1
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Barrett H, Sun J, Chen Y, Yang D, Verreault J, Houde M, Wania F, Peng H. Emerging investigator series: nontargeted screening of aryl hydrocarbon receptor agonists in endangered beluga whales from the St. Lawrence Estuary: beyond legacy contaminants. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2024. [PMID: 38904418 DOI: 10.1039/d4em00243a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/22/2024]
Abstract
The elevated concentrations of organohalogen contaminants in the endangered St. Lawrence Estuary (SLE) belugas have prompted the hypothesis that aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) activity may be a contributor towards their potential adverse effects. While indirect associations between AhR and contaminant levels have been reported in SLE beluga tissues, AhR activity was never directly measured. Using bioassays and nontargeted analysis, this study contrasted AhR activity and agonist profiles between pooled tissue extracts of endangered SLE and non-threatened Arctic belugas. Tissue extracts of SLE belugas exhibited significantly higher overall AhR activity than that of Arctic belugas, with a 2000s SLE beluga liver extract exerting significantly higher activity than blubber extracts of SLE and Arctic belugas from the same time period. Contrary to our expectations, well-known AhR agonists detected by nontargeted analysis, including polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), were only minor contributors to the observed AhR activity. Instead, Tox21 suspect screening identified more polar chemicals, such as dyes and natural indoles, as potential contributors. Notably, the natural product bromoindole was selectively detected in SLE beluga liver at high abundance and was further confirmed as an AhR agonist. These findings highlighted the significance of the AhR-mediated toxicity pathway in belugas and underscored the importance of novel AhR agonists, particularly polar compounds, in its induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holly Barrett
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3H6, Canada.
| | - Jianxian Sun
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3H6, Canada.
| | - Yuhao Chen
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, Ontario M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - Diwen Yang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3H6, Canada.
| | - Jonathan Verreault
- Centre de Recherche en Toxicologie de L'environnement (TOXEN), Département des Sciences Biologiques, Université du Québec à Montréal, Succursale Centre-ville, P.O. Box 8888, Montreal, QC H3C 3P8, Canada
| | - Magali Houde
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, 105 McGill Street, Montreal, QC H2Y 2E7, Canada
| | - Frank Wania
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, Ontario M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - Hui Peng
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3H6, Canada.
- School of the Environment, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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2
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Sugino KY, Janssen RC, McMahan RH, Zimmerman C, Friedman JE, Jonscher KR. Vertical Transfer of Maternal Gut Microbes to Offspring of Western Diet-Fed Dams Drives Reduced Levels of Tryptophan Metabolites and Postnatal Innate Immune Response. Nutrients 2024; 16:1808. [PMID: 38931163 PMCID: PMC11206590 DOI: 10.3390/nu16121808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2024] [Revised: 06/04/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Maternal obesity and/or Western diet (WD) is associated with an increased risk of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) in offspring, driven, in part, by the dysregulation of the early life microbiome. Here, using a mouse model of WD-induced maternal obesity, we demonstrate that exposure to a disordered microbiome from WD-fed dams suppressed circulating levels of endogenous ligands of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR; indole, indole-3-acetate) and TMAO (a product of AHR-mediated transcription), as well as hepatic expression of Il10 (an AHR target), in offspring at 3 weeks of age. This signature was recapitulated by fecal microbial transfer from WD-fed pregnant dams to chow-fed germ-free (GF) lactating dams following parturition and was associated with a reduced abundance of Lactobacillus in GF offspring. Further, the expression of Il10 was downregulated in liver myeloid cells and in LPS-stimulated bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDM) in adult offspring, suggestive of a hypo-responsive, or tolerant, innate immune response. BMDMs from adult mice lacking AHR in macrophages exhibited a similar tolerogenic response, including diminished expression of Il10. Overall, our study shows that exposure to maternal WD alters microbial metabolites in the offspring that affect AHR signaling, potentially contributing to innate immune hypo-responsiveness and progression of MASLD, highlighting the impact of early life gut dysbiosis on offspring metabolism. Further investigations are warranted to elucidate the complex interplay between maternal diet, gut microbial function, and the development of neonatal innate immune tolerance and potential therapeutic interventions targeting these pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kameron Y. Sugino
- Harold Hamm Diabetes Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; (K.Y.S.); (R.C.J.); (J.E.F.)
| | - Rachel C. Janssen
- Harold Hamm Diabetes Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; (K.Y.S.); (R.C.J.); (J.E.F.)
| | - Rachel H. McMahan
- Department of Surgery, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA;
| | - Chelsea Zimmerman
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA;
| | - Jacob E. Friedman
- Harold Hamm Diabetes Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; (K.Y.S.); (R.C.J.); (J.E.F.)
- Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Karen R. Jonscher
- Harold Hamm Diabetes Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; (K.Y.S.); (R.C.J.); (J.E.F.)
- Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
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3
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Summers BS, Thomas Broome S, Pang TWR, Mundell HD, Koh Belic N, Tom NC, Ng ML, Yap M, Sen MK, Sedaghat S, Weible MW, Castorina A, Lim CK, Lovelace MD, Brew BJ. A Review of the Evidence for Tryptophan and the Kynurenine Pathway as a Regulator of Stem Cell Niches in Health and Disease. Int J Tryptophan Res 2024; 17:11786469241248287. [PMID: 38757094 PMCID: PMC11097742 DOI: 10.1177/11786469241248287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Stem cells are ubiquitously found in various tissues and organs in the body, and underpin the body's ability to repair itself following injury or disease initiation, though repair can sometimes be compromised. Understanding how stem cells are produced, and functional signaling systems between different niches is critical to understanding the potential use of stem cells in regenerative medicine. In this context, this review considers kynurenine pathway (KP) metabolism in multipotent adult progenitor cells, embryonic, haematopoietic, neural, cancer, cardiac and induced pluripotent stem cells, endothelial progenitor cells, and mesenchymal stromal cells. The KP is the major enzymatic pathway for sequentially catabolising the essential amino acid tryptophan (TRP), resulting in key metabolites including kynurenine, kynurenic acid, and quinolinic acid (QUIN). QUIN metabolism transitions into the adjoining de novo pathway for nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) production, a critical cofactor in many fundamental cellular biochemical pathways. How stem cells uptake and utilise TRP varies between different species and stem cell types, because of their expression of transporters and responses to inflammatory cytokines. Several KP metabolites are physiologically active, with either beneficial or detrimental outcomes, and evidence of this is presented relating to several stem cell types, which is important as they may exert a significant impact on surrounding differentiated cells, particularly if they metabolise or secrete metabolites differently. Interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) in mesenchymal stromal cells, for instance, highly upregulates rate-limiting enzyme indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase (IDO-1), initiating TRP depletion and production of metabolites including kynurenine/kynurenic acid, known agonists of the Aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) transcription factor. AhR transcriptionally regulates an immunosuppressive phenotype, making them attractive for regenerative therapy. We also draw attention to important gaps in knowledge for future studies, which will underpin future application for stem cell-based cellular therapies or optimising drugs which can modulate the KP in innate stem cell populations, for disease treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Sebastian Summers
- Applied Neurosciences Program, Peter Duncan Neurosciences Research Unit, St. Vincent’s Centre for Applied Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, School of Clinical Medicine, UNSW Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Sarah Thomas Broome
- Faculty of Science, Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Hamish D Mundell
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, New South Wales Brain Tissue Resource Centre, School of Medical Sciences, Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Naomi Koh Belic
- School of Life Sciences, University of Technology, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Nicole C Tom
- Formerly of the Department of Physiology, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Mei Li Ng
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Maylin Yap
- Formerly of the Atherothrombosis and Vascular Biology Laboratory, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Monokesh K Sen
- Applied Neurosciences Program, Peter Duncan Neurosciences Research Unit, St. Vincent’s Centre for Applied Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, NSW, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, School of Medical Sciences, Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Sara Sedaghat
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Michael W Weible
- School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Alessandro Castorina
- Faculty of Science, Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Chai K Lim
- Faculty of Medicine, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Michael D Lovelace
- Applied Neurosciences Program, Peter Duncan Neurosciences Research Unit, St. Vincent’s Centre for Applied Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, School of Clinical Medicine, UNSW Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Bruce J Brew
- Applied Neurosciences Program, Peter Duncan Neurosciences Research Unit, St. Vincent’s Centre for Applied Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, School of Clinical Medicine, UNSW Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Departments of Neurology and Immunology, St. Vincent’s Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- University of Notre Dame, Darlinghurst, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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4
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Rahu I, Kull M, Kruve A. Predicting the Activity of Unidentified Chemicals in Complementary Bioassays from the HRMS Data to Pinpoint Potential Endocrine Disruptors. J Chem Inf Model 2024; 64:3093-3104. [PMID: 38523265 PMCID: PMC11040721 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.3c02050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
The majority of chemicals detected via nontarget liquid chromatography high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) in environmental samples remain unidentified, challenging the capability of existing machine learning models to pinpoint potential endocrine disruptors (EDs). Here, we predict the activity of unidentified chemicals across 12 bioassays related to EDs within the Tox21 10K dataset. Single- and multi-output models, utilizing various machine learning algorithms and molecular fingerprint features as an input, were trained for this purpose. To evaluate the models under near real-world conditions, Monte Carlo sampling was implemented for the first time. This technique enables the use of probabilistic fingerprint features derived from the experimental HRMS data with SIRIUS+CSI:FingerID as an input for models trained on true binary fingerprint features. Depending on the bioassay, the lowest false-positive rate at 90% recall ranged from 0.251 (sr.mmp, mitochondrial membrane potential) to 0.824 (nr.ar, androgen receptor), which is consistent with the trends observed in the models' performances submitted for the Tox21 Data Challenge. These findings underscore the informativeness of fingerprint features that can be compiled from HRMS in predicting the endocrine-disrupting activity. Moreover, an in-depth SHapley Additive exPlanations analysis unveiled the models' ability to pinpoint structural patterns linked to the modes of action of active chemicals. Despite the superior performance of the single-output models compared to that of the multi-output models, the latter's potential cannot be disregarded for similar tasks in the field of in silico toxicology. This study presents a significant advancement in identifying potentially toxic chemicals within complex mixtures without unambiguous identification and effectively reducing the workload for postprocessing by up to 75% in nontarget HRMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ida Rahu
- Institute
of Computer Science, University of Tartu, Narva mnt 18, Tartu 51009, Estonia
- Department
of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Stockholm University, Svante Arrhenius Väg 16, Stockholm SE-106 91, Sweden
| | - Meelis Kull
- Institute
of Computer Science, University of Tartu, Narva mnt 18, Tartu 51009, Estonia
| | - Anneli Kruve
- Department
of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Stockholm University, Svante Arrhenius Väg 16, Stockholm SE-106 91, Sweden
- Department
of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, Svante Arrhenius Väg 16, Stockholm SE-106 91, Sweden
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5
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Mosa FES, Alqahtani MA, El-Ghiaty MA, Barakat K, El-Kadi AOS. Identifying novel aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) modulators from clinically approved drugs: In silico screening and In vitro validation. Arch Biochem Biophys 2024; 754:109958. [PMID: 38499054 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2024.109958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/09/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) functions as a vital ligand-activated transcription factor, governing both physiological and pathophysiological processes. Notably, it responds to xenobiotics, leading to a diverse array of outcomes. In the context of drug repurposing, we present here a combined approach of utilizing structure-based virtual screening and molecular dynamics simulations. This approach aims to identify potential AhR modulators from Drugbank repository of clinically approved drugs. By focusing on the AhR PAS-B binding pocket, our screening protocol included binding affinities calculations, complex stability, and interactions within the binding site as a filtering method. Comprehensive evaluations of all DrugBank small molecule database revealed ten promising hits. This included flibanserin, butoconazole, luliconazole, naftifine, triclabendazole, rosiglitazone, empagliflozin, benperidol, nebivolol, and zucapsaicin. Each exhibiting diverse binding behaviors and remarkably very low binding free energy. Experimental studies further illuminated their modulation of AhR signaling, and showing that they are consistently reducing AhR activity, except for luliconazole, which intriguingly enhances the AhR activity. This work demonstrates the possibility of using computational modelling as a quick screening tool to predict new AhR modulators from extensive drug libraries. Importantly, these findings hold immense therapeutic potential for addressing AhR-associated disorders. Consequently, it offers compelling prospects for innovative interventions through drug repurposing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farag E S Mosa
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Mohammed A Alqahtani
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Mahmoud A El-Ghiaty
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Khaled Barakat
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
| | - Ayman O S El-Kadi
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
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6
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Zelante T, Paolicelli G, Fallarino F, Gargaro M, Vascelli G, De Zuani M, Fric J, Laznickova P, Kohoutkova MH, Macchiarulo A, Dolciami D, Pieraccini G, Gaetani L, Scalisi G, Trevisan C, Frossi B, Pucillo C, De Luca A, Nunzi E, Spaccapelo R, Pariano M, Borghi M, Boscaro F, Romoli R, Mancini A, Gentili L, Renga G, Costantini C, Puccetti M, Giovagnoli S, Ricci M, Antonini M, Calabresi P, Puccetti P, Di Filippo M, Romani L. A microbially produced AhR ligand promotes a Tph1-driven tolerogenic program in multiple sclerosis. Sci Rep 2024; 14:6651. [PMID: 38509264 PMCID: PMC10954611 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-57400-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis is a debilitating autoimmune disease, characterized by chronic inflammation of the central nervous system. While the significance of the gut microbiome on multiple sclerosis pathogenesis is established, the underlining mechanisms are unknown. We found that serum levels of the microbial postbiotic tryptophan metabolite indole-3-carboxaldehyde (3-IAld) inversely correlated with disease duration in multiple sclerosis patients. Much like the host-derived tryptophan derivative L-Kynurenine, 3-IAld would bind and activate the Aryl hydrocarbon Receptor (AhR), which, in turn, controls endogenous tryptophan catabolic pathways. As a result, in peripheral lymph nodes, microbial 3-IAld, affected mast-cell tryptophan metabolism, forcing mast cells to produce serotonin via Tph1. We thus propose a protective role for AhR-mast-cell activation driven by the microbiome, whereby natural metabolites or postbiotics will have a physiological role in immune homeostasis and may act as therapeutic targets in autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Zelante
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Piazza Lucio Severi, 1, 06132, Perugia, Italy.
