China , Hengyang , China
- b Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study , Hengyang , China
| | - Peiyu Zeng
- a Department of Pharmacy & Pharmacology , University of South China , Hengyang , China
- b Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study , Hengyang , China
- c Research Interest Group of Pharmacy , University of South China , Hengyang , China
| | - Xuan Li
- a Department of Pharmacy & Pharmacology , University of South China , Hengyang , China
- b Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study , Hengyang , China
- c Research Interest Group of Pharmacy , University of South China , Hengyang , China
| | - Juan Wang
- a Department of Pharmacy & Pharmacology , University of South China , Hengyang , China
- b Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study , Hengyang , China
| | - Xing Zheng
- a Department of Pharmacy & Pharmacology , University of South China , Hengyang , China
- b Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study , Hengyang , China
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44
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Mendes VIS, Bartholomeusz GA, Ayres M, Gandhi V, Salvador JAR. Synthesis and cytotoxic activity of novel A-ring cleaved ursolic acid derivatives in human non-small cell lung cancer cells. Eur J Med Chem 2016; 123:317-331. [PMID: 27484517 PMCID: PMC5652311 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2016.07.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Revised: 07/18/2016] [Accepted: 07/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Ursolic acid (UA) is a pentacyclic triterpenoid with recognized anticancer properties. We prepared a series of new A-ring cleaved UA derivatives and evaluated their antiproliferative activity in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cell lines using 2D and 3D culture models. Compound 17, bearing a cleaved A-ring with a secondary amide at C3, was found to be the most active compound, with potency in 2D systems. Importantly, even in 3D systems, the effect was maintained albeit a slight increase in the IC50. The molecular mechanism underlying the anticancer activity was further investigated. Compound 17 induced apoptosis via activation of caspase-8 and caspase-7 and via decrease of Bcl-2. Moreover, induction of autophagy was also detected with increased levels of Beclin-1 and LC3A/B-II and decreased levels of mTOR and p62. DNA synthetic capacity and cell cycle profiles were not affected by the drug, but total RNA synthesis was modestly but significantly decreased. Given its activity and mechanism of action, compound 17 might represent a potential candidate for further cancer research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa I. S. Mendes
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, 3000-548, Coimbra, Portugal. ; Fax: + 351 239 488 503; Tel: + 351 239 488 400
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Geoffrey A. Bartholomeusz
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA. ; Fax: + 1 713-794-4316; Tel: + 1 713-792-2989
| | - Mary Ayres
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA. ; Fax: + 1 713-794-4316; Tel: + 1 713-792-2989
| | - Varsha Gandhi
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA. ; Fax: + 1 713-794-4316; Tel: + 1 713-792-2989
| | - Jorge A. R. Salvador
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, 3000-548, Coimbra, Portugal. ; Fax: + 351 239 488 503; Tel: + 351 239 488 400
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Coimbra, Portugal
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45
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Liu MC, Yang SJ, Jin LH, Hu DY, Xue W, Yang S. Synthesis and evaluation as potential antitumor agents of novel ursolic acid derivatives. Med Chem Res 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-016-1680-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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46
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Sommerwerk S, Heller L, Kuhfs J, Csuk R. Selective killing of cancer cells with triterpenoic acid amides - The substantial role of an aromatic moiety alignment. Eur J Med Chem 2016; 122:452-464. [PMID: 27416552 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2016.06.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Revised: 06/26/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
2,3-Di-O-acetyl-triterpenoic acid derived amides possessing a (2β, 3β) configuration in ring A and two acetyl groups were previously shown to possess high cytotoxicity for human tumor cell lines but to exhibit low cytotoxicity for non-malignant mouse fibroblasts. In this study, augustic acid (1) and 2-epi-corosolic acid (2) were chosen as starting points for the synthesis of analogs. While augustic acid derived 3-quinolinyl amide 9 gave low EC50 values in SRB assays but was cytotoxic for all lines, the isomeric 4-isoquinolinyl amide 21 was very cytotoxic for the tumor cell lines but significantly less cytotoxic for the mouse fibroblasts NIH 3T3. In addition, a triacetylated 4-isoquinolinyl derivative of asiatic acid (28) gave EC50 = 80 nM (for A2780 ovarian cancer cells). As shown by additional experiments (acridine orange/propidium iodide staining, fluorescence spectroscopy and cell cycle investigations) these compounds act mainly by apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven Sommerwerk
- Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Organic Chemistry, Kurt-Mothes-Str. 2, D-06120, Halle (Saale) Germany
| | - Lucie Heller
- Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Organic Chemistry, Kurt-Mothes-Str. 2, D-06120, Halle (Saale) Germany
| | - Julia Kuhfs
- Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Organic Chemistry, Kurt-Mothes-Str. 2, D-06120, Halle (Saale) Germany
| | - René Csuk
- Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Organic Chemistry, Kurt-Mothes-Str. 2, D-06120, Halle (Saale) Germany.
