1
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Kumari P, Yadav S, Sarkar S, Satheeshkumar PK. Cleavage of cell junction proteins as a host invasion strategy in leptospirosis. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2024; 108:119. [PMID: 38204132 PMCID: PMC10781872 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-023-12945-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Infection and invasion are the prerequisites for developing the disease symptoms in a host. While the probable mechanism of host invasion and pathogenesis is known in many pathogens, very little information is available on Leptospira invasion/pathogenesis. For causing systemic infection Leptospira must transmigrate across epithelial barriers, which is the most critical and challenging step. Extracellular and membrane-bound proteases play a crucial role in the invasion process. An extensive search for the proteins experimentally proven to be involved in the invasion process through cell junction cleavage in other pathogens has resulted in identifying 26 proteins. The similarity searches on the Leptospira genome for counterparts of these 26 pathogenesis-related proteins identified at least 12 probable coding sequences. The proteins were either extracellular or membrane-bound with a proteolytic domain to cleave the cell junction proteins. This review will emphasize our current understanding of the pathogenic aspects of host cell junction-pathogenic protein interactions involved in the invasion process. Further, potential candidate proteins with cell junction cleavage properties that may be exploited in the diagnostic/therapeutic aspects of leptospirosis will also be discussed. KEY POINTS: • The review focussed on the cell junction cleavage proteins in bacterial pathogenesis • Cell junction disruptors from Leptospira genome are identified using bioinformatics • The review provides insights into the therapeutic/diagnostic interventions possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preeti Kumari
- Department of Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, 221005, India
| | - Suhani Yadav
- Department of Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, 221005, India
| | - Sresha Sarkar
- Department of Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, 221005, India
| | - Padikara K Satheeshkumar
- Department of Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, 221005, India.
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2
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Phillips MJA, Huston WM, McDonagh AM, Rawling T. 4-Chloroisocoumarins as Chlamydial Protease Inhibitors and Anti-Chlamydial Agents. Molecules 2024; 29:1519. [PMID: 38611800 PMCID: PMC11013143 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29071519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
4-Chloroisocoumarin compounds have broad inhibitory properties against serine proteases. Here, we show that selected 3-alkoxy-4-chloroisocoumarins preferentially inhibit the activity of the conserved serine protease High-temperature requirement A of Chlamydia trachomatis. The synthesis of a new series of isocoumarin-based scaffolds has been developed, and their anti-chlamydial properties were investigated. The structure of the alkoxy substituent was found to influence the potency of the compounds against High-temperature requirement A, and modifications to the C-7 position of the 3-alkoxy-4-chloroisocoumarin structure attenuate anti-chlamydial properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J. A. Phillips
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia;
| | - Wilhelmina M. Huston
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia;
| | - Andrew M. McDonagh
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia;
| | - Tristan Rawling
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia;
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3
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Metwally HM, Younis NM, Abdel-Latif E, El-Rayyes A. New thiazole, thiophene and 2-pyridone compounds incorporating dimethylaniline moiety: synthesis, cytotoxicity, ADME and molecular docking studies. BMC Chem 2024; 18:52. [PMID: 38486282 PMCID: PMC10941513 DOI: 10.1186/s13065-024-01136-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Various sets of thiazole, thiophene, and 2-pyridone ring structures containing a dimethylaniline component were synthesized. Substituted thiazoles 2-3 and thiophenes 5-7 were produced by reacting thiocarbamoyl compound 4 with α-halogenated reagents in different basic conditions. Also, a series of 2-pyridone derivatives 9a-f substituted with dimethylaniline was synthesized through Michael addition of malononitrile to α,β-unsaturated nitrile derivatives 8a-f. The synthesized products were structurally proven by spectroscopic methods such as IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, and MS data. Furthermore, the anti-cancer efficacy of the compounds was assessed using the MTT assay on two cell lines: hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG-2) and breast cancer (MDA-MB-231). The results showed the highest growth inhibition for derivatives 2, 6, 7, and 9c, which were further examined for their IC50 values. The IC50 for compound 2 showed equipotent activity (IC50 = 1.2 µM) against the HepG-2 cell line compared to Doxorubicin (IC50 = 1.1 µM). Compounds 2, 6, 7 and 9c showed very good ADME assessments for further drug administration. Moreover, the PASS theoretical prediction for the compounds showed high antimitotic and antineoplastic activities for compounds 2, 6, 7, and 9c, as well as potent inhibition activity for the insulysin enzyme (IDE). Molecular docking stimulations were performed on CDK1/CyclinB1/CKS2 (PDB ID: 4y72) and BPTI (PDB ID: 2ra3). When docked into (PDB ID: 4y72), all of the tested compounds showed considerable inhibition, and the 2-pyridone derivative 9d had the maximum binding affinity (- 8.1223 kcal/mol). While thiophene derivative 6 offered the maximum binding affinity (- 7.5094 kcal/mol) when docked into (PDB ID: 2ra3).