- Interuniversity Consortium for Biotechnology, (CIB), 34149, Trieste, Italy.
| | - Giuseppe Paolicelli
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Piazza Lucio Severi, 1, 06132, Perugia, Italy
| | - Francesca Fallarino
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Piazza Lucio Severi, 1, 06132, Perugia, Italy
| | - Marco Gargaro
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Piazza Lucio Severi, 1, 06132, Perugia, Italy
| | - Gianluca Vascelli
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Piazza Lucio Severi, 1, 06132, Perugia, Italy
| | - Marco De Zuani
- International Clinical Research Centre, St. Anne's University Hospital Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Fric
- International Clinical Research Centre, St. Anne's University Hospital Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
- Institute of Hematology and Blood Transfusion, U Nemocnice 2094/1, 128 20, Prague, Czech Republic
- International Clinical Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Petra Laznickova
- International Clinical Research Centre, St. Anne's University Hospital Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
- International Clinical Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Marcela Hortova Kohoutkova
- International Clinical Research Centre, St. Anne's University Hospital Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
- International Clinical Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Antonio Macchiarulo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, University of Perugia, 06132, Perugia, Italy
| | - Daniela Dolciami
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, University of Perugia, 06132, Perugia, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Pieraccini
- Mass Spectrometry Center (CISM), University of Florence, 50139, Florence, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Gaetani
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Piazza Lucio Severi, 1, 06132, Perugia, Italy
| | - Giulia Scalisi
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Piazza Lucio Severi, 1, 06132, Perugia, Italy
| | - Caterina Trevisan
- Department of Medical and Biological Science, University of Udine, 33100, Udine, Italy
| | - Barbara Frossi
- Department of Medical and Biological Science, University of Udine, 33100, Udine, Italy
| | - Carlo Pucillo
- Department of Medical and Biological Science, University of Udine, 33100, Udine, Italy
| | - Antonella De Luca
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Piazza Lucio Severi, 1, 06132, Perugia, Italy
| | - Emilia Nunzi
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Piazza Lucio Severi, 1, 06132, Perugia, Italy
- Center of Functional Genomics, C.U.R.Ge.F, University of Perugia, 06132, Perugia, Italy
| | - Roberta Spaccapelo
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Piazza Lucio Severi, 1, 06132, Perugia, Italy
- Center of Functional Genomics, C.U.R.Ge.F, University of Perugia, 06132, Perugia, Italy
- Interuniversity Consortium for Biotechnology, (CIB), 34149, Trieste, Italy
| | - Marilena Pariano
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Piazza Lucio Severi, 1, 06132, Perugia, Italy
| | - Monica Borghi
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Piazza Lucio Severi, 1, 06132, Perugia, Italy
| | - Francesca Boscaro
- Mass Spectrometry Center (CISM), University of Florence, 50139, Florence, Italy
| | - Riccardo Romoli
- Mass Spectrometry Center (CISM), University of Florence, 50139, Florence, Italy
| | - Andrea Mancini
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Piazza Lucio Severi, 1, 06132, Perugia, Italy
| | - Lucia Gentili
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Piazza Lucio Severi, 1, 06132, Perugia, Italy
| | - Giorgia Renga
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Piazza Lucio Severi, 1, 06132, Perugia, Italy
| | - Claudio Costantini
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Piazza Lucio Severi, 1, 06132, Perugia, Italy
| | - Matteo Puccetti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, University of Perugia, 06132, Perugia, Italy
| | - Stefano Giovagnoli
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, University of Perugia, 06132, Perugia, Italy
| | - Maurizio Ricci
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, University of Perugia, 06132, Perugia, Italy
| | - Martina Antonini
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Piazza Lucio Severi, 1, 06132, Perugia, Italy
| | - Paolo Calabresi
- Unità di Neurologia, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Paolo Puccetti
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Piazza Lucio Severi, 1, 06132, Perugia, Italy
- Center of Functional Genomics, C.U.R.Ge.F, University of Perugia, 06132, Perugia, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Di Filippo
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Piazza Lucio Severi, 1, 06132, Perugia, Italy
| | - Luigina Romani
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Piazza Lucio Severi, 1, 06132, Perugia, Italy
- Center of Functional Genomics, C.U.R.Ge.F, University of Perugia, 06132, Perugia, Italy
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7
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Ranhotra HS. Discrete interplay of gut microbiota L-tryptophan metabolites in host biology and disease. Mol Cell Biochem 2023:10.1007/s11010-023-04867-0. [PMID: 37861881 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-023-04867-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
The gut microbiota and the host maintain a conjoint relationship and together achieve optimal physiology via a multitude of interactive signalling cues. Dietary-derived L-tryptophan (L-trp) is enzymatically metabolized by the resident symbiotic gut microbiota to indole and various indole derivatives. Indole and indole metabolites secreted by the gut bacteria act locally in the intestinal cells as well as distally and modulate tissue-specific functions which are beneficial to the host. Functions attributed to these microbial indole metabolites in the host include regulation of intestinal permeability, immunity and mucosal roles, inflammation, and insulin sensitivity. On the other hand, dysregulation of gut microbiota L-trp metabolism compromises the optimal availability of indole and indole metabolites and can induce the onset of metabolic disorders, inflammation, liver steatosis, and decrease gut barrier integrity. Gut dysbiosis is regarded as one of the prime reasons for this deregulated microbial-derived indole metabolites. A number of indole metabolites from the gut bacteria have been identified recently displaying variable affinity towards xenobiotic nuclear receptors. Microbial metabolite mimicry concept can be used to design and develop novel indole-moiety-containing compounds with higher affinity towards the receptors and efficacy in preclinical studies. Such compounds may serve as therapeutic drugs in clinical trials in the future. In this article, I review L-trp metabolism in the host and gut microbiota and the various physiological functions, patho-physiologies associated with the microbial-released indole metabolites in the host, including the metabolite mimicry-based concept to develop tailored indole-containing novel experimental drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harmit S Ranhotra
- Department of Biochemistry, St. Edmund's College, Shillong, 793 003, India.
