1
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Khan S, Hussain R, Iqbal T, Khan Y, Jamal U, Darwish HW, Adnan M. Identification of novel benzothiazole-thiadiazole-based thiazolidinone derivative: in vitro and in silico approaches to develop promising anti-Alzheimer's agents. Future Med Chem 2024:1-13. [PMID: 38940467 DOI: 10.1080/17568919.2024.2366159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Aim: The present study describes benzothiazole derived thiazolidinone based thiadiazole derivatives (1-16) as anti-Alzheimer agents. Materials & methods: Synthesis of benzothiazole derived thiazolidinone based thiadiazole derivatives was achieved using the benzothiazole bearing 2-amine moiety. These synthesized compounds were confirmed via spectroscopic techniques (1H NMR, 13C NMR and HREI-MS). These compounds were biologically evaluated for their anti-Alzheimer potential. Binding interactions with proteins and drug likeness of the analogs were explored through molecular docking and ADMET analysis, respectively. In the novel series, compound-3 emerged as the most potent inhibitor when compared with other derivatives of the series. Conclusion: The present study provides potent anti-Alzheimer's agents that can be further optimized to discover novel anti-Alzheimer's drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoaib Khan
- Department of Chemistry, Abbottabad University of Science & Technology (AUST), Abbottabad 22500, Pakistan
| | - Rafaqat Hussain
- College of Biology Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410082, P. R. China
| | - Tayyiaba Iqbal
- Department of Chemistry, Abbottabad University of Science & Technology (AUST), Abbottabad 22500, Pakistan
| | - Yousaf Khan
- Department of Chemistry, COMSATS University Islamabad Campus, Islamabad 45550, Pakistan
| | - Urooj Jamal
- Department of Chemistry, Abbottabad University of Science & Technology (AUST), Abbottabad 22500, Pakistan
| | - Hany W Darwish
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammad Adnan
- Graduate School of Energy Science & Technology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
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2
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Tutuş B, Kaya AZ, Baz Y, Evren AE, Sağlik Özkan BN, Yurttaş L. Synthesis of new N-(5,6-methylenedioxybenzothiazole-2-yl)-2-[(substituted)thio/piperazine]acetamide/propanamide derivatives and evaluation of their AChE, BChE, and BACE-1 inhibitory activities. Drug Dev Res 2024; 85:e22214. [PMID: 38816986 DOI: 10.1002/ddr.22214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2024] [Revised: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
In this study, the synthesis of N-(5,6-methylenedioxybenzothiazole-2-yl)-2-[(substituted)thio/piperazine]acetamide/propanamide derivatives (3a-3k) and to investigate their acetylcholinesterase (AChE), butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) and β-secretase 1 (BACE-1) inhibition activity were aimed. Mass, 1H NMR, and 13C NMR spectra were utilized to determine the structure of the synthesized compounds. Compounds 3b, 3c, 3f, and 3j showed AChE inhibitory activity which compound 3c (IC50 = 0.030 ± 0.001 µM) showed AChE inhibitory activity as high as the reference drug donepezil (IC50 = 0.0201 ± 0.0010 µM). Conversely, none of the compounds showed BChE activity. Compounds 3c and 3j showed the highest BACE-1 inhibitory activity and IC50 value was found as 0.119 ± 0.004 µM for compound 3j whereas IC50 value was 0.110 ± 0.005 µM for donepezil, which is one of the reference substance. Molecular docking studies have been carried out using the data retrieved from the server of the Protein Data Bank (PDBID: 4EY7 and 2ZJM). Using in silico approach behavior active compounds (3c and 3j) and their binding modes clarified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beyzanur Tutuş
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, Eskişehir, Turkey
- Kırıkhan Vocational School, Department of Pharmacy Services, Hatay Mustafa Kemal University, Hatay, Turkey
- Institute of Graduate Education, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Anadolu University, Eskişehir, Turkey
| | - Aybüke Züleyha Kaya
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, Eskişehir, Turkey
- Institute of Graduate Education, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Anadolu University, Eskişehir, Turkey
| | - Yonca Baz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, Eskişehir, Turkey
- Institute of Graduate Education, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Anadolu University, Eskişehir, Turkey
| | - Asaf Evrim Evren
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, Eskişehir, Turkey
- Vocational School of Health Services, Department of Pharmacy Services, Bilecik Seyh Edebali University, Bilecik, Turkey
| | | | - Leyla Yurttaş
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, Eskişehir, Turkey
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3
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N Hegde V, J S S, B S C, Benedict Leoma M, N K L. Structural, computational and in silico studies of 4-bromo-3-flurobenzonitrile as anti-Alzheimer and anti-Parkinson agents. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2024; 42:4619-4643. [PMID: 37418246 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2023.2226755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023]
Abstract
A novel dimer of the 4-bromo-3-fluorobenzonitrile was crystallized and studied using a spectroscopic method such as the scanning electron microscope method. The computational simulations substantiated the structural analysis findings. The Hirshfeld surface analysis has been performed for visualizing, exploring and quantifying the intra and inter-molecular interactions that stabilize the crystal packing of the compound. The NBO and QTAIM analyses were applied to study the nature and origin of the attractive forces involved in the crystal structure. Further, the pharmacokinetic properties of the compound were evaluated, indicating good brain-blood barrier and central nervous system penetration capability. Hence, in silico studies was carried out to explore the binding pattern of the titled compound against acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha converting enzyme proteins using molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations approach. Further, the titled compound is compared with standard drugs through molecular docking studies. The in silico studies finally predicts that the compound under investigation may act as a good inhibitor for treating Alzheimer's disease and further in vitro and in vivo studies may provide its therapeutic potential.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shyambhargav J S
- Department of Studies in Physics, University of Mysore, Mysuru, India
| | - Chethan B S
- Department of Studies in Physics, University of Mysore, Mysuru, India
| | | | - Lokanath N K
- Department of Studies in Physics, University of Mysore, Mysuru, India
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4
