1
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Zhang R, Wang Y, Wu A, Wang J, Zhang J. Strategies of targeting CYP51 for IFIs therapy: Emerging prospects, opportunities and challenges. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 259:115658. [PMID: 37480712 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 07/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/24/2023]
Abstract
CYP51, a monooxygenase associated with the sterol synthesis pathway, is responsible for the catalysis of the 14-methyl hydroxylation reaction of lanosterol precursors. This enzyme is widely present in microorganisms, plants, and mammals. In mammals, CYP51 plays a role in cholesterol production, oligodendrocyte formation, oocyte maturation, and spermatogenesis. In fungal cells, CYP51 is an enzyme that synthesizes membrane sterols. By inhibiting fungal CYP51, ergosterol synthesis can be inhibited and ergosterol membrane fluidity is altered, resulting in fungal cell apoptosis. Thus, targeting CYP51 is a reliable antifungal strategy with important implications for the treatment of invasive fungal infections (IFIs). Many CYP51 inhibitors have been approved by the FDA for clinical treatment. However, several limitations of CYP51 inhibitors remain to be resolved, including fungal resistance, hepatotoxicity, and drug-drug interactions. New broad-spectrum, anti-resistant, highly selective CYP51 inhibitors are expected to be developed to enhance clinical efficacy and minimize adverse effects. Herein, we summarize the structural features and biological functions of CYP51 and emphatically analyze the structure-activity relationship (SAR) and therapeutic potential of different chemical types of small-molecule CYP51 inhibitors. We also discuss the latest progress of novel strategies, providing insights into new drugs targeting CYP51 for clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruofei Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Joint Research Institution of Altitude Health and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Yuxi Wang
- Department of Neurology, Joint Research Institution of Altitude Health and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China; Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Targeted Tracer Research and Development Laboratory, Institute of Respiratory Health, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, Precision Medicine Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province & Precision Medicine Research Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Aijia Wu
- Department of Neurology, Joint Research Institution of Altitude Health and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China; Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Targeted Tracer Research and Development Laboratory, Institute of Respiratory Health, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, Precision Medicine Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province & Precision Medicine Research Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Jiaxing Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, 38163, Tennessee, United States
| | - Jifa Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Joint Research Institution of Altitude Health and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China.
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2
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Yuan S, Shen DD, Jia R, Sun JS, Song J, Liu HM. New drug approvals for 2022: Synthesis and clinical applications. Med Res Rev 2023; 43:2352-2391. [PMID: 37211904 DOI: 10.1002/med.21976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The U.S. Food and Drug Administration has approved a total of 37 new drugs in 2022, which are composed of 20 chemical entities and 17 biologics. In particular, 20 chemical entities, including 17 small molecule drugs, 1 radiotherapy, and 2 diagnostic agents, provide privileged scaffolds, breakthrough clinical benefits, and a new mechanism of action for the discovery of more potent clinical candidates. The structure-based drug development with clear targets and fragment-based drug development with privileged scaffolds have always been the important modules in the field of drug discovery, which could easily bypass the patent protection and bring about improved biological activity. Therefore, we summarized the relevant valuable information about clinical application, mechanism of action, and chemical synthesis of 17 newly approved small molecule drugs in 2022. We hope this timely and comprehensive review could bring about creative and elegant inspiration on the synthetic methodologies and mechanism of action for the discovery of new drugs with novel chemical scaffolds and extended clinical indications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Yuan
- Children's Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Henan Children's Hospital, Zhengzhou Children's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Dan-Dan Shen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Zhengzhou Key Laboratory of Endometrial Disease Prevention and Treatment Zhengzhou China, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Rui Jia
- Children's Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Henan Children's Hospital, Zhengzhou Children's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Ju-Shan Sun
- Children's Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Henan Children's Hospital, Zhengzhou Children's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jian Song
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Hong-Min Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
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3
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Wang F, Wu J, Yuan M, Yan Z, Liu X, Li W, Zhang Y, Sheng C, Liu N, Huang Z. Novel Nitric Oxide Donor-Azole Conjugation Strategy for Efficient Treatment of Cryptococcus neoformans Infections. J Med Chem 2023; 66:14221-14240. [PMID: 37820326 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c01308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
