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Tain YL, Hsu CN. The Impact of the Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor on Antenatal Chemical Exposure-Induced Cardiovascular-Kidney-Metabolic Programming. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4599. [PMID: 38731818 PMCID: PMC11083012 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25094599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2024] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Early life exposure lays the groundwork for the risk of developing cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic (CKM) syndrome in adulthood. Various environmental chemicals to which pregnant mothers are commonly exposed can disrupt fetal programming, leading to a wide range of CKM phenotypes. The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) has a key role as a ligand-activated transcription factor in sensing these environmental chemicals. Activating AHR through exposure to environmental chemicals has been documented for its adverse impacts on cardiovascular diseases, hypertension, diabetes, obesity, kidney disease, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, as evidenced by both epidemiological and animal studies. In this review, we compile current human evidence and findings from animal models that support the connection between antenatal chemical exposures and CKM programming, focusing particularly on AHR signaling. Additionally, we explore potential AHR modulators aimed at preventing CKM syndrome. As the pioneering review to present evidence advocating for the avoidance of toxic chemical exposure during pregnancy and deepening our understanding of AHR signaling, this has the potential to mitigate the global burden of CKM syndrome in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- You-Lin Tain
- Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan;
- Institute for Translational Research in Biomedicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Ning Hsu
- Department of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan
- School of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
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2
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Abduh MS, Alwassil OI, Aldaqal SM, Alfwuaires MA, Farhan M, Hanieh H. A pyrazolopyridine as a novel AhR signaling activator with anti-breast cancer properties in vitro and in vivo. Biochem Pharmacol 2024; 222:116079. [PMID: 38402910 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2024.116079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
Breast cancer is one of the main causes of malignancy-related deaths globally and has a significant impact on women's quality of life. Despite significant therapeutic advances, there is a medical need for targeted therapies in breast cancer. Aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), a ligand-dependent transcription factor mediates responses to environment stimuli, is emerging as a unique pleiotropic target. Herein, a combined molecular simulation and in vitro investigations identified 3-(3-fluorophenyl)-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyridine (3FPP) as a novel AhR ligand in T47D and MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells. Its agonistic effects induced formation of the AhR-AhR nuclear translocator (Arnt) heterodimer and prompted its binding to the penta-nucleotide sequence, called xenobiotic-responsive element (XRE) motif. Moreover, 3FPP augmented the promoter-driven luciferase activities and expression of AhR-regulated genes encoding cytochrome P450 1A1 (CYP1A1) and microRNA (miR)-212/132 cluster. It reduced cell viability, migration, and invasion of both cell lines through AhR signaling. These anticancer properties were concomitant with reduced levels of B-cell lymphoma 2 (BCL-2), SRY-related HMG-box4 (SOX4), snail family zinc finger 2 (SNAI2), and cadherin 2 (CDH2). In vivo, 3FPP suppressed tumor growth and activated AhR signaling in an orthotopic mouse model. In conclusion, our results introduce the fused pyrazolopyridine 3FPP as a novel AhR agonist with AhR-specific anti-breast cancer potential in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maisa S Abduh
- Immune Responses in Different Diseases Research Group, Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; Center of Excellence in Genomic Medicine Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Osama I Alwassil
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Saleh M Aldaqal
- Immune Responses in Different Diseases Research Group, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Manal A Alfwuaires
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, King Faisal University, Hofuf 31982, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Mahdi Farhan
- International Medical Research Center (iMReC), Aqaba 77110, Jordan; Drug Development Department, UniTechPharma, Fribourg 1700, Switzerland.
| | - Hamza Hanieh
- International Medical Research Center (iMReC), Aqaba 77110, Jordan; Basic Medical Sciences Department, Faculty of Medicine, Aqaba Medical Sciences University, Aqaba 77110, Jordan.
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3
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Diedrich JD, Gonzalez-Pons R, Medeiros HCD, Ensink E, Liby KT, Wellberg EA, Lunt SY, Bernard JJ. Adipocyte-derived kynurenine stimulates malignant transformation of mammary epithelial cells through the aryl hydrocarbon receptor. Biochem Pharmacol 2023; 216:115763. [PMID: 37625554 PMCID: PMC10587895 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2023.115763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
Anti-hormone therapies are not efficacious for reducing the incidence of triple negative breast cancer (TNBC), which lacks both estrogen and progesterone receptors. While the etiology of this aggressive breast cancer subtype is unclear, visceral obesity is a strong risk factor for both pre- and post-menopausal cases. The mechanism by which excessive deposition of visceral adipose tissue (VAT) promotes the malignant transformation of hormone receptor-negative mammary epithelial cells is currently unknown. We developed a novel in vitro system of malignant transformation in which non-tumorigenic human breast epithelial cells (MCF-10A) grow in soft agar when cultured with factors released from VAT. These cells, which acquire the capacity for 3D growth, show elevated aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) protein and AhR target genes, suggesting that AhR activity may drive malignant transformation by VAT. AhR is a ligand-dependent transcription factor that generates biological responses to exogenous carcinogens and to the endogenous tryptophan pathway metabolite, kynurenine. The serum kynurenine to tryptophan ratio has been shown to be elevated in patients with obesity. Herein, we demonstrate that AhR inhibitors or knockdown of AhR in MCF-10A cells prevents VAT-induced malignant transformation. Specifically, VAT-induced transformation is inhibited by Kyn-101, an inhibitor for the endogenous ligand binding site of AhR. Mass spectrometry analysis demonstrates that adipocytes metabolize tryptophan and release kynurenine, which is taken up by MCF-10A cells and activates the AhR to induce CYP1B1 and promote malignant transformation. This novel hormone receptor-independent mechanism of malignant transformation suggests targeting AhR for TNBC prevention in the context of visceral adiposity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan D Diedrich
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824 USA
| | - Romina Gonzalez-Pons
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824 USA
| | - Hyllana C D Medeiros
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824 USA
| | - Elliot Ensink
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824 USA
| | - Karen T Liby
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824 USA
| | - Elizabeth A Wellberg
- Department of Pathology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Stephenson Cancer Center, Harold Hamm Diabetes Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Sophia Y Lunt
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824 USA; Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824 USA
| | - Jamie J Bernard
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824 USA; Department of Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824 USA.