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Morán-Serradilla C, Plano D, Sanmartín C, Sharma AK. Selenization of Small Molecule Drugs: A New Player on the Board. J Med Chem 2024; 67:7759-7787. [PMID: 38716896 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c02426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2024]
Abstract
There is an urgent need to develop safer and more effective modalities for the treatment of a wide range of pathologies due to the increasing rates of drug resistance, undesired side effects, poor clinical outcomes, etc. Throughout the years, selenium (Se) has attracted a great deal of attention due to its important role in human health. Besides, a growing body of work has unveiled that the inclusion of Se motifs into a great number of molecules is a promising strategy for obtaining novel therapeutic agents. In the current Perspective, we have gathered the most recent literature related to the incorporation of different Se moieties into the scaffolds of a wide range of known drugs and their feasible pharmaceutical applications. In addition, we highlight different representative examples as well as provide our perspective on Se drugs and the possible future directions, promises, opportunities, and challenges of this ground-breaking area of research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniel Plano
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Navarra, Irunlarrea 1, Pamplona E-31008, Spain
| | - Carmen Sanmartín
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Navarra, Irunlarrea 1, Pamplona E-31008, Spain
| | - Arun K Sharma
- Department of Pharmacology, Penn State College of Medicine, 500 University Drive, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033, United States
- Penn State Cancer Institute, 400 University Drive,Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033, United States
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5
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Mousavi H, Rimaz M, Zeynizadeh B. Practical Three-Component Regioselective Synthesis of Drug-Like 3-Aryl(or heteroaryl)-5,6-dihydrobenzo[ h]cinnolines as Potential Non-Covalent Multi-Targeting Inhibitors To Combat Neurodegenerative Diseases. ACS Chem Neurosci 2024; 15:1828-1881. [PMID: 38647433 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.4c00055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) are one of the prominent health challenges facing contemporary society, and many efforts have been made to overcome and (or) control it. In this research paper, we described a practical one-pot two-step three-component reaction between 3,4-dihydronaphthalen-1(2H)-one (1), aryl(or heteroaryl)glyoxal monohydrates (2a-h), and hydrazine monohydrate (NH2NH2•H2O) for the regioselective preparation of some 3-aryl(or heteroaryl)-5,6-dihydrobenzo[h]cinnoline derivatives (3a-h). After synthesis and characterization of the mentioned cinnolines (3a-h), the in silico multi-targeting inhibitory properties of these heterocyclic scaffolds have been investigated upon various Homo sapiens-type enzymes, including hMAO-A, hMAO-B, hAChE, hBChE, hBACE-1, hBACE-2, hNQO-1, hNQO-2, hnNOS, hiNOS, hPARP-1, hPARP-2, hLRRK-2(G2019S), hGSK-3β, hp38α MAPK, hJNK-3, hOGA, hNMDA receptor, hnSMase-2, hIDO-1, hCOMT, hLIMK-1, hLIMK-2, hRIPK-1, hUCH-L1, hPARK-7, and hDHODH, which have confirmed their functions and roles in the neurodegenerative diseases (NDs), based on molecular docking studies, and the obtained results were compared with a wide range of approved drugs and well-known (with IC50, EC50, etc.) compounds. In addition, in silico ADMET prediction analysis was performed to examine the prospective drug properties of the synthesized heterocyclic compounds (3a-h). The obtained results from the molecular docking studies and ADMET-related data demonstrated that these series of 3-aryl(or heteroaryl)-5,6-dihydrobenzo[h]cinnolines (3a-h), especially hit ones, can really be turned into the potent core of new drugs for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases (NDs), and/or due to the having some reactionable locations, they are able to have further organic reactions (such as cross-coupling reactions), and expansion of these compounds (for example, with using other types of aryl(or heteroaryl)glyoxal monohydrates) makes a new avenue for designing novel and efficient drugs for this purpose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Mousavi
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Urmia University, Urmia 5756151818, Iran
| | - Mehdi Rimaz
- Department of Chemistry, Payame Noor University, P.O. Box 19395-3697, Tehran 19395-3697, Iran
| | - Behzad Zeynizadeh
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Urmia University, Urmia 5756151818, Iran
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6
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Drozdowska D, Maliszewski D, Wróbel A, Ratkiewicz A, Sienkiewicz M. New Benzamides as Multi-Targeted Compounds: A Study on Synthesis, AChE and BACE1 Inhibitory Activity and Molecular Docking. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14901. [PMID: 37834347 PMCID: PMC10573752 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241914901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The synthesis of eleven new and previously undescribed benzamides was designed. These compounds were specifically projected as potential inhibitors of the enzymes acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and β-secretase (BACE1). N,N'-(1,4-phenylene)bis(3-methoxybenzamide) was most active against AChE, with an inhibitory concentration of AChE IC50 = 0.056 µM, while the IC50 for donepezil was 0.046 µM. This compound was also the most active against the BACE1 enzyme. The IC50 value was 9.01 µM compared to that for quercetin, with IC50 = 4.89 µM. Quantitative results identified this derivative to be the most promising. Molecular modeling was performed to elucidate the potential mechanism of action of this compound. Dynamic simulations showed that new ligands only had a limited stabilizing effect on AChE, but all clearly reduced the flexibility of the enzyme. It can, therefore, be concluded that a possible mechanism of inhibition increases the stiffness and decreases the flexibility of the enzyme, which obviously impedes its proper function. An analysis of the H-bonding patterns suggests a different mechanism (from other ligands) when interacting the most active derivative with the enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danuta Drozdowska
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Medical University of Białystok, Mickiewicza Street 2A, 15-222 Białystok, Poland; (D.M.); (A.W.)
| | - Dawid Maliszewski
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Medical University of Białystok, Mickiewicza Street 2A, 15-222 Białystok, Poland; (D.M.); (A.W.)
| | - Agnieszka Wróbel
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Medical University of Białystok, Mickiewicza Street 2A, 15-222 Białystok, Poland; (D.M.); (A.W.)
| | - Artur Ratkiewicz
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Białystok, Ciołkowskiego 1K Street, 15-245 Białystok, Poland; (A.R.); (M.S.)
| | - Michał Sienkiewicz
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Białystok, Ciołkowskiego 1K Street, 15-245 Białystok, Poland; (A.R.); (M.S.)