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8
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Ganesh BP, Peesh P, Blasco MP, Hamamy AE, Khan R, Guzman G, Honarpisheh P, Mohan EC, Goodman GW, Nguyen JN, Banerjee A, Ko KA, Korf J, Tan C, Fan H, Colpo G, Ahnstedt H, Couture L, Kofler J, Moruno-Manchon J, Maniskas M, Aronowski J, Lee J, Li J, Bryan RM, Chauhan A, Venna VR, McCullough L. Restoring a balanced pool of host-derived and microbiota-derived ligands of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor is beneficial after stroke. RESEARCH SQUARE 2023:rs.3.rs-3143015. [PMID: 37790313 PMCID: PMC10543021 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3143015/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
Background Stroke is a major cause of morbidity and mortality, and its incidence increases with age. While acute therapies for stroke are currently limited to intravenous thrombolytics and endovascular thrombectomy, recent studies have implicated an important role for the gut microbiome in post-stroke neuroinflammation. After stroke, several immuno-regulatory pathways, including the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) pathway, become activated. AHR is a master regulatory pathway that mediates neuroinflammation. Among various cell types, microglia (MG), as the resident immune cells of the brain, play a vital role in regulating post-stroke neuroinflammation and antigen presentation. Activation of AHR is dependent on a dynamic balance between host-derived and microbiota-derived ligands. While previous studies have shown that activation of MG AHR by host-derived ligands, such as kynurenine, is detrimental after stroke, the effects of post-stroke changes in microbiota-derived ligands of AHR, such as indoles, is unknown. Our study builds on the concept that differential activation of MG AHR by host-derived versus microbiome-derived metabolites affects outcomes after ischemic stroke. We examined the link between stroke-induced dysbiosis and loss of essential microbiota-derived AHR ligands. We hypothesize that restoring the balance between host-derived (kynurenine) and microbiota-derived (indoles) ligands of AHR is beneficial after stroke, offering a new potential avenue for therapeutic intervention in post-stroke neuroinflammation. Method We performed immunohistochemical analysis of brain samples from stroke patients to assess MG AHR expression after stroke. We used metabolomics analysis of plasma samples from stroke and non-stroke control patients with matched comorbidities to determine the levels of indole-based AHR ligands after stroke. We performed transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) in aged (18 months) wild-type (WT) and germ-free (GF) mice to investigate the effects of post-stroke treatment with microbiota-derived indoles on outcome. To generate our results, we employed a range of methodologies, including flow cytometry, metabolomics, and 16S microbiome sequencing. Results We found that MG AHR expression is increased in human brain after stroke and after ex vivo oxygen-glucose deprivation and reperfusion (OGD/R). Microbiota-derived ligands of AHR are decreased in the human plasma at 24 hours after ischemic stroke. Kynurenine and indoles exhibited differential effects on aged WT MG survival after ex vivoOGD/R. We found that specific indole-based ligands of AHR (indole-3-propionic acid and indole-3-aldehyde) were absent in GF mice, thus their production depends on the presence of a functional gut microbiota. Additionally, a time-dependent decrease in the concentration of these indole-based AHR ligands occurred in the brain within the first 24 hours after stroke in aged WT mice. Post-stroke treatment of GF mice with a cocktail of microbiota-derived indole-based ligands of AHR regulated MG-mediated neuroinflammation and molecules involved in antigen presentation (increased CD80, MHC-II, and CD11b). Post-stroke treatment of aged WT mice with microbiota-derived indole-based ligands of AHR reduced both infarct volume and neurological deficits at 24 hours. Conclusion Our novel findings provide compelling evidence that the restoration of a well-balanced pool of host-derived kynurenine-based and microbiota-derived indole-based ligands of AHR holds considerable therapeutic potential for the treatment of ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhanu Priya Ganesh
- McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston
| | - Pedram Peesh
- McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston
| | - Maria Pilar Blasco
- McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston
| | - Ahmad El Hamamy
- McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston
| | - Romeesa Khan
- McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston
| | - Gary Guzman
- McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston
| | - Parisa Honarpisheh
- McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston
| | - Eric C Mohan
- McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston
| | - Grant W Goodman
- McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston
| | - Justin N Nguyen
- McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston
| | | | - Kyung Ae Ko
- McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston
| | - Janelle Korf
- McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston
| | | | - Huihui Fan
- The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston
| | - Gabriela Colpo
- The University of Texas McGovern Medical School at Houston, 77030, TX
| | - Hilda Ahnstedt
- The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston
| | - Lucy Couture
- The University of Texas McGovern Medical School at Houston, 77030, TX
| | | | - Jose Moruno-Manchon
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, the University of Texas McGovern Medical School at Houston, 77030, TX
| | - Michael Maniskas
- McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston
| | | | - Juneyoung Lee
- The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston
| | - Jun Li
- McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston
| | | | | | | | - Louise McCullough
- McGovern Medical School/University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston
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Nordin E, Hellström PM, Vuong E, Ribbenstedt A, Brunius C, Landberg R. IBS randomized study: FODMAPs alter bile acids, phenolic- and tryptophan metabolites, while gluten modifies lipids. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2023; 325:R248-R259. [PMID: 37399002 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00016.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
Diet is considered a culprit for symptoms in irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), although the mechanistic understanding of underlying causes is lacking. Metabolomics, i.e., the analysis of metabolites in biological samples may offer a diet-responsive fingerprint for IBS. Our aim was to explore alterations in the plasma metabolome after interventions with fermentable oligosaccharides, disaccharides, monosaccharides, and polyols (FODMAPs) or gluten versus control in IBS, and to relate such alterations to symptoms. People with IBS (n = 110) were included in a double-blind, randomized, crossover study with 1-wk provocations of FODMAPs, gluten, or placebo. Symptoms were evaluated with the IBS severity scoring system (IBS-SSS). Untargeted metabolomics was performed on plasma samples using LC-qTOF-MS. Discovery of metabolite alterations by treatment was performed using random forest followed by linear mixed modeling. Associations were studied using Spearman correlation. The metabolome was affected by FODMAP [classification rate (CR) 0.88, P < 0.0001], but less by gluten intake CR 0.72, P = 0.01). FODMAP lowered bile acids, whereas phenolic-derived metabolites and 3-indolepropionic acid (IPA) were higher compared with placebo. IPA and some unidentified metabolites correlated weakly to abdominal pain and quality of life. Gluten affected lipid metabolism weakly, but with no interpretable relationship to IBS. FODMAP affected gut microbial-derived metabolites relating to positive health outcomes. IPA and unknown metabolites correlated weakly to IBS severity. Minor symptom worsening by FODMAP intake must be weighed against general positive health aspects of FODMAP. The gluten intervention affected lipid metabolism weakly with no interpretable association to IBS severity. Registration: www.clinicaltrials.gov as NCT03653689.NEW & NOTEWORTHY In irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), fermentable oligo-, di-, monosaccharides, and polyols (FODMAPs) affected microbial-derived metabolites relating to positive health outcomes such as reduced risk of colon cancer, inflammation, and type 2 diabetes, as shown in previous studies. The minor IBS symptom induction by FODMAP intake must be weighed against the positive health aspects of FODMAP consumption. Gluten affected lipids weakly with no association to IBS severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elise Nordin