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4
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Solan ME, Lavado R. Effects of short-chain per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) on human cytochrome P450 (CYP450) enzymes and human hepatocytes: An in vitro study. Curr Res Toxicol 2023; 5:100116. [PMID: 37575337 PMCID: PMC10412865 DOI: 10.1016/j.crtox.2023.100116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Short-chain per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) have been developed as alternatives to legacy long-chain PFAS, but they may still pose risks due to their potential to interact with biomolecules. Cytochrome P450 (CYP450) enzymes are essential for xenobiotic metabolism, and disruptions of these enzymes by PFAS can have significant human health implications. The inhibitory potential of two legacy long-chain (PFOA and PFOS) and five short-chain alternative PFAS (PFBS, PFHxA, HFPO-DA, PFHxS, and 6:2 FTOH) were assessed in recombinant CYP1A2, - 2B6, -2C19, -2E1, and -3A4 enzymes. Most of the short-chain PFAS, except for PFHxS, tested did not result in significant inhibition up to 100 μM. PFOS inhibited recombinant CYP1A2, -2B6, -2C19, and -3A4 enzymes. However, concentrations where inhibition occurred, were all higher than the averages reported in population biomonitoring studies, with IC50 values higher than 10 µM. We also evaluated the activities of CYP1A2 and CYP3A4 in HepaRG monolayers following 48 h exposures of the short-chain PFAS at two concentrations (1 nM or 1 µM) and with or without an inducer (benzo[a]pyrene, BaP, for CYP1A2 and rifampicin for CYP3A4). Our findings suggest that both 1 nM and 1 µM exposures to short-chain PFAS can modulate the CYP1A2 activity induced by BaP. Except for PFHxS, the short-chain PFAS appear to have little effect on CYP3A4 activity. Understanding the effects of PFAS exposure on biotransformation can shed light on the mechanisms of PFAS toxicity and aid in developing effective strategies for managing chemical risks, enabling regulators to make more informed decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan E. Solan
- Department of Environmental Science, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76798, United States
| | - Ramon Lavado
- Department of Environmental Science, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76798, United States
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Giordano D, Facchiano A, Moccia S, Meola AMI, Russo GL, Spagnuolo C. Molecular Docking of Natural Compounds for Potential Inhibition of AhR. Foods 2023; 12:foods12101953. [PMID: 37238771 DOI: 10.3390/foods12101953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) is a highly conserved environmental sensor, historically known for mediating the toxicity of xenobiotics. It is involved in numerous cellular processes such as differentiation, proliferation, immunity, inflammation, homeostasis, and metabolism. It exerts a central role in several conditions such as cancer, inflammation, and aging, acting as a transcription factor belonging to the basic helix-loop-helix/Per-ARNT-Sim (bHLH-PAS) protein family. A key step in the canonical AhR activation is AhR-ARNT heterodimerization followed by the binding to the xenobiotic-responsive elements (XREs). The present work aims to investigate the potential AhR inhibitory activity of selected natural compounds. Due to the absence of a complete structure of human AhRs, a model consisting of the bHLH, the PAS A, and the PAS B domains was constructed. Blind and focused docking simulations revealed the presence of further binding pockets, different from the canonical one presented in the PAS B domain, which could be important for AhR inhibition due to the possibility to impede AhR:ARNT heterodimerization, either preventing conformational changes or masking crucial sites necessary for protein-protein interaction. Two of the compounds retrieved from the docking simulations, i.e., β-carotene and ellagic acid, confirmed their capacity of inhibiting benzo[a]pyrene (BaP)-induced AhR activation in in vitro tests on the human hepatoma cell line HepG2, validating the efficacy of the computational approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah Giordano
- National Research Council, Institute of Food Sciences, 83100 Avellino, Italy
| | - Angelo Facchiano
- National Research Council, Institute of Food Sciences, 83100 Avellino, Italy
| | - Stefania Moccia
- National Research Council, Institute of Food Sciences, 83100 Avellino, Italy
| | | | - Gian Luigi Russo
- National Research Council, Institute of Food Sciences, 83100 Avellino, Italy
| | - Carmela Spagnuolo
- National Research Council, Institute of Food Sciences, 83100 Avellino, Italy
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Hanieh H, Bani Ismail M, Alfwuaires MA, Ibrahim HIM, Farhan M. Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor as an Anticancer Target: An Overview of Ten Years Odyssey. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28103978. [PMID: 37241719 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28103978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 04/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), a ligand-activated transcription factor belonging to the basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH)/per-Arnt-sim (PAS) superfamily, is traditionally known to mediate xenobiotic metabolism. It is activated by structurally diverse agonistic ligands and regulates complicated transcriptional processes through its canonical and non-canonical pathways in normal and malignant cells. Different classes of AhR ligands have been evaluated as anticancer agents in different cancer cells and exhibit efficiency, which has thrust AhR into the limelight as a promising molecular target. There is strong evidence demonstrating the anticancer potential of exogenous AhR agonists including synthetic, pharmaceutical, and natural compounds. In contrast, several reports have indicated inhibition of AhR activity by antagonistic ligands as a potential therapeutic strategy. Interestingly, similar AhR ligands exert variable anticancer or cancer-promoting potential in a cell- and tissue-specific mode of action. Recently, ligand-mediated modulation of AhR signaling pathways and the associated tumor microenvironment is emerging as a potential approach for developing cancer immunotherapeutic drugs. This article reviews advances of AhR in cancer research covering publication from 2012 to early 2023. It summarizes the therapeutic potential of various AhR ligands with an emphasis on exogenous ligands. It also sheds light on recent immunotherapeutic strategies involving AhR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamza Hanieh
- Basic Medical Sciences Department, Faculty of Medicine, Aqaba Medical Sciences University, Aqaba 77110, Jordan
- International Medical Research Center (iMReC), Aqaba 77110, Jordan
| | - Mohammad Bani Ismail
- Basic Medical Sciences Department, Faculty of Medicine, Aqaba Medical Sciences University, Aqaba 77110, Jordan
| | - Manal A Alfwuaires
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, King Faisal University, Hofuf 31982, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hairul-Islam M Ibrahim
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, King Faisal University, Hofuf 31982, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mahdi Farhan
- International Medical Research Center (iMReC), Aqaba 77110, Jordan
- Department of Drug Development, UniTechPharma, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
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7
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Shen H, Xu X, Bai Y, Wang X, Wu Y, Zhong J, Wu Q, Luo Y, Shang T, Shen R, Xi M, Sun H. Therapeutic potential of targeting kynurenine pathway in neurodegenerative diseases. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 251:115258. [PMID: 36917881 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023]
Abstract
Kynurenine pathway (KP), the primary pathway of L-tryptophan (Trp) metabolism in mammals, contains several neuroactive metabolites such as kynurenic acid (KA) and quinolinic acid (QA). Its imbalance involved in aging and neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) has attracted much interest in therapeutically targeting KP enzymes and KP metabolite-associated receptors, especially kynurenine monooxygenase (KMO). Currently, many agents have been discovered with significant improvement in animal models but only one aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) agonist 30 (laquinimod) has entered clinical trials for treating Huntington's disease (HD). In this review, we describe neuroactive KP metabolites, discuss the dysregulation of KP in aging and NDs and summarize the development of KP regulators in preclinical and clinical studies, offering an outlook of targeting KP for NDs treatment in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hualiang Shen
- Zhejiang Engineering Research Center of Fat-soluble Vitamin, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, 312000, China; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, 312000, China
| | - Xinde Xu
- Zhejiang Medicine Co. Ltd., Shaoxing, 312500, China
| | - Yalong Bai
- Zhejiang Medicine Co. Ltd., Shaoxing, 312500, China
| | | | - Yibin Wu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, 312000, China
| | - Jia Zhong
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, 312000, China
| | - Qiyi Wu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, 312000, China
| | - Yanjuan Luo
- Zhejiang Engineering Research Center of Fat-soluble Vitamin, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, 312000, China; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, 312000, China
| | - Tianbo Shang
- Zhejiang Engineering Research Center of Fat-soluble Vitamin, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, 312000, China; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, 312000, China
| | - Runpu Shen
- Zhejiang Engineering Research Center of Fat-soluble Vitamin, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, 312000, China; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, 312000, China
| | - Meiyang Xi
- Zhejiang Engineering Research Center of Fat-soluble Vitamin, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, 312000, China; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, 312000, China.
| | - Haopeng Sun
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China.
