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Chen GQ, Guo HY, Quan ZS, Shen QK, Li X, Luan T. Natural Products-Pyrazine Hybrids: A Review of Developments in Medicinal Chemistry. Molecules 2023; 28:7440. [PMID: 37959859 PMCID: PMC10649211 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28217440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Pyrazine is a six-membered heterocyclic ring containing nitrogen, and many of its derivatives are biologically active compounds. References have been downloaded through Web of Science, PubMed, Science Direct, and SciFinder Scholar. The structure, biological activity, and mechanism of natural product derivatives containing pyrazine fragments reported from 2000 to September 2023 were reviewed. Publications reporting only the chemistry of pyrazine derivatives are beyond the scope of this review and have not been included. The results of research work show that pyrazine-modified natural product derivatives have a wide range of biological activities, including anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antibacterial, antiparasitic, and antioxidant activities. Many of these derivatives exhibit stronger pharmacodynamic activity and less toxicity than their parent compounds. This review has a certain reference value for the development of heterocyclic compounds, especially pyrazine natural product derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Qing Chen
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines of the Changbai Mountain, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, China; (G.-Q.C.); (H.-Y.G.); (Z.-S.Q.); (Q.-K.S.)
| | - Hong-Yan Guo
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines of the Changbai Mountain, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, China; (G.-Q.C.); (H.-Y.G.); (Z.-S.Q.); (Q.-K.S.)
| | - Zhe-Shan Quan
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines of the Changbai Mountain, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, China; (G.-Q.C.); (H.-Y.G.); (Z.-S.Q.); (Q.-K.S.)
| | - Qing-Kun Shen
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines of the Changbai Mountain, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, China; (G.-Q.C.); (H.-Y.G.); (Z.-S.Q.); (Q.-K.S.)
| | - Xiaoting Li
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines of the Changbai Mountain, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, China; (G.-Q.C.); (H.-Y.G.); (Z.-S.Q.); (Q.-K.S.)
| | - Tian Luan
- Department of Pharmacy, Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang 110034, China
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Chen Y, Li L, Liu Z, Liu M, Wang Q. A series of ligustrazine platinum(IV) complexes with potent anti-proliferative and anti-metastatic properties that exert chemotherapeutic and immunotherapeutic effects. Dalton Trans 2023; 52:13097-13109. [PMID: 37664893 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt02358c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
The development of novel anticancer drugs with antiproliferative and antimetastatic activities is of great importance in the pharmaceutical field. Herein, a series of ligustrazine (LSZ) platinum(IV) complexes with chemotherapeutic and immunotherapeutic effects were designed, prepared and evaluated as antitumor agents for the first time. Complex 4 with potent antitumor activities both in vitro and in vivo was screened out as a candidate. Notably, it displays significantly more effective anti-metastatic activities than the platinum(II) drugs cisplatin and oxaliplatin. Mechanism detection discloses that it causes serious DNA damage and increases the expression of γ-H2AX and P53. Then, the apoptosis of tumor cells is promoted by activating the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway Bcl-2/Bax/caspase-3 and causing autophagy via modulating LC3-I/II and P62 expression. Furthermore, the immune therapeutic responses are significantly elevated by blocking HIF-1α, ERK 1/2 and COX-2 pathways to reduce PD-L1 expression, and further increasing CD3+ and CD8+ T cells to elevate T cell immunity in tumors. Tumor metastasis is blocked by the synergistic functions of DNA damage, hypoxia modulation and immune activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Linming Li
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical Research, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252059, P.R. China.
| | - Zhifang Liu
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical Research, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252059, P.R. China.
| | - Meifeng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Qingpeng Wang
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical Research, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252059, P.R. China.
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Dai ZQ, Gao F, Zhang ZJ, Lu MJ, Luo YJ, Zhang T, Shang BX, Gu YH, Zeng Q, Gao S, Guo ZQ, Xu B, Lei HM. Anti-tumor effects of novel alkannin derivatives with potent selectivity on comprehensive analysis. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 117:154912. [PMID: 37295023 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2023.154912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2023] [Revised: 05/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Therapeutic approaches based on glycolysis and energy metabolism of tumor cells are new promising strategies for the treatment of cancer. Currently, researches on the inhibition of pyruvate kinase M2, a key rate limiting enzyme in glycolysis, have been corroborated as an effective cancer therapy. Alkannin is a potent pyruvate kinase M2 inhibitor. However, its non-selective cytotoxicity has affected its subsequent clinical application. Thus, it needs to be structurally modified to develop novel derivatives with high selectivity. PURPOSE Our study aimed to ameliorate the toxicity of alkannin through structural modification and elucidate the mechanism of the superior derivative 23 in lung cancer therapy. METHODS On the basis of the principle of collocation, different amino acids and oxygen-containing heterocycles were introduced into the hydroxyl group of the alkannin side chain. We examined the cell viability of all derivatives on three tumor cells (HepG2, A549 and HCT116) and two normal cells (L02 and MDCK) by MTT assay. Besides, the effect of derivative 23 on the morphology of A549 cells as observed by Giemsa and DAPI staining, respectively. Flow cytometry was performed to assess the effects of derivative 23 on apoptosis and cell cycle arrest. To further assess the effect of derivative 23 on the Pyruvate kinase M2 in glycolysis, an enzyme activity assay and western blot assay were performed. Finally, in vivo the antitumor activity and safety of the derivative 23 were evaluated by using Lewis mouse lung cancer xenograft model. RESULTS Twenty-three novel alkannin derivatives were designed and synthesized to improve the cytotoxicity selectivity. Among these derivatives, derivative 23 showed the highest cytotoxicity selectivity between cancer and normal cells. The anti-proliferative activity of derivative 23 on A549 cells (IC50 = 1.67 ± 0.34 μM) was 10-fold higher than L02 cells (IC50 = 16.77 ± 1.44 μM) and 5-fold higher than MDCK cells (IC50 = 9.23 ± 0.29 μM) respectively. Subsequently, fluorescent staining and flow cytometric analysis showed that derivative 23 was able to induce apoptosis of A549 cells and arrest the cell cycle in the G0/G1 phase. In addition, the mechanistic studies suggested derivative 23 was an inhibitor of pyruvate kinase; it could regulate glycolysis by inhibiting the activation of the phosphorylation of PKM2/STAT3 signaling pathway. Furthermore, studies in vivo demonstrated derivative 23 significantly inhibited the growth of xenograft tumor. CONCLUSION In this study, alkannin selectivity is reported to be significantly improved following structural modification, and derivative 23 is first shown to be able to inhibit lung cancer growth via the PKM2/STAT3 phosphorylation signaling pathway in vitro, indicating the potential value of derivative 23 in treating lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Qi Dai
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China
| | - Feng Gao
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China
| | - Zi-Jie Zhang
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China
| | - Ming-Jun Lu
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China
| | - Yu-Jin Luo
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China
| | - Tong Zhang
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China
| | - Bing-Xian Shang
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China
| | - Yu-Hao Gu
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China
| | - Qi Zeng
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China
| | - Shan Gao
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China
| | - Zhuo-Qian Guo
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China
| | - Bing Xu
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China.