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Food and Nutrition Science, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Per M Hellström
- Department of Medical Sciences, Gastroenterology/Hepatology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Eddie Vuong
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Food and Nutrition Science, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Anton Ribbenstedt
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Food and Nutrition Science, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Carl Brunius
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Food and Nutrition Science, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Rikard Landberg
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Food and Nutrition Science, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
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10
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Sládeková L, Mani S, Dvořák Z. Ligands and agonists of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor AhR: Facts and myths. Biochem Pharmacol 2023; 213:115626. [PMID: 37247746 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2023.115626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) belongs to the essential helix-loop-helix transcription factors family. This receptor has a central role in determining host physiology and a variety of pathophysiologies ranging from inflammation and metabolism to cancer. AhR is a ligand-driven receptor with intricate pharmacology of activation depending on the type and quantity of ligand present. Therefore, a better understanding of AhR ligands per se is critical to move the field forward. In this minireview, we clarify some facts and myths about AhR ligands and how further studies could shed light on the true nature of AhR activation by these ligands. The review covers select chemical classes and explores parameters that qualify them as true receptor ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Sládeková
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Sridhar Mani
- Department of Genetics and Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Zdeněk Dvořák
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic.
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11
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Seeburger P, Forsman H, Bevilacqua G, Marques TM, Morales LO, Prado SBR, Strid Å, Hyötyläinen T, Castro-Alves V. From farm to fork… and beyond! UV enhances Aryl hydrocarbon receptor-mediated activity of cruciferous vegetables in human intestinal cells upon colonic fermentation. Food Chem 2023; 426:136588. [PMID: 37352713 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.136588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/25/2023]
Abstract
While the "farm to fork" strategy ticks many boxes in the sustainability agenda, it does not go far enough in addressing how we can improve crop nutraceutical quality. Here, we explored whether supplementary ultraviolet (UV) radiation exposure during growth of broccoli and Chinese cabbage can induce bioactive tryptophan- and glucosinolate-specific metabolite accumulation thereby enhancing Aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) activation in human intestinal cells. By combining metabolomics analysis of both plant extracts and in vitro human colonic fermentation extracts with AhR reporter cell assay, we reveal that human colonic fermentation of UVB-exposed Chinese cabbage led to enhanced AhR activation in human intestinal cells by 23% compared to plants grown without supplementary UV. Thus, by exploring aspects beyond "from farm to fork", our study highlights a new strategy to enhance nutraceutical quality of Brassicaceae, while also providing new insights into the effects of cruciferous vegetables on human intestinal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Seeburger
- Man-Technology-Environment Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, 702 81 Örebro, Sweden
| | - H Forsman
- Man-Technology-Environment Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, 702 81 Örebro, Sweden
| | - G Bevilacqua
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, 703 62 Örebro, Sweden; School of Human Health Sciences, University of Florence, 501 34 Florence, Italy
| | - T M Marques
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, 703 62 Örebro, Sweden
| | - L O Morales
- Life Science Centre, School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, 702 81 Örebro, Sweden
| | - S B R Prado
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, 703 62 Örebro, Sweden
| | - Å Strid
- Life Science Centre, School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, 702 81 Örebro, Sweden
| | - T Hyötyläinen
- Man-Technology-Environment Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, 702 81 Örebro, Sweden
| | - V Castro-Alves
- Man-Technology-Environment Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, 702 81 Örebro, Sweden.
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Zhang YB, Li BS, Xu GJ, Sun W, Sun M. Rh(III)-Catalyzed Double C-H Functionalization of Indoles with Cyclopropenones via Sequential C-H/C-C/C-H Bond Activation. Org Lett 2023. [PMID: 37200408 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c01292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
An unprecedented Rh(III)-catalyzed double C-H functionalization of indoles with cyclopropenones via sequential C-H/C-C/C-H bond activation has been developed. This procedure represents the first example for assembling of cyclopenta[b]indoles utilizing cyclopropenones as 3C synthons. This powerful approach shows excellent chemo- and regioselectivity, wide functional group tolerance, and good reaction yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Bo Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, China
| | - Bin-Shi Li
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, China
| | - Guo-Jie Xu
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, China
| | - Wei Sun
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, China
| | - Meng Sun
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, China
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13
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D'Alessandro A, Nouraie SM, Zhang Y, Cendali F, Gamboni F, Reisz JA, Zhang X, Bartsch KW, Galbraith MD, Espinosa JM, Gordeuk VR, Gladwin MT. Metabolic signatures of cardiorenal dysfunction in plasma from sickle cell patients, as a function of therapeutic transfusion and hydroxyurea treatment. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.04.05.535693. [PMID: 37066337 PMCID: PMC10104066 DOI: 10.1101/2023.04.05.535693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/18/2023]
Abstract
Metabolomics studies in sickle cell disease (SCD) have been so far limited to tens of samples, owing to technical and experimental limitations. To overcome these limitations, we performed plasma metabolomics analyses on 596 samples from patients with sickle cell sickle cell disease (SCD) enrolled in the WALK-PHaSST study. Clinical covariates informed the biological interpretation of metabolomics data, including genotypes (hemoglobin SS, hemoglobin SC), history of recent transfusion (HbA%), response to hydroxyurea treatment (HbF%). We investigated metabolic correlates to the degree of hemolysis, cardiorenal function, as determined by tricuspid regurgitation velocity (TRV), estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), and overall hazard ratio (unadjusted or adjusted by age). Recent transfusion events or hydroxyurea treatment were associated with elevation in plasma free fatty acids and decreases in acyl-carnitines, urate, kynurenine, indoles, carboxylic acids, and glycine- or taurine-conjugated bile acids. High levels of these metabolites, along with low levels of plasma S1P and L-arginine were identified as top markers of hemolysis, cardiorenal function (TRV, eGFR), and overall hazard ratio. We thus uploaded all omics and clinical data on a novel online portal that we used to identify a potential mechanism of dysregulated red cell S1P synthesis and export as a contributor to the more severe clinical manifestations in patients with the SS genotype compared to SC. In conclusion, plasma metabolic signatures - including low S1P, arginine and elevated kynurenine, acyl-carnitines and bile acids - are associated with clinical manifestation and therapeutic efficacy in SCD patients, suggesting new avenues for metabolic interventions in this patient population.