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8
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Patil NY, Friedman JE, Joshi AD. Role of Hepatic Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor in Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. RECEPTORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 2:1-15. [PMID: 37284280 PMCID: PMC10240927 DOI: 10.3390/receptors2010001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Numerous nuclear receptors including farnesoid X receptor, liver X receptor, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors, pregnane X receptor, hepatic nuclear factors have been extensively studied within the context of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Following the first description of the Aryl hydrocarbon Receptor (AhR) in the 1970s and decades of research which unveiled its role in toxicity and pathophysiological processes, the functional significance of AhR in NAFLD has not been completely decoded. Recently, multiple research groups have utilized a plethora of in vitro and in vivo models that mimic NAFLD pathology to investigate the functional significance of AhR in fatty liver disease. This review provides a comprehensive account of studies describing both the beneficial and possible detrimental role of AhR in NAFLD. A plausible reconciliation for the paradox indicating AhR as a 'double-edged sword' in NAFLD is discussed. Finally, understanding AhR ligands and their signaling in NAFLD will facilitate us to probe AhR as a potential drug target to design innovative therapeutics against NAFLD in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikhil Y. Patil
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73117, USA
| | - Jacob E. Friedman
- Harold Hamm Diabetes Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73117, USA
| | - Aditya D. Joshi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73117, USA
- Harold Hamm Diabetes Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73117, USA
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9
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In-depth analysis of the interactions of various aryl hydrocarbon receptor ligands from a computational perspective. J Mol Graph Model 2023; 118:108339. [PMID: 36183684 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2022.108339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) is a ligand-dependent transcription factor that acts as a machinery that controls the expression of many genes, including cytochrome P450 CYP1A1, CYP1A2 and CYP1B1. It plays a principal role in numerous biological and toxicological functions, making it a promising target for developing therapeutic agents. Several novel small molecules targeting the AhR signaling pathway are currently under investigation as antitumor agents. Some have already advanced into clinical trials in patients with various tumors. Activation of AhR by diverse chemicals either endogenous or exogenous is initiated by the binding of these ligands to the PAS-B domain, which modulates AhR functions. There is, however, limited information about how various ligands interact with the PAS-B domain for activating or inhibiting the AhR. To better understand the mode of action of AhR agonists/antagonists. The current work proposes a combination of several computational tools to build dynamical models for the PAS-B domain bound to different ligands in mouse and human. Our findings reveal the essential roles of specific PAS-B residues (e.g., S365, V381& Q383), which mediate the AhR ligand-binding process. Our results also explain how these residues regulate the promiscuity of AhR in accommodating various chemicals in its binding PAS-B ligand-binding pocket.
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10
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An overview of aryl hydrocarbon receptor ligands in the Last two decades (2002–2022): A medicinal chemistry perspective. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 244:114845. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.114845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Coe KJ, Feinstein M, Higgins JW, Leung P, Scott BP, Skaptason J, Tam Y, Volak LP, Kinong J, Bittner A, McAllister H, Lim NM, Hack M, Koudriakova T. Characterization of JNJ-2482272 [4-(4-Methyl-2-(4-(Trifluoromethyl)Phenyl)Thiazole-5-yl) Pyrimidine-2-Amine] As a Strong Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Activator in Rat and Human. Drug Metab Dispos 2022; 50:1064-1076. [PMID: 35680134 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.121.000825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
[4-(4-Methyl-2-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)thiazole-5-yl)pyrimidine-2-amine] (JNJ-2482272), under investigation as an anti-inflammatory agent, was orally administered to rats once daily at 60 mg/kg for 6 consecutive days. Despite high plasma exposure after single administration (Cmax of 7.1 μM), JNJ-2482272 had plasma concentrations beneath the lower limit of quantification (3 ng/ml) after 6 consecutive days of dosing. To determine if JNJ-2482272 is an autoinducer in rats, plated rat hepatocytes were treated with JNJ-2482272 for 2 days. The major hydroxylated metabolites of JNJ-2482272 were isolated and characterized by mass spectrometry and NMR analyses. Compared with the vehicle-treated cells, a concentration-dependent increase was observed in the formation of phase I- and II-mediated metabolites coinciding with greater expression of cytochrome P450s (P450s) and UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs) in rat hepatocytes. CYP1A1, CYP1A2, CYP1B1, and UGT1A6 transcripts were predominantly induced, suggesting that JNJ-2482272 is an activator of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR). In a human AhR reporter assay, JNJ-2482272 demonstrated potent AhR activation with an EC50 value of 0.768 nM, a potency more comparable to the strong AhR activator and toxin 2,3,7,8-tetrachloro-dibenzodioxin than to weaker AhR activators 3-methylcholanthrene, β-naphthoflavone, and omeprazole. In plated human hepatocytes, JNJ-2482272 induced CYP1A1 gene expression with an EC50 of 20.4 nM and increased CYP1A activity >50-fold from basal levels. In human recombinant P450s, JNJ-2482272 was exclusively metabolized by the CYP1 family of enzymes and most rapidly by CYP1A1. The summation of these in vitro findings bridges the in vivo conclusion that JNJ-2482272 is a strong autoinducer in rats and potentially in humans through potent AhR activation. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Drugs that induce their own metabolism (autoinducers) can lack sustained exposures for pharmacology and safety assessment hindering their development. JNJ-2482272 is demonstrated herein as a strong aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) activator and CYP1A autoinducer, explaining its near complete loss of exposure after repeat administration in rat, which is likely translatable to human (if progressed further) considering its nanomolar potency comparable to "classical" AhR ligands like 2,3,7,8-tetrachloro-dibenzo-dioxin despite bearing a "nonclassical" drug structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin J Coe
- Janssen Research & Development, L.L.C., San Diego, California (K.J.C., M.F., P.L., B.P.S., L.P.V., H.M., N.M.L., M.H., T.K.); Janssen Research & Development, L.L.C., San Francisco, California (Y.T.), Neurocrine Biosciences, Inc, San Diego, California (J.S.); Pfizer, San Diego, California (J.K.); Turnstone Biologics, La Jolla, California (A.B.); and Trestle Biotherapeutics, San Diego, California (J.W.H.)