| | - Hai-Min Lei
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China.
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Gattu R, Ramesh SS, Nadigar S, D CG, Ramesh S. Conjugation as a Tool in Therapeutics: Role of Amino Acids/Peptides-Bioactive (Including Heterocycles) Hybrid Molecules in Treating Infectious Diseases. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:antibiotics12030532. [PMID: 36978399 PMCID: PMC10044335 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12030532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Peptide-based drugs are gaining significant momentum in the modern drug discovery, which is witnessed by the approval of new drugs by the FDA in recent years. On the other hand, small molecules-based drugs are an integral part of drug development since the past several decades. Peptide-containing drugs are placed between small molecules and the biologics. Both the peptides as well as the small molecules (mainly heterocycles) pose several drawbacks as therapeutics despite their success in curing many diseases. This gap may be bridged by utilising the so called 'conjugation chemistry', in which both the partners are linked to one another through a stable chemical bond, and the resulting conjugates are found to possess attracting benefits, thus eliminating the stigma associated with the individual partners. Over the past decades, the field of molecular hybridisation has emerged to afford us new and efficient molecular architectures that have shown high promise in medicinal chemistry. Taking advantage of this and also considering our experience in this field, we present herein a review concerning the molecules obtained by the conjugation of peptides (amino acids) to small molecules (heterocycles as well as bioactive compounds). More than 125 examples of the conjugates citing nearly 100 references published during the period 2000 to 2022 having therapeutic applications in curing infectious diseases have been covered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohith Gattu
- Postgraduate Department of Chemistry, JSS College of Arts, Commerce and Science, Ooty Road, Mysuru 570025, Karnataka, India
| | - Sanjay S Ramesh
- Postgraduate Department of Chemistry, JSS College of Arts, Commerce and Science, Ooty Road, Mysuru 570025, Karnataka, India
| | - Siddaram Nadigar
- Postgraduate Department of Chemistry, JSS College of Arts, Commerce and Science, Ooty Road, Mysuru 570025, Karnataka, India
| | - Channe Gowda D
- Department of Studies in Chemistry, Manasagangotri, University of Mysore, Mysuru 570005, Karnataka, India
| | - Suhas Ramesh
- Postgraduate Department of Chemistry, JSS College of Arts, Commerce and Science, Ooty Road, Mysuru 570025, Karnataka, India
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Cai DS, Yang XY, Yang YQ, Gao F, Cheng XH, Zhao YJ, Qi R, Zhang YZ, Lu JH, Lin XY, Liu YJ, Xu B, Wang PL, Lei HM. Design and synthesis of novel anti-multidrug-resistant staphylococcus aureus derivatives of glycyrrhetinic acid by blocking arginine biosynthesis, metabolic and H 2S biogenesis. Bioorg Chem 2023; 131:106337. [PMID: 36603244 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2022.106337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
With the soaring number of multidrug-resistant bacteria, it is imperative to develop novel efficient antibacterial agents and discovery new antibacterial pathways. Herein, we designed and synthesized a series of structurally novel glycyrrhetinic acid (GA) derivatives against multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). The in vitro antibacterial activity of these compounds was evaluated using the microbroth dilution method, agar plate coating experiments and real-time growth curves, respectively. Most of the target derivatives showed moderate antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and MRSA (MIC = 3.125-25 μM), but inactivity against Escherichia coli (E. Coli) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) (MIC > 200 μM). Among them, compound 11 had the strongest antibacterial activity against MRSA, with an MIC value of 3.125 μM, which was 32 times and 64 times than the first-line antibiotics penicillin and norfloxacin, respectively. Additionally, transcriptomic (RNA-seq) and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) analysis revealed that the antibacterial mechanism of compound 11 was through blocking the arginine biosynthesis and metabolic and the H2S biogenesis. Importantly, compound 11 was confirmed to have good biocompatibility through the in vitro hemolysis tests, cytotoxicity assays and the in vivo quail chicken chorioallantoic membrane (qCAM) experiments. Current study provided new potential antibacterial candidates from glycyrrhetinic acid derivatives for clinical treatment of MRSA infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- De-Sheng Cai
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, PR China
| | - Xiao-Yun Yang
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, PR China
| | - Yu-Qin Yang
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, PR China
| | - Feng Gao
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, PR China
| | - Xue-Hao Cheng
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, PR China
| | - Ya-Juan Zhao
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, PR China
| | - Rui Qi
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, PR China
| | - Yao-Zhi Zhang
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, PR China
| | - Ji-Hui Lu
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, PR China
| | - Xiao-Yu Lin
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, PR China
| | - Yi-Jing Liu
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, PR China
| | - Bing Xu
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, PR China.
| | - Peng-Long Wang
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, PR China.
| | - Hai-Min Lei
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, PR China.
