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Langer G, Scott J, Lind C, Otto C, Bothe U, Laux-Biehlmann A, Müller J, le Roy B, Irlbacher H, Nowak-Reppel K, Schlüter A, Davenport AJ, Slack M, Bäurle S. Discovery and In Vitro Characterization of BAY 2686013, an Allosteric Small Molecule Antagonist of the Human Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide Receptor. Mol Pharmacol 2023; 104:105-114. [PMID: 37348913 DOI: 10.1124/molpharm.122.000662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The human pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide receptor (hPAC1-R), a class B G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) identified almost 30 years ago, represents an important pharmacological target in the areas of neuroscience, oncology, and immunology. Despite interest in this target, only a very limited number of small molecule modulators have been reported for this receptor. We herein describe the results of a drug discovery program aiming for the identification of a potent and selective hPAC1-R antagonist. An initial high-throughput screening (HTS) screen of 3.05 million compounds originating from the Bayer screening library failed to identify any tractable hits. A second, completely revised screen using native human embryonic kidney (HEK)293 cells yielded a small number of hits exhibiting antagonistic properties (4.2 million compounds screened). BAY 2686013 (1) emerged as a promising compound showing selective antagonistic activity in the submicromolar potency range. In-depth characterization supported the hypothesis that BAY 2686013 blocks receptor activity in a noncompetitive manner. Preclinical, pharmacokinetic profiling indicates that BAY 2686013 is a valuable tool compound for better understanding the signaling and function of hPAC1-R. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Although the human pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide receptor (hPAC1-R) is of major significance as a therapeutic target with a well documented role in pain signaling, only a very limited number of small-molecule (SMOL) compounds are known to modulate its activity. We identified and thoroughly characterized a novel, potent, and selective SMOL antagonist of hPAC1-R (acting in an allosteric manner). These characteristics make BAY 2686013 an ideal tool for further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gernot Langer
- Bayer AG, Research & Development, Pharmaceuticals, Berlin, Germany (G.L., U.B., J.M., B.l.R., S.B.); Bayer AG, Research & Development, Pharmaceuticals, Wuppertal, Germany (C.O., A.L.-B.); Innovation Campus Berlin, a Nuvisan Company, Berlin, Germany (H.I., K.N.-R.); Evotec SE, Hamburg, Germany (A.S., M.S.); and Evotec (UK) Ltd, Abingdon, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom (J.S., C.L., A.J.D.)
| | - John Scott
- Bayer AG, Research & Development, Pharmaceuticals, Berlin, Germany (G.L., U.B., J.M., B.l.R., S.B.); Bayer AG, Research & Development, Pharmaceuticals, Wuppertal, Germany (C.O., A.L.-B.); Innovation Campus Berlin, a Nuvisan Company, Berlin, Germany (H.I., K.N.-R.); Evotec SE, Hamburg, Germany (A.S., M.S.); and Evotec (UK) Ltd, Abingdon, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom (J.S., C.L., A.J.D.)
| | - Christoffer Lind
- Bayer AG, Research & Development, Pharmaceuticals, Berlin, Germany (G.L., U.B., J.M., B.l.R., S.B.); Bayer AG, Research & Development, Pharmaceuticals, Wuppertal, Germany (C.O., A.L.-B.); Innovation Campus Berlin, a Nuvisan Company, Berlin, Germany (H.I., K.N.-R.); Evotec SE, Hamburg, Germany (A.S., M.S.); and Evotec (UK) Ltd, Abingdon, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom (J.S., C.L., A.J.D.)
| | - Christiane Otto
- Bayer AG, Research & Development, Pharmaceuticals, Berlin, Germany (G.L., U.B., J.M., B.l.R., S.B.); Bayer AG, Research & Development, Pharmaceuticals, Wuppertal, Germany (C.O., A.L.-B.); Innovation Campus Berlin, a Nuvisan Company, Berlin, Germany (H.I., K.N.-R.); Evotec SE, Hamburg, Germany (A.S., M.S.); and Evotec (UK) Ltd, Abingdon, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom (J.S., C.L., A.J.D.)
| | - Ulrich Bothe
- Bayer AG, Research & Development, Pharmaceuticals, Berlin, Germany (G.L., U.B., J.M., B.l.R., S.B.); Bayer AG, Research & Development, Pharmaceuticals, Wuppertal, Germany (C.O., A.L.-B.); Innovation Campus Berlin, a Nuvisan Company, Berlin, Germany (H.I., K.N.-R.); Evotec SE, Hamburg, Germany (A.S., M.S.); and Evotec (UK) Ltd, Abingdon, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom (J.S., C.L., A.J.D.)