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Affiliation(s)
- Heba M Metwally
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, Mansoura, 35516, Egypt.
| | - Norhan M Younis
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, Mansoura, 35516, Egypt
| | - Ehab Abdel-Latif
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, Mansoura, 35516, Egypt
| | - Ali El-Rayyes
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Northern Border University, 1321, Arar, Saudi Arabia.
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4
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Qi X, Grafskaia E, Yu Z, Shen N, Fedina E, Masyutin A, Erokhina M, Lepoitevin M, Lazarev V, Zigangirova N, Serre C, Durymanov M. Methylene Blue-Loaded NanoMOFs: Accumulation in Chlamydia trachomatis Inclusions and Light/Dark Antibacterial Effects. ACS Infect Dis 2023; 9:1558-1569. [PMID: 37477515 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.3c00131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
Metal-organic framework nanoparticles (nanoMOFs) are promising nanomaterials for biomedical applications. Some of them, including biodegradable porous iron carboxylates are proposed for encapsulation and delivery of antibiotics. Due to the high drug loading capacity and fast internalization kinetics, nanoMOFs are more beneficial for the treatment of intracellular bacterial infections compared to free antibacterial drugs, which poorly accumulate inside the cells because of the inability to cross membrane barriers or have low intracellular retention. However, nanoparticle internalization does not ensure their accumulation in the cell compartment that shelters a pathogen. This study shows the availability of MIL-100(Fe)-based MOF nanoparticles to co-localize with Chlamydia trachomatis, an obligate intracellular bacterium, in the infected RAW264.7 macrophages. Furthermore, nanoMOFs loaded with photosensitizer methylene blue (MB) exhibit complete photodynamic inactivation of C. trachomatis growth. Simultaneous infection and treatment of RAW264.7 cells with empty nanoMOFs resulted in a bacterial load reduction from 100 to 36% that indicates an intrinsic anti-chlamydial effect of this iron-containing nanomaterial. Thus, our findings suggest the use of iron-based nanoMOFs as a promising drug delivery platform, which contributes to antibacterial effect, for the treatment of chlamydial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Qi
- School of Biological and Medical Physics, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Moscow Region 141701, Russia
| | - Ekaterina Grafskaia
- Genetic Engineering Lab, Department of Cell Biology, Lopukhin Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical-Chemical Medicine of Federal Medical Biological Agency, Scientific Research Institute of Physical-Chemical Medicine, Moscow 119435, Russia
| | - Zhihao Yu
- Institute of Porous Materials from Paris (IMAP), Ecole Normale Supérieure, ESPCI Paris, CNRS, PSL University, Paris 75005, France
| | - Ningfei Shen
- School of Biological and Medical Physics, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Moscow Region 141701, Russia
| | - Elena Fedina
- The Gamaleya National Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow 123098, Russia
| | - Alexander Masyutin
- Faculty of Biology, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119234, Russia
- Cell Biology Lab, Department of Pathology, Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Central Tuberculosis Research Institute, Moscow 107564, Russia
| | - Maria Erokhina
- Faculty of Biology, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119234, Russia
- Cell Biology Lab, Department of Pathology, Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Central Tuberculosis Research Institute, Moscow 107564, Russia
| | - Mathilde Lepoitevin
- Institute of Porous Materials from Paris (IMAP), Ecole Normale Supérieure, ESPCI Paris, CNRS, PSL University, Paris 75005, France
| | - Vassili Lazarev
- School of Biological and Medical Physics, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Moscow Region 141701, Russia
- Genetic Engineering Lab, Department of Cell Biology, Lopukhin Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical-Chemical Medicine of Federal Medical Biological Agency, Scientific Research Institute of Physical-Chemical Medicine, Moscow 119435, Russia
| | - Nailya Zigangirova
- The Gamaleya National Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow 123098, Russia