| | - Mark Feinstein
- Janssen Research & Development, L.L.C., San Diego, California (K.J.C., M.F., P.L., B.P.S., L.P.V., H.M., N.M.L., M.H., T.K.); Janssen Research & Development, L.L.C., San Francisco, California (Y.T.), Neurocrine Biosciences, Inc, San Diego, California (J.S.); Pfizer, San Diego, California (J.K.); Turnstone Biologics, La Jolla, California (A.B.); and Trestle Biotherapeutics, San Diego, California (J.W.H.)
| | - J William Higgins
- Janssen Research & Development, L.L.C., San Diego, California (K.J.C., M.F., P.L., B.P.S., L.P.V., H.M., N.M.L., M.H., T.K.); Janssen Research & Development, L.L.C., San Francisco, California (Y.T.), Neurocrine Biosciences, Inc, San Diego, California (J.S.); Pfizer, San Diego, California (J.K.); Turnstone Biologics, La Jolla, California (A.B.); and Trestle Biotherapeutics, San Diego, California (J.W.H.)
| | - Perry Leung
- Janssen Research & Development, L.L.C., San Diego, California (K.J.C., M.F., P.L., B.P.S., L.P.V., H.M., N.M.L., M.H., T.K.); Janssen Research & Development, L.L.C., San Francisco, California (Y.T.), Neurocrine Biosciences, Inc, San Diego, California (J.S.); Pfizer, San Diego, California (J.K.); Turnstone Biologics, La Jolla, California (A.B.); and Trestle Biotherapeutics, San Diego, California (J.W.H.)
| | - Brian P Scott
- Janssen Research & Development, L.L.C., San Diego, California (K.J.C., M.F., P.L., B.P.S., L.P.V., H.M., N.M.L., M.H., T.K.); Janssen Research & Development, L.L.C., San Francisco, California (Y.T.), Neurocrine Biosciences, Inc, San Diego, California (J.S.); Pfizer, San Diego, California (J.K.); Turnstone Biologics, La Jolla, California (A.B.); and Trestle Biotherapeutics, San Diego, California (J.W.H.)
| | - Judy Skaptason
- Janssen Research & Development, L.L.C., San Diego, California (K.J.C., M.F., P.L., B.P.S., L.P.V., H.M., N.M.L., M.H., T.K.); Janssen Research & Development, L.L.C., San Francisco, California (Y.T.), Neurocrine Biosciences, Inc, San Diego, California (J.S.); Pfizer, San Diego, California (J.K.); Turnstone Biologics, La Jolla, California (A.B.); and Trestle Biotherapeutics, San Diego, California (J.W.H.)
| | - Yuen Tam
- Janssen Research & Development, L.L.C., San Diego, California (K.J.C., M.F., P.L., B.P.S., L.P.V., H.M., N.M.L., M.H., T.K.); Janssen Research & Development, L.L.C., San Francisco, California (Y.T.), Neurocrine Biosciences, Inc, San Diego, California (J.S.); Pfizer, San Diego, California (J.K.); Turnstone Biologics, La Jolla, California (A.B.); and Trestle Biotherapeutics, San Diego, California (J.W.H.)
| | - Laurie P Volak
- Janssen Research & Development, L.L.C., San Diego, California (K.J.C., M.F., P.L., B.P.S., L.P.V., H.M., N.M.L., M.H., T.K.); Janssen Research & Development, L.L.C., San Francisco, California (Y.T.), Neurocrine Biosciences, Inc, San Diego, California (J.S.); Pfizer, San Diego, California (J.K.); Turnstone Biologics, La Jolla, California (A.B.); and Trestle Biotherapeutics, San Diego, California (J.W.H.)
| | - Jennifer Kinong
- Janssen Research & Development, L.L.C., San Diego, California (K.J.C., M.F., P.L., B.P.S., L.P.V., H.M., N.M.L., M.H., T.K.); Janssen Research & Development, L.L.C., San Francisco, California (Y.T.), Neurocrine Biosciences, Inc, San Diego, California (J.S.); Pfizer, San Diego, California (J.K.); Turnstone Biologics, La Jolla, California (A.B.); and Trestle Biotherapeutics, San Diego, California (J.W.H.)
| | - Anton Bittner
- Janssen Research & Development, L.L.C., San Diego, California (K.J.C., M.F., P.L., B.P.S., L.P.V., H.M., N.M.L., M.H., T.K.); Janssen Research & Development, L.L.C., San Francisco, California (Y.T.), Neurocrine Biosciences, Inc, San Diego, California (J.S.); Pfizer, San Diego, California (J.K.); Turnstone Biologics, La Jolla, California (A.B.); and Trestle Biotherapeutics, San Diego, California (J.W.H.)
| | - Heather McAllister
- Janssen Research & Development, L.L.C., San Diego, California (K.J.C., M.F., P.L., B.P.S., L.P.V., H.M., N.M.L., M.H., T.K.); Janssen Research & Development, L.L.C., San Francisco, California (Y.T.), Neurocrine Biosciences, Inc, San Diego, California (J.S.); Pfizer, San Diego, California (J.K.); Turnstone Biologics, La Jolla, California (A.B.); and Trestle Biotherapeutics, San Diego, California (J.W.H.)
| | - Nathan M Lim
- Janssen Research & Development, L.L.C., San Diego, California (K.J.C., M.F., P.L., B.P.S., L.P.V., H.M., N.M.L., M.H., T.K.); Janssen Research & Development, L.L.C., San Francisco, California (Y.T.), Neurocrine Biosciences, Inc, San Diego, California (J.S.); Pfizer, San Diego, California (J.K.); Turnstone Biologics, La Jolla, California (A.B.); and Trestle Biotherapeutics, San Diego, California (J.W.H.)
| | - Michael Hack
- Janssen Research & Development, L.L.C., San Diego, California (K.J.C., M.F., P.L., B.P.S., L.P.V., H.M., N.M.L., M.H., T.K.); Janssen Research & Development, L.L.C., San Francisco, California (Y.T.), Neurocrine Biosciences, Inc, San Diego, California (J.S.); Pfizer, San Diego, California (J.K.); Turnstone Biologics, La Jolla, California (A.B.); and Trestle Biotherapeutics, San Diego, California (J.W.H.)
| | - Tatiana Koudriakova
- Janssen Research & Development, L.L.C., San Diego, California (K.J.C., M.F., P.L., B.P.S., L.P.V., H.M., N.M.L., M.H., T.K.); Janssen Research & Development, L.L.C., San Francisco, California (Y.T.), Neurocrine Biosciences, Inc, San Diego, California (J.S.); Pfizer, San Diego, California (J.K.); Turnstone Biologics, La Jolla, California (A.B.); and Trestle Biotherapeutics, San Diego, California (J.W.H.)