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Shu Y, Li F, Han Y, Wang P, Gao F, Yan M, Liang M, Ma Q, Zhang Y, Ding X, Lei H. Design, synthesis and cytotoxic evaluation of novel betulonic acid-diazine derivatives as potential antitumor agents. Front Chem 2022; 10:969770. [PMID: 36147251 PMCID: PMC9486541 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.969770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
With the purpose to improve antiproliferative activity, 26 new betulonic acid-diazine derivatives were designed and synthesized from betulinic acid. The anticancer activity of these semi-synthetic compounds was evaluated by MTT assay in both tumor cell lines and normal cell line. The results indicated that majority of new compounds exhibited improved antitumor activity compared with the parent compound betulonic acid. Compound BoA2C, in particular, had the most significant action with IC50 value of 3.39 μM against MCF-7 cells, while it showed lower cytotoxicity on MDCK cell line than cisplatin. Furthermore, we discovered that BoA2C strongly increased MCF-7 cell damage mostly by influencing arginine and fatty acid metabolism. In addition, the structure-activity relationships were briefly discussed. The results of this study suggested that the introduction of different diazines at C-28 could selectively inhibit different kinds of cancer cells and might be an effective way to synthesize potent anticancer lead compound from betulonic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yisong Shu
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Feifei Li
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yaotian Han
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Penglong Wang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Feng Gao
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Mengmeng Yan
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Miao Liang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Qiang Ma
- Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Qiang Ma, ; Yuzhong Zhang, ; Xia Ding, ; Haimin Lei ,
| | - Yuzhong Zhang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Qiang Ma, ; Yuzhong Zhang, ; Xia Ding, ; Haimin Lei ,
| | - Xia Ding
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Qiang Ma, ; Yuzhong Zhang, ; Xia Ding, ; Haimin Lei ,
| | - Haimin Lei
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Qiang Ma, ; Yuzhong Zhang, ; Xia Ding, ; Haimin Lei ,
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Ma S, Zhang N, Hou J, Liu S, Wang J, Lu B, Zhu F, Wei P, Hong G, Liu T. Synthesis and Discovery of Ligustrazine–Heterocycle Derivatives as Antitumor Agents. Front Chem 2022; 10:941367. [PMID: 35958230 PMCID: PMC9358002 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.941367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Ligustrazine (TMP) is a natural pyrazine alkaloid extracted from the roots of Ligusticum Chuanxiong Hort, which has the potential as an antitumor agent. A series of 33 ligustrazine–heterocycle (TMPH) derivatives were designed, synthesized, and investigated via antitumor screening assays, molecular docking analysis, and prediction of drug-like properties. TMP was attached to other heterocyclic derivatives by an 8–12 methylene alkyl chain as a linker to obtain 33 TMPH derivatives. The structures were confirmed by 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, and high-resolution mass spectroscopy spectral (HR-MS) data. The antiproliferative activity against human breast cancer MCF-7, MDA-MB-231, mouse breast cancer 4T1, mouse fibroblast L929, and human umbilical vein endothelial HUVEC cell lines was evaluated by MTT assay. Compound 12–9 displayed significant inhibitory activity with IC50 values in the low micromolar range (0.84 ± 0.02 µM against the MDA-MB-231 cell line). The antitumor effects of compound 12–9 were further evaluated by plate cloning, Hoechst 33 342 staining, and annexin V-FITC/PI staining. The results indicated that compound 12–9 inhibited the proliferation and apoptosis of breast cancer cells. Furthermore, molecular docking of compound 12–9 into the active site of the Bcl-2, CASP-3, and PSMB5 target proteins was performed to explore the probable binding mode. The 33 newly synthesized compounds were predicted to have good drug-like properties in a theoretical study. Overall, these results indicated that compound 12–9 inhibited cell proliferation through PSMB5 and apoptosis through Bcl-2/CASP-3 apoptotic signaling pathways and had good drug-like properties. These results provided more information, and key precursor lead derivatives, in the search for effective bioactive components from Chinese natural medicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shitang Ma
- College of Biological and Pharmaceutical Engineering, West Anhui University, Lu’an, China
- College of Life and Health, Anhui Science and Technology University, Fengyang, China
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biomedical Material, Tianjin, China
| | - Ning Zhang
- College of Life and Health, Anhui Science and Technology University, Fengyang, China
| | - Jiafu Hou
- Mudanjiang Medical University, Mudanjiang, China
| | - Shijuan Liu
- Mudanjiang Medical University, Mudanjiang, China
| | - Jiawen Wang
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biomedical Material, Tianjin, China
| | - Baowei Lu
- College of Biological and Pharmaceutical Engineering, West Anhui University, Lu’an, China
| | - Fucheng Zhu
- College of Biological and Pharmaceutical Engineering, West Anhui University, Lu’an, China
| | - Peipei Wei
- College of Biological and Pharmaceutical Engineering, West Anhui University, Lu’an, China
| | - Ge Hong
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biomedical Material, Tianjin, China
- *Correspondence: Ge Hong, ; Tianjun Liu,
| | - Tianjun Liu
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biomedical Material, Tianjin, China
- *Correspondence: Ge Hong, ; Tianjun Liu,
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Elimam DM, Eldehna WM, Salem R, Bonardi A, Nocentini A, Al-Rashood ST, Elaasser MM, Gratteri P, Supuran CT, Allam HA. Natural inspired ligustrazine-based SLC-0111 analogues as novel carbonic anhydrase inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 228:114008. [PMID: 34871842 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.114008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Ligustrazine is the principle bioactive alkaloid in the widely-used Chinese herb Chuan Xiong rhizome. Herein, a series of novel derivatives has been designed as human carbonic anhydrases inhibitors (hCAIs) starting from the natural product Ligustrazine inserted as a tail instead of the 4-fluorophenyl tail of SLC-0111, a front-runner selective hCA IX inhibitor currently in clinical trials as antitumor/antimetastatic agent. Other derivatives were designed via incorporation of different linkers, of amide and ester type, or incorporation of different zinc anchoring groups such as secondary sulfamoyl and carboxylic acid functionalities. The newly designed molecules were prepared following different synthetic pathways, and were assessed for their inhibitory actions against four isoforms: the widespread cytosolic (hCA I and II), and the transmembrane tumor-related (hCA IX and XII). The primary sulfonamides efficiently inhibited the target hCA IX and hCA XII in the nanomolar range (KIs: 6.2-951.5 nM and 3.3-869.3 nM, respectively). The most selective hCA IX inhibitors 6c and 18 were assessed for their potential anticancer effects, and displayed anti-proliferative activity against MCF-7 cancer cell line with IC50s of 11.9 and 36.7 μM, respectively. Molecular modelling studies unveiled the relationship between structural features and inhibitory profiles against the off-target hCA II and the target, tumor-related isoforms hCA IX and XII.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diaaeldin M Elimam
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, Egypt; School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Wagdy M Eldehna
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, 33516, Egypt.