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14
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Yucel MA, Ozcelik I, Algul O. Machine learning study: from the toxicity studies to tetrahydrocannabinol effects on Parkinson's disease. Future Med Chem 2023; 15:365-377. [PMID: 36942739 DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2022-0181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: Investigating molecules having toxicity and chemical similarity to find hit molecules. Methods: The machine learning (ML) model was developed to predict the arylhydrocarbon receptor (AHR) activity of anti-Parkinson's and US FDA-approved drugs. The ML algorithm was a support vector machine, and the dataset was Tox21. Results: The ML model predicted apomorphine in anti-Parkinson's drugs and 73 molecules in FDA-approved drugs as active. The authors were curious if there is any molecule like apomorphine in these 73 molecules. A fingerprint similarity analysis of these molecules was conducted and found tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). Molecular docking studies of THC for dopamine receptor 1 (affinity = -8.2 kcal/mol) were performed. Conclusion: THC may affect dopamine receptors directly and could be useful for Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Ali Yucel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Erzincan Binali Yildirim University, Erzincan, 24100, Turkey
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mersin University, Mersin, 33169, Turkey
| | - Ibrahim Ozcelik
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Erzincan Binali Yildirim University, Erzincan, 24100, Turkey
| | - Oztekin Algul
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Erzincan Binali Yildirim University, Erzincan, 24100, Turkey
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mersin University, Mersin, 33169, Turkey
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15
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Perdew GH, Esser C, Snyder M, Sherr DH, van den Bogaard EH, McGovern K, Fernández-Salguero PM, Coumoul X, Patterson AD. The Ah Receptor from Toxicity to Therapeutics: Report from the 5th AHR Meeting at Penn State University, USA, June 2022. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:5550. [PMID: 36982624 PMCID: PMC10058801 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) is a sensor of low-molecular-weight molecule signals that originate from environmental exposures, the microbiome, and host metabolism. Building upon initial studies examining anthropogenic chemical exposures, the list of AHR ligands of microbial, diet, and host metabolism origin continues to grow and has provided important clues as to the function of this enigmatic receptor. The AHR has now been shown to be directly involved in numerous biochemical pathways that influence host homeostasis, chronic disease development, and responses to toxic insults. As this field of study has continued to grow, it has become apparent that the AHR is an important novel target for cancer, metabolic diseases, skin conditions, and autoimmune disease. This meeting attempted to cover the scope of basic and applied research being performed to address possible applications of our basic knowledge of this receptor on therapeutic outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary H. Perdew
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Center for Molecular Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, Penn State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Charlotte Esser
- IUF-Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, Auf’m Hennekamp 50, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Megan Snyder
- Department of Environmental Health, Boston University School of Public Health, 72 East Concord Street, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - David H. Sherr
- Department of Environmental Health, Boston University School of Public Health, 72 East Concord Street, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Ellen H. van den Bogaard
- Department of Dermatology, Radboud University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Karen McGovern
- Ikena Oncology, Inc., 645 Summer Street Suite 101, Boston, MA 02210, USA
| | - Pedro M. Fernández-Salguero
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Extremadura, Avenida de Elvas s/n, 06071 Badajoz, Spain
- Instituto Universitario de Investigación Biosanitaria de Extremadura (INUBE), Avenida de la Investigación s/n, 06071 Badajoz, Spain
| | - Xavier Coumoul
- INSERM UMR-S1124, 45 rue des Saints-Peères, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Andrew D. Patterson
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Center for Molecular Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, Penn State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
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Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Sclareolide-Indole Conjugates and Their Derivatives. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28041737. [PMID: 36838727 PMCID: PMC9961340 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28041737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Sclareolide is a sesquiterpene lactone isolated from various plant sources in tons every year and is commercially used as a flavor ingredient in the cosmetic and food industries. Antitumor and antiviral activities of sclareolide have been previously reported. However, biological studies of sclareolide synthetic analogous are few. In view of these, we developed a robust synthetic method that allows the assembly of 36 novel sclareolide-indole conjugates and their derivatives. The synthetic method was based on TiCl4-promoted nucleophilic substitution of sclareolide-derived hemiacetal 4, while electron-rich aryles including indoles, polyphenol ethers, and pyrazolo [1,5-a]pyridine were good substrates. The stereochemistry of the final products was confirmed by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis, while the antiproliferative activities of selected final products were tested in K562 and MV4-11 cancer cell lines. Cytometric flow analysis shows that lead compounds 8k- and 10-induced robust apoptosis in MV4-11 cancer cells, while they exhibited weak impact on cell cycle progression. Taken together, our study suggests that sclareolide could be a good template and substrate for the synthesis of novel antiproliferative compounds.
