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Sinha SK, Panja S, Grover J, Hazra PS, Pandit S, Bairagi Y, Zhang X, Maiti D. Dual Ligand Enabled Nondirected C-H Chalcogenation of Arenes and Heteroarenes. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:12032-12042. [PMID: 35759373 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c02126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Chalcogenide motifs are present as principal moieties in a vast array of natural products and complex molecules. Till date, the construction of these chalcogen motifs has been restricted to either the use of directing groups or the employment of a large excess of electronically activated arenes, typically employed as a cosolvent. Despite being highly effective, these methods have their own limitations in the step economy and the deployment of an excess amount of arenes. Herein, we report the evolution of a catalytic system employing arene-limited, nondirected thioarylation of arenes and heteroarenes using a complimentary dual-ligand approach. The reaction is controlled by a combination of steric and electronic factors, and the utilization of a suitable ligand enables the generation of products on a complimentary spectrum to that generated by classical methods. The combination of ligands remains imperative in the reaction protocol with theoretical calculations pointing towards a monoprotected amino acid ligand being crucial in the concerted metalation deprotonation (CMD) mechanism by a characteristic [5,6]-palladacyclic transition state, while the pyridine moiety assists in the active catalyst species formation and product release. Combined experimental and computational mechanistic investigations point toward the C-H activation step being both regio- and rate-determining. Interestingly, oxidative addition of the diphenyl disulfide substrate is found to be unlikely, and an alternative transmetalation-like mechanism involving the Pd-Ag heterometallic complex is proposed to be operative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumya Kumar Sinha
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Subir Panja
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Jagrit Grover
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Partha Sarathi Hazra
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Saikat Pandit
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Yogesh Bairagi
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Xinglong Zhang
- Institute of High Performance Computing, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 1 Fusionopolis Way, #16-16 Connexis, Singapore 138632, Singapore
| | - Debabrata Maiti
- Department of Chemistry and IDP, Climate Studies, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
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2
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Blaess M, Kaiser L, Sommerfeld O, Csuk R, Deigner HP. Drug triggered pruritus, rash, papules, and blisters - is AGEP a clash of an altered sphingolipid-metabolism and lysosomotropism of drugs accumulating in the skin? Lipids Health Dis 2021; 20:156. [PMID: 34743684 PMCID: PMC8573906 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-021-01552-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Rash, photosensitivity, erythema multiforme, and the acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis (AGEP) are relatively uncommon adverse reactions of drugs. To date, the etiology is not well understood and individual susceptibility still remains unknown. Amiodarone, chlorpromazine, amitriptyline, and trimipramine are classified lysosomotropic as well as photosensitizing, however, they fail to trigger rash and pruritic papules in all individuals. Lysosomotropism is a common charcteristic of various drugs, but independent of individuals. There is evidence that the individual ability to respond to external oxidative stress is crosslinked with the elongation of long-chain fatty acids to very long-chain fatty acids by ELOVLs. ELOVL6 and ELOVL7 are sensitive to ROS induced depletion of cellular NADPH and insufficient regeneration via the pentose phosphate pathway and mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation. Deficiency of NADPH in presence of lysosomotropic drugs promotes the synthesis of C16-ceramide in lysosomes and may contribute to emerging pruritic papules of AGEP. However, independently from a lysosomomotropic drug, severe depletion of ATP and NAD(P)H, e.g., by UV radiation or a potent photosensitizer can trigger likewise the collapse of the lysosomal transmembrane proton gradient resulting in lysosomal C16-ceramide synthesis and pruritic papules. This kind of papules are equally present in polymorphous light eruption (PMLE/PLE) and acne aestivalis (Mallorca acne). The suggested model of a compartmentalized ceramide metabolism provides a more sophisticated explanation of cutaneous drug adverse effects and the individual sensitivity to UV radiation. Parameters such as pKa and ClogP of the triggering drug, cutaneous fatty acid profile, and ceramide profile enables new concepts in risk assessment and scoring of AGEP as well as prophylaxis outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Blaess
- Institute of Precision Medicine, Medical and Life Sciences Faculty, Furtwangen University, Jakob-Kienzle-Str. 17, D-78054, Villingen-Schwenningen, Germany
| | - Lars Kaiser
- Institute of Precision Medicine, Medical and Life Sciences Faculty, Furtwangen University, Jakob-Kienzle-Str. 17, D-78054, Villingen-Schwenningen, Germany
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Freiburg, Albertstraße 25, D-79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Oliver Sommerfeld
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Jena University Hospital, Am Klinikum 1, D-07747, Jena, Germany
| | - René Csuk
- Organic Chemistry, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Kurt-Mothes-Straße 2, D-06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Hans-Peter Deigner
- Institute of Precision Medicine, Medical and Life Sciences Faculty, Furtwangen University, Jakob-Kienzle-Str. 17, D-78054, Villingen-Schwenningen, Germany.