Invasive fungal infections (IFIs) such as cryptococcal meningitis (CM) remain a serious health issue worldwide due to drug resistance closely related to biofilm formation. Unfortunately, available antifungal drugs with ideal safety and promising potency are still lacking; thus, the research of new candidate and therapeutic approach is urgently needed. As an important gas messenger molecule, nitric oxide (NO) shows vital inhibition on various microorganism biofilms. Hence, three series of novel NO-donating azole derivatives were designed and synthesized, and the in vitro antifungal activity as well as the mechanism of action was investigated. Among them, 3a and 3e displayed excellent antifungal activity against Cryptococcus neoformans and biofilm depending on the release of NO. Moreover, a more stable analogue 3h of 3a demonstrated markedly anti-CM effects via intranasal dropping, avoiding the first-pass effects and possessing a better brain permeability bypass blood-brain barrier. These results present a promising antifungal candidate and intranasal dropping approach for the treatment of CM, warranting further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangfang Wang
- The Center for Basic Research and Innovation of Medicine and Pharmacy (MOE), School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University (Naval Medical University), Shanghai 200433, P. R. China
- Naval Medical Center, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, P. R. China
| | - Jianbing Wu
- Center of Drug Discovery, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, P. R. China
| | - Mingke Yuan
- Center of Drug Discovery, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, P. R. China
| | - Zhengsheng Yan
- Center of Drug Discovery, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, P. R. China
| | - Xin Liu
- The Center for Basic Research and Innovation of Medicine and Pharmacy (MOE), School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University (Naval Medical University), Shanghai 200433, P. R. China
| | - Wang Li
- The Center for Basic Research and Innovation of Medicine and Pharmacy (MOE), School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University (Naval Medical University), Shanghai 200433, P. R. China
| | - Yihua Zhang
- Center of Drug Discovery, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, P. R. China
| | - Chunquan Sheng
- The Center for Basic Research and Innovation of Medicine and Pharmacy (MOE), School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University (Naval Medical University), Shanghai 200433, P. R. China
| | - Na Liu
- The Center for Basic Research and Innovation of Medicine and Pharmacy (MOE), School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University (Naval Medical University), Shanghai 200433, P. R. China
| | - Zhangjian Huang
- Center of Drug Discovery, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, P. R. China
- School of Pharmacy, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi 830054, P. R. China
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4
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Zhou H, Yang N, Li W, Peng X, Dong J, Jiang Y, Yan L, Zhang D, Jin Y. Exploration of Baicalein-Core Derivatives as Potent Antifungal Agents: SAR and Mechanism Insights. Molecules 2023; 28:6340. [PMID: 37687172 PMCID: PMC10489750 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28176340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Baicalein (BE), the major component of Scutellaria Baicalensis, exhibited potently antifungal activity against drug-resistant Candida albicans, and strong inhibition on biofilm formation. Therefore, a series of baicalein-core derivatives were designed and synthesized to find more potent compounds and investigate structure-activity relationship (SAR) and mode of action (MoA). Results demonstrate that A4 and B5 exert a more potent antifungal effect (MIC80 = 0.125 μg/mL) than BE (MIC80 = 4 μg/mL) when used in combination with fluconazole (FLC), while the MIC80 of FLC dropped from 128 μg/mL to 1 μg/mL. SAR analysis indicates that the presence of 5-OH is crucial for synergistic antifungal activities, while o-dihydroxyls and vic-trihydroxyls are an essential pharmacophore, whether they are located on the A ring or the B ring of flavonoids. The MoA demonstrated that these compounds exhibited potent antifungal effects by inhibiting hypha formation of C. albicans. However, sterol composition assay and enzymatic assay conducted in vitro indicated minimal impact of these compounds on sterol biosynthesis and Eno1. These findings were further confirmed by the results of the in-silico assay, which assessed the stability of the complexes. Moreover, the inhibition of hypha of this kind of compound could be attributed to their effect on the catalytic subunit of 1,3-β-d-glucan synthase, 1,3-β-d-glucan-UDP glucosyltransferase and glycosyl-phosphatidylinositol protein, rather than inhibiting ergosterol biosynthesis and Eno1 activity by Induced-Fit Docking and Molecular Dynamics Simulations. This study presents potential antifungal agents with synergistic effects that can effectively inhibit hypha formation. It also provides new insights into the MoA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heyang Zhou
- School of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China; (H.Z.); (L.Y.)
| | - Niao Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China; (H.Z.); (L.Y.)
| | - Wei Li
- School of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China; (H.Z.); (L.Y.)
| | - Xuemi Peng
- School of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China; (H.Z.); (L.Y.)
| | - Jiaxiao Dong
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230022, China
| | - Yuanying Jiang
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200072, China;
| | - Lan Yan
- School of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China; (H.Z.); (L.Y.)
| | - Dazhi Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China; (H.Z.); (L.Y.)
| | - Yongsheng Jin
- School of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China; (H.Z.); (L.Y.)