| | - Rofaida Salem
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, 33516, Egypt
| | - Alessandro Bonardi
- Department of NEUROFARBA, Section of Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Sciences, University of Florence, Polo Scientifico, Via U. Schiff 6, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy; Department of NEUROFARBA - Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Section, Laboratory of Molecular Modeling Cheminformatics & QSAR, University of Firenze, Via U. Schiff 6, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy
| | - Alessio Nocentini
- Department of NEUROFARBA, Section of Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Sciences, University of Florence, Polo Scientifico, Via U. Schiff 6, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy
| | - Sara T Al-Rashood
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mahmoud M Elaasser
- The Regional Center for Mycology and Biotechnology, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Paola Gratteri
- Department of NEUROFARBA - Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Section, Laboratory of Molecular Modeling Cheminformatics & QSAR, University of Firenze, Via U. Schiff 6, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy
| | - Claudiu T Supuran
- Department of NEUROFARBA, Section of Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Sciences, University of Florence, Polo Scientifico, Via U. Schiff 6, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy.
| | - Heba Abdelrasheed Allam
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, 11562, Egypt
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9
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Yang S, Wu S, Dai W, Pang L, Xie Y, Ren T, Zhang X, Bi S, Zheng Y, Wang J, Sun Y, Zheng Z, Kong J. Tetramethylpyrazine: A Review of Its Antitumor Potential and Mechanisms. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:764331. [PMID: 34975475 PMCID: PMC8716857 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.764331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer remains a major public health threat. The mitigation of the associated morbidity and mortality remains a major research focus. From a molecular biological perspective, cancer is defined as uncontrolled cell division and abnormal cell growth caused by various gene mutations. Therefore, there remains an urgent need to develop safe and effective antitumor drugs. The antitumor effect of plant extracts, which are characterized by relatively low toxicity and adverse effect, has attracted significant attention. For example, increasing attention has been paid to the antitumor effects of tetramethylpyrazine (TMP), the active component of the Chinese medicine Chuanqiong, which can affect tumor cell proliferation, apoptosis, invasion, metastasis, and angiogenesis, as well as reverse chemotherapeutic resistance in neoplasms, thereby triggering antitumor effects. Moreover, TMP can be used in combination with chemotherapeutic agents to enhance their effects and reduce the side effect associated with chemotherapy. Herein, we review the antitumor effects of TMP to provide a theoretical basis and foundation for the further exploration of its underlying antitumor mechanisms and promoting its clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaojie Yang
- Biliary Surgery (2nd General) Unit, Department of General Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Shuodong Wu
- Biliary Surgery (2nd General) Unit, Department of General Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Wanlin Dai
- Innovation Institute of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Liwei Pang
- Biliary Surgery (2nd General) Unit, Department of General Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yaofeng Xie
- Department of Cardiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Tengqi Ren
- Biliary Surgery (2nd General) Unit, Department of General Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiaolin Zhang
- Biliary Surgery (2nd General) Unit, Department of General Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Shiyuan Bi
- Biliary Surgery (2nd General) Unit, Department of General Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yuting Zheng
- Biliary Surgery (2nd General) Unit, Department of General Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jingnan Wang
- Biliary Surgery (2nd General) Unit, Department of General Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yang Sun
- Biliary Surgery (2nd General) Unit, Department of General Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Zhuyuan Zheng
- Biliary Surgery (2nd General) Unit, Department of General Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jing Kong
- Biliary Surgery (2nd General) Unit, Department of General Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- *Correspondence: Jing Kong,
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Zhong Y, Liang N, Liu Y, Cheng MS. Recent progress on betulinic acid and its derivatives as antitumor agents: a mini review. Chin J Nat Med 2021; 19:641-647. [PMID: 34561074 DOI: 10.1016/s1875-5364(21)60097-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Natural products are one of the important sources for the discovery of new drugs. Betulinic acid (BA), a pentacyclic triterpenoid widely distributed in the plant kingdom, exhibits powerful biological effects, including antitumor activity against various types of cancer cells. A considerable number of BA derivatives have been designed and prepared to remove their disadvantages, such as poor water solubility and low bioavailability. This review summarizes the current studies of the structural diversity of antitumor BA derivatives within the last five years, which provides prospects for further research on the structural modification of betulinic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Nan Liang
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China.
| | - Mao-Sheng Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China.