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7
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Palaniveloo K, Ong KH, Satriawan H, Abdul Razak S, Suciati S, Hung HY, Hirayama S, Rizman-Idid M, Tan JK, Yong YS, Phang SM. In vitro and in silico cholinesterase inhibitory potential of metabolites from Laurencia snackeyi (Weber-van Bosse) M. Masuda. 3 Biotech 2023; 13:337. [PMID: 37701628 PMCID: PMC10493208 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-023-03725-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease that causes deterioration in intelligence and psychological activities. Yet, till today, no cure is available for AD. The marine environment is an important sink of bioactive compounds with neuroprotective potential with reduced adverse effects. Recently, we collected the red algae Laurencia snackeyi from Terumbu Island, Malaysia which is known to be rich in halogenated metabolites making it the most sought-after red algae for pharmaceutical studies. The red alga was identified based on basic morphological characteristics, microscopic observation and chemical data from literature. The purplish-brown algae was confirmed a new record. In Malaysia, this species is poorly documented in Peninsular Malaysia as compared to its eastern continent Borneo. Thus, this study intended to investigate the diversity of secondary metabolites present in the alga and its cholinesterase inhibiting potential for AD. The extract inhibited both acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) with IC50 values of 14.45 ± 0.34 μ g mL-1 and 39.59 ± 0.24 μ g mL-1, respectively. Subsequently, we isolated the synderanes, palisadin A (1), aplysistatin (2) and 5-acetoxypalisadin B (3) that was not exhibit potential. Mass spectrometry analysis detected at total of 33 additional metabolites. The computational aided molecular docking using the AChE and BChE receptors on all metabolites shortlisted 5,8,11,14-eicosatetraynoic acid (31) and 15-hydroxy-1-[2-(hydroxymethyl)-1-piperidinyl]prost-13-ene-1,9-dione (42) with best inhibitory properties, respectively with the lowest optimal combination of S-score and RMSD values. This study shows the unexplored potential of marine natural resources, however, obtaining sufficient biomass for detailed investigation is an uphill task. Regardless, there is a lot of potential for future prospects with a wide range of marine natural resources to study and the incorporation of synthetic chemistry, in vivo studies in experimental design. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13205-023-03725-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kishneth Palaniveloo
- Institute of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Advanced Studies Complex, Universiti Malaya, 50603 Wilayah Persekutuan Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Centre for Natural Products Research and Drug Discovery (CENAR), Level 3, Research Management & Innovation Complex, Universiti Malaya, 50603 Wilayah Persekutuan Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Kuan Hung Ong
- Institute of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Advanced Studies Complex, Universiti Malaya, 50603 Wilayah Persekutuan Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Herland Satriawan
- Institute of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Advanced Studies Complex, Universiti Malaya, 50603 Wilayah Persekutuan Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Shariza Abdul Razak
- School of Health Sciences, Nutrition and Dietetics Program, Health Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan Malaysia
| | - Suciati Suciati
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Campus C-UNAIR, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Airlangga, East Java, Surabaya, 60115 Indonesia
| | - Hsin-Yi Hung
- School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, 70101 Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Shin Hirayama
- Regional Innovation Center, Saga University, 1, Honjo, Saga, 840-8502 Japan
| | - Mohammed Rizman-Idid
- Institute of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Advanced Studies Complex, Universiti Malaya, 50603 Wilayah Persekutuan Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Jen Kit Tan
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Yaacob Latif, Bandar Tun Razak, 56000 Wilayah Persekutuan Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Yoong Soon Yong
- Faculty of Applied Sciences, UCSI University, 56000 Wilayah Persekutuan Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Siew-Moi Phang
- Institute of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Advanced Studies Complex, Universiti Malaya, 50603 Wilayah Persekutuan Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Faculty of Applied Sciences, UCSI University, 56000 Wilayah Persekutuan Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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8
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Azmy EM, Nassar IF, Hagras M, Fawzy IM, Hegazy M, Mokhtar MM, Yehia AM, Ismail NS, Lashin WH. New indole derivatives as multitarget anti-Alzheimer's agents: synthesis, biological evaluation and molecular dynamics. Future Med Chem 2023; 15:473-495. [PMID: 37125532 DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2022-0228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Alzheimer's disease is a neurological disorder that causes brain cells to shrink and die. Aim: Thirteen novel 'oxathiolanyl', 'pyrazolyl' and 'pyrimidinyl' indole derivatives were designed and synthesized as anti-Alzheimer's disease treatment. Method: In vitro enzyme assay was performed against both AChE and BChE enzymes. In addition, antioxidant assay and cytotoxicity on a normal cell line were determined. Molecular docking and dynamic simulations were conducted to confirm the binding mode in both esterases' active sites. In silico absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion and toxicity studies were also carried out. Results & conclusion: Compounds 5, 7 and 11 exhibited superior inhibitory activity against acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase, with IC50 values of 0.042 and 3.003 μM, 2.54 and 0.207 μM and 0.052 and 2.529 μM, respectively, compared with donepezil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eman M Azmy
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Women, Ain Shams University, Heliopolis, Cairo, 11457, Egypt
| | - Ibrahim F Nassar
- Faculty of Specific Education, Ain Shams University, 365 Ramsis Street, Abassia, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Hagras
- Department of Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry, College of Pharmacy (Boys), Al-Azhar University, Cairo, 11884, Egypt
| | - Iten M Fawzy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Future University in Egypt, Cairo, 11835, Egypt
| | - Maghawry Hegazy
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy (Boys), Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud Mohamed Mokhtar
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy (Boys), Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Amr Mohamed Yehia
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy (Boys), Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Nasser Sm Ismail
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Future University in Egypt, Cairo, 11835, Egypt
| | - Walaa H Lashin
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Women, Ain Shams University, Heliopolis, Cairo, 11457, Egypt
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9
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Lv L, Maimaitiming M, Huang Y, Yang J, Chen S, Sun Y, Zhang X, Li X, Xue C, Wang P, Wang CY, Liu Z. Discovery of quinazolin-4(3H)-one derivatives as novel AChE inhibitors with anti-inflammatory activities. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 254:115346. [PMID: 37043994 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
Abstract
A series of quinazolin-4(3H)-one derivatives was designed through scaffold-hopping strategy and synthesized as novel multifunctional anti-AD agents demonstrating both cholinesterase inhibition and anti-inflammatory activities. Their inhibitory activities against acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) were evaluated, and the enzyme kinetics study as well as detailed binding mode via molecular docking were performed for selected compounds. MR2938 (B12) displayed promising AChE inhibitory activity with an IC50 value of 5.04 μM and suppressed NO production obviously (IC50 = 3.29 μM). Besides, it was able to decrease the mRNA levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6 and CCL2 at 1.25 μM. Further mechanism study suggested that MR2938 suppressed the neuroinflammation through blocking MAPK/JNK and NF-κB signaling pathways. All these results indicate that MR2938 is a good starting point to develop multifunctional anti-AD lead compounds.