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12
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Park H, Jin UH, Martin G, Chapkin RS, Davidson LA, Lee K, Jayaraman A, Safe S. Structure-activity relationships among mono- and dihydroxy flavones as aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) agonists or antagonists in CACO2 cells. Chem Biol Interact 2022; 365:110067. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2022.110067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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13
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Zhang W, Xie HQ, Li Y, Zhou M, Zhou Z, Wang R, Hahn ME, Zhao B. The aryl hydrocarbon receptor: A predominant mediator for the toxicity of emerging dioxin-like compounds. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 426:128084. [PMID: 34952507 PMCID: PMC9039345 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.128084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) is a member of the basic helix-loop-helix/Per-ARNT-Sim (bHLH-PAS) family of transcription factors and has broad biological functions. Early after the identification of the AHR, most studies focused on its roles in regulating the expression of drug-metabolizing enzymes and mediating the toxicity of dioxins and dioxin-like compounds (DLCs). Currently, more diverse functions of AHR have been identified, indicating that AHR is not just a dioxin receptor. Dioxins and DLCs occur ubiquitously and have diverse health/ecological risks. Additional research is required to identify both shared and compound-specific mechanisms, especially for emerging DLCs such as polyhalogenated carbazoles (PHCZs), polychlorinated diphenyl sulfides (PCDPSs), and others, of which only a few investigations have been performed at present. Many of the toxic effects of emerging DLCs were observed to be predominantly mediated by the AHR because of their structural similarity as dioxins, and the in vitro TCDD-relative potencies of certain emerging DLC congeners are comparable to or even greater than the WHO-TEFs of OctaCDD, OctaCDF, and most coplanar PCBs. Due to the close relationship between AHR biology and environmental science, this review begins by providing novel insights into AHR signaling (canonical and non-canonical), AHR's biochemical properties (AHR structure, AHR-ligand interaction, AHR-DNA binding), and the variations during AHR transactivation. Then, AHR ligand classification and the corresponding mechanisms are discussed, especially the shared and compound-specific, AHR-mediated effects and mechanisms of emerging DLCs. Accordingly, a series of in vivo and in vitro toxicity evaluation methods based on the AHR signaling pathway are reviewed. In light of current advances, future research on traditional and emerging DLCs will enhance our understanding of their mechanisms, toxicity, potency, and ecological impacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanglong Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, Shandong 273165, China
| | - Heidi Qunhui Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yunping Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Mingxi Zhou
- Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences v.v.i, Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, Branišovská 31, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Zhiguang Zhou
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Dioxin Pollution Control, National Research Center for Environmental Analysis and Measurement, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Renjun Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, Shandong 273165, China
| | - Mark E Hahn
- Biology Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI), Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA; Boston University Superfund Research Program, Boston University, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Bin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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14
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Puccetti M, Pariano M, Costantini C, Giovagnoli S, Ricci M. Pharmaceutically Active Microbial AhR Agonists as Innovative Biodrugs in Inflammation. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15030336. [PMID: 35337134 PMCID: PMC8949935 DOI: 10.3390/ph15030336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Alterations of the microbiome occur in inflammatory and autoimmune diseases, a finding consistent with the role of the microbiome in the maintenance of the immune system homeostasis. In this regard, L-tryptophan (Trp) metabolites, of both host and microbial origin, act as important regulators of host–microbial symbiosis by acting as aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) ligands. The intestinal and respiratory barriers are very sensitive to AhR activity, suggesting that AhR modulation could be a therapeutic option to maintain the integrity of the epithelial barrier, which has substantial implications for health even beyond the mucosal site. A number of studies have highlighted the capacity of AhR to respond to indoles and indolyl metabolites, thus positioning AhR as a candidate indole receptor. However, the context-and ligand-dependent activity of AhR requires one to resort to suitable biopharmaceutical formulations to enable site-specific drug delivery in order to achieve therapeutic effectiveness, decrease unwanted toxicities and prevent off-target effects. In this review, we highlight the dual activity of the microbial metabolite indole-3-aldehyde at the host–microbe interface and its ability to orchestrate host pathophysiology and microbial symbiosis and discuss how its proper clinical development may turn into a valuable therapeutic strategy in local and distant inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Puccetti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy; (S.G.); (M.R.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-075-585-5162
| | - Marilena Pariano
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, 06132 Perugia, Italy; (M.P.); (C.C.)
| | - Claudio Costantini
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, 06132 Perugia, Italy; (M.P.); (C.C.)
| | - Stefano Giovagnoli
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy; (S.G.); (M.R.)
| | - Maurizio Ricci
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy; (S.G.); (M.R.)
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15
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King J, Woolner VH, Keyzers RA, Rosengren RJ. Characterization of marine-derived halogenated indoles as ligands of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor. Toxicol Rep 2022; 9:1198-1203. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2022.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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16
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Bieber
- From the Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Christine Kühne-Center for Allergy Research and Education, University Hospital of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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17
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Lim TX, Ahamed M, Reutens DC. The aryl hydrocarbon receptor: A diagnostic and therapeutic target in glioma. Drug Discov Today 2021; 27:422-435. [PMID: 34624509 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2021.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is a deadly disease; 5-year survival rates have shown little improvement over the past 30 years. In vivo positron emission tomography (PET) imaging is an important method of identifying potential diagnostic and therapeutic molecular targets non-invasively. The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) is a transcription factor that regulates multiple genes involved in immune response modulation and tumorigenesis. The AhR is an attractive potential drug target and studies have shown that its activation by small molecules can modulate innate and adaptive immunity beneficially and prevent AhR-mediated tumour promotion in several cancer types. In this review, we provide an overview of the role of the AhR in glioma tumorigenesis and highlight its potential as an emerging biomarker for glioma therapies targeting the tumour immune response and PET diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Xiang Lim
- ARC Centre for Innovation in Biomedical Imaging Technology, Centre for Advanced Imaging, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Muneer Ahamed
- ARC Centre for Innovation in Biomedical Imaging Technology, Centre for Advanced Imaging, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - David C Reutens
- ARC Centre for Innovation in Biomedical Imaging Technology, Centre for Advanced Imaging, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
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18
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Puccetti M, Pariano M, Renga G, Santarelli I, D’Onofrio F, Bellet MM, Stincardini C, Bartoli A, Costantini C, Romani L, Ricci M, Giovagnoli S. Targeted Drug Delivery Technologies Potentiate the Overall Therapeutic Efficacy of an Indole Derivative in a Mouse Cystic Fibrosis Setting. Cells 2021; 10:1601. [PMID: 34202407 PMCID: PMC8305708 DOI: 10.3390/cells10071601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation plays a major role in the pathophysiology of cystic fibrosis (CF), a multisystem disease. Anti-inflammatory therapies are, therefore, of interest in CF, provided that the inhibition of inflammation does not compromise the ability to fight pathogens. Here, we assess whether indole-3-aldehyde (3-IAld), a ligand of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), may encompass such an activity. We resorted to biopharmaceutical technologies in order to deliver 3-IAld directly into the lung, via dry powder inhalation, or into the gut, via enteric microparticles, in murine models of CF infection and inflammation. We found the site-specific delivery of 3-IAld to be an efficient strategy to restore immune and microbial homeostasis in CF organs, and mitigate lung and gut inflammatory pathology in response to fungal infections, in the relative absence of local and systemic inflammatory toxicity. Thus, enhanced delivery to target organs of AhR agonists, such as 3-IAld, may pave the way for the development of safe and effective anti-inflammatory agents in CF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Puccetti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy;
| | - Marilena Pariano
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, 06132 Perugia, Italy; (M.P.); (G.R.); (I.S.); (F.D.); (M.M.B.); (C.S.); (A.B.); (C.C.); (L.R.)