| | - Christian Serre
- Institute of Porous Materials from Paris (IMAP), Ecole Normale Supérieure, ESPCI Paris, CNRS, PSL University, Paris 75005, France
| | - Mikhail Durymanov
- School of Biological and Medical Physics, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Moscow Region 141701, Russia
- Faculty of Chemistry, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russia
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Rodrigues R, Vieira-Baptista P, Catalão C, Borrego MJ, Sousa C, Vale N. Chlamydial and Gonococcal Genital Infections: A Narrative Review. J Pers Med 2023; 13:1170. [PMID: 37511783 PMCID: PMC10381338 DOI: 10.3390/jpm13071170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) constitute one of the leading causes of disease burden worldwide, leading to considerable morbidity, mortality, health expenditures, and stigma. Of note are the most common bacterial STIs, chlamydial and gonococcal infections, whose etiological agents are Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) and Neisseria gonorrhoeae (NG), respectively. Despite being usually asymptomatic, in some cases these infections can be associated with long-term severe complications, such as pelvic inflammatory disease, chronic pelvic pain, infertility, ectopic pregnancy, and increased risk of other STIs acquisition. As the symptoms, when present, are usually similar in both infections, and in most of the cases these infections co-occur, the dual-test strategy, searching for both pathogens, should be preferred. In line with this, herein we focus on the main aspects of CT and NG infections, the clinical symptoms as well as the appropriate state-of-the-art diagnostic tests and treatment. Cost-effective strategies for controlling CT and NG infections worldwide are addressed. The treatment for both infections is based on antibiotics. However, the continuing global rise in the incidence of these infections, concomitantly with the increased risk of antibiotics resistance, leads to difficulties in their control, particularly in the case of NG infections. We also discuss the potential mechanism of tumorigenesis related to CT infections. The molecular bases of CT and NG infections are addressed, as they should provide clues for control or eradication, through the development of new drugs and/or effective vaccines against these pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafaela Rodrigues
- OncoPharma Research Group, Center for Health Technology and Services Research (CINTESIS), Rua Doutor Plácido da Costa, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal
- CINTESIS@RISE, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Alameda Professor Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
- Molecular Diagnostics Laboratory, Unilabs Portugal, Centro Empresarial Lionesa Porto, Rua Lionesa, 4465-671 Leça do Balio, Portugal
| | - Pedro Vieira-Baptista
- Department of Gynecology-Obstetrics and Pediatrics, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto, Alameda Professor Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
- Lower Genital Tract Unit, Centro Hospitalar de São João, Alameda Professor Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
| | - Carlos Catalão
- Roche Sistemas de Diagnósticos, Estrada Nacional, 2720-413 Amadora, Portugal
| | - Maria José Borrego
- Laboratório Nacional de Referência das Infeções Sexualmente Transmissíveis, Instituto Nacional de Saúde Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Avenida Padre Cruz, 1649-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Carlos Sousa
- Molecular Diagnostics Laboratory, Unilabs Portugal, Centro Empresarial Lionesa Porto, Rua Lionesa, 4465-671 Leça do Balio, Portugal
| | - Nuno Vale
- OncoPharma Research Group, Center for Health Technology and Services Research (CINTESIS), Rua Doutor Plácido da Costa, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal
- CINTESIS@RISE, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Alameda Professor Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
- Department of Community Medicine, Health Information and Decision (MEDCIDS), Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Rua Doutor Plácido da Costa, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal
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6