- EXIM Department, Fraunhofer Institute IZI, Schillingallee 68, D-18057, Leipzig, Rostock, Germany.
- Faculty of Science, Associated member of Tuebingen University, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, D- 72076, Tübingen, Germany.
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3
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Blaess M, Kaiser L, Sommerfeld O, Csuk R, Deigner HP. Drugs, Metabolites, and Lung Accumulating Small Lysosomotropic Molecules: Multiple Targeting Impedes SARS-CoV-2 Infection and Progress to COVID-19. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22041797. [PMID: 33670304 PMCID: PMC7918659 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22041797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysosomotropism is a biological characteristic of small molecules, independently present of their intrinsic pharmacological effects. Lysosomotropic compounds, in general, affect various targets, such as lipid second messengers originating from lysosomal enzymes promoting endothelial stress response in systemic inflammation; inflammatory messengers, such as IL-6; and cathepsin L-dependent viral entry into host cells. This heterogeneous group of drugs and active metabolites comprise various promising candidates with more favorable drug profiles than initially considered (hydroxy) chloroquine in prophylaxis and treatment of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infections/Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and cytokine release syndrome (CRS) triggered by bacterial or viral infections. In this hypothesis, we discuss the possible relationships among lysosomotropism, enrichment in lysosomes of pulmonary tissue, SARS-CoV-2 infection, and transition to COVID-19. Moreover, we deduce further suitable approved drugs and active metabolites based with a more favorable drug profile on rational eligibility criteria, including readily available over-the-counter (OTC) drugs. Benefits to patients already receiving lysosomotropic drugs for other pre-existing conditions underline their vital clinical relevance in the current SARS-CoV2/COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Blaess
- Institute of Precision Medicine, Medical and Life Sciences Faculty, Furtwangen University, Jakob-Kienzle-Str. 17, D-78054 Villingen-Schwenningen, Germany; (M.B.); (L.K.)
| | - Lars Kaiser
- Institute of Precision Medicine, Medical and Life Sciences Faculty, Furtwangen University, Jakob-Kienzle-Str. 17, D-78054 Villingen-Schwenningen, Germany; (M.B.); (L.K.)
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Freiburg, Albertstraße 25, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Oliver Sommerfeld
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Jena University Hospital, Am Klinikum 1, D-07747 Jena, Germany;
| | - René Csuk
- Organic Chemistry, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Kurt-Mothes-Str. 2, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany;
| | - Hans-Peter Deigner
- Institute of Precision Medicine, Medical and Life Sciences Faculty, Furtwangen University, Jakob-Kienzle-Str. 17, D-78054 Villingen-Schwenningen, Germany; (M.B.); (L.K.)
- Fraunhofer Institute IZI, Leipzig, EXIM Department, Schillingallee 68, D-18057 Rostock, Germany
- Faculty of Science, Tuebingen University, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-7720-307-4232
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Chung HY, Claus RA. Keep Your Friends Close, but Your Enemies Closer: Role of Acid Sphingomyelinase During Infection and Host Response. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 7:616500. [PMID: 33553211 PMCID: PMC7859284 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2020.616500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Breakdown of the inert and constitutive membrane building block sphingomyelin to the highly active lipid mediator ceramide by extracellularly active acid sphingomyelinase is tightly regulated during stress response and opens the gate for invading pathogens, triggering the immune response, development of remote organ failure, and tissue repair following severe infection. How do one enzyme and one mediator manage all of these affairs? Under physiological conditions, the enzyme is located in the lysosomes and takes part in the noiseless metabolism of sphingolipids, but following stress the protein is secreted into circulation. When secreted, acid sphingomyelinase (ASM) is able to hydrolyze sphingomyelin present at the outer leaflet of membranes to ceramide. Its generation troubles the biophysical context of cellular membranes resulting in functional assembly and reorganization of proteins and receptors, also embedded in highly conserved response mechanisms. As a consequence of cellular signaling, not only induction of cell death but also proliferation, differentiation, and fibrogenesis are affected. Here, we discuss the current state of the art on both the impact and function of the enzyme during host response and damage control. Also, the potential role of lysosomotropic agents as functional inhibitors of this upstream alarming cascade is highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ha-Yeun Chung
- Section Translational Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany.,Center for Sepsis Control and Care, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Ralf A Claus
- Department for Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
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5