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10
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Martins MM, Branco PS, Ferreira LM. Enhancing the Therapeutic Effect in Alzheimer's Disease Drugs: The role of Polypharmacology and Cholinesterase inhibitors. ChemistrySelect 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202300461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Margarida Martins
- Department of Chemistry NOVA School of Science and Technology Campus da Caparica 2825-149 Caparica Portugal
| | - Paula S. Branco
- Department of Chemistry NOVA School of Science and Technology Campus da Caparica 2825-149 Caparica Portugal
| | - Luísa M. Ferreira
- Department of Chemistry NOVA School of Science and Technology Campus da Caparica 2825-149 Caparica Portugal
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11
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Liu X, Yu C, Su B, Zha D. Synthesis and properties of the kojic acid dimer and its potential for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. RSC Med Chem 2023; 14:268-276. [PMID: 36846369 PMCID: PMC9945874 DOI: 10.1039/d2md00383j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The kojic acid dimer (KAD) is a metabolite derived from developing cottonseed when contaminated with aflatoxin. The KAD has been shown to exhibit bright greenish-yellow fluorescence, but little else is known about its biological activity. In this study, using kojic acid as a raw material, we developed a four-step synthetic route that achieved the gram-scale preparation of the KAD in approximately 25% total yield. The structure of the KAD was verified by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The KAD showed good safety in a variety of cells and had a good protective effect in SH-SY5Y cells. At concentrations lower than 50 μM, the KAD was superior to vitamin C in ABTS+ free radical scavenging assay; the KAD resisted the production of reactive oxygen species induced by H2O2 as confirmed by fluorescence microscopy observation and flow cytometry analysis. Notably, the KAD could enhance the superoxide dismutase activity, which might be the mechanism of its antioxidant activity. The KAD also moderately inhibited the deposition of amyloid-β (Aβ) and selectively chelated Cu2+, Zn2+, Fe2+, Fe3+, and Al3+, which are related to the progress of Alzheimer's disease. Based on its good effects in terms of oxidative stress, neuroprotection, inhibition of Aβ deposition, and metal accumulation, the KAD shows potential for the multi-target treatment of Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueyan Liu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Fujian Medical University Fuzhou 350004 Fujian Province China .,Fujian Key Laboratory of Drug Target Discovery and Structural and Functional Research, Fujian Medical University China
| | - Chuanyu Yu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Fujian Medical University Fuzhou 350004 Fujian Province China
| | - Biling Su
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Fujian Medical University Fuzhou 350004 Fujian Province China
| | - Daijun Zha
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Fujian Medical University Fuzhou 350004 Fujian Province China .,Fujian Key Laboratory of Drug Target Discovery and Structural and Functional Research, Fujian Medical University China
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12
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Monteiro KLC, Dos Santos Alcântara MG, Freire NML, Brandão EM, do Nascimento VL, Dos Santos Viana LM, de Aquino TM, da Silva-Júnior EF. BACE-1 Inhibitors Targeting Alzheimer's Disease. Curr Alzheimer Res 2023; 20:131-148. [PMID: 37309767 DOI: 10.2174/1567205020666230612155953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The accumulation of amyloid-β (Aβ) is the main event related to Alzheimer's disease (AD) progression. Over the years, several disease-modulating approaches have been reported, but without clinical success. The amyloid cascade hypothesis evolved and proposed essential targets such as tau protein aggregation and modulation of β-secretase (β-site amyloid precursor protein cleaving enzyme 1 - BACE-1) and γ-secretase proteases. BACE-1 cuts the amyloid precursor protein (APP) to release the C99 fragment, giving rise to several Aβ peptide species during the subsequent γ-secretase cleavage. In this way, BACE-1 has emerged as a clinically validated and attractive target in medicinal chemistry, as it plays a crucial role in the rate of Aβ generation. In this review, we report the main results of candidates in clinical trials such as E2609, MK8931, and AZD-3293, in addition to highlighting the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic-related effects of the inhibitors already reported. The current status of developing new peptidomimetic, non-peptidomimetic, naturally occurring, and other class inhibitors are demonstrated, considering their main limitations and lessons learned. The goal is to provide a broad and complete approach to the subject, exploring new chemical classes and perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kadja Luana Chagas Monteiro
- Research Group on Therapeutic Strategies - GPET, Laboratory of Synthesis and Research in Medicinal Chemistry - LSPMED, Institute of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Federal University of Alagoas, Lourival Melo Mota Avenue, 57072-970, Maceió, Alagoas, Brazil
| | - Marcone Gomes Dos Santos Alcântara
- Research Group on Therapeutic Strategies - GPET, Laboratory of Synthesis and Research in Medicinal Chemistry - LSPMED, Institute of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Federal University of Alagoas, Lourival Melo Mota Avenue, 57072-970, Maceió, Alagoas, Brazil
| | - Nathalia Monteiro Lins Freire
- Research Group on Therapeutic Strategies - GPET, Laboratory of Synthesis and Research in Medicinal Chemistry - LSPMED, Institute of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Federal University of Alagoas, Lourival Melo Mota Avenue, 57072-970, Maceió, Alagoas, Brazil
| | - Esaú Marques Brandão
- Research Group on Therapeutic Strategies - GPET, Laboratory of Synthesis and Research in Medicinal Chemistry - LSPMED, Institute of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Federal University of Alagoas, Lourival Melo Mota Avenue, 57072-970, Maceió, Alagoas, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Lima do Nascimento
- Research Group on Therapeutic Strategies - GPET, Laboratory of Synthesis and Research in Medicinal Chemistry - LSPMED, Institute of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Federal University of Alagoas, Lourival Melo Mota Avenue, 57072-970, Maceió, Alagoas, Brazil
| | - Líbni Maísa Dos Santos Viana
- Research Group on Therapeutic Strategies - GPET, Laboratory of Synthesis and Research in Medicinal Chemistry - LSPMED, Institute of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Federal University of Alagoas, Lourival Melo Mota Avenue, 57072-970, Maceió, Alagoas, Brazil
| | - Thiago Mendonça de Aquino
- Research Group on Therapeutic Strategies - GPET, Laboratory of Synthesis and Research in Medicinal Chemistry - LSPMED, Institute of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Federal University of Alagoas, Lourival Melo Mota Avenue, 57072-970, Maceió, Alagoas, Brazil
| | - Edeildo Ferreira da Silva-Júnior
- Institute of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Federal University of Alagoas, Lourival Melo Mota Avenue, 57072-970, Maceió, Alagoas, Brazil
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13
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Lamie PF, Abdel-Fattah MM, Philoppes JN. Design and synthesis of new indole drug candidates to treat Alzheimer's disease and targeting neuro-inflammation using a multi-target-directed ligand (MTDL) strategy. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2022; 37:2660-2678. [PMID: 36146947 PMCID: PMC9518246 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2022.2126464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel series of indole-based compounds was designed, synthesised, and evaluated as anti-Alzheimer’s and anti-neuroinflammatory agents. The designed compounds were in vitro evaluated for their AChE and BuChE inhibitory activities. The obtained results revealed that compound 3c had higher selectivity for AChE than BuChE, while, 4a, 4b, and 4d showed selectivity for BuChE over AChE. Compounds 5b, 6b, 7c, and 10b exerted dual AChE/BuChE inhibitory activities at nanomolar range. Compounds 5b and 6b had the ability to inhibit the self-induced Aβ amyloid aggregation. Different anti-inflammatory mediators (NO, COX-2, IL-1β, and TNF-α) were assessed for compounds 5b and 6b. Cytotoxic effect of 5b and 6b against human neuroblastoma (SH-SY5Y) and normal hepatic (THLE2) cell lines was screened in vitro. Molecular docking study inside rhAChE and hBuChE active sites, drug-likeness, and ADMET prediction were performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phoebe F Lamie
- Department of Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | - Maha M Abdel-Fattah
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | - John N Philoppes
- Department of Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
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14
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Ćwilichowska N, Świderska KW, Dobrzyń A, Drąg M, Poręba M. Diagnostic and therapeutic potential of protease inhibition. Mol Aspects Med 2022; 88:101144. [PMID: 36174281 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2022.101144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2022] [Revised: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Proteases are enzymes that hydrolyze peptide bonds in proteins and peptides; thus, they control virtually all biological processes. Our understanding of protease function has advanced considerably from nonselective digestive enzymes to highly specialized molecular scissors that orchestrate complex signaling networks through a limited proteolysis. The catalytic activity of proteases is tightly regulated at several levels, ranging from gene expression through trafficking and maturation to posttranslational modifications. However, when this delicate balance is disturbed, many diseases develop, including cancer, inflammatory disorders, diabetes, and neurodegenerative diseases. This new understanding of the role of proteases in pathologic physiology indicates that these enzymes represent excellent molecular targets for the development of therapeutic inhibitors, as well as for the design of chemical probes to visualize their redundant activity. Recently, numerous platform technologies have been developed to identify and optimize protease substrates and inhibitors, which were further used as lead structures for the development of chemical probes and therapeutic drugs. Due to this considerable success, the clinical potential of proteases in therapeutics and diagnostics is rapidly growing and is still not completely explored. Therefore, small molecules that can selectively target aberrant protease activity are emerging in diseases cells. In this review, we describe modern trends in the design of protease drugs as well as small molecule activity-based probes to visualize selected proteases in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Ćwilichowska
- Department of Chemical Biology and Bioimaging, Faculty of Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wyb, Wyspianskiego 27, 50-370, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Karolina W Świderska
- Department of Chemical Biology and Bioimaging, Faculty of Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wyb, Wyspianskiego 27, 50-370, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Dobrzyń
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Ludwika Pasteura 3, 02-093, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marcin Drąg
- Department of Chemical Biology and Bioimaging, Faculty of Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wyb, Wyspianskiego 27, 50-370, Wroclaw, Poland.