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C AM, Wessler S, Ponnuraj K. Inhibition of Listeria Monocytogenes HtrA Protease with Camostat, Gabexate and Nafamostat Mesylates and the Binding Mode of the Inhibitors. Protein J 2023:10.1007/s10930-023-10114-8. [PMID: 37093417 PMCID: PMC10123570 DOI: 10.1007/s10930-023-10114-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
Abstract
In many bacteria, the High Temperature requirement A (HtrA) protein functions as a chaperone and protease. HtrA is an important factor in stress tolerance and plays a significant role in the virulence of several pathogenic bacteria. Camostat, gabexate and nafamostat mesylates are serine protease inhibitors and have recently shown a great impact in the inhibition studies of SARS-CoV2. In this study, the inhibition of Listeria monocytogenes HtrA (LmHtrA) protease activity was analysed using these three inhibitors. The cleavage assay, using human fibrinogen and casein as substrates, revealed that the three inhibitors effectively inhibit the protease activity of LmHtrA. The agar plate assay and spectrophotometric analysis concluded that the inhibition of nafamostat (IC50 value of 6.6 ± 0.4 µM) is more effective compared to the other two inhibitors. Previous studies revealed that at the active site of the protease, these inhibitors are hydrolysed and one of the hydrolysates is covalently bound to the active site serine. To understand the mode of binding of these inhibitors at the active site of LmHtrA, docking of the inhibitors followed by molecular dynamics simulations were carried out. Analysis of the LmHtrA-inhibitor complex structures revealed that the covalently bound inhibitor is unable to occupy the S1 pocket of the LmHtrA which is in contrast to the previously determined camostat and nafamostat complex structures. This observation provides the first glimpse of the substrate specificity of LmHtrA which is not known. The obtained results also suggest that the development of novel inhibitors of LmHtrA and its homologs with active site architecture similar to LmHtrA can be pursued with suitable modification of these inhibitors. To date, only a very few studies have been carried out on identifying the inhibitors of HtrA proteolytic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amrutha M C
- Centre of Advanced Study in Crystallography and Biophysics, University of Madras, Guindy Campus, Chennai, 600 025, India
| | - Silja Wessler
- Department of Biosciences and Medical Biology, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunner Str. 34, Salzburg, A-5020, Austria
| | - Karthe Ponnuraj
- Centre of Advanced Study in Crystallography and Biophysics, University of Madras, Guindy Campus, Chennai, 600 025, India.
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Ciaston I, Dobosz E, Potempa J, Koziel J. The subversion of toll-like receptor signaling by bacterial and viral proteases during the development of infectious diseases. Mol Aspects Med 2022; 88:101143. [PMID: 36152458 PMCID: PMC9924004 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2022.101143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) that respond to pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). The recognition of specific microbial ligands by TLRs triggers an innate immune response and also promotes adaptive immunity, which is necessary for the efficient elimination of invading pathogens. Successful pathogens have therefore evolved strategies to subvert and/or manipulate TLR signaling. Both the impairment and uncontrolled activation of TLR signaling can harm the host, causing tissue destruction and allowing pathogens to proliferate, thus favoring disease progression. In this context, microbial proteases are key virulence factors that modify components of the TLR signaling pathway. In this review, we discuss the role of bacterial and viral proteases in the manipulation of TLR signaling, highlighting the importance of these enzymes during the development of infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izabela Ciaston
- Department of Microbiology Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Ewelina Dobosz
- Department of Microbiology Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Jan Potempa
- Department of Microbiology Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland; Department of Oral Health and Systemic Disease, University of Louisville School of Dentistry, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA.
| | - Joanna Koziel
- Department of Microbiology Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland.