| | - Giorgia Renga
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, 06132 Perugia, Italy; (M.P.); (G.R.); (I.S.); (F.D.); (M.M.B.); (C.S.); (A.B.); (C.C.); (L.R.)
| | - Ilaria Santarelli
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, 06132 Perugia, Italy; (M.P.); (G.R.); (I.S.); (F.D.); (M.M.B.); (C.S.); (A.B.); (C.C.); (L.R.)
| | - Fiorella D’Onofrio
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, 06132 Perugia, Italy; (M.P.); (G.R.); (I.S.); (F.D.); (M.M.B.); (C.S.); (A.B.); (C.C.); (L.R.)
| | - Marina M. Bellet
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, 06132 Perugia, Italy; (M.P.); (G.R.); (I.S.); (F.D.); (M.M.B.); (C.S.); (A.B.); (C.C.); (L.R.)
| | - Claudia Stincardini
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, 06132 Perugia, Italy; (M.P.); (G.R.); (I.S.); (F.D.); (M.M.B.); (C.S.); (A.B.); (C.C.); (L.R.)
| | - Andrea Bartoli
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, 06132 Perugia, Italy; (M.P.); (G.R.); (I.S.); (F.D.); (M.M.B.); (C.S.); (A.B.); (C.C.); (L.R.)
| | - Claudio Costantini
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, 06132 Perugia, Italy; (M.P.); (G.R.); (I.S.); (F.D.); (M.M.B.); (C.S.); (A.B.); (C.C.); (L.R.)
| | - Luigina Romani
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, 06132 Perugia, Italy; (M.P.); (G.R.); (I.S.); (F.D.); (M.M.B.); (C.S.); (A.B.); (C.C.); (L.R.)
| | - Maurizio Ricci
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy;
| | - Stefano Giovagnoli
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy;
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19
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Karthika C, Hari B, Mano V, Radhakrishnan A, Janani SK, Akter R, Kaushik D, Rahman MH. Curcumin as a great contributor for the treatment and mitigation of colorectal cancer. Exp Gerontol 2021; 152:111438. [PMID: 34098006 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2021.111438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2021] [Revised: 05/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is one of the life-taking diseases worldwide and among cancer-related death; colorectal cancer is the third most. Though conventional methods of treatment are available, multidrug resistance and side effects are predominant. Physicians and scientists are working side by side to develop an effective medicament, which is safe and cost-effective. However, most failures are obtained when focused on the clinical perspective. This review mainly brings out the correlation between the curcumin and its use for the mitigation of colorectal cancer, the use of curcumin as a chemotherapeutic agent, chemosensitizer, and in a combination and synergistic approach. The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics properties of curcumin and its formulation approach helps in giving an idea to develop new approaches for the treatment of colorectal cancer using curcumin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenmala Karthika
- Department of Pharmaceutics, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Ooty, Nilgiris, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Balaji Hari
- TIFAC CORE in Herbal Drugs, Department of Pharmacognosy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Ooty-643001, The Nilgiris, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Vignesh Mano
- Department of Pharmaceutics, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Ooty, Nilgiris, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Arun Radhakrishnan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Ooty, Nilgiris, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - S K Janani
- Department of Pharmaceutics, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Ooty, Nilgiris, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Rokeya Akter
- Department of Pharmacy, Jagannath University, Sadarghat, Dhaka 1100, Bangladesh
| | - Deepak Kaushik
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak 124001, India
| | - Md Habibur Rahman
- Department of Pharmacy, Southeast University, Banani, Dhaka 1213, Bangladesh; Department of Global Medical Science, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Yonsei University,Wonju 26426, Gangwon-do, Korea..
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20
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Abstract
The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) is a ubiquitously expressed ligand-activated transcription factor with multifaceted physiological functions. In the immune system, AHR has been unequivocally identified as a key regulatory factor that can integrate environmental, dietary, or microbial signals into innate and adaptive immune responses. Correspondingly, AHR activity seems to be most important at barrier organs, such as the gut, skin, and lung. The liver is likewise prominently exposed to gut-derived dietary or microbial AHR ligands and, moreover, generates plenty of AHR ligands itself. Yet, surprisingly little is known about the role of AHR in the regulation of hepatic immune responses, which are normally biased towards tolerance, preventing harmful inflammation in response to innocuous stimuli. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge about the role of AHR in hepatic immune responses in the healthy liver as well as in inflammatory liver disease. Moreover, we discuss AHR as a potential therapeutic target in hepatic disorders, including autoimmune liver disease, liver fibrosis, and liver cancer.
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21
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De Juan A, Segura E. Modulation of Immune Responses by Nutritional Ligands of Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor. Front Immunol 2021; 12:645168. [PMID: 34093534 PMCID: PMC8173196 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.645168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence indicates that nutrition can modulate the immune system through metabolites, either produced by host digestion or by microbiota metabolism. In this review, we focus on dietary metabolites that are agonists of the Aryl hydrocarbon Receptor (AhR). AhR is a ligand-activated transcription factor, initially characterized for its interaction with xenobiotic pollutants. Numerous studies have shown that AhR also recognizes indoles and tryptophan catabolites originating from dietary compounds and commensal bacteria. Here, we review recent work employing diet manipulation to address the impact of nutritional AhR agonists on immune responses, both locally in the intestine and at distant sites. In particular, we examine the physiological role of these metabolites in immune cell development and functions (including T lymphocytes, innate-like lymphoid cells, and mononuclear phagocytes) and their effect in inflammatory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alba De Juan
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, INSERM U932, Paris, France
| | - Elodie Segura
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, INSERM U932, Paris, France
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22
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Gargaro M, Manni G, Scalisi G, Puccetti P, Fallarino F. Tryptophan Metabolites at the Crossroad of Immune-Cell Interaction via the Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor: Implications for Tumor Immunotherapy. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22094644. [PMID: 33924971 PMCID: PMC8125364 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 04/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The Aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) is a critical regulator of both innate and adaptive immune responses, with potent immunomodulatory effects that makes this receptor an attractive molecular target for novel therapeutics. Accumulating evidence indicates that diverse—both host’s and microbial—tryptophan metabolites profoundly regulate the immune system in the host via AhR, promoting either tolerance or immunity, largely as a function of the qualitative and quantitative nature of the metabolites being contributed by either source. Additional findings indicate that host and microbiota-derived tryptophan metabolic pathways can influence the outcome of immune responses to tumors. Here, we review recent studies on the role and modalities of AhR activation by various ligands, derived from either host-cell or microbial-cell tryptophan metabolic pathways, in the regulation of immune responses. Moreover, we highlight potential implications of those ligands and pathways in tumor immunotherapy, with particular relevance to checkpoint-blockade immune intervention strategies.