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5
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Osmaniye D, Baltacı Bozkurt N, Levent S, Benli Yardımcı G, Sağlık BN, Ozkay Y, Kaplancıklı ZA. Synthesis, Antifungal Activities, Molecular Docking and Molecular Dynamic Studies of Novel Quinoxaline-Triazole Compounds. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:24573-24585. [PMID: 37457491 PMCID: PMC10339406 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c02797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Uncontrolled use of antifungal drugs affects the development of resistance to existing drugs. Azole antifungals constitute a large part of antifungal therapy. Therefore, there is a need for new azole antifungals. Within the scope of this study, 17 new triazole derivative compounds were synthesized. Structure determinations were clarified by spectroscopic analysis methods (1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, HRMS). In addition, structure matching was completed using two-dimensional NMR techniques, HSQC, HMBC and NOESY. The antifungal effects of the compounds were evaluated on Candida strains by means of in vitro method. Compound 5d showed activity against Candida glabrata with a MIC90 = 2 μg/mL. Compound 5d showed activity against Candida krusei with a MIC90 = 2 μg/mL. This activity value, which is higher than fluconazole, is promising. In addition, the biofilm inhibition percentages of the compounds were calculated. Molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations performed with compound 5d are in harmony with activity studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derya Osmaniye
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, 26470 Eskişehir, Turkey
- Central
Research Laboratory (MERLAB), Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, 26470 Eskişehir, Turkey
| | - Nurnehir Baltacı Bozkurt
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Afyonkarahisar Health Sciences University, 03030 Afyonkarahisar, Turkey
| | - Serkan Levent
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, 26470 Eskişehir, Turkey
- Central
Research Laboratory (MERLAB), Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, 26470 Eskişehir, Turkey
| | - Gamze Benli Yardımcı
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Afyonkarahisar Health Sciences University, 03030 Afyonkarahisar, Turkey
| | - Begüm Nurpelin Sağlık
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, 26470 Eskişehir, Turkey
- Central
Research Laboratory (MERLAB), Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, 26470 Eskişehir, Turkey
| | - Yusuf Ozkay
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, 26470 Eskişehir, Turkey
- Central
Research Laboratory (MERLAB), Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, 26470 Eskişehir, Turkey
| | - Zafer Asım Kaplancıklı
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, 26470 Eskişehir, Turkey
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6
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Liu N, Tu J, Huang Y, Yang W, Wang Q, Li Z, Sheng C. Target- and prodrug-based design for fungal diseases and cancer-associated fungal infections. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2023; 197:114819. [PMID: 37024014 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2023.114819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023]
Abstract
Invasive fungal infections (IFIs) are emerging as a serious threat to public health and are associated with high incidence and mortality. IFIs also represent a frequent complication in patients with cancer who are undergoing chemotherapy. However, effective and safe antifungal agents remain limited, and the development of severe drug resistance further undermines the efficacy of antifungal therapy. Therefore, there is an urgent need for novel antifungal agents to treat life-threatening fungal diseases, especially those with new mode of action, favorable pharmacokinetic profiles, and anti-resistance activity. In this review, we summarize new antifungal targets and target-based inhibitor design, with a focus on their antifungal activity, selectivity, and mechanism. We also illustrate the prodrug design strategy used to improve the physicochemical and pharmacokinetic profiles of antifungal agents. Dual-targeting antifungal agents offer a new strategy for the treatment of resistant infections and cancer-associated fungal infections.