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Li Y, Guo F, Guan Y, Chen T, Ma K, Zhang L, Wang Z, Su Q, Feng L, Liu Y, Zhou Y. Novel Anthraquinone Compounds Inhibit Colon Cancer Cell Proliferation via the Reactive Oxygen Species/JNK Pathway. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25071672. [PMID: 32260423 PMCID: PMC7180728 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25071672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of amide anthraquinone derivatives, an important component of some traditional Chinese medicines, were structurally modified and the resulting antitumor activities were evaluated. The compounds showed potent anti-proliferative activities against eight human cancer cell lines, with no noticeable cytotoxicity towards normal cells. Among the candidate compounds, 1-nitro-2-acyl anthraquinone-leucine (8a) showed the greatest inhibition of HCT116 cell activity with an IC50 of 17.80 μg/mL. In addition, a correlation model was established in a three-dimensional quantitative structure-activity relationship (3D-QSAR) study using Comparative Molecular Field Analysis (CoMFA) and comparative molecular similarity index analysis (CoMSIA). Moreover, compound 8a effectively killed tumor cells by reactive oxygen species (ROS)-JNK activation, causing an increase in ROS levels, JNK phosphorylation, and mitochondrial stress. Cytochrome c was then released into cytoplasm, which, in turn activated the cysteine protease pathway and ultimately induced tumor cell apoptosis, suggesting a potential use of this compound for colon cancer treatment.
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12
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Silva CB, da Silva Filho JG, Pinheiro GS, Teixeira AMR, de Sousa FF, Freire PTC. High-pressure studies on l,l-dileucine crystals by Raman spectroscopy and synchrotron X-ray diffraction combined with DFT calculations. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2020; 229:117899. [PMID: 31839580 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2019.117899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Revised: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The vibrational properties of the dipeptide l-leucyl-l-leucine hydrate were investigated through Raman and infrared spectroscopy. With the aid of first principle calculations using the density functional theory, the assignment of the vibrational modes from the material was furnished. In addition, the behavior of the crystal under high pressure was investigated using Raman spectroscopy (~8 GPa) and synchrotron X-ray diffraction (~26 GPa). The results show significant changes in both the X-ray diffractogram and the Raman spectra, suggesting that l-leucyl-l-leucine hydrate undergoes a phase transition between 2.3 and 2.9 GPa. Finally, for pressures above 16 GPa the broadening of X-ray peaks suggests a disorder in the crystal lattice induced by high-pressure effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- C B Silva
- Departamento de Física, Universidade Federal do Ceará, C.P. 6030, Campus do Pici, 60.455-760 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil.
| | - J G da Silva Filho
- Instituto de Centro de Ciências Sociais, Saúde e Tecnologia, Universidade Federal do Maranhão, Imperatriz, MA 65900-410, Brazil
| | - G S Pinheiro
- Departamento de Física, Universidade Federal do Piaui, campus Ministro Petrônio Portella, 64.049-550, Teresina, PI, Brazil
| | - A M R Teixeira
- Departamento de Física, Universidade Regional do Cariri, 63.010-970 Juazeiro do Norte, CE, Brazil
| | - F F de Sousa
- Instituto de Ciências Exatas e Naturais, Universidade Federal do Pará, 66.075-110 Belém, PA, Brazil
| | - P T C Freire
- Departamento de Física, Universidade Federal do Ceará, C.P. 6030, Campus do Pici, 60.455-760 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
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13
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Al-Sanea MM, Gotina L, Mohamed MF, Grace Thomas Parambi D, Gomaa HAM, Mathew B, Youssif BGM, Alharbi KS, Elsayed ZM, Abdelgawad MA, Eldehna WM. Design, Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of New HDAC1 and HDAC2 Inhibitors Endowed with Ligustrazine as a Novel Cap Moiety. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2020; 14:497-508. [PMID: 32103894 PMCID: PMC7008064 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s237957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Histone deacetylases (HDACs) represent one of the most validated cancer targets. The inhibition of HDACs has been proven to be a successful strategy for the development of novel anticancer candidates. Methods This work describes design and synthesis of a new set of HDAC inhibitors (7a-c and 8a, b) utilizing ligustrazine as a novel cap moiety, and achieving the pharmacophoric features required to induce the desired inhibition. Results The newly synthesized derivatives were evaluated for their potential inhibitory activity toward two class I histone deacetylases, namely HDAC1 and HDAC2. The tested ligustrazine-based compounds were more potent toward HDAC2 (IC50 range: 53.7–205.4 nM) than HDAC1 (IC50 range: 114.3–2434.7 nM). Furthermore, the antiproliferative activities against two HDAC-expressing cancer cell lines; HT-29 and SH-SY5Y were examined by the MTT assay. Moreover, a molecular docking study of the designed HDAC inhibitors (7a-c and 8a,b) was carried out to investigate their binding pattern within their prospective targets; HDAC1 (PDB-ID: 4BKX) and HDAC2 (PDB-ID: 6G3O). Discussion Compound 7a was found to be the most potent analog in this study toward HDAC1 and HDAC2 with IC50 values equal 114.3 and 53.7 nM, respectively. Moreover, it was the most effective counterpart (IC50 = 1.60 µM), with 4.7-fold enhanced efficiency than reference drug Gefitinib (IC50 = 7.63 µM) against SH-SY5Y cells. Whereas, compound 8a (IC50 = 1.96 µM) was the most active member toward HT-29 cells, being 2.5-times more potent than Gefitinib (IC50 = 4.99 µM). Collectively, these results suggest that 7a merits further optimization and development as an effective new HDACI lead compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad M Al-Sanea
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Jouf University, Sakaka, Aljouf 2014, Saudi Arabia
| | - Lizaveta Gotina
- Division of Bio-Medical Science & Technology, KIST School, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, Korea
| | - Mamdouh Fa Mohamed
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Sohag University, Sohag 82524, Egypt
| | - Della Grace Thomas Parambi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Jouf University, Sakaka, Aljouf 2014, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hesham A M Gomaa
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Jouf University, Sakaka, Aljouf 2014, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Nahda University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | - Bijo Mathew
- Division of Drug Design and Medicinal Chemistry Research Lab, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Ahalia School of Pharmacy, Palakkad, Kerala 678557, India
| | - Bahaa G M Youssif
- Department of Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Assiut University, Assiut 71526, Egypt
| | - Khalid Saad Alharbi
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Jouf University, Sakakah 72341, Saudi Arabia
| | - Zainab M Elsayed
- Scientific Research and Innovation Support Unit, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, Egypt
| | - Mohamed A Abdelgawad
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Jouf University, Sakaka, Aljouf 2014, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62514, Egypt
| | - Wagdy M Eldehna
- Scientific Research and Innovation Support Unit, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, Egypt.,Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, Egypt
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14
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Guo WB, Zhang H, Yan WQ, Liu YM, Zhou F, Cai DS, Zhang WX, Huang XM, Jia XH, Chen HS, Qi JC, Wang PL, Xu B, Lei HM. Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of ligustrazine - betulin amino-acid/dipeptide derivatives as anti-tumor agents. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 185:111839. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.111839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Revised: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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15
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Wang J, Hong G, Li G, Wang W, Liu T. Novel Homo-Bivalent and Polyvalent Compounds Based on Ligustrazine and Heterocyclic Ring as Anticancer Agents. Molecules 2019; 24:E4505. [PMID: 31835359 PMCID: PMC6943434 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24244505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Revised: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Bivalent and polyvalent inhibitors can be used as antitumor agents. In this experiment, eight ligustrazine dimers and seven ligustrazine tetramers linked by alkane diamine with different lengths of carbon chain lengths were synthesized. After screening their antiproliferation activities against five cancer cell lines, most ligustrazine derivatives showed better cytotoxicity than the ligustrazine monomer. In particular, ligustrazine dimer 8e linked with decane-1,10-diamine exhibited the highest cytotoxicity in FaDu cells with an IC50 (50% inhibiting concentration) value of 1.36 nM. Further mechanism studies suggested that 8e could induce apoptosis of FaDu cells through the depolarization of mitochondrial membrane potential and S-phase cell cycle arrest. Inspired by these results, twenty-seven additional small molecule heterocyclic dimers linked with decane-1,10-diamine and nine cinnamic acid dimers bearing ether chain were synthesized and screened. Most monocyclic and bicyclic aromatic systems showed highly selective anti-proliferation activity to FaDu cells and low toxicity to normal MCF 10A cells. The structure-activity relationship revealed that the two terminal amide bonds and the alkyl linker with a chain length of 8-12 carbon were two important factors to maintain its antitumor activity. In addition, the ADMET calculation predicted that most of the potent compounds had good oral bioavailability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiawen Wang
- Graduate Institute, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China;
| | - Ge Hong
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin 300192, China; (G.H.); (G.L.); (W.W.)
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Guoliang Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin 300192, China; (G.H.); (G.L.); (W.W.)
| | - Wenzhi Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin 300192, China; (G.H.); (G.L.); (W.W.)
| | - Tianjun Liu
- Graduate Institute, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China;
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin 300192, China; (G.H.); (G.L.); (W.W.)
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
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Ma L, Wang X, Li W, Qu F, Liu Y, Lu J, Su G, Zhao Y. Conjugation of Ginsenoside with Dietary Amino Acids: A Promising Strategy To Suppress Cell Proliferation and Induce Apoptosis in Activated Hepatic Stellate Cells. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:10245-10255. [PMID: 31389238 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b03305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Ginseng has been widely used as a functional food in the world because of its well-defined health benefits. Previous studies have confirmed that AD-1, a new ginsenoside derived from ginseng, can ameliorate thioacetamide-induced liver injury and fibrosis in mice. Simultaneously, amino acid supplementation is getting more attention as an important adjuvant therapy in the improvement of hepatopathy. The aim of this study was to conjugate AD-1 with several selected amino acids and investigate the cytotoxicity of the obtained conjugates in activated t-HSC/Cl-6 cells and normal human liver cells (LO2). Structure-activity relationships of conjugates and underlying mechanisms of the effect are also explored. The results indicated that conjugate 7c remarkably inhibited cell proliferation in activated t-HSC/Cl-6 cells (IC50 = 3.8 ± 0.4 μM) and appeared to be nontoxic to LO2. Besides, conjugate 7c had a relatively good plasma stability. Further study demonstrated that inducing S-phase arrest and activation of mitochondrial-mediated apoptosis were included in the mechanisms underlying the efficiency of conjugate 7c. These findings provided further insight into designing functional foods (ginsenoside and amino acid) for the application in prevention or improvement of liver fibrosis.
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17
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BA-12 Inhibits Angiogenesis via Glutathione Metabolism Activation. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20164062. [PMID: 31434286 PMCID: PMC6720627 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20164062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Revised: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 08/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
There is a need for an efficient and low-cost leading compound discovery mode. However, drug development remains slow, expensive, and risky. Here, this manuscript proposes a leading compound discovery strategy based on a combination of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) formulae and pharmacochemistry, using a ligustrazine-betulinic acid derivative (BA-12) in the treatment of angiogenesis as an example. Blocking angiogenesis to inhibit the growth and metastasis of solid tumors is currently one recognized therapy for cancer in the clinic. Firstly, based on a traditional Prunella vulgaris plaster, BA-12 was synthesized according to our previous study, as it exhibited better antitumor activities than other derivatives on human bladder carcinoma cells (T24); it was then uploaded for target prediction. Secondly, the efficacy and biotoxicity of BA-12 on angiogenesis were evaluated using human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs), a quail chick chorioallantoic membrane, and Caenorhabditis elegans. According to the prediction results, the main mechanisms of BA-12 were metabolic pathways. Thus, multiple metabolomics approaches were applied to reveal the mechanisms of BA-12. Finally, the predictive mechanisms of BA-12 on glutathione metabolism and glycerophospholipid metabolism activation were validated using targeted metabolomics and pharmacological assays. This strategy may provide a reference for highly efficient drug discovery, with the aim of sharing TCM wisdom for unmet clinical needs.
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18
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Silva SWC, Monção NBN, Araújo BQ, Arcanjo DDR, Ferreira JHL, Lima Neto JS, Citó AMGL, de Siqueira Júnior JP, Kaatz GW, Barreto HM. Antimicrobial activity of Mimosa caesalpiniifolia Benth and its interaction with antibiotics against Staphylococcus aureus strains overexpressing efflux pump genes. Lett Appl Microbiol 2019; 69:57-63. [PMID: 31002429 DOI: 10.1111/lam.13163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2019] [Revised: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of the dichloromethane fraction (DCMF) from the stem bark of Mimosa caesalpiniifolia and its effect on the activity of conventional antibiotics against Staphylococcus aureus strains overexpressing specific efflux pump genes. DCMF showed activity against S. aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis and Candida albicans. Addition of DCMF at subinhibitory concentrations to the growth media enhanced the activity of norfloxacin, ciprofloxacin and ethidium bromide against S. aureus strains overexpressing norA suggesting the presence of efflux pump inhibitors in its composition. Similar results were verified for tetracycline against S. aureus overexpressing tetK, as well as, for ethidium bromide against S. aureus overexpressing qacC. These results indicate that M. caesalpiniifolia is a source of molecules able to modulate the fluoroquinolone- and tetracycline-resistance in S. aureus probably by inhibition of NorA, TetK and QacC respectively. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: Drug resistance is a common problem in patients with infectious diseases. Dichloromethane fraction from the stem bark of Mimosa caesalpiniifolia showed antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive bacterium Staphylococcus aureus and against Candida albicans, but did not show activity against Gram-negative specie Escherichia coli. Moreover, this fraction was able to potentiate the action of norfloxacin, ciprofloxacin and tetracycline against S. aureus strains overexpressing different efflux pump genes. Thus, Mimosa caesalpiniifolia is a source of efflux pump inhibitors which could be used in combination with fluoroquinolones or tetracycline in the treatment of infectious diseases caused by S. aureus strains overexpressing efflux pump genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- S W C Silva
- Laboratory of Research in Microbiology, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, Brazil
| | - N B N Monção
- Agricultural College of Floriano, Federal University of Piauí (UFPI), Floriano, Brazil
| | - B Q Araújo
- Laboratory of Natural Products, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, Brazil
| | - D D R Arcanjo
- Department of Biophysics and Physiology, Federal University of Piauí (UFPI), Teresina, Brazil
| | - J H L Ferreira
- Laboratory of Research in Microbiology, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, Brazil
| | - J S Lima Neto
- Laboratory of Natural Products, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, Brazil
| | - A M G L Citó
- Laboratory of Natural Products, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, Brazil
| | - J P de Siqueira Júnior
- Laboratory of Genetics of Microorganisms, Federal University of Paraiba (UFPB), João Pessoa, Brazil
| | - G W Kaatz
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - H M Barreto
- Laboratory of Research in Microbiology, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, Brazil
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Zhou J, Liao B, Deng Y, Guo X, Zhao J, Sun J, Zhu Z. [Design and synthesis of imidazo-fused heterocycles derivatives and their anti-tumor activity against breast cancer in mice]. NAN FANG YI KE DA XUE XUE BAO = JOURNAL OF SOUTHERN MEDICAL UNIVERSITY 2019; 38:1052-1060. [PMID: 30377112 DOI: 10.12122/j.issn.1673-4254.2018.09.05] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To synthesize compounds based on imidazo-fused heterocycles and evaluate their anti-tumor activity against breast cancer. METHODS The compounds 1a-1e, 2a and 2b were synthesized by aerobic copper-catalyzed halocyclization of methyl N-heteroaromatics with aliphatic amines; 3a and 3b were generated by sonogashira reaction and Suzuki reaction, respectively; the compounds 4a-4c were obtained by Buchwald-Hartwig reaction of the corresponding amines and 1e. The effects of these compounds against breast cancer cells and their nephrotoxicity were determined using MTT assay. Annexin VFITC/PI apoptosis detection kit was used to assess the apoptosis-inducing effects of these compounds in breast cancer cells. With normal saline as the control, the safety and anti-tumor activity of the compound 2a (daily dose of 10 mg/kg for 14 days) was tested in a mouse model bearing human breast cancer xenografts. RESULTS The compounds 2a, 4a, 4b and 4c all showed obvious anti-tumor activities. Among these compounds, 2a showed the most potent anti-tumor effect against breast cancer cells with an IC50 of 9.77 ± 2.32 μmol/L, similar to that of cisplatin (IC50=8.96 ± 2.35 μmol/L); 2a also showed a slightly lower nephrotoxicity than cisplatin, and their CC50 was 10.79±0.87 μmol/L and 8.45±0.68 μmol/L, respectively. 2a obviously promoted apoptosis of breast cancer cells in vitro and caused a moderate suppression of the breast cancer growth in the tumor-bearing mouse models without producing serious adverse effects. CONCLUSIONS Four compounds synthesized based on imidazo-fused heterocycles have anti-tumor activities against breast cancer. The compound 2a is capable of dose-dependently promoting apoptosis of breast cancer cells in vitro and has a good safety and a moderate efficacy for suppressing tumor growth in mouse models bearing human breast cancer xenografts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Zhou
- Department of Nursing, Integrated Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510315, China
| | - Bohong Liao
- Clinical Research Center, Integrated Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510315, China
| | - Yinggui Deng
- Department of Nursing, Integrated Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510315, China
| | - Xiaowen Guo
- Clinical Research Center, Integrated Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510315, China
| | - Jialan Zhao
- Clinical Research Center, Integrated Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510315, China
| | - Jie Sun
- Clinical Research Center, Integrated Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510315, China
| | - Zhibo Zhu
- Clinical Research Center, Integrated Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510315, China
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Sousa JLC, Freire CSR, Silvestre AJD, Silva AMS. Recent Developments in the Functionalization of Betulinic Acid and Its Natural Analogues: A Route to New Bioactive Compounds. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24020355. [PMID: 30669472 PMCID: PMC6359067 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24020355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2018] [Revised: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Betulinic acid (BA) and its natural analogues betulin (BN), betulonic (BoA), and 23-hydroxybetulinic (HBA) acids are lupane-type pentacyclic triterpenoids. They are present in many plants and display important biological activities. This review focuses on the chemical transformations used to functionalize BA/BN/BoA/HBA in order to obtain new derivatives with improved biological activity, covering the period since 2013 to 2018. It is divided by the main chemical transformations reported in the literature, including amination, esterification, alkylation, sulfonation, copper(I)-catalyzed alkyne-azide cycloaddition, palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling, hydroxylation, and aldol condensation reactions. In addition, the synthesis of heterocycle-fused BA/HBA derivatives and polymer‒BA conjugates are also addressed. The new derivatives are mainly used as antitumor agents, but there are other biological applications such as antimalarial activity, drug delivery, bioimaging, among others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana L C Sousa
- QOPNA & LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
- CICECO, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - Carmen S R Freire
- CICECO, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
| | | | - Artur M S Silva
- QOPNA & LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
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Ol'khovich M, Sharapova A, Blokhina S, Perlovich G, Skachilova S, Shilova E. A study of the inclusion complex of bioactive thiadiazole derivative with 2‑hydroxypropyl‑β‑cyclodextrin: Preparation, characterization and physicochemical properties. J Mol Liq 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2018.10.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Fang K, Zhang XH, Han YT, Wu GR, Cai DS, Xue NN, Guo WB, Yang YQ, Chen M, Zhang XY, Wang H, Ma T, Wang PL, Lei HM. Design, Synthesis, and Cytotoxic Analysis of Novel Hederagenin⁻Pyrazine Derivatives Based on Partial Least Squares Discriminant Analysis. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19102994. [PMID: 30274380 PMCID: PMC6213900 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19102994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Revised: 09/23/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Hederagenin (He) is a novel triterpene template for the development of new antitumor compounds. In this study, 26 new He–pyrazine derivatives were synthetized in an attempt to develop potent antitumor agents; they were screened for in vitro cytotoxicity against tumor and non-tumor cell lines. The majority of these derivatives showed much stronger cytotoxic activity than He. Remarkably, the most potent was compound 9 (half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) was 3.45 ± 0.59 μM), which exhibited similar antitumor activities against A549 (human non-small-cell lung cancer) as the positive drug cisplatin (DDP; IC50 was 3.85 ± 0.63 μM), while it showed lower cytotoxicity on H9c2 (murine heart myoblast; IC50 was 16.69 ± 0.12 μM) cell lines. Compound 9 could induce the early apoptosis and evoke cell-cycle arrest at the synthesis (S) phase of A549 cells. Impressively, we innovatively introduced the method of cluster analysis modeled as partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) into the structure–activity relationship (SAR) evaluation, and SAR confirmed that pyrazine had a profound effect on the antitumor activity of He. The present studies highlight the importance of pyrazine derivatives of He in the discovery and development of novel antitumor agents.
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Wu GR, Xu B, Yang YQ, Zhang XY, Fang K, Ma T, Wang H, Xue NN, Chen M, Guo WB, Jia XH, Wang PL, Lei HM. Synthesis and biological evaluation of podophyllotoxin derivatives as selective antitumor agents. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 155:183-196. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.05.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Revised: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Recent progress in the structural modification and pharmacological activities of ligustrazine derivatives. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 147:150-162. [PMID: 29432947 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.01.097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2017] [Revised: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Ligustrazine is a main active fraction of the traditional medicine known as Ligusticum chuanxiong hort, which has been used as clinical medication for cerebral thrombosis, coronary heart disease and stenocardia recently. The rapid metabolism and short half-life of ligustrazine seriously limits its application in clinical practice. Therefore, derivatives of ligustrazine are designed and synthesized in our and other labs, including piperazine, cinnamic acid, styrene, acylguanidine, amides, curcumin and triterpenes derivatives of ligustrazine. Most of these compounds present better pharmacodynamics activities and more favorable pharmacokinetic properties compared to the parent compound. Besides, some new biological activities of these compounds are discovered. Hence, this review continues the previous review of our group as well as aims to highlight recent prominent advances in this field in the past ten years.
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Chu F, Zhang W, Guo W, Wang Z, Yang Y, Zhang X, Fang K, Yan M, Wang P, Lei H. Oleanolic Acid-amino Acids Derivatives: Design, Synthesis, and Hepatoprotective Evaluation In Vitro and In Vivo. Molecules 2018; 23:E322. [PMID: 29393898 PMCID: PMC6017290 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23020322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Revised: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Activated hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) are the main extracellular matrix (ECM)-producing cells in the injured liver and the key mediators of liver fibrosis; they also promote the progression of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). In the acidic extracellular microenvironment of HCC, HSCs are activated to promote the migration of HCC cells. It is worth attempting to alter the weak acidic microenvironment to promote activated HSC apoptosis to treat liver fibrosis and liver cancer. In the present study, a series of novel OA-amino acids analogues were designed and synthesized to introduce different amino acids in the 3-hydroxyl of OA using the ester condensation reaction to enhance hydrophilicity, alkalinity, and biological activity. We found that OA-lysine derivative (3g) could improve the hydrophilic of OA and induce HSCs apoptosis via inducing MMP depolarization and increasing intracellular Ca2+ levels. Additionally, 3g displayed a better hepatoprotective effect than OA (20 mg/kg, intragastric administration) against the acute liver injury induced by carbon tetrachloride (CCl₄) in mice. The results suggested that basic amino acids (lysine) could effectively enhance OA's hydrophilicity, alkalinity, and hepatoprotective activity in vitro and in vivo, which might be likely associated with increasing bioavailability and altering an extracellular weak acidic microenvironment with further verification. Therefore, the OA-lysine derivative (3g) has the potential to be developed as an agent with hepatoprotective activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuhao Chu
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China.
| | - Wenxi Zhang
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China.
| | - Wenbo Guo
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China.
| | - Zhaoyi Wang
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China.
| | - Yuqin Yang
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China.
| | - Xinyu Zhang
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China.
| | - Kang Fang
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China.
| | - Mengmeng Yan
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China.
| | - Penglong Wang
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China.
| | - Haimin Lei
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China.
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