| | - Alexis Laux-Biehlmann
- Bayer AG, Research & Development, Pharmaceuticals, Berlin, Germany (G.L., U.B., J.M., B.l.R., S.B.); Bayer AG, Research & Development, Pharmaceuticals, Wuppertal, Germany (C.O., A.L.-B.); Innovation Campus Berlin, a Nuvisan Company, Berlin, Germany (H.I., K.N.-R.); Evotec SE, Hamburg, Germany (A.S., M.S.); and Evotec (UK) Ltd, Abingdon, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom (J.S., C.L., A.J.D.)
| | - Jörg Müller
- Bayer AG, Research & Development, Pharmaceuticals, Berlin, Germany (G.L., U.B., J.M., B.l.R., S.B.); Bayer AG, Research & Development, Pharmaceuticals, Wuppertal, Germany (C.O., A.L.-B.); Innovation Campus Berlin, a Nuvisan Company, Berlin, Germany (H.I., K.N.-R.); Evotec SE, Hamburg, Germany (A.S., M.S.); and Evotec (UK) Ltd, Abingdon, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom (J.S., C.L., A.J.D.)
| | - Beau le Roy
- Bayer AG, Research & Development, Pharmaceuticals, Berlin, Germany (G.L., U.B., J.M., B.l.R., S.B.); Bayer AG, Research & Development, Pharmaceuticals, Wuppertal, Germany (C.O., A.L.-B.); Innovation Campus Berlin, a Nuvisan Company, Berlin, Germany (H.I., K.N.-R.); Evotec SE, Hamburg, Germany (A.S., M.S.); and Evotec (UK) Ltd, Abingdon, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom (J.S., C.L., A.J.D.)
| | - Horst Irlbacher
- Bayer AG, Research & Development, Pharmaceuticals, Berlin, Germany (G.L., U.B., J.M., B.l.R., S.B.); Bayer AG, Research & Development, Pharmaceuticals, Wuppertal, Germany (C.O., A.L.-B.); Innovation Campus Berlin, a Nuvisan Company, Berlin, Germany (H.I., K.N.-R.); Evotec SE, Hamburg, Germany (A.S., M.S.); and Evotec (UK) Ltd, Abingdon, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom (J.S., C.L., A.J.D.)
| | - Katrin Nowak-Reppel
- Bayer AG, Research & Development, Pharmaceuticals, Berlin, Germany (G.L., U.B., J.M., B.l.R., S.B.); Bayer AG, Research & Development, Pharmaceuticals, Wuppertal, Germany (C.O., A.L.-B.); Innovation Campus Berlin, a Nuvisan Company, Berlin, Germany (H.I., K.N.-R.); Evotec SE, Hamburg, Germany (A.S., M.S.); and Evotec (UK) Ltd, Abingdon, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom (J.S., C.L., A.J.D.)
| | - Anne Schlüter
- Bayer AG, Research & Development, Pharmaceuticals, Berlin, Germany (G.L., U.B., J.M., B.l.R., S.B.); Bayer AG, Research & Development, Pharmaceuticals, Wuppertal, Germany (C.O., A.L.-B.); Innovation Campus Berlin, a Nuvisan Company, Berlin, Germany (H.I., K.N.-R.); Evotec SE, Hamburg, Germany (A.S., M.S.); and Evotec (UK) Ltd, Abingdon, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom (J.S., C.L., A.J.D.)
| | - Adam J Davenport
- Bayer AG, Research & Development, Pharmaceuticals, Berlin, Germany (G.L., U.B., J.M., B.l.R., S.B.); Bayer AG, Research & Development, Pharmaceuticals, Wuppertal, Germany (C.O., A.L.-B.); Innovation Campus Berlin, a Nuvisan Company, Berlin, Germany (H.I., K.N.-R.); Evotec SE, Hamburg, Germany (A.S., M.S.); and Evotec (UK) Ltd, Abingdon, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom (J.S., C.L., A.J.D.)
| | - Mark Slack
- Bayer AG, Research & Development, Pharmaceuticals, Berlin, Germany (G.L., U.B., J.M., B.l.R., S.B.); Bayer AG, Research & Development, Pharmaceuticals, Wuppertal, Germany (C.O., A.L.-B.); Innovation Campus Berlin, a Nuvisan Company, Berlin, Germany (H.I., K.N.-R.); Evotec SE, Hamburg, Germany (A.S., M.S.); and Evotec (UK) Ltd, Abingdon, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom (J.S., C.L., A.J.D.)
| | - Stefan Bäurle
- Bayer AG, Research & Development, Pharmaceuticals, Berlin, Germany (G.L., U.B., J.M., B.l.R., S.B.); Bayer AG, Research & Development, Pharmaceuticals, Wuppertal, Germany (C.O., A.L.-B.); Innovation Campus Berlin, a Nuvisan Company, Berlin, Germany (H.I., K.N.-R.); Evotec SE, Hamburg, Germany (A.S., M.S.); and Evotec (UK) Ltd, Abingdon, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom (J.S., C.L., A.J.D.)