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Dvořák Z, Li H, Mani S. Microbial Metabolites as Ligands to Xenobiotic Receptors: Chemical Mimicry as Potential Drugs of the Future. Drug Metab Dispos 2023; 51:219-227. [PMID: 36184080 PMCID: PMC9900867 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.122.000860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Revised: 08/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Xenobiotic receptors, such as the pregnane X receptor, regulate multiple host physiologic pathways including xenobiotic metabolism, certain aspects of cellular metabolism, and innate immunity. These ligand-dependent nuclear factors regulate gene expression via genomic recognition of specific promoters and transcriptional activation of the gene. Natural or endogenous ligands are not commonly associated with this class of receptors; however, since these receptors are expressed in a cell-type specific manner in the liver and intestines, there has been significant recent effort to characterize microbially derived metabolites as ligands for these receptors. In general, these metabolites are thought to be weak micromolar affinity ligands. This journal anniversary minireview focuses on recent efforts to derive potentially nontoxic microbial metabolite chemical mimics that could one day be developed as drugs combating xenobiotic receptor-modifying pathophysiology. The review will include our perspective on the field and recommend certain directions for future research. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Xenobiotic receptors (XRs) regulate host drug metabolism, cellular metabolism, and immunity. Their presence in host intestines allows them to function not only as xenosensors but also as a response to the complex metabolic environment present in the intestines. Specifically, this review focuses on describing microbial metabolite-XR interactions and the translation of these findings toward discovery of novel chemical mimics as potential drugs of the future for diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zdeněk Dvořák
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Palacký University, Olomouc, Czech Republic (Z.D.); Departments of Medicine (H.L., S.M.), Molecular Pharmacology (S.M.), and Genetics (S.M.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Hao Li
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Palacký University, Olomouc, Czech Republic (Z.D.); Departments of Medicine (H.L., S.M.), Molecular Pharmacology (S.M.), and Genetics (S.M.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Sridhar Mani
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Palacký University, Olomouc, Czech Republic (Z.D.); Departments of Medicine (H.L., S.M.), Molecular Pharmacology (S.M.), and Genetics (S.M.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
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Suliphuldevara Mathada B, Gunavanthrao Yernale N, Basha JN. The Multi‐Pharmacological Targeted Role of Indole and its Derivatives: A review. ChemistrySelect 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202204181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jeelan N. Basha
- Department of Chemistry Indian Academy Degree College-Autonomous Bengaluru- 560043 Karnataka India
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In-depth analysis of the interactions of various aryl hydrocarbon receptor ligands from a computational perspective. J Mol Graph Model 2023; 118:108339. [PMID: 36183684 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2022.108339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) is a ligand-dependent transcription factor that acts as a machinery that controls the expression of many genes, including cytochrome P450 CYP1A1, CYP1A2 and CYP1B1. It plays a principal role in numerous biological and toxicological functions, making it a promising target for developing therapeutic agents. Several novel small molecules targeting the AhR signaling pathway are currently under investigation as antitumor agents. Some have already advanced into clinical trials in patients with various tumors. Activation of AhR by diverse chemicals either endogenous or exogenous is initiated by the binding of these ligands to the PAS-B domain, which modulates AhR functions. There is, however, limited information about how various ligands interact with the PAS-B domain for activating or inhibiting the AhR. To better understand the mode of action of AhR agonists/antagonists. The current work proposes a combination of several computational tools to build dynamical models for the PAS-B domain bound to different ligands in mouse and human. Our findings reveal the essential roles of specific PAS-B residues (e.g., S365, V381& Q383), which mediate the AhR ligand-binding process. Our results also explain how these residues regulate the promiscuity of AhR in accommodating various chemicals in its binding PAS-B ligand-binding pocket.
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An overview of aryl hydrocarbon receptor ligands in the Last two decades (2002–2022): A medicinal chemistry perspective. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 244:114845. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.114845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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21
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Rzepka Z, Bębenek E, Chrobak E, Wrześniok D. Synthesis and Anticancer Activity of Indole-Functionalized Derivatives of Betulin. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:2372. [PMID: 36365190 PMCID: PMC9694481 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14112372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 09/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Pentacyclic triterpenes, including betulin, are widespread natural products with various pharmacological effects. These compounds are the starting material for the synthesis of substances with promising anticancer activity. The chemical modification of the betulin scaffold that was carried out as part of the research consisted of introducing the indole moiety at the C-28 position. The synthesized new 28-indole-betulin derivatives were evaluated for anticancer activity against seven human cancer lines (A549, MDA-MB-231, MCF-7, DLD-1, HT-29, A375, and C32). It was observed that MCF-7 breast cancer cells were most sensitive to the action of the 28-indole-betulin derivatives. The study shows that the lup-20(29)-ene-3-ol-28-yl 2-(1H-indol-3-yl)acetate caused the MCF-7 cells to arrest in the G1 phase, preventing the cells from entering the S phase. The performed cytometric analysis of DNA fragmentation indicates that the mechanism of EB355A action on the MCF-7 cell line is related to the induction of apoptosis. An in silico ADMET profile analysis of EB355A and EB365 showed that both compounds are bioactive molecules characterized by good intestinal absorption. In addition, the in silico studies indicate that the 28-indole-betulin derivatives are substances of relatively low toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuzanna Rzepka
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, 4 Jagiellońska Str., 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland
| | - Ewa Bębenek
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, 4 Jagiellońska Str., 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland
| | - Elwira Chrobak
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, 4 Jagiellońska Str., 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland
| | - Dorota Wrześniok
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, 4 Jagiellońska Str., 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland
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22
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Microbiota-derived metabolite Indoles induced aryl hydrocarbon receptor activation and inhibited neuroinflammation in APP/PS1 mice. Brain Behav Immun 2022; 106:76-88. [PMID: 35961580 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2022.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 07/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Gut microbiota alterations might affect the development of Alzheimer's disease (AD) through microbiota-derived metabolites. For example, microbiota-derived Indoles via tryptophan metabolism prevented Aβ accumulation and Tau hyperphosphorylation, restored synaptic plasticity, and then promoted the cognitive and behavioral ability of APP/PS1 mice. The imbalanced compositions of Indoles-producing bacteria with tryptophan deficiency were found in male APP/PS1 mice, but the molecular mechanisms remained unclear. Our current study revealed that Indoles (including indole, indole-3-acetic acid and indole-3-propionic acid) upregulated the production of aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), inhibited the activation of the NF-κB signal pathway as well as the formation of the NLRP3 inflammasome, reduced the release of inflammatory cytokines, including TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β and IL-18, alleviating the inflammatory response of APP/PS1 mice. These findings demonstrated the roles of Indoles-producing bacteria in activating the AhR pathway to regulate neuroinflammation of AD through gut microbiota-derived Indoles, which implied a novel way for AD treatment.