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7
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Trends and hotspots for European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry: A bibliometric study. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 247:115041. [PMID: 36566715 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.115041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry (EJMC) has been around for a long time and has gained broad interest from the various individuals working in the field. However, there is no bibliometric analysis on the publications of EJMC to thoroughly assess the scientific output and current status systematically. Therefore, the study was conducted to analyze the various publications of EJMC from 1987 to 2022 to improve their quality. A total of 13,386 papers were retrieved, with the number of publications increasing yearly. Based on the multiple indicators of bibliometrics, the highest impact countries, institutions, authors and representative literature were identified, and visualization networks were constructed using VOSviewer. Keyword co-occurrence analysis reveals a gradual shift from phenotypic drug discovery to target-based drug discovery in the EJMC theme change. Moreover, further discussion of the keyword clustering results is provided to support researchers in defining the scope of their research topics and planning their research directions. At this stage, there is a greater focus on developing antitumor and oxidative stress-related drugs than on the earlier anti-infective activities. In future studies, the main research directions are tumor multidrug resistance, oxidative stress, and dual inhibitors.
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8
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Targeting histone deacetylases for cancer therapy: Trends and challenges. Acta Pharm Sin B 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2023.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
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9
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Huang Y, Liu N, Pan Z, Li Z, Sheng C. BET-HDAC Dual Inhibitors for Combinational Treatment of Breast Cancer and Concurrent Candidiasis. J Med Chem 2023; 66:1239-1253. [PMID: 36622852 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c01191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Breast cancer is susceptible to Candida infections, and candidiasis has an enhancing effect on the progression and metastasis of tumor. Breast cancer and concurrent candidiasis represent a significant challenge in clinical therapy. Herein, a series of novel small molecule inhibitors simultaneously targeting bromodomain and extra-terminal (BET) and histone deacetylase (HDAC) were designed for combinational treatment of breast cancer and resistant Candida albicans infections. Among them, compounds 13c and 17b exhibited excellent and balanced inhibitory activity against both BET family proteins BRD4 and HDAC1. As compared with BRD4 or HDAC1 inhibitors, dual inhibitors 13c and 17b displayed improved in vivo antitumor efficacy in MDA-MB-231 breast cancer xenograft models. Notably, they synergized with fluconazole (FLC) to effectively reduce the kidney fungal burden in a murine model of disseminated candidiasis. Thus, the BET-HDAC dual inhibitors represented a novel therapeutic strategy for combinational treatment of breast cancer and concurrent candidiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yahui Huang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai 200433, People's Republic of China
| | - Na Liu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai 200433, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhizhi Pan
- College of Pharmacy, Dali University, Xueren Road 2, Dali 671000, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhuang Li
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai 200433, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunquan Sheng
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai 200433, People's Republic of China
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10
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Evren AE, Karaduman AB, Sağlik BN, Özkay Y, Yurttaş L. Investigation of Novel Quinoline-Thiazole Derivatives as Antimicrobial Agents: In Vitro and In Silico Approaches. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:1410-1429. [PMID: 36643421 PMCID: PMC9835529 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c06871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Infectious diseases are a major concern around the world. Today, it is an urgent need for new chemotherapeutics for infectious diseases. Because of that, our group designed, synthesized, and analyzed 14 new quinoline derivatives endowed with the pharmacophore moiety of fluoroquinolones primarily for their antimicrobial effects. Their cytotoxicity effects were tested against six bacterial and four fungal strains and NIH/3T3 cell line. Additionally, their action mechanisms were evaluated against DNA gyrase and lanosterol 14α-demethylase (LMD). Furthermore, to eliminate the potential side effects, the active compounds were evaluated against the aromatase enzyme. The experimental enzymatic results were evaluated for active compounds' binding modes using molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulation studies. The results were utilized to clarify the structure-activity relationship (SAR). Finally, compound 4m was the most potent compound for its antifungal activity with low cytotoxicity against healthy cells and fewer possible side effects, while compounds 4j and 4l can be used alone for special patients who are suffering from fungal infections in addition to the primer disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asaf Evrim Evren
- Department
of Pharmacy Services, Vocational School of Health Services, Bilecik Şeyh Edebali University, Bilecik 11000, Turkey
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, Eskişehir 26470, Turkey
| | - Abdullah Burak Karaduman
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, Eskişehir 26470, Turkey
| | - Begüm Nurpelin Sağlik
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, Eskişehir 26470, Turkey
- Central
Research Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, Eskişehir 26470, Turkey
| | - Yusuf Özkay
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, Eskişehir 26470, Turkey
- Central
Research Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, Eskişehir 26470, Turkey