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Marynissen H, Buntinx L, Bamps D, Depre M, Ampe E, Van Hecken A, Gabriel K, Sands S, Vargas G, de Hoon J. First-in-human development of a pharmacodynamic biomarker for PAC 1 receptor antagonists using intradermal injections of maxadilan. Clin Transl Sci 2022; 15:1968-1977. [PMID: 35621246 PMCID: PMC9372410 DOI: 10.1111/cts.13309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Maxadilan, a potent vasodilator peptide, selectively activates the PAC1 receptor, a promising target for migraine therapy. Therefore, maxadilan has been suggested as a tool to study the pharmacodynamics (PDs) of PAC1 receptor antagonists. The objectives of this first-in-human study were to: (1) determine the safety, tolerability, dose response, and time course of the dermal blood flow (DBF) changes after intradermal (i.d.) injections of maxadilan in the human forearm, and (2) assess the inter-arm and inter-period reproducibility of this response. This was a single-center, open-label study in healthy subjects, comprising three parts: (1) dose-response (n = 25), (2) response duration (n = 10), and (3) reproducibility (n = 15). DBF measurements were performed using laser Doppler imaging (LDI) up to 60 min postinjection, or up to 5 days for the response duration assessments. To assess reproducibility, the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and sample sizes were calculated. The i.d. maxadilan (0.001, 0.01, 0.1, 0.9, 3, and 10 ng) produced a well-tolerated, dose-dependent increase in DBF, with a half-maximal effective concentration fitted at 0.0098 ng. The DBF response to 0.9 ng maxadilan was quantifiable with LDI up to 72 h postinjection. The inter-period reproducibility of the DBF response was better upon 0.9 ng (ICC > 0.6) compared to 0.01 ng (ICC < 0.4) maxadilan. However, irrespective of the study design or maxadilan dose, a sample size of 11 subjects is sufficient to detect a 30% difference in DBF response with 80% power. In conclusion, intradermal maxadilan provides a safe, well-tolerated, and reproducible PD biomarker for PAC1 receptor antagonists in vivo in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heleen Marynissen
- Center for Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Dorien Bamps
- Center for Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Marleen Depre
- Center for Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Els Ampe
- Center for Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Anne Van Hecken
- Center for Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Kristin Gabriel
- Spark Therapeutics, Member of the Roche Group, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | | | - Jan de Hoon
- Center for Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Eiden LE, Goosens KA, Jacobson KA, Leggio L, Zhang L. Peptide-Liganded G Protein-Coupled Receptors as Neurotherapeutics. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2020; 3:190-202. [PMID: 32296762 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.0c00017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Peptide-liganded G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are a growing fraction of GPCR drug targets, concentrated in two of the five major GPCR structural classes. The basic physiology and pharmacology of some within the rhodopsin class, for example, the enkephalin (μ opioid receptor, MOR) and angiotensin (ATR) receptors, and most in class B, all the members of which are peptide receptors, are well-known, whereas others are less so. Furthermore, with the notable exception of opioid peptide receptors, the ability to translate from peptide to "drug-like" (i.e., low-molecular-weight nonpeptide) molecules, with desirable oral absorption, brain penetrance, and serum stability, has met with limited success. Yet, peripheral peptide administration in patients with metabolic disorders is clinically effective, suggesting that "drug-like" molecules for peptide receptor targets may not always be required for disease intervention. Here, we consider recent developments in GPCR structure analysis, intracellular signaling, and genetic analysis of peptide and peptide receptor knockout phenotypes in animal models. These lines of research converge on a better understanding of how peptides facilitate adaptive behaviors in mammals. They suggest pathways to translate this burgeoning information into identified drug targets for neurological and psychiatric illnesses such as obesity, addiction, anxiety disorders, and neurodegenerative diseases. Advances centered on the peptide ligands oxytocin, vasopressin, GLP-1, ghrelin, PACAP, NPY, and their GPCRs are considered here. These represent the spectrum of progress across the "virtual pipeline", of peptide receptors associated with many established drugs, those of long-standing interest for which clinical application is still under development, and those just coming into focus through basic research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee E Eiden
- Section on Molecular Neuroscience, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Ki Ann Goosens
- Icahn School of Medicine, Mt. Sinai Hospital, New York, New York 10029, United States
| | - Kenneth A Jacobson
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Lorenzo Leggio
- Section on Clinical Psychoneuroendocrinology and Neuropsychopharmacology, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism/National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Limei Zhang
- Department of Physiology, Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), Mexico City 04510, Mexico
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