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23
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Xie R, Xu Y, Ma M, Wang Z. An integrated screening strategy for novel AhR agonist candidate identification and toxicity confirmation in sediments. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 842:156816. [PMID: 35738365 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.156816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Organic contaminants showing aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) agonist activity are commonly detected in areas disturbed by intense human activities and they can initiate a variety of biochemical, physiological, and toxicological effects. A new integrated screening strategy for AhR agonist candidate identification and toxicity confirmation was developed to characterize the AhR-active pollutants in sediments of the contaminated Daqing River basin (DRB) in North China. The specific objectives were to (i) determine the concentrations of known AhR agonists, (ii) identify the novel AhR agonist candidates from nontarget screening (NTS) with structure alerts, computational toxicology (CompTox) Dashboard bioassays, and in silico predictions, and (iii) evaluate contributions of AhR agonists to the overall potencies and characterize the distribution and source of these pollutants. Significant AhR-mediated potencies were observed in all sediment extracts by in vitro bioassays. Concentrations of polar target chemicals in sediment extracts were much lower than nonpolar target chemicals. A total of 19 known AhR agonists explained 11.3 % to 49.1 % of bioassay-derived AhR-mediated potencies and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) 126 and PCB169 were found to contribute significantly to the total effects. 21 compounds screened from NTS by AhR-related structure alerts and further confirmed toxicity by high-throughput bioassays and in silico predictions were selected as AhR agonist candidates. Most of them were substituted PAHs, biphenyls, quinones, substituted phenols and heterocyclic compounds, and they primarily originated from nearby manufacturing industries. Of these compounds, 1-methy-pyrene exhibited significant AhR-mediated potency. Follow up studies should focus on toxicological mechanism, source, and fate of these novel AhR agonists in water environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruili Xie
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yiping Xu
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China.
| | - Mei Ma
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Zijian Wang
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
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24
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Discovery of 1,5-diaryl-1,2,4-triazole derivatives as myoferlin inhibitors and their antitumor effects in pancreatic cancer. Future Med Chem 2022; 14:1425-1440. [PMID: 36165130 DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2022-0168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: The first inhibitor targeting myoferlin (MYOF), WJ460, bears poor metabolic stability and water solubility. Therefore, this study aimed to improve the druglike properties of WJ460. Materials & methods: The authors synthesized an array of 1,5-diaryl-1,2,4-triazole analogs and appraised the binding activities with MYOF and their antiproliferative and antimigratory activities against pancreatic cancer cells. Results: Molecular docking and surface plasmon resonance results showed that E4 was directly bound to the MYOF-C2D domain. E4 effectively inhibited the proliferation and migration of pancreatic cancer cells in vitro. In silico study suggested that the water solubility of E4 was improved by about 22-times than that of WJ460. Conclusion: The findings suggested that the druglike ability of E4 was significantly improved.
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25
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Diet-Microbiota Interplay: An Emerging Player in Macrophage Plasticity and Intestinal Health. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23073901. [PMID: 35409260 PMCID: PMC8998881 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23073901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) are chronic disorders of the gastrointestinal tract with an increasing prevalence worldwide. Targeted therapies for IBD are limited by several factors, including the therapeutic ceiling and the high incidence of non-responders or loss-of-response. In order to improve therapeutic efficacy, there is critical need to decipher disease pathogenesis, currently not well understood. Macrophages, innate immune cells that exhibit high plasticity, perpetuate inflammatory signalling in IBD through excessive release of inflammatory mediators. In recent years, pioneering research has revealed the importance of the interplay between macrophages and gut microbiota in maintaining intestinal homeostasis. Particular attention is focusing on microbiota-derived metabolites, believed to possess immunomodulatory properties capable of manipulating macrophage plasticity. Microbiota-derived short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and indole compounds, along with dietary sourced omega-3 (ω-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), exert anti-inflammatory effects, attributable to interactions with macrophages. Before we can effectively incorporate these metabolites into IBD therapies, a deeper understanding of microbiota-macrophage interactions at a molecular level is necessary. Therefore, the aim of this review is firstly to detail current knowledge regarding how diet and microbiota-derived metabolites modify macrophage plasticity. Later, we discuss the concept of therapeutic strategies directed at microbiota-macrophage interactions, which could be highly valuable for IBD therapies in the future.
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Vogeley C, Rolfes KM, Krutmann J, Haarmann-Stemmann T. The Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor in the Pathogenesis of Environmentally-Induced Squamous Cell Carcinomas of the Skin. Front Oncol 2022; 12:841721. [PMID: 35311158 PMCID: PMC8927079 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.841721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is one of the most frequent malignancies in humans and academia as well as public authorities expect a further increase of its incidence in the next years. The major risk factor for the development of SCC of the general population is the repeated and unprotected exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation. Another important risk factor, in particular with regards to occupational settings, is the chronic exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) which are formed during incomplete combustion of organic material and thus can be found in coal tar, creosote, bitumen and related working materials. Importantly, both exposomal factors unleash their carcinogenic potential, at least to some extent, by activating the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR). The AHR is a ligand-dependent transcription factor and key regulator in xenobiotic metabolism and immunity. The AHR is expressed in all cutaneous cell-types investigated so far and maintains skin integrity. We and others have reported that in response to a chronic exposure to environmental stressors, in particular UV radiation and PAHs, an activation of AHR and downstream signaling pathways critically contributes to the development of SCC. Here, we summarize the current knowledge about AHR's role in skin carcinogenesis and focus on its impact on defense mechanisms, such as DNA repair, apoptosis and anti-tumor immune responses. In addition, we discuss the possible consequences of a simultaneous exposure to different AHR-stimulating environmental factors for the development of cutaneous SCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Vogeley
- IUF - Leibniz-Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Katharina M Rolfes
- IUF - Leibniz-Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Jean Krutmann
- IUF - Leibniz-Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, Düsseldorf, Germany
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27
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Nieves KM, Hirota SA, Flannigan KL. Xenobiotic receptors and the regulation of intestinal homeostasis: harnessing the chemical output of the intestinal microbiota. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2022; 322:G268-G281. [PMID: 34941453 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00160.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The commensal bacteria that reside in the gastrointestinal tract exist in a symbiotic relationship with the host, driving the development of the immune system and maintaining metabolic and tissue homeostasis in the local environment. The intestinal microbiota has the capacity to generate a wide array of chemical metabolites to which the cells of the intestinal mucosa are exposed. Host cells express xenobiotic receptors, such as the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) and the pregnane X receptor (PXR), that can sense and respond to chemicals that are generated by nonhost pathways. In this review, we outline the physiological and immunological processes within the intestinal environment that are regulated by microbial metabolites through the activation of the AhR and the PXR, with a focus on ligands generated by the stepwise catabolism of tryptophan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristoff M Nieves
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Simon A Hirota
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Disease, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Kyle L Flannigan
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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28
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A review of synthetic bioactive tetrahydro-β-carbolines: A medicinal chemistry perspective. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 225:113815. [PMID: 34479038 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2021] [Revised: 08/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
1, 2, 3, 4-Tetrahydro-β-carboline (THβC) scaffold is widespread in many natural products (NPs) and synthetic compounds which show a variety of pharmacological activities. In this article, we reviewed the design, structures and biological characteristics of reported synthetic THβC compounds, and structure and activity relationship (SAR) of them were also discussed. This work might provide a reference for subsequent drug development based on THβC.
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29
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Cetin A, Bursal E, Türkan F. 2-methylindole analogs as cholinesterases and glutathione S-transferase inhibitors: Synthesis, biological evaluation, molecular docking, and pharmacokinetic studies. ARAB J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2021.103449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
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