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23
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Enteric formulated indole-3-carboxaldehyde targets the aryl hydrocarbon receptor for protection in a murine model of metabolic syndrome. Int J Pharm 2021; 602:120610. [PMID: 33865951 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.120610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Revised: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The metabolic syndrome (MetSyn) is a disorder characterized by a cluster of diseases where the regulation of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), a ligand-activated transcription factor endowed with ligand- and context-dependent activities, can have a major therapeutic relevance. We have recently discovered a tryptophan metabolite of microbial origin, indole-3-carboxaldehyde (3-IAld), able to regulate intestinal mucosal homeostasis by acting as a ligand of AhR. This makes 3-IAld a potential candidate to treat MetSyn related ailments. Herein, we provide a proof of concept on the efficacy and safety of 3-IAld encapsulated in enteric microparticles (MP) in vivo in a MetSyn murine model. In particular, we showed that 3-IAld: i) is released from MPs in the intestine and potentially metabolized; ii) is able to activate AhR locally; iii) prevents the metabolic complications and the intestinal epithelial barrier dysfunction; iv) is not associated with toxic events. This study does not only extend the biological activity of 3-IAld in vivo, but also provides hints on the therapeutic potential of 3-IAld delivered by enteric MP in MetSyn related diseases.
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24
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Torti MF, Giovannoni F, Quintana FJ, García CC. The Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor as a Modulator of Anti-viral Immunity. Front Immunol 2021; 12:624293. [PMID: 33746961 PMCID: PMC7973006 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.624293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) is a ligand-activated transcription factor, which interacts with a wide range of organic molecules of endogenous and exogenous origin, including environmental pollutants, tryptophan metabolites, and microbial metabolites. The activation of AHR by these agonists drives its translocation into the nucleus where it controls the expression of a large number of target genes that include the AHR repressor (AHRR), detoxifying monooxygenases (CYP1A1 and CYP1B1), and cytokines. Recent advances reveal that AHR signaling modulates aspects of the intrinsic, innate and adaptive immune response to diverse microorganisms. This review will focus on the increasing evidence supporting a role for AHR as a modulator of the host response to viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Florencia Torti
- Laboratory of Antiviral Strategies, Biochemistry Department, School of Sciences, University of Buenos Aires, IQUIBICEN-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Federico Giovannoni
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Francisco Javier Quintana
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Cybele Carina García
- Laboratory of Antiviral Strategies, Biochemistry Department, School of Sciences, University of Buenos Aires, IQUIBICEN-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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25
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Baker JR, Pollard BL, Lin AJS, Gilbert J, Paula S, Zhu X, Sakoff JA, McCluskey A. Modelling and Phenotypic Screening of NAP-6 and 10-Cl-BBQ, AhR Ligands Displaying Selective Breast Cancer Cytotoxicity in Vitro. ChemMedChem 2021; 16:1499-1512. [PMID: 33300308 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202000721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
To exploit the interaction of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) pathway in developing breast-cancer-specific cytotoxic compounds, we examined the breast cancer selectivity and the docking pose of the AhR ligands (Z)-2-(2-aminophenyl)-1H-benzo[de]isoquinoline-1,3(2H)-dione (NAP-6; 5) and 10-chloro-7H-benzo[de]benzo[4,5]imidazo[2,1-a]isoquinolin-7-one (10-Cl-BBQ; 6). While the breast cancer selectivity of 5 in vitro is known, we discuss the SAR around this lead and, by using phenotypic cell-line screening and the MTT assay, show for the first time that 6 also presents with breast cancer selectivity, notably in the triple-negative (TN) receptor breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-468, the ER+ breast cancer cell lines T47D, ZR-75-1 and the HER2+ breast cancer cell line SKBR3 (GI50 values of 0.098, 0.97, 0.13 and 0.21 μM, respectively). Indeed, 6 is 55 times more potent in MDA-MB-468 cells than normal MCF10A breast cells (GI50 of 0.098 vs 5.4 μM) and more than 130 times more potent than in cell lines derived from pancreas, brain and prostate (GI50 of 0.098 vs 10-13 μM). Molecular docking poses of 5 and 6 together with analogue synthesis and phenotypic screening show the importance of the naphthalene moiety, and an ortho-disposed substituent on the N-phenyl moiety for biological activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer R Baker
- Chemistry, School of Environmental & Life Sciences, The University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Brett L Pollard
- Chemistry, School of Environmental & Life Sciences, The University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Andrew J S Lin
- Chemistry, School of Environmental & Life Sciences, The University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Jayne Gilbert
- Experimental Therapeutics Group, Department of Medical Oncology, Calvary Mater Hospital, Edith Street, Waratah, NSW 2298, Australia
| | - Stefan Paula
- Present address: Department of Chemistry, California State University at Sacramento, Sacramento, CA 95819
| | - Xiao Zhu
- Research Computing, Information Technology at Purdue (ITaP), Purdue University, 155 South Grant Street, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Jennette A Sakoff
- Experimental Therapeutics Group, Department of Medical Oncology, Calvary Mater Hospital, Edith Street, Waratah, NSW 2298, Australia
| | - Adam McCluskey
- Chemistry, School of Environmental & Life Sciences, The University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
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Zelante T, Puccetti M, Giovagnoli S, Romani L. Regulation of host physiology and immunity by microbial indole-3-aldehyde. Curr Opin Immunol 2021; 70:27-32. [PMID: 33454521 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2020.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Co-evolution of the microbial communities with the mammalian host has resulted in intertwined metabolic pathways ultimately affecting physiological and pathological processes. Tryptophan derivatives of host and microbial origin are emblematic of this metabolic promiscuity. One such metabolite, indole-3-aldehyde (3-IAld), is produced by the gut microbiota and was originally identified for its ability to promote epithelial barrier functions by working as an agonist of the Aryl hydrocarbon Receptor. This original observation has been extended in the recent years to include a plethora of activities in several pathological conditions. In this review, we describe the multifaceted role of 3-IAld in host physiology, pathology and immunity and discuss how its proper clinical development may turn into a valuable therapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Zelante
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Perugia, 06132, Italy
| | - Matteo Puccetti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, University of Perugia, Perugia, 06132, Italy
| | - Stefano Giovagnoli
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, University of Perugia, Perugia, 06132, Italy
| | - Luigina Romani
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Perugia, 06132, Italy.