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Rodrigues R, Marques L, Vieira-Baptista P, Sousa C, Vale N. Therapeutic Options for Chlamydia trachomatis Infection: Present and Future. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:1634. [PMID: 36421278 PMCID: PMC9686482 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11111634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Sexually transmitted infections (STIs), such as Chlamydia trachomatis (Ct) infection, have serious consequences for sexual and reproductive health worldwide. Ct is one of the most common sexually transmitted bacterial infections in the world, with approximately 129 million new cases per year. C. trachomatis is an obligate intracellular Gram-negative bacterium. The infection is usually asymptomatic, notwithstanding, it could also be associated with severe sequels and complications, such as chronic pain, infertility, and gynecologic cancers, and thus there is an urgent need to adequately treat these cases in a timely manner. Consequently, beyond its individual effects, the infection also impacts the economy of the countries where it is prevalent, generating a need to consider the hypothesis of implementing Chlamydia Screening Programs, a decision that, although it is expensive to execute, is a necessary investment that unequivocally will bring financial and social long-term advantages worldwide. To detect Ct infection, there are different methodologies available. Nucleic acid amplification tests, with their high sensitivity and specificity, are currently the first-line tests for the detection of Ct. When replaced by other detection methods, there are more false negative tests, leading to underreported cases and a subsequent underestimation of Ct infection's prevalence. Ct treatment is based on antibiotic prescription, which is highly associated with drug resistance. Therefore, currently, there have been efforts in line with the development of alternative strategies to effectively treat this infection, using a drug repurposing method, as well as a natural treatment approach. In addition, researchers have also made some progress in the Ct vaccine development over the years, despite the fact that it also necessitates more studies in order to finally establish a vaccination plan. In this review, we have focused on the therapeutic options for treating Ct infection, expert recommendations, and major difficulties, while also exploring the possible avenues through which to face this issue, with novel approaches beyond those proposed by the guidelines of Health Organizations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafaela Rodrigues
- OncoPharma Research Group, Center for Health Technology and Services Research (CINTESIS), Rua Doutor Plácido da Costa, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal
- CINTESIS@RISE, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Alameda Professor Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
- Molecular Diagnostics Laboratory, Unilabs Portugal, Centro Empresarial Lionesa Porto, Rua Lionesa, 446 C24, 4465-671 Leça do Balio, Portugal
| | - Lara Marques
- OncoPharma Research Group, Center for Health Technology and Services Research (CINTESIS), Rua Doutor Plácido da Costa, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal
- CINTESIS@RISE, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Alameda Professor Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
| | - Pedro Vieira-Baptista
- Hospital Lusíadas Porto, Avenida da Boavista, 171, 4050-115 Porto, Portugal
- Lower Genital Tract Unit, Centro Hospitalar de São João, Alameda Professor Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
| | - Carlos Sousa
- Molecular Diagnostics Laboratory, Unilabs Portugal, Centro Empresarial Lionesa Porto, Rua Lionesa, 446 C24, 4465-671 Leça do Balio, Portugal
| | - Nuno Vale
- OncoPharma Research Group, Center for Health Technology and Services Research (CINTESIS), Rua Doutor Plácido da Costa, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal
- CINTESIS@RISE, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Alameda Professor Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
- Department of Community Medicine, Health Information and Decision (MEDCIDS), Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Rua Doutor Plácido da Costa, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal
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9
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Hwang J, Mros S, Gamble AB, Tyndall JDA, McDowell A. Improving Antibacterial Activity of a HtrA Protease Inhibitor JO146 against Helicobacter pylori: A Novel Approach Using Microfluidics-Engineered PLGA Nanoparticles. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14020348. [PMID: 35214080 PMCID: PMC8875321 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14020348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanoparticle drug delivery systems have emerged as a promising strategy for overcoming limitations of antimicrobial drugs such as stability, bioavailability, and insufficient exposure to the hard-to-reach bacterial drug targets. Although size is a vital colloidal feature of nanoparticles that governs biological interactions, the absence of well-defined size control technology has hampered the investigation of optimal nanoparticle size for targeting bacterial cells. Previously, we identified a lead antichlamydial compound JO146 against the high temperature requirement A (HtrA) protease, a promising antibacterial target involved in protein quality control and virulence. Here, we reveal that JO146 was active against Helicobacter pylori with a minimum bactericidal concentration of 18.8–75.2 µg/mL. Microfluidic technology using a design of experiments approach was utilized to formulate JO146-loaded poly(lactic-co-glycolic) acid nanoparticles and explore the effect of the nanoparticle size on drug delivery. JO146-loaded nanoparticles of three different sizes (90, 150, and 220 nm) were formulated with uniform particle size distribution and drug encapsulation efficiency of up to 25%. In in vitro microdilution inhibition assays, 90 nm nanoparticles improved the minimum bactericidal concentration of JO146 two-fold against H. pylori compared to the free drug alone, highlighting that controlled engineering of nanoparticle size is important in drug delivery optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jimin Hwang
- School of Pharmacy, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand; (J.H.); (A.B.G.); (J.D.A.T.)