| | - Marcin Poręba
- Department of Chemical Biology and Bioimaging, Faculty of Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wyb, Wyspianskiego 27, 50-370, Wroclaw, Poland.
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15
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Novel pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidines as potential anticancer agents: Synthesis, VEGFR-2 inhibition, and mechanisms of action. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 156:113948. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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16
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Guanidine-based β amyloid precursor protein cleavage enzyme 1 (BACE-1) inhibitors for the Alzheimer's disease (AD): A review. Bioorg Med Chem 2022; 74:117047. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2022.117047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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17
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Stern N, Gacs A, Tátrai E, Flachner B, Hajdú I, Dobi K, Bágyi I, Dormán G, Lőrincz Z, Cseh S, Kígyós A, Tóvári J, Goldblum A. Dual Inhibitors of AChE and BACE-1 for Reducing Aβ in Alzheimer's Disease: From In Silico to In Vivo. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:13098. [PMID: 36361906 PMCID: PMC9655245 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232113098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a complex and widespread condition, still not fully understood and with no cure yet. Amyloid beta (Aβ) peptide is suspected to be a major cause of AD, and therefore, simultaneously blocking its formation and aggregation by inhibition of the enzymes BACE-1 (β-secretase) and AChE (acetylcholinesterase) by a single inhibitor may be an effective therapeutic approach, as compared to blocking one of these targets or by combining two drugs, one for each of these targets. We used our ISE algorithm to model each of the AChE peripheral site inhibitors and BACE-1 inhibitors, on the basis of published data, and constructed classification models for each. Subsequently, we screened large molecular databases with both models. Top scored molecules were docked into AChE and BACE-1 crystal structures, and 36 Molecules with the best weighted scores (based on ISE indexes and docking results) were sent for inhibition studies on the two enzymes. Two of them inhibited both AChE (IC50 between 4-7 μM) and BACE-1 (IC50 between 50-65 μM). Two additional molecules inhibited only AChE, and another two molecules inhibited only BACE-1. Preliminary testing of inhibition by F681-0222 (molecule 2) on APPswe/PS1dE9 transgenic mice shows a reduction in brain tissue of soluble Aβ42.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noa Stern
- Molecular Modeling and Drug Design Lab, Institute for Drug Research, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9112001, Israel
| | - Alexandra Gacs
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology, National Institute of Oncology, H-1122 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Enikő Tátrai
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology, National Institute of Oncology, H-1122 Budapest, Hungary
- KINETO Lab Ltd., H-1032 Budapest, Hungary
| | | | - István Hajdú
- TargetEx Ltd., H-2120 Dunakeszi, Hungary
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - József Tóvári
- KINETO Lab Ltd., H-1032 Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Tumor Biology, National Korányi Institute of TB and Pulmonology, H-1121 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Amiram Goldblum
- Molecular Modeling and Drug Design Lab, Institute for Drug Research, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9112001, Israel
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18
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Hao M, Ding C, Peng X, Chen H, Dong L, Zhang Y, Chen X, Liu W, Luo Y. Ginseng under forest exerts stronger anti-aging effects compared to garden ginseng probably via regulating PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway, SIRT1/NF-κB pathway and intestinal flora. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 105:154365. [PMID: 35930860 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2022.154365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ginseng is deemed to be an effective anti-aging therapy. Evidence for differences in representative active ingredients and anti-aging effects between garden ginseng (GG) and ginseng under forest (FG) is insufficient. PURPOSE The study was designed to systematically analyze the differences in the mechanistic protective effects of GG and FG on aging mice based on their compositional differences. METHODS The chemical ingredients in GG and FG were first determined. In vivo, D-galactose-induced aging mice were orally administered GG or FG (400 mg/kg/day) for 6 weeks. Behavioral parameters of mice were measured by the radial 8-arm maze, and the changes in body weight and organ indices were recorded. Blood, brain tissue, and feces were collected for biochemical analysis, histopathological staining, Western blotting, and 16S rDNA intestinal flora sequencing, respectively. RESULTS The absolute contents of total ginsenosides, polyphenols, crude polysaccharides, starch, and protein in GG were 0.71, 0.68, 1.15, 2.27, and 1.08 folds higher than those in FG, respectively; while FG exhibited a higher relative abundance of representative active ingredients (total ginsenosides, polyphenols, crude polysaccharides, and protein) but lower relative content of starch than GG. GG and FG improved hippocampal lesions and poor weight gain, organ indices, and behavioral indices, and prevented excessive oxidative stress and acetylcholinesterase activity in aging mice. What's more, GG and FG treatment ameliorated excessive apoptosis and inflammatory reaction in the aging brain by modulating apoptosis-related proteins, PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway, and SIRT1/NF-κB pathway. GG and FG also restored the diversity and structure of gut microbiota, up-regulated the relative abundance of beneficial bacteria (e.g., Lactobacillus), and tended to exert key anti-aging effects via the microbiota-gut-brain axis. Notably, in vivo experiments confirmed that FG had a stronger anti-aging activity than GG. CONCLUSION FG exerts a more powerful anti-aging effect than GG by regulating oxidative stress, apoptosis, inflammation, and the microbe-gut-brain axis, possibly relying on the higher relative abundance of representative active ingredients (total ginsenosides, polyphenols, crude polysaccharides, and protein) in FG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingqian Hao
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jilin Agricultural Science and Technology College, Jilin, China; School of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Chuanbo Ding
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jilin Agricultural Science and Technology College, Jilin, China.
| | - Xiaojuan Peng
- School of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Huiying Chen
- School of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Ling Dong
- School of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Yue Zhang
- School of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Xueyan Chen
- School of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Wencong Liu
- School of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China; College of Resources and Environment Sciences, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China.
| | - Yunqing Luo
- College of Resources and Environment Sciences, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China.