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47
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Caatinga plants: Natural and semi-synthetic compounds potentially active against Trichomonas vaginalis. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2016; 26:2229-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2016.03.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2015] [Revised: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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48
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Kashyap D, Tuli HS, Sharma AK. Ursolic acid (UA): A metabolite with promising therapeutic potential. Life Sci 2016; 146:201-13. [PMID: 26775565 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2016.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Revised: 01/11/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Plants are known to produce a variety of bioactive metabolites which are being used to cure various life threatening and chronic diseases. The molecular mechanism of action of such bioactive molecules, may open up new avenues for the scientific community to develop or improve novel therapeutic approaches to tackle dreadful diseases such as cancer and cardiovascular and neurodegenerative disorders. Ursolic acid (UA) is one among the categories of such plant-based therapeutic metabolites having multiple intracellular and extracellular targets that play role in apoptosis, metastasis, angiogenesis and inflammatory processes. Moreover, the synthetic derivatives of UA have also been seen to be involved in a range of pharmacological applications, which are associated with prevention of diseases. Evidences suggest that UA could be used as a potential candidate to develop a comprehensive competent strategy towards the treatment and prevention of health disorders. The review article herein describes the possible therapeutic effects of UA along with putative mechanism of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dharambir Kashyap
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, Punjab 160012, India
| | - Hardeep Singh Tuli
- Department of Biotechnology, Maharishi Markandeshwar University, Mullana, Ambala, Haryana 133207, India.
| | - Anil K Sharma
- Department of Biotechnology, Maharishi Markandeshwar University, Mullana, Ambala, Haryana 133207, India
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49
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Wu P, Zheng J, Huang T, Li D, Hu Q, Cheng A, Jiang Z, Jiao L, Zhao S, Zhang K. Synthesis and Evaluation of Novel Triterpene Analogues of Ursolic Acid as Potential Antidiabetic Agent. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0138767. [PMID: 26406581 PMCID: PMC4583267 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0138767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2015] [Accepted: 09/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Ursolic acid (UA) is a naturally bioactive compound that possesses potential anti-diabetic activity. The relatively safe and effective molecule intrigued us to further explore and to improve its anti-diabetic activity. In the present study, a series of novel UA analogues was synthesized and their structures were characterized. Their bioactivities against the α-glucosidase from baker's yeast were determined in vitro. The results suggested that most of the analogues exhibited significant inhibitory activity, especially analogues 8b and 9b with the IC50 values of 1.27 ± 0.27 μM (8b) and 1.28 ± 0.27 μM (9b), which were lower than the other analogues and the positive control. The molecular docking and 2D-QSAR studies were carried out to prove that the C-3 hydroxyl could interact with the hydrophobic region of the active pocket and form hydrogen bonds to increase the binding affinity of ligand and the homology modelling protein. Thus, these results will be helpful for understanding the relationship between binding mode and bioactivity and for designing better inhibitors from UA analogues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panpan Wu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jie Zheng
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tianming Huang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dianmeng Li
- Guangxi Institute of Botany, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guilin, China
| | - Qingqing Hu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Anming Cheng
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhengyun Jiang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Luoying Jiao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Suqing Zhao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kun Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
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