| | - Leyla Yurttaş
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, Eskişehir 26470, Turkey
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11
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Khan AA, Jain SK, Rai M, Panda S. Exploring SARS-CoV2 host-pathogen interactions and associated fungal infections cross-talk: Screening of targets and understanding pathogenesis. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2022; 20:4351-4359. [PMID: 35965662 PMCID: PMC9364728 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2022.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 associated opportunistic fungal infections have posed major challenges in recent times. Global scientific efforts have identified several SARS-CoV2 host-pathogen interactions in a very short time span. However, information about the molecular basis of COVID-19 associated opportunistic fungal infections is not readily available. Previous studies have identified a number of host targets involved in these opportunistic fungal infections showing association with COVID-19 patients. We screened host targets involved in COVID-19-associated opportunistic fungal infections, in addition to host-pathogen interaction data of SARS-CoV2 from well-known and widely used biological databases. Venn diagram was prepared to screen common host targets involved in studied COVID-19-associated fungal infections. Moreover, an interaction network of studied disease targets was prepared with STRING to identify important targets on the basis of network biological parameters. The host-pathogen interaction (HPI) map of SARS-CoV2 was also prepared and screened to identify interactions of the virus with targets involved in studied fungal infections. Pathway enrichment analysis of host targets involved in studied opportunistic fungal infections and the subset of those involved in SARS-CoV2 HPI were performed separately. This data-based analysis screened six common targets involved in all studied fungal infections, among which CARD9 and CYP51A1 were involved in host-pathogen interactions with SARS-CoV2. Moreover, several signaling pathways such as integrin signaling were screened, which were associated with disease targets involved in SARS-CoV2 HPI. The results of this study indicate several host targets deserving detailed investigation to develop strategies for the management of SARS-CoV2-associated fungal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Arif Khan
- Division of Microbiology, ICMR-National AIDS Research Institute, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Sudhir K Jain
- School of Studies in Microbiology, Vikram University, Ujjain (MP), India
| | - Mahendra Rai
- Department of Microbiology, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Torun, Poland.,Department of Biotechnology, Sant Gadge Baba Amravati University, Amravati, Maharashtra, India
| | - Samiran Panda
- Indian Council of Medical Research, V. Ramalingaswami Bhawan, P.O. Box No. 4911, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi Pin-110029, India
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12
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Moghimi S, Shafiei M, Foroumadi A. Drug design strategies for the treatment azole-resistant candidiasis. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2022; 17:879-895. [PMID: 35793245 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2022.2098949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Despite the availability of novel antifungals and therapeutic strategies, the rate of global mortality linked to invasive fungal diseases from fungal infection remains high. Candida albicans account for the most invasive mycosis produced by yeast. Thus, the current arsenal of medicinal chemists is focused on finding new effective agents with lower toxicity and broad-spectrum activity. In this review article, recent efforts to find effective agents against azole-resistant candidiasis, a common fungal infection, are covered. AREAS COVERED Herein, the authors outlined all azole-based compounds, dual target, and new scaffolds (non-azole-based compounds) which were effective against azole-resistant candidiasis. In addition, the mechanism of action and SAR studies were also discussed, if the data were available. EXPERT OPINION The current status of fungal infections and the drawbacks of existing drugs have encouraged scientists to find novel scaffolds based on different methods like virtual screening and fragment-based drug discovery. Machine learning and in-silico methods have found their role in this field and experts are hopeful to find novel scaffolds/compounds by using these methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Setareh Moghimi
- Drug Design and Development Research Center, The Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (TIPS), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Shafiei
- Drug Design and Development Research Center, The Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (TIPS), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Alireza Foroumadi
- Drug Design and Development Research Center, The Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (TIPS), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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13
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Wang T, Yang W, Liu Y, Li W, Wang Y, Liu N, Sheng C. Jumonji Histone Demethylase Inhibitor JIB-04 as a Broad-Spectrum Antifungal Agent. ACS Infect Dis 2022; 8:1316-1323. [PMID: 35695031 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.2c00096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Invasive fungal infections are emerging as a global public health problem. The lack of effective antifungal drugs is the bottleneck of clinical antifungal treatment. To identify novel antifungal agents with new mechanisms of action, JIB-04, a Jumonji histone demethylase inhibitor, was identified to possess broad-spectrum antifungal activity by a cell-based screen. Particularly, JIB-04 effectively inhibited Jumonji demethylase activity and ergosterol biosynthesis of Cryptococcus neoformans cells, leading to in vitro and in vivo anti-Cryptococcus activity. It also significantly inhibited the virulence factors of C. neoformans including biofilm, melanin, capsule, and surface hydrophobicity. Thus, JIB-04 was validated as a potent antifungal agent for the treatment of cryptococcal meningitis and Jumonji histone demethylase was preliminarily identified as a potential target for the development of novel antifungal therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyou Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, China.,Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Wanzhen Yang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yun Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Wang Li