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19
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Insights into the Explicit Protective Activity of Herbals in Management of Neurodegenerative and Cerebrovascular Disorders. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27154970. [PMID: 35956919 PMCID: PMC9370592 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27154970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The longstanding progressive neurodegenerative conditions of the central nervous system arise mainly due to deterioration, degradation and eventual neuronal cell loss. As an individual ages, the irreversible neurodegenerative disorders associated with aging also begin to develop, and these have become exceedingly prominent and pose a significant burden mentally, socially and economically on both the individual and their family. These disorders express several symptoms, such as tremors, dystonia, loss of cognitive functions, impairment of motor activity leading to immobility, loss of memory and many more which worsen with time. The treatment employed in management of these debilitating neurodegenerative disorders, such as Parkinson’s disease (which mainly involves the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the nigrostriatal region), Alzheimer’s disease (which arises due to accumulation of Tau proteins causing diffusive atrophy in the brain), Huntington’s disease (which involves damage of striatal and spinal neurons, etc.), have several adverse effects, leading to exploration of several lead targets and molecules existing in herbal drugs. The current review highlights the mechanistic role of natural products in the treatment of several neurodegenerative and cerebrovascular diseases such as Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease, ischemic stroke and depression.
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20
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Combined Modeling Study of the Binding Characteristics of Natural Compounds, Derived from Psoralea Fruits, to β-Amyloid Peptide Monomer. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23073546. [PMID: 35408917 PMCID: PMC8998326 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23073546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A dysfunctional protein aggregation in the nervous system can lead to several neurodegenerative disorders that result in intracellular inclusions or extracellular aggregates. An early critical event within the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease is the accumulation of amyloid beta peptide within the brain. Natural compounds isolated from Psoralea Fructus (PF) have significant anti-Alzheimer effects as strong inhibitors of Aβ42 aggregation. Computer simulations provide a powerful means of linking experimental findings to nanoscale molecular events. As part of this research four prenylated compounds, the active ingredients of Psoralea Fructus (PF), were studied as Aβ42 accumulation inhibitors using molecular simulations modeling. In order to resolve the binding modes of the ligands and identify the main interactions of Aβ42 residues, we performed a 100 ns molecular dynamics simulation and binding free energy calculations starting from the model of the compounds obtained from the docking study. This study was able to pinpoint the key amino acid residues in the Aβ42 active site and provide useful information that could benefit the development of new Aβ42 accumulation inhibitors.
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21
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Tatulian SA. Challenges and hopes for Alzheimer's disease. Drug Discov Today 2022; 27:1027-1043. [PMID: 35121174 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2022.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Recent drug development efforts targeting Alzheimer's disease (AD) have failed to produce effective disease-modifying agents for many reasons, including the substantial presymptomatic neuronal damage that is caused by the accumulation of the amyloid β (Aβ) peptide and tau protein abnormalities, deleterious adverse effects of drug candidates, and inadequate design of clinical trials. New molecular targets, biomarkers, and diagnostic techniques, as well as alternative nonpharmacological approaches, are sorely needed to detect and treat early pathological events. This article analyzes the successes and debacles of pharmaceutical endeavors to date, and highlights new technologies that may lead to the more effective diagnosis and treatment of the pathologies that underlie AD. The use of focused ultrasound, deep brain stimulation, stem cell therapy, and gene therapy, in parallel with pharmaceuticals and judicious lifestyle adjustments, holds promise for the deceleration, prevention, or cure of AD and other neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suren A Tatulian
- Department of Physics, College of Sciences, and Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, USA.
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22
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Selected Natural Products in Neuroprotective Strategies for Alzheimer's Disease-A Non-Systematic Review. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23031212. [PMID: 35163136 PMCID: PMC8835836 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD) are distinguished by the irreversible degeneration of central nervous system function and structure. AD is characterized by several different neuropathologies—among others, it interferes with neuropsychiatrical controls and cognitive functions. This disease is the number one neurodegenerative disorder; however, its treatment options are few and, unfortunately, ineffective. In the new strategies devised for AD prevention and treatment, the application of plant-based natural products is especially popular due to lesser side effects associated with their taking. Moreover, their neuroprotective activities target different pathological mechanisms. The current review presents the anti-AD properties of several natural plant substances. The paper throws light on products under in vitro and in vivo trials and compiles information on their mechanism of actions. Knowledge of the properties of such plant compounds and their combinations will surely lead to discovering new potent medicines for the treatment of AD with lesser side effects than the currently available pharmacological proceedings.
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23
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Tang JJ, Huang LF, Deng JL, Wang YM, Guo C, Peng XN, Liu Z, Gao JM. Cognitive enhancement and neuroprotective effects of OABL, a sesquiterpene lactone in 5xFAD Alzheimer's disease mice model. Redox Biol 2022; 50:102229. [PMID: 35026701 PMCID: PMC8760418 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2022.102229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease in which oxidative stress and neuroinflammation were demonstrated to be associated with neuronal loss and cognitive deficits. However, there are still no specific treatments that can prevent the progression of AD. In this study, a screening of anti-inflammatory hits from 4207 natural compounds of two different molecular libraries indicated 1,6-O,O-diacetylbritannilactone (OABL), a 1,10-seco-eudesmane sesquiterpene lactone isolated from the herb Inula britannica L., exhibited strong anti-inflammatory activity in vitro as well as favorable BBB penetration property. OABL reduced LPS-induced neuroinflammation in BV-2 microglial cells as assessed by effects on the levels of inflammatory mediators including NO, PGE2, TNF-α, iNOS, and COX-2, as well as the translocation of NF-κB. Besides, OABL also exhibited pronounced neuroprotective effects against oxytosis and ferroptosis in the rat pheochromocytoma PC12 cell line. For in vivo research, OABL (20 mg/kg B.W., i.p.) for 21 d attenuated the impairments in cognitive function observed in 6-month-old 5xFAD mice, as assessed with the Morris water maze test. OABL restored neuronal damage and postsynaptic density protein 95 (PSD95) expression in the hippocampus. OABL also significantly reduced the accumulation of amyloid plaques, the Aβ expression, the phosphorylation of Tau protein, and the expression of BACE1 in AD mice brain. In addition, OABL attenuated the overactivation of microglia and astrocytes by suppressing the expressions of inflammatory cytokines, and increased glutathione (GSH) and reduced malondialdehyde (MDA) and super oxide dismutase (SOD) levels in the 5xFAD mice brain. In conclusion, these results highlight the beneficial effects of the natural product OABL as a novel treatment with potential application for drug discovery in AD due to its pharmacological profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang-Jiang Tang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, PR China.
| | - Lan-Fang Huang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Jia-Le Deng
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Yi-Meng Wang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Cong Guo
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Xiao-Na Peng
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Zhigang Liu
- Laboratory of Functional Chemistry and Nutrition of Food, College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, PR China.
| | - Jin-Ming Gao
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, PR China.