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Murray IA, Perdew GH. How Ah Receptor Ligand Specificity Became Important in Understanding Its Physiological Function. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21249614. [PMID: 33348604 PMCID: PMC7766308 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21249614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Increasingly, the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) is being recognized as a sensor for endogenous and pseudo-endogenous metabolites, and in particular microbiota and host generated tryptophan metabolites. One proposed explanation for this is the role of the AHR in innate immune signaling within barrier tissues in response to the presence of microorganisms. A number of cytokine/chemokine genes exhibit a combinatorial increase in transcription upon toll-like receptors and AHR activation, supporting this concept. The AHR also plays a role in the enhanced differentiation of intestinal and dermal epithelium leading to improved barrier function. Importantly, from an evolutionary perspective many of these tryptophan metabolites exhibit greater activation potential for the human AHR when compared to the rodent AHR. These observations underscore the importance of the AHR in barrier tissues and may lead to pharmacologic therapeutic intervention.
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28
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Tryptophan Metabolism as a Pharmacological Target. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2020; 42:60-73. [PMID: 33256987 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2020.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
L-Tryptophan is an essential amino acid required for protein synthesis. It undergoes an extensive and complex metabolism along several pathways, resulting in many bioactive molecules acting in various organs through different action mechanisms. Enzymes involved in its metabolism, metabolites themselves, or their receptors, represent potential therapeutic targets, which are the subject of dynamic research. Disruptions in L-tryptophan metabolism are reported in several neurological, metabolic, psychiatric, and intestinal disorders, paving the way to develop drugs to target it. This review will briefly describe L-tryptophan metabolism and present and discuss the most recent pharmacological developments targeting it.
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Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor (AHR) Ligands as Selective AHR Modulators (SAhRMs). Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21186654. [PMID: 32932962 PMCID: PMC7555580 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21186654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) was first identified as the intracellular protein that bound and mediated the toxic effects of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD, dioxin) and dioxin-like compounds (DLCs). Subsequent studies show that the AhR plays an important role in maintaining cellular homeostasis and in pathophysiology, and there is increasing evidence that the AhR is an important drug target. The AhR binds structurally diverse compounds, including pharmaceuticals, phytochemicals and endogenous biochemicals, some of which may serve as endogenous ligands. Classification of DLCs and non-DLCs based on their persistence (metabolism), toxicities, binding to wild-type/mutant AhR and structural similarities have been reported. This review provides data suggesting that ligands for the AhR are selective AhR modulators (SAhRMs) that exhibit tissue/cell-specific AhR agonist and antagonist activities, and that their functional diversity is similar to selective receptor modulators that target steroid hormone and other nuclear receptors.
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Targeting the aryl hydrocarbon receptor with a novel set of triarylmethanes. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 207:112777. [PMID: 32971427 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) is a chemical sensor upregulating the transcription of responsive genes associated with endocrine homeostasis, oxidative balance and diverse metabolic, immunological and inflammatory processes, which have raised the pharmacological interest on its modulation. Herein, a novel set of 32 unsymmetrical triarylmethane (TAM) class of structures has been synthesized, characterized and their AhR transcriptional activity evaluated using a cell-based assay. Eight of the assayed TAM compounds (14, 15, 18, 19, 21, 22, 25, 28) exhibited AhR agonism but none of them showed antagonist effects. TAMs bearing benzotrifluoride, naphthol or heteroaromatic (indole, quinoline or thiophene) rings seem to be prone to AhR activation unlike phenyl substituted or benzotriazole derivatives. A molecular docking analysis with the AhR ligand binding domain (LBD) showed similarities in the binding mode and in the interactions of the most potent TAM identified 4-(pyridin-2-yl (thiophen-2-yl)methyl)phenol (22) compared to the endogenous AhR agonist 5,11-dihydroindolo[3,2-b]carbazole-12-carbaldehyde (FICZ). Finally, in silico predictions of physicochemical and biopharmaceutical properties for the most potent agonistic compounds were performed and these exhibited acceptable druglikeness and good ADME profiles. To our knowledge, this is the first study assessing the AhR modulatory effects of unsymmetrical TAM class of compounds.
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Shi Y, Zeng Z, Yu J, Tang B, Tang R, Xiao R. The aryl hydrocarbon receptor: An environmental effector in the pathogenesis of fibrosis. Pharmacol Res 2020; 160:105180. [PMID: 32877693 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.105180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 08/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) is a highly conserved transcription factor that can be activated by small molecules provided by dietary, plant, or microbial metabolites, and environmental pollutants. AhR is expressed in many cell types and engages in crosstalk with other signaling pathways, and therefore provides a molecular pathway that integrates environmental cues and metabolic processes. Fibrosis, which is defined as an aberrant extracellular matrix formation, is a reparative process in the terminal stage of chronic diseases. Both environmental and internal factors have been shown to participate in the pathogenesis of fibrosis; however, the underlying mechanisms still remain elusive. In this review, the potential role of AhR in the process of fibrosis, as well as potential opportunities and challenges in the development of AhR targeting therapeutics, are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaqian Shi
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China; Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China
| | - Zhuotong Zeng
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China; Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China
| | - Jiangfan Yu
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China; Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China
| | - Bingsi Tang
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China; Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China
| | - Rui Tang
- Department of Rheumatology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China
| | - Rong Xiao
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China; Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China.
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Safe S, Jayaraman A, Chapkin RS. Ah receptor ligands and their impacts on gut resilience: structure-activity effects. Crit Rev Toxicol 2020; 50:463-473. [PMID: 32597352 DOI: 10.1080/10408444.2020.1773759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD, dioxin) and structurally related halogenated aromatics modulate gene expression and induce biochemical and toxic responses that are mediated by initial binding to the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR). The AhR also binds structurally diverse compound including pharmaceuticals, endogenous biochemicals, health-promoting phytochemicals, and microbial metabolites. Many of these AhR ligands do not induce TCDD-like toxic responses and some AhR ligands such as microbial metabolites of tryptophan play a role in maintaining gut health and protecting against intestinal inflammation and cancer. Many AhR ligands exhibit tissue- and response-specific AhR agonist or antagonist activities, and act as selective AhR modulators (SAhRMs) and this SAhRM-like activity has also been observed in AhR-ligand-mediated effects in the intestine. This review summarizes studies showing that several AhR ligands including phytochemicals and TCDD protect against dextran sodium sulfate-induced intestinal inflammation. In contrast, AhR ligands such as oxazole compounds enhance intestinal inflammation suggesting that AhR-mediated gut health can be enhanced or decreased by selective AhR modulators and this needs to be considered in development of AhR ligands for therapeutic applications in treating intestinal inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Safe
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Arul Jayaraman
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Robert S Chapkin
- Program in Integrative Nutrition and Complex Diseases, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
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