- School of Pharmacy, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Na Liu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Chunquan Sheng
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
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14
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Yang W, Zhang Y, Teng H, Liu N, Sheng C, Guo Y. Role of Azole Drugs in Promoting Fungal Cell Autophagy Revealed by an NIR Fluorescence-Based Theranostic Probe. Anal Chem 2022; 94:7092-7099. [PMID: 35503259 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c00859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy, a widespread degradation system in eukaryotes, plays an important role in maintaining the homeostasis of the cellular environment and the recycling of substances. Optical probes for the tracking of autophagy can be used as an effective tool not only to visualize the autophagy process but also to study autophagy-targeted drugs. Various molecule probes for autophagy of cancer cells emerge but are very limited for that of fungal cells, resulting in the lack of research on antifungal drugs targeting autophagy. To address this issue, we report an azole NIR fluorescence-based theranostic probe AF-1 with antifungal activity that is sensitive to autophagy-associated pH. The unique design of this probe lies in the introduction of both the pH-sensitive fluorophore with a detection range matching the pH range of the autophagy process and the conserved core structural fragment of azole drugs, providing a strategy to investigate the relationship between antifungal drug action and autophagy. As such, AF-1 exhibited excellent spectral properties and was found to target and induce the autophagy of the fungal cell membrane while maintaining moderate antifungal activity. Of note, using this theranostic probe as both a dye and drug, the autophagy process of fungi was visualized in a ratiometric manner, revealing the role of azole antifungal drugs in promoting autophagy to induce fungal cell apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanzhen Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yanhui Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, China
| | - Hao Teng
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, China
| | - Na Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Chunquan Sheng
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yuan Guo
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, China
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15
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Kane A, Carter DA. Augmenting Azoles with Drug Synergy to Expand the Antifungal Toolbox. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:482. [PMID: 35455479 PMCID: PMC9027798 DOI: 10.3390/ph15040482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungal infections impact the lives of at least 12 million people every year, killing over 1.5 million. Wide-spread use of fungicides and prophylactic antifungal therapy have driven resistance in many serious fungal pathogens, and there is an urgent need to expand the current antifungal arsenal. Recent research has focused on improving azoles, our most successful class of antifungals, by looking for synergistic interactions with secondary compounds. Synergists can co-operate with azoles by targeting steps in related pathways, or they may act on mechanisms related to resistance such as active efflux or on totally disparate pathways or processes. A variety of sources of potential synergists have been explored, including pre-existing antimicrobials, pharmaceuticals approved for other uses, bioactive natural compounds and phytochemicals, and novel synthetic compounds. Synergy can successfully widen the antifungal spectrum, decrease inhibitory dosages, reduce toxicity, and prevent the development of resistance. This review highlights the diversity of mechanisms that have been exploited for the purposes of azole synergy and demonstrates that synergy remains a promising approach for meeting the urgent need for novel antifungal strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dee A. Carter
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences and Sydney ID, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia;
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16
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Yin W, Wu T, Liu L, Jiang H, Zhang Y, Cui H, Sun Y, Qin Q, Sun Y, Gao Z, Zhao L, Su X, Zhao D, Cheng M. Species-Selective Targeting of Fungal Hsp90: Design, Synthesis, and Evaluation of Novel 4,5-Diarylisoxazole Derivatives for the Combination Treatment of Azole-Resistant Candidiasis. J Med Chem 2022; 65:5539-5564. [PMID: 35298171 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c01991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Invasive fungal infections are emerging as serious infectious diseases worldwide. Because of the development of antifungal drug resistance, the limited efficacy of the existing drugs has led to high mortality in patients. The use of the essential eukaryotic chaperone Hsp90, which plays a multifaceted role in drug resistance across diverse pathogenic fungal species, is considered to be a new strategy to mitigate the resistance and counter the threat posed by drug-resistant fungi. Thus, a series of 4,5-diarylisoxazole analogues as fungal Hsp90 inhibitors were designed and synthesized that had potent synergistic effects with fluconazole in vitro and in vivo. In particular, compound A17 could avoid the potential mammalian toxicity of Hsp90 inhibitors based on key reside differences between humans and fungi. These data support the feasibility of targeting fungal Hsp90 as a promising antifungal strategy and further development of compound A17 as a valuable research probe for the investigation of fungal Hsp90.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenbo Yin
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Tianxiao Wu
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Lei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Hong Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Yuxin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Hengxian Cui