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Hou W, Liu C, Li S, Zhang Y, Jin Y, Li X, Liu Z, Niu H, Xia J. An efficient strategy based on two-stage chromatography and in vitro evaluation for rapid screening and isolation of acetylcholinesterase inhibitors from Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi. J Sep Sci 2022; 45:1170-1184. [PMID: 34990521 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202100918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 12/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The extraction of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi was investigated using the response surface methodology-genetic algorithm mathematical regression model, and the extraction variables were optimized to maximize the flavonoid yield. Furthermore, a simple and efficient ultrafiltration-liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and molecular docking methods was developed for the rapid screening and identification of acetylcholinesterase inhibitors present in Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi. Subsequently, four major chemical constituents, namely baicalein, norwogonin, wogonin, and oroxylin A, were identified as potent acetylcholinesterase inhibitors. This novel approach, involving the use of ultrafiltration-liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and molecular docking methods combined with stepwise flow rate counter-current chromatography and semi-preparative high-performance liquid chromatography, could potentially provide a powerful tool for the screening and extraction of acetylcholinesterase inhibitors from complex matrices and be a useful platform for the production of bioactive and nutraceutical ingredients. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanchao Hou
- College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Chunming Liu
- Central Laboratory, Changchun Normal University, No. 677 North Chang-ji Road, Changchun, 130032, China
| | - Sainan Li
- Central Laboratory, Changchun Normal University, No. 677 North Chang-ji Road, Changchun, 130032, China
| | - Yuchi Zhang
- Central Laboratory, Changchun Normal University, No. 677 North Chang-ji Road, Changchun, 130032, China
| | - Yongri Jin
- College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Xuwen Li
- College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Zhen Liu
- Central Laboratory, Changchun Normal University, No. 677 North Chang-ji Road, Changchun, 130032, China
| | - Huazhou Niu
- Central Laboratory, Changchun Normal University, No. 677 North Chang-ji Road, Changchun, 130032, China
| | - Jianli Xia
- Central Laboratory, Changchun Normal University, No. 677 North Chang-ji Road, Changchun, 130032, China
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Zaib S, Munir R, Younas MT, Kausar N, Ibrar A, Aqsa S, Shahid N, Asif TT, Alsaab HO, Khan I. Hybrid Quinoline-Thiosemicarbazone Therapeutics as a New Treatment Opportunity for Alzheimer's Disease‒Synthesis, In Vitro Cholinesterase Inhibitory Potential and Computational Modeling Analysis. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26216573. [PMID: 34770983 PMCID: PMC8587653 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26216573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder and the leading cause of dementia worldwide. The limited pharmacological approaches based on cholinesterase inhibitors only provide symptomatic relief to AD patients. Moreover, the adverse side effects such as nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, muscle cramps, and headaches associated with these drugs and numerous clinical trial failures present substantial limitations on the use of medications and call for a detailed insight of disease heterogeneity and development of preventive and multifactorial therapeutic strategies on urgent basis. In this context, we herein report a series of quinoline-thiosemicarbazone hybrid therapeutics as selective and potent inhibitors of cholinesterases. A facile multistep synthetic approach was utilized to generate target structures bearing multiple sites for chemical modifications and establishing drug-receptor interactions. The structures of all the synthesized compounds were fully established using readily available spectroscopic techniques (FTIR, 1H- and 13C-NMR). In vitro inhibitory results revealed compound 5b as a promising and lead inhibitor with an IC50 value of 0.12 ± 0.02 μM, a 5-fold higher potency than standard drug (galantamine; IC50 = 0.62 ± 0.01 μM). The synergistic effect of electron-rich (methoxy) group and ethylmorpholine moiety in quinoline-thiosemicarbazone conjugates contributes significantly in improving the inhibition level. Molecular docking analysis revealed various vital interactions of potent compounds with amino acid residues and reinforced the in vitro results. Kinetics experiments revealed the competitive mode of inhibition while ADME properties favored the translation of identified inhibitors into safe and promising drug candidates for pre-clinical testing. Collectively, inhibitory activity data and results from key physicochemical properties merit further research to ensure the design and development of safe and high-quality drug candidates for Alzheimer’s disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumera Zaib
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Central Punjab, Lahore 54590, Pakistan;
- Correspondence: (S.Z.); (R.M.); (I.K.)
| | - Rubina Munir
- Department of Chemistry, Kinnaird College for Women, Lahore 54000, Pakistan; (S.A.); (N.S.); (T.T.A.)
- Correspondence: (S.Z.); (R.M.); (I.K.)
| | - Muhammad Tayyab Younas
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Central Punjab, Lahore 54590, Pakistan;
| | - Naghmana Kausar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Gujrat, Gujrat 50700, Pakistan;
| | - Aliya Ibrar
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, The University of Haripur, Haripur 22620, Pakistan;
| | - Sehar Aqsa
- Department of Chemistry, Kinnaird College for Women, Lahore 54000, Pakistan; (S.A.); (N.S.); (T.T.A.)
| | - Noorma Shahid
- Department of Chemistry, Kinnaird College for Women, Lahore 54000, Pakistan; (S.A.); (N.S.); (T.T.A.)
| | - Tahira Tasneem Asif
- Department of Chemistry, Kinnaird College for Women, Lahore 54000, Pakistan; (S.A.); (N.S.); (T.T.A.)
| | - Hashem O. Alsaab
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Imtiaz Khan
- Department of Chemistry, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, The University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, UK
- Correspondence: (S.Z.); (R.M.); (I.K.)
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Lee YY, Wang M, Son Y, Yang EJ, Kang MS, Kim HJ, Kim HS, Jo J. Oat Extract Avenanthramide-C Reverses Hippocampal Long-Term Potentiation Decline in Tg2576 Mice. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26206105. [PMID: 34684684 PMCID: PMC8541156 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26206105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Memory deterioration in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is thought to be underpinned by aberrant amyloid β (Aβ) accumulation, which contributes to synaptic plasticity impairment. Avenanthramide-C (Avn-C), a polyphenol compound found predominantly in oats, has a range of biological properties. Herein, we performed methanolic extraction of the Avns-rich fraction (Fr. 2) from germinated oats using column chromatography, and examined the effects of Avn-C on synaptic correlates of memory in a mouse model of AD. Avn-C was identified in Fr. 2 based on 1H-NMR analysis. Electrophysiological recordings were performed to examine the effects of Avn-C on the hippocampal long-term potentiation (LTP) in a Tg2576 mouse model of AD. Avn-C from germinated oats restored impaired LTP in Tg2576 mouse hippocampal slices. Furthermore, Avn-C-facilitated LTP was associated with changes in the protein levels of phospho-glycogen synthase kinase-3β (p-GSK3β-S9) and cleaved caspase 3, which are involved in Aβ-induced synaptic impairment. Our findings suggest that the Avn-C extract from germinated oats may be beneficial for AD-related synaptic plasticity impairment and memory decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Young Lee
- Department of Central Area, National Institute of Crop Science, Rural Development Administration, Suwon 16429, Korea; (Y.S.); (M.-S.K.); (H.-J.K.)