| | - Sonya Mros
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand;
| | - Allan B. Gamble
- School of Pharmacy, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand; (J.H.); (A.B.G.); (J.D.A.T.)
| | - Joel D. A. Tyndall
- School of Pharmacy, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand; (J.H.); (A.B.G.); (J.D.A.T.)
| | - Arlene McDowell
- School of Pharmacy, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand; (J.H.); (A.B.G.); (J.D.A.T.)
- Correspondence:
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10
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Song Y, Ke Y, Kang M, Bao R. Function, molecular mechanisms, and therapeutic potential of bacterial HtrA proteins: An evolving view. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2022; 20:40-49. [PMID: 34976310 PMCID: PMC8671199 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2021.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Members of the high temperature requirement A (HtrA) protein family are widely distributed amongst prokaryotic and eukaryotic species. HtrA proteins have ATP-independent dual chaperone-protease activity and mediate protein quality control. Emerging evidence indicates that HtrA family members are vital for establishing infections and bacterial survival under stress conditions. Bacterial HtrA proteins are increasingly thought of as important new targets for antibacterial drug development. Recent literature suggests that HtrA protein AlgW from Pseudomonas aeruginosa has distinct structural, functional, and regulatory characteristics. The novel dual-signal activation mechanism seen in AlgW is required to modulate stress and drug responses in bacteria, prompting us to review our understanding of the many HtrA proteins found in microorganisms. Here, we describe the distribution of HtrA gene orthologues in pathogenic bacteria, discuss their structure–function relationships, outline the molecular mechanisms exhibited by different bacterial HtrA proteins in bacteria under selective pressure, and review the significance of recently developed small molecule inhibitors targeting HtrA in pathogenic bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingjie Song
- Center of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center, Chengdu, China
| | - Yitao Ke
- Center of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center, Chengdu, China
| | - Mei Kang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Corresponding authors.
| | - Rui Bao
- Center of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center, Chengdu, China
- Corresponding authors.
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11
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Hwang J, Strange N, Mazraani R, Phillips MJ, Gamble AB, Huston WM, Tyndall JDA. Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of P2-modified proline analogues targeting the HtrA serine protease in Chlamydia. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 230:114064. [PMID: 35007862 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.114064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
High temperature requirement A (HtrA) serine proteases have emerged as a novel class of antibacterial target, which are crucial in protein quality control and are involved in the pathogenesis of a wide array of bacterial infections. Previously, we demonstrated that HtrA in Chlamydia is essential for bacterial survival, replication and virulence. Here, we report a new series of proline (P2)-modified inhibitors of Chlamydia trachomatis HtrA (CtHtrA) developed by proline ring expansion and Cγ-substitutions. The structure-based drug optimization process was guided by molecular modelling and in vitro pharmacological evaluation of inhibitory potency, selectivity and cytotoxicity. Compound 25 from the first-generation 4-substituted proline analogues increased antiCtHtrA potency and selectivity over human neutrophil elastase (HNE) by approximately 6- and 12-fold, respectively, relative to the peptidic lead compound 1. Based on this compound, second-generation substituted proline residues containing 1,2,3-triazole moieties were synthesized by regioselective azide-alkyne click chemistry. Compound 49 demonstrated significantly improved antichlamydial activity in whole cell assays, diminishing the bacterial infectious progeny below the detection limit at the lowest dose tested. Compound 49 resulted in approximately 9- and 22-fold improvement in the inhibitory potency and selectivity relative to 1, respectively. To date, compound 49 is the most potent HtrA inhibitor developed against Chlamydia spp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jimin Hwang
- School of Pharmacy, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Natalie Strange
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Rami Mazraani
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Matthew J Phillips
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Allan B Gamble
- School of Pharmacy, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.
| | - Wilhelmina M Huston
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
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