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Blaess M, Kaiser L, Sommerfeld O, Rentschler S, Csuk R, Deigner HP. Rational Drug Repurposing: Focus on Lysosomotropism, Targets in Disease Process, Drug Profile, and Pulmonary Tissue Accumulation in SARS-CoV-2 Infection/COVID-19. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:584881. [PMID: 33692684 PMCID: PMC7938238 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.584881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Markus Blaess
- Institute of Precision Medicine, Medical and Life Sciences Faculty, Furtwangen University, Villingen-Schwenningen, Germany
| | - Lars Kaiser
- Institute of Precision Medicine, Medical and Life Sciences Faculty, Furtwangen University, Villingen-Schwenningen, Germany.,Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Oliver Sommerfeld
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Simone Rentschler
- Institute of Precision Medicine, Medical and Life Sciences Faculty, Furtwangen University, Villingen-Schwenningen, Germany
| | - René Csuk
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Hans-Peter Deigner
- Institute of Precision Medicine, Medical and Life Sciences Faculty, Furtwangen University, Villingen-Schwenningen, Germany.,EXIM Department, Fraunhofer Institute IZI Leipzig, Rostock, Germany.,Faculty of Science, Tuebingen University, Tübingen, Germany
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6
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Mathieu G, Patel H, Lebel H. Convenient Continuous Flow Synthesis of N-Methyl Secondary Amines from Alkyl Mesylates and Epoxides. Org Process Res Dev 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.0c00193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gary Mathieu
- Department of Chemistry and Center in Green Chemistry and Catalysis (CGCC), Université de Montréal, P.O. Box 6128, Station Downtown, Montréal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Heena Patel
- Department of Chemistry and Center in Green Chemistry and Catalysis (CGCC), Université de Montréal, P.O. Box 6128, Station Downtown, Montréal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Hélène Lebel
- Department of Chemistry and Center in Green Chemistry and Catalysis (CGCC), Université de Montréal, P.O. Box 6128, Station Downtown, Montréal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
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7
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Blaess M, Kaiser L, Sauer M, Csuk R, Deigner HP. COVID-19/SARS-CoV-2 Infection: Lysosomes and Lysosomotropism Implicate New Treatment Strategies and Personal Risks. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E4953. [PMID: 32668803 PMCID: PMC7404102 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21144953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In line with SARS and MERS, the SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19 pandemic is one of the largest challenges in medicine and health care worldwide. SARS-CoV-2 infection/COVID-19 provides numerous therapeutic targets, each of them promising, but not leading to the success of therapy to date. Neither an antiviral nor an immunomodulatory therapy in patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection/COVID-19 or pre-exposure prophylaxis against SARS-CoV-2 has proved to be effective. In this review, we try to close the gap and point out the likely relationships among lysosomotropism, increasing lysosomal pH, SARS-CoV-2 infection, and disease process, and we deduce an approach for the treatment and prophylaxis of COVID-19, and cytokine release syndrome (CRS)/cytokine storm triggered by bacteria or viruses. Lysosomotropic compounds affect prominent inflammatory messengers (e.g., IL-1B, CCL4, CCL20, and IL-6), cathepsin-L-dependent viral entry of host cells, and products of lysosomal enzymes that promote endothelial stress response in systemic inflammation. As supported by recent clinical data, patients who have already taken lysosomotropic drugs for other pre-existing conditions likely benefit from this treatment in the COVID-19 pandemic. The early administration of a combination of antivirals such as remdesivir and lysosomotropic drugs, such as the antibiotics teicoplanin or dalbavancin, seems to be able to prevent SARS-CoV-2 infection and transition to COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Blaess
- Institute of Precision Medicine, Medical and Life Sciences Faculty, Furtwangen University, Jakob-Kienzle-Str. 17, D-78054 Villingen-Schwenningen, Germany; (M.B.); (L.K.)
| | - Lars Kaiser
- Institute of Precision Medicine, Medical and Life Sciences Faculty, Furtwangen University, Jakob-Kienzle-Str. 17, D-78054 Villingen-Schwenningen, Germany; (M.B.); (L.K.)
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Freiburg, Albertstraße 25, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Martin Sauer
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University of Rostock, Schillingallee 35, D-18057 Rostock, Germany;
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Hospital of Magdeburg, Birkenallee 34, D-39130 Magdeburg, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute IZI, Leipzig, EXIM Department, Schillingallee 68, D-18057 Rostock, Germany
| | - René Csuk
- Organic Chemistry, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Kurt-Mothes-Str. 2, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany;
| | - Hans-Peter Deigner
- Institute of Precision Medicine, Medical and Life Sciences Faculty, Furtwangen University, Jakob-Kienzle-Str. 17, D-78054 Villingen-Schwenningen, Germany; (M.B.); (L.K.)
- Fraunhofer Institute IZI, Leipzig, EXIM Department, Schillingallee 68, D-18057 Rostock, Germany
- Associated Member, Faculty of Science, Tuebingen University, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
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8
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Nori V, Dasgupta A, Babaahmadi R, Carlone A, Ariafard A, Melen RL. Triarylborane catalysed N-alkylation of amines with aryl esters. Catal Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cy01339k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
B(C6F5)3 is demonstrated to be an active catalyst for N-alkylation reactions of amine substrates with aryl esters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Nori
- Cardiff Catalysis Institute
- School of Chemistry
- Cardiff University
- Cardiff
- UK
| | - Ayan Dasgupta
- Cardiff Catalysis Institute
- School of Chemistry
- Cardiff University
- Cardiff
- UK
| | - Rasool Babaahmadi
- School of Natural Sciences-Chemistry
- University of Tasmania Private Bag 75
- Hobart
- Australia
| | - Armando Carlone
- Department of Physical and Chemical Sciences
- Università degli Studi dell'Aquila
- 67100 L'Aquila
- Italy
| | - Alireza Ariafard
- School of Natural Sciences-Chemistry
- University of Tasmania Private Bag 75
- Hobart
- Australia
| | - Rebecca L. Melen
- Cardiff Catalysis Institute
- School of Chemistry
- Cardiff University
- Cardiff
- UK
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9
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Kaga A, Nogi K, Yorimitsu H. Synthesis of N-Alkyl and N-H-Carbazoles through S N Ar-Based Aminations of Dibenzothiophene Dioxides. Chemistry 2019; 25:14780-14784. [PMID: 31553094 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201903916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Revised: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Alkyl amines have become available for the synthesis of diverse N-alkyl carbazoles through twofold SN Ar aminations of dibenzothiophene dioxides by using alkali metal bases. Of particular importance is the choice of counter cations on alkali metal bases, that is, i) the use of Li base for the efficient intermolecular reaction and ii) the sequential addition of heavier alkali metal bases (Na, K, or Cs) to promote intramolecular cyclization in a one-pot manner. This protocol also enables the cascade synthesis of N-H-carbazoles by using 2-phenylethylamine by removal of the 2-phenethyl group from N-(2-phenethyl) carbazoles in a single operation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Kaga
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Keisuke Nogi
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Hideki Yorimitsu
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
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10
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Blaess M, Deigner HP. Derailed Ceramide Metabolism in Atopic Dermatitis (AD): A Causal Starting Point for a Personalized (Basic) Therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E3967. [PMID: 31443157 PMCID: PMC6720956 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20163967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Revised: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Active rebuilding, stabilizing, and maintaining the lipid barrier of the skin is an encouraging disease management and care concept for dry skin, atopic dermatitis (eczema, neurodermatitis), and psoriasis. For decades, corticosteroids have been the mainstay of topical therapy for atopic dermatitis; however, innovations within the scope of basic therapy are rare. In (extremely) dry, irritated, or inflammatory skin, as well as in lesions, an altered (sphingo)lipid profile is present. Recovery of a balanced (sphingo)lipid profile is a promising target for topical and personalized treatment and prophylaxis. New approaches for adults and small children are still lacking. With an ingenious combination of commonly used active ingredients, it is possible to restore and reinforce the dermal lipid barrier and maintain refractivity. Lysosomes and ceramide de novo synthesis play a key role in attenuation of the dermal lipid barrier. Linoleic acid in combination with amitriptyline in topical medication offers the possibility to relieve patients affected by dry and itchy skin, mild to moderate atopic dermatitis lesions, and eczemas without the commonly occurring serious adverse effects of topical corticosteroids or systemic antibody administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Blaess
- Institute of Precision Medicine, Medical and Life Sciences Faculty, Furtwangen University, Jakob-Kienzle-Strasse 17, 78054 Villingen-Schwenningen, Germany
| | - Hans-Peter Deigner
- Institute of Precision Medicine, Medical and Life Sciences Faculty, Furtwangen University, Jakob-Kienzle-Strasse 17, 78054 Villingen-Schwenningen, Germany.
- EXIM Department, Fraunhofer Institute IZI Leipzig, Schillingallee 68, 18057 Rostock, Germany.