- Correspondence: (Y.-Y.L.); (H.-S.K.); (J.J.)
| | - Ming Wang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju 501-757, Korea;
| | - Yurim Son
- Department of Central Area, National Institute of Crop Science, Rural Development Administration, Suwon 16429, Korea; (Y.S.); (M.-S.K.); (H.-J.K.)
| | - Eun-Ju Yang
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Kyungpook National University, 80 Daehak-ro, Daegu 41566, Korea;
| | - Moon-Seok Kang
- Department of Central Area, National Institute of Crop Science, Rural Development Administration, Suwon 16429, Korea; (Y.S.); (M.-S.K.); (H.-J.K.)
| | - Hyun-Joo Kim
- Department of Central Area, National Institute of Crop Science, Rural Development Administration, Suwon 16429, Korea; (Y.S.); (M.-S.K.); (H.-J.K.)
| | - Hyung-Seok Kim
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju 501-757, Korea
- Center for Creative Biomedical Scientists, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju 501-757, Korea
- Correspondence: (Y.-Y.L.); (H.-S.K.); (J.J.)
| | - Jihoon Jo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju 501-757, Korea;
- Correspondence: (Y.-Y.L.); (H.-S.K.); (J.J.)
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Zou M, Wang R, Yin Q, Liu L. Bioassay-guided isolation and identification of anti-Alzheimer’s active compounds from Spiranthes sinensis (Pers.) Ames. Med Chem Res 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-021-02777-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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28
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Bakare OO, Fadaka AO, Akanbi MO, Akinyede KA, Klein A, Keyster M. Evaluation of selected carotenoids of Lycopersicon esculentum variants as therapeutic targets for 'Alzheimer's disease: an in silico approach. BMC Mol Cell Biol 2021; 22:49. [PMID: 34592924 PMCID: PMC8483808 DOI: 10.1186/s12860-021-00386-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The seriousness and menace of the worldwide weight of 'Alzheimer's disease have been related to a few factors, which incorporate antioxidant system depletion, mutation of proteins, and high expression of cholinesterases due to aging, environmental influence, diet, infectious agents, and hormonal imbalance. Overexpression of cholinesterases has been emphatically connected to 'Alzheimer's disease because of the unreasonable hydrolysis of acetylcholine and butyrylcholine. Certain plant phytochemicals, for example, beta-carotenoids, lutein, neoxanthin, and viola-xanthine from Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. Var. esculentum (ESC) and Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. Var. cerasiforme (CER) has been utilized altogether as a therapeutic candidate for the treatment of 'Alzheimer's disease. Therefore, this research sought to investigate the drug-likeness of the individual carotenoids as detailed for cholinesterase inhibition in the treatment of 'Alzheimer's disease. Four potential cholinesterase inhibitors from ESC and CER were retrieved from the PubChem database. Investigation of their drug-likeness, toxicity prediction, molecular docking, and dynamic simulations were carried out using Molinspiration, PreADMET V.2.0, Patchdock server, and Schrodinger Maestro software respectively. Neoxanthin was ranked the safest with a greater tendency to inhibit the cholinesterases with high binding affinity. In addition, its stability after simulation in a mimicked biological environment suggests its relevance as a potential drug candidate for the treatment of 'Alzheimer's disease through the inhibition of cholinesterases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olalekan Olanrewaju Bakare
- Bioinformatics research group, Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X17, Bellville, Cape Town, 7535, South Africa. .,Environmental Biotechnology Laboratory (EBL), Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa.
| | - Adewale Oluwaseun Fadaka
- Bioinformatics research group, Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X17, Bellville, Cape Town, 7535, South Africa.,Department of Science and Technology/Mintek Nanotechnology Innovation Centre, Biolabels Node, Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X17, Bellville, 7535, South Africa
| | - Musa Oyebowale Akanbi
- Environmental Biotechnology Laboratory (EBL), Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Kolajo Adedamola Akinyede
- Department of Medical Bioscience, University of the Western Cape, Bellville, Cape Town, 7535, South Africa
| | - Ashwil Klein
- Plant Omics group, Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X17, Bellville, Cape Town, 7535, South Africa
| | - Marshall Keyster
- Environmental Biotechnology Laboratory (EBL), Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa
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Li X, Li X, Liu F, Li S, Shi D. Rational Multitargeted Drug Design Strategy from the Perspective of a Medicinal Chemist. J Med Chem 2021; 64:10581-10605. [PMID: 34313432 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c00683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The development of multitarget-directed ligands (MTDLs) has become a widely focused research topic, but rational design remains as an enormous challenge. This paper reviews and discusses the design strategy of incorporating the second activity into an existing single-active ligand. If the binding sites of both targets share similar endogenous substrates, MTDLs can be designed by merging two lead compounds with similar functional groups. If the binding sites are large or adjacent to the solution, two key pharmacophores can be fused directly. If the binding regions are small and deep inside the proteins, the linked-pharmacophore strategy might be the only way. The added pharmacophores of second targets should not affect the binding mode of the original ones. Moreover, the inhibitory activities of the two targets need to be adjusted to achieve an optimal ratio.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangqian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao 266237, Shandong, P. R. China
| | - Xiaowei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao 266237, Shandong, P. R. China
| | - Fang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao 266237, Shandong, P. R. China
| | - Shuo Li
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao 266237, Shandong, P. R. China
| | - Dayong Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao 266237, Shandong, P. R. China
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Multitarget therapeutic approaches for Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases: an opportunity or an illusion? Future Med Chem 2021; 13:1301-1309. [PMID: 34137271 DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2021-0119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease are the most prevalent neurodegenerative diseases and the leading causes of dementia worldwide. The etiology of these multifactorial pathologies is not completely known. The available therapeutic approaches can cause temporary relief of symptoms but cannot slow down their progression or cure them. Life-changing therapeutic solutions are urgently needed, as the number of people suffering from these pathologies has been increasing quickly over the last few decades. Several targets are being studied, and innovative approaches are being pursued to find new therapeutic options. This overview is focused on the most recent information regarding the paradigm of using multitarget compounds to treat both Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease.
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