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Yin Sun
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Qiaohua Qin
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Yixiang Sun
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Zixuan Gao
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Liyu Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Xin Su
- The School of Life Science and Biopharmaceutical, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Dongmei Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Maosheng Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang 110016, China
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17
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Li W, Yun Z, Ji C, Tu J, Yang W, Li J, Liu N, Sheng C. Discovery of Novel Sertraline Derivatives as Potent Anti- Cryptococcus Agents. J Med Chem 2022; 65:6541-6554. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c01845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Wang Li
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Zhaolin Yun
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Changjin Ji
- School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science & Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jie Tu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Wanzhen Yang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Jian Li
- School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science & Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, People’s Republic of China
| | - Na Liu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Chunquan Sheng
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai 200433, China
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18
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Yin W, Cui H, Jiang H, Zhang Y, Liu L, Wu T, Sun Y, Zhao L, Su X, Zhao D, Cheng M. Broadening antifungal spectrum and improving metabolic stablity based on a scaffold strategy: Design, synthesis, and evaluation of novel 4-phenyl-4,5-dihydrooxazole derivatives as potent fungistatic and fungicidal reagents. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 227:113955. [PMID: 34749201 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
5-phenylthiophene derivatives exhibited excellent antifungal activity against Candida albicans, Candida tropicalis and Cryptococcus neoformans. However, optimal compound 7 was inactive against Aspergillus fumigatus and unstable in human liver microsomes in vitro with a half-life of 18.6 min. To discover antifungal agents with a broad spectrum and improve the metabolic properties of the compounds, the scaffold hopping strategy was adopted and a series of 4-phenyl-4,5-dihydrooxazole derivatives were designed and synthesized. It was especially encouraging that compound 22a displayed significant antifungal activities against eight susceptible strains and seven FLC-resistant strains. Furthermore, the potent compound 22a could prevent the formation of fungalbiofilms and displayed satisfactory fungicidal activity. In addition, the metabolic stability of compound 22a was improved significantly, with the half-life of 70.5 min. Compound 22a was almost nontoxic to mammalian A549, MCF-7, HepG2, and 293T cells. Moreover, pharmacokinetic studies in SD rats showed that compound 22a exhibited pharmacokinetic properties with a bioavailability of 15.22% and a half-life of 4.44 h, indicating that compound 22a is worthy of further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenbo Yin
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Hengxian Cui
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Hong Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Yuxin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Lei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Tianxiao Wu
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Yin Sun
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Liyu Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Xin Su
- The School of Life Science and Biopharmaceutical, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Dongmei Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang, 110016, China.
| | - Maosheng Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang, 110016, China
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19
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Ghobadi E, Saednia S, Emami S. Synthetic approaches and structural diversity of triazolylbutanols derived from voriconazole in the antifungal drug development. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 231:114161. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.114161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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20
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Li X, Li X, Liu F, Li S, Shi D. Rational Multitargeted Drug Design Strategy from the Perspective of a Medicinal Chemist. J Med Chem 2021; 64:10581-10605. [PMID: 34313432 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c00683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The development of multitarget-directed ligands (MTDLs) has become a widely focused research topic, but rational design remains as an enormous challenge. This paper reviews and discusses the design strategy of incorporating the second activity into an existing single-active ligand. If the binding sites of both targets share similar endogenous substrates, MTDLs can be designed by merging two lead compounds with similar functional groups. If the binding sites are large or adjacent to the solution, two key pharmacophores can be fused directly. If the binding regions are small and deep inside the proteins, the linked-pharmacophore strategy might be the only way. The added pharmacophores of second targets should not affect the binding mode of the original ones. Moreover, the inhibitory activities of the two targets need to be adjusted to achieve an optimal ratio.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangqian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao 266237, Shandong, P. R. China
| | - Xiaowei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao 266237, Shandong, P. R. China
| | - Fang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao 266237, Shandong, P. R. China
| | - Shuo Li
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao 266237, Shandong, P. R. China
| | - Dayong Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao 266237, Shandong, P. R. China
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