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Biasutto L, Mattarei A, La Spina M, Azzolini M, Parrasia S, Szabò I, Zoratti M. Strategies to target bioactive molecules to subcellular compartments. Focus on natural compounds. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 181:111557. [PMID: 31374419 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.07.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Revised: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Many potential pharmacological targets are present in multiple subcellular compartments and have different pathophysiological roles depending on location. In these cases, selective targeting of a drug to the relevant subcellular domain(s) may help to sharpen its impact by providing topological specificity, thus limiting side effects, and to concentrate the compound where needed, thus increasing its effectiveness. We review here the state of the art in precision subcellular delivery. The major approaches confer "homing" properties to the active principle via permanent or reversible (in pro-drug fashion) modifications, or through the use of special-design nanoparticles or liposomes to ferry a drug(s) cargo to its desired destination. An assortment of peptides, substituents with delocalized positive charges, custom-blended lipid mixtures, pH- or enzyme-sensitive groups provide the main tools of the trade. Mitochondria, lysosomes and the cell membrane may be mentioned as the fronts on which the most significant advances have been made. Most of the examples presented here have to do with targeting natural compounds - in particular polyphenols, known as pleiotropic agents - to one or the other subcellular compartment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Biasutto
- CNR Neuroscience Institute, Viale G. Colombo 3, 35121, Padova, Italy; Dept. Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Viale G. Colombo 3, 35121, Padova, Italy.
| | - Andrea Mattarei
- Dept. Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 5, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Martina La Spina
- Dept. Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Viale G. Colombo 3, 35121, Padova, Italy
| | - Michele Azzolini
- Dept. Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Viale G. Colombo 3, 35121, Padova, Italy
| | - Sofia Parrasia
- Dept. Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Viale G. Colombo 3, 35121, Padova, Italy
| | - Ildikò Szabò
- CNR Neuroscience Institute, Viale G. Colombo 3, 35121, Padova, Italy; Dept. Biology, University of Padova, Viale G. Colombo 3, 35121, Padova, Italy
| | - Mario Zoratti
- CNR Neuroscience Institute, Viale G. Colombo 3, 35121, Padova, Italy; Dept. Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Viale G. Colombo 3, 35121, Padova, Italy
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12
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Zhu H, Liu Y, Li S, Jin Y, Zhao L, Zhao F, Feng J, Yan W, Wei Y. Altered gut microbiota after traumatic splenectomy is associated with endotoxemia. Emerg Microbes Infect 2018; 7:197. [PMID: 30498207 PMCID: PMC6265257 DOI: 10.1038/s41426-018-0202-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Splenectomy carries a long-term risk of postoperative infection, and the chronic, low-grade inflammation associated with endotoxemia may be related to the gut microbiota. In this study, to increase our understanding of the potential cause of the high rate of infection in postsplenectomy patients, we evaluated the differences in the gut microbiota and plasma lipopolysaccharide level of patients after splenectomy relative to those of healthy controls. Thirty-two patients having undergone splenectomy and 42 healthy individuals were enrolled into the splenectomy (SP) and healthy control (HC) groups, respectively. The SP group was subdivided into three subgroups according to the length of their postoperative time. Fecal samples were used for gut microbiota analysis via 16s rRNA gene sequencing, blood examinations and plasma lipopolysaccharide measurements were also taken. Significant differences were observed in gut microbiota composition with regard to the relative bacterial abundances of 2 phyla, 7 families, and 15 genera. The lipopolysaccharide level was significantly higher in the SP group than in the HC group and were negatively associated with five bacterial families with low abundance in the SP group. The degree of the microbiota alteration increased with the length of the postoperative time. The PICRUSt analysis showed that the relative abundances of lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis proteins and lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis pathways were higher in the SP group and were positively associated with the plasma lipopolysaccharide level. Significant alterations were observed in the gut microbiota of the splenectomized patients and were associated with plasma lipopolysaccharide level. Further studies are needed to verify whether such alterations after splenectomy are related to an increased risk of complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Zhu
- Department of Oncology and Laparoscopy Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, 150001, Harbin, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Oncology and Laparoscopy Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, 150001, Harbin, China
| | - Shengda Li
- Department of Oncology and Laparoscopy Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, 150001, Harbin, China
| | - Ye Jin
- Department of Oncology and Laparoscopy Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, 150001, Harbin, China
| | - Lei Zhao
- Department of Oncology and Laparoscopy Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, 150001, Harbin, China
| | - Fuya Zhao
- Department of Oncology and Laparoscopy Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, 150001, Harbin, China
| | - Jing Feng
- Department of Oncology and Laparoscopy Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, 150001, Harbin, China
| | - Wei Yan
- Department of Oncology and Laparoscopy Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, 150001, Harbin, China
| | - Yunwei Wei
- Department of Oncology and Laparoscopy Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, 150001, Harbin, China.
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