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Kim IW, Park WJ, Yun HY, Kim DS. Methylsulfonylmethane promotes melanogenesis via activation of JNK in Mel-Ab cells. Int J Cosmet Sci 2024. [PMID: 38924609 DOI: 10.1111/ics.12988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Revised: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Methylsulfonylmethane (MSM), which contains organic sulphur, has been used for a long time as a medicinal ingredient because of its benefits to human health. MSM is reported to be protective against certain skin disorders, but it is unknown whether it affects melanin synthesis. Therefore, in our current research, we examined the possibility of MSM controlling the production of melanin in Mel-Ab melanocytes. METHODS In Mel-Ab cells, melanin contents and tyrosinase activities were assessed and quantified. The expression of microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF) and tyrosinase was evaluated using western blot analysis, while MSM-induced signalling pathways were investigated. RESULTS The MSM treatment significantly resulted in a dose-dependent increase in melanin production. Furthermore, MSM elevated melanin-related proteins, including MITF and tyrosinase. However, the rate-limiting enzyme of melanin production, tyrosinase, was not directly influenced by it. Therefore, we investigated potential melanogenesis-related signalling pathways that may have been triggered by MSM. Our findings showed that MSM did not influence the signalling pathways associated with glycogen synthase kinase 3β, cAMP response-element binding protein, extracellular signal-regulated kinase, or p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase. However, MSM phosphorylated c-Jun N-terminal kinases/stress-activated protein kinase (JNK/SAPK), which is known to induce melanogenesis. SP600125, a specific JNK inhibitor, inhibited MSM-induced melanogenesis. CONCLUSION Taken together, our study indicates that MSM induces melanin synthesis and may serve as a therapeutic option for hypopigmentary skin disorders such as vitiligo.
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Affiliation(s)
- In Wook Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Woo-Jae Park
- Department of Biochemistry, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye-Young Yun
- Department of Biochemistry, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Seok Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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2
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Ricci F, Schira K, Khettabi L, Lombardo L, Mirabile S, Gitto R, Soler-Lopez M, Scheuermann J, Wolber G, De Luca L. Computational methods to analyze and predict the binding mode of inhibitors targeting both human and mushroom tyrosinase. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 260:115771. [PMID: 37657271 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/03/2023]
Abstract
Tyrosinase, a copper-containing enzyme critical in melanin biosynthesis, is a key drug target for hyperpigmentation and melanoma in humans. Testing the inhibitory effects of compounds using tyrosinase from Agaricus bisporus (AbTYR) has been a common practice to identify potential therapeutics from synthetic and natural sources. However, structural diversity among human tyrosinase (hTYR) and AbTYR presents a challenge in developing drugs that are therapeutically effective. In this study, we combined retrospective and computational analyses with experimental data to provide insights into the development of new inhibitors targeting both hTYR and AbTYR. We observed contrasting effects of Thiamidol™ and our 4-(4-hydroxyphenyl)piperazin-1-yl-derivative (6) on both enzymes; based on this finding, we aimed to investigate their binding modes in hTYR and AbTYR to identify residues that significantly improve affinity. All the information led to the discovery of compound [4-(4-hydroxyphenyl)piperazin-1-yl](2-methoxyphenyl)methanone (MehT-3, 7), which showed comparable activity on AbTYR (IC50 = 3.52 μM) and hTYR (IC50 = 5.4 μM). Based on these achievements we propose the exploitation of our computational results to provide relevant structural information for the development of newer dual-targeting molecules, which could be preliminarily tested on AbTYR as a rapid and inexpensive screening procedure before being tested on hTYR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Ricci
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical, and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale F. D'Alcontres 31, I-98166, Messina, Italy
| | - Kristina Schira
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, ETH Zürich, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Lyna Khettabi
- Structural Biology Group, European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Lisa Lombardo
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical, and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale F. D'Alcontres 31, I-98166, Messina, Italy
| | - Salvatore Mirabile
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical, and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale F. D'Alcontres 31, I-98166, Messina, Italy
| | - Rosaria Gitto
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical, and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale F. D'Alcontres 31, I-98166, Messina, Italy
| | - Montserrat Soler-Lopez
- Structural Biology Group, European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Jörg Scheuermann
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, ETH Zürich, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Gerhard Wolber
- Molecular Design Lab, Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luisestr. 2 + 4, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Laura De Luca
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical, and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale F. D'Alcontres 31, I-98166, Messina, Italy.
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3
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Sun A, Chai N, Zhu X, Li Y, Wang R, Zhang Y, Mao Z. Optimization and antifungal activity of quinoline derivatives linked to chalcone moiety combined with FLC against Candida albicans. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 260:115782. [PMID: 37672929 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
In present work, a series of quinoline derivatives linked to chalcone moiety have been prepared, and their in vitro and in vivo antifungal activities against C. albicans have been evaluated. The results indicated that quinoline combined with fluconazole (FLC) showed good inhibitory activity against C. albicans. Especially, compound PK-10 combined with FLC displayed the best antifungal activity against 14 FLC-resistant C. albicans strains with almost no cytotoxicity. Preliminary mechanistic studies proved that PK-10 combined with FLC could inhibit the hyphae formation of C. albicans, induce the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), the damage of mitochondrial membrane potential and the decrease of intracellular ATP content, which led to mitochondrial dysfunction. In vivo studies found obvious effects of the co-treatment regimen had obvious effects based on histological analysis, body weight curves, and coefficients of major organs. Therefore, the optimization of quinolone-chalcone derivatives combined with FLC could exert the potent antifungal activity in vitro and in vivo obviously, suggesting them as new agents to treat drug-resistant C. albicans infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aimei Sun
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, 650500, PR China
| | - Nannan Chai
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, 650500, PR China
| | - Xianhu Zhu
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, 650500, PR China
| | - Yanping Li
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, 650500, PR China
| | - Ruirui Wang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, 650500, PR China.
| | - Yi Zhang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, 650500, PR China
| | - Zewei Mao
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, 650500, PR China.
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4
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Beaumet M, Lazinski LM, Maresca M, Haudecoeur R. Catechol-mimicking transition-state analogues as non-oxidizable inhibitors of tyrosinases. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 259:115672. [PMID: 37487307 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023]
Abstract
Tyrosinases are copper-containing metalloenzymes involved in several processes in both mammals, insects, bacteria, fungi and plants. Their phenol oxidation properties are especially responsible for human melanogenesis, potentially leading to abnormal pigmentation, and for postharvest vegetable tissue browning. Thus, targeting tyrosinases attracts interest for applications both in dermocosmetic and agrofood fields. However, a large part of the literature about tyrosinase inhibitors is dedicated to the report of copper-interacting phenolic compounds, that are more likely alternative substrates leading to undesirable toxic quinones production. To circumvent this issue, the use of catechol-mimicking copper-chelating groups that are analogues of the tyrosinase oxidation transition state appears as a valuable strategy. Relying on several non-oxidizable pyridinone, pyrone or tropolone moieties, innovative inhibitors were developed, especially within the past decade, and the best reported analogues reached IC50 values in the nanomolar range. Herein, we review the design, the activity against several tyrosinases, and the proposed binding modes of reported catechol-mimicking, non-oxidizable molecules, in light of recent structural data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morane Beaumet
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS 5063, DPM, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | | | - Marc Maresca
- Aix Marseille Univ., CNRS, Centrale Marseille, iSm2, 13013, Marseille, France
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5
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Mirabile S, Ielo L, Lombardo L, Ricci F, Gitto R, Germanò MP, Pace V, De Luca L. Leveraging the 3-Chloro-4-fluorophenyl Motif to Identify Inhibitors of Tyrosinase from Agaricus bisporus. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24097944. [PMID: 37175649 PMCID: PMC10177926 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24097944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Tyrosinase (EC 1.14.18.1) is implicated in melanin production in various organisms. There is a growing body of evidence suggesting that the overproduction of melanin might be related to several skin pigmentation disorders as well as neurodegenerative processes in Parkinson's disease. Based on this consideration, the development of tyrosinase inhibitors represents a new challenge to identify new agents in pharmaceutical and cosmetic applications. With the goal of identifying tyrosinase inhibitors from a synthetic source, we employed a cheap and facile preliminary assay using tyrosinase from Agaricus bisporus (AbTYR). We have previously demonstrated that the 4-fluorobenzyl moiety might be effective in interactions with the catalytic site of AbTYR; moreover, the additional chlorine atom exerted beneficial effects in enhancing inhibitory activity. Therefore, we planned the synthesis of new small compounds in which we incorporated the 3-chloro-4-fluorophenyl fragment into distinct chemotypes that revealed the ability to establish profitable contact with the AbTYR catalytic site. Our results confirmed that the presence of this fragment is an important structural feature to improve the AbTYR inhibition in these new chemotypes as well. Furthermore, docking analysis supported the best activity of the selected studied compounds, possessing higher potency when compared with reference compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore Mirabile
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale F. Stagno D'Alcontres 31, I-98166 Messina, Italy
- Foundation Prof. Antonio Imbesi, University of Messina, Piazza Pugliatti 1, I-98122 Messina, Italy
| | - Laura Ielo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turin, Via P. Giuria 7, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Lisa Lombardo
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale F. Stagno D'Alcontres 31, I-98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Federico Ricci
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale F. Stagno D'Alcontres 31, I-98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Rosaria Gitto
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale F. Stagno D'Alcontres 31, I-98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Maria Paola Germanò
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale F. Stagno D'Alcontres 31, I-98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Vittorio Pace
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turin, Via P. Giuria 7, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Laura De Luca
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale F. Stagno D'Alcontres 31, I-98166 Messina, Italy
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6
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Nunes JA, de Araújo RSA, da Silva FN, Cytarska J, Łączkowski KZ, Cardoso SH, Mendonça-Júnior FJB, da Silva-Júnior EF. Coumarin-Based Compounds as Inhibitors of Tyrosinase/Tyrosine Hydroxylase: Synthesis, Kinetic Studies, and In Silico Approaches. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:5216. [PMID: 36982292 PMCID: PMC10048804 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer represents the main cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, constituting a serious health problem. In this context, melanoma represents the most aggressive and fatal type of skin cancer, with death rates increasing every year. Scientific efforts have been addressed to the development of inhibitors targeting the tyrosinase enzyme as potential anti-melanoma agents due to the importance of this enzyme in melanogenesis biosynthesis. Coumarin-based compounds have shown potential activity as anti-melanoma agents and tyrosinase inhibitors. In this study, coumarin-based derivatives were designed, synthesized, and experimentally evaluated upon tyrosinase. Compound FN-19, a coumarin-thiosemicarbazone analog, exhibited potent anti-tyrosinase activity, with an IC50 value of 42.16 ± 5.16 µM, being more active than ascorbic acid and kojic acid, both reference inhibitors. The kinetic study showed that FN-19 acts as a mixed inhibitor. Still, for this compound, molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were performed to determine the stability of the complex with tyrosinase, generating RMSD, RMSF, and interaction plots. Additionally, docking studies were performed to elucidate the binding pose at the tyrosinase, suggesting that the hydroxyl group of coumarin derivative performs coordinate bonds (bidentate) with the copper(II) ions at distances ranging from 2.09 to 2.61 Å. Then, MM/PBSA calculations revealed that van der Waals interactions are the most relevant intermolecular forces for complex stabilization. Furthermore, it was observed that FN-19 has a binding energy (ΔEMM) value similar to tropolone, a tyrosinase inhibitor. Therefore, the data obtained in this study will be useful for designing and developing novel coumarin-based analogs targeting the tyrosinase enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jéssica Alves Nunes
- Biological and Molecular Chemistry Research Group, Institute of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Federal University of Alagoas, AC Simões Campus, Lourival Melo Mota Avenue, s/n, Maceió 57072-970, Alagoas, Brazil (E.F.d.S.-J.)
| | - Rodrigo Santos Aquino de Araújo
- Laboratory of Synthesis and Drug Delivery, Department of Biological Sciences, State University of Paraíba, João Pessoa 58429-500, Paraíba, Brazil
| | - Fabrícia Nunes da Silva
- Laboratory of Organic and Medicinal Synthesis, Federal University of Alagoas, Campus Arapiraca, Manoel Severino Barbosa Avenue, Arapiraca 57309-005, Alagoas, Brazil
| | - Joanna Cytarska
- Department of Chemical Technology and Pharmaceuticals, Faculty of Pharmacy, Collegium Medicum, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Jurasza 2, 85-089 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Z. Łączkowski
- Department of Chemical Technology and Pharmaceuticals, Faculty of Pharmacy, Collegium Medicum, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Jurasza 2, 85-089 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Sílvia Helena Cardoso
- Laboratory of Organic and Medicinal Synthesis, Federal University of Alagoas, Campus Arapiraca, Manoel Severino Barbosa Avenue, Arapiraca 57309-005, Alagoas, Brazil
| | | | - Edeildo Ferreira da Silva-Júnior
- Biological and Molecular Chemistry Research Group, Institute of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Federal University of Alagoas, AC Simões Campus, Lourival Melo Mota Avenue, s/n, Maceió 57072-970, Alagoas, Brazil (E.F.d.S.-J.)
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7
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Yousefnejad F, Iraji A, Sabourian R, Moazzam A, Tasharoie S, Sara Mirfazli S, Zomorodian K, Alireza Akhlagh S, Hosseini S, Larijani B, Tehrani MB, Hajimahmoodi M, Mahdavi M. Ugi Bis-Amide Derivatives as Tyrosinase Inhibitor; Synthesis, Biology Assessment, and in Silico Analysis. Chem Biodivers 2023; 20:e202200607. [PMID: 36538729 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202200607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Herein, a straightforward synthetic strategy mediated by Ugi reaction was developed to synthesize novel series of compounds as tyrosinase inhibitors. The structures of all compounds were confirmed by FT-IR, 1 H-NMR, 13 C-NMR, and CHNOS techniques. The tyrosinase inhibitory activities of all synthesized derivatives 5a-m were determined against mushroom tyrosinase and it was found that derivative 5c possesses the best inhibition with an IC50 value of 69.53±0.042 μM compared to the rest of the synthesized derivatives. Structure-activity relationships (SARs) showed that the presence of 4-MeO or 4-NO2 at the R2 position plays a key role in tyrosinase inhibitory activities. The enzyme kinetics studies showed that compound 5c is an noncompetitive inhibitor. For in silico study, the allosteric site detection was first applied to find the appropriate binding site and then molecular docking and molecular dynamic studies were performed to reveal the position and interactions of 5c as the most potent inhibitor within the tyrosinase active site. The results showed that 5c bind well with the proposed binding site and formed a stable complex with the target protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faeze Yousefnejad
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Aida Iraji
- Stem Cells Technology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.,Central Research Laboratory, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Reyhaneh Sabourian
- Drug and Food Control Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Moazzam
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shima Tasharoie
- Drug and Food Control Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyedeh Sara Mirfazli
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kamiar Zomorodian
- Department of Medical Mycology and Parasitology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | | | - Samensadst Hosseini
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Bagher Larijani
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maliheh Barazandeh Tehrani
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mannan Hajimahmoodi
- Drug and Food Control Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Mahdavi
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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8
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Mirabile S, Germanò MP, Fais A, Lombardo L, Ricci F, Floris S, Cacciola A, Rapisarda A, Gitto R, De Luca L. Design, Synthesis, and in Vitro Evaluation of 4-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)piperazine-Based Compounds Targeting Tyrosinase. ChemMedChem 2022; 17:e202200305. [PMID: 36093940 PMCID: PMC9828493 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202200305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Melanin biosynthesis is enzymatically regulated by tyrosinase (TYR, EC 1.14.18.1), which is efficiently inhibited by natural and synthetic phenols, demonstrating potential therapeutic application for the treatment of several human diseases. Herein we report the inhibitory effects of a series of (4-(4-hydroxyphenyl)piperazin-1-yl)arylmethanone derivatives, that were designed, synthesised and assayed against TYR from Agaricus bisporus (AbTYR). The best inhibitory activity was predominantly found for compounds bearing selected hydrophobic ortho-substituents on the aroyl moiety (IC50 values in the range of 1.5-4.6 μM). They proved to be more potent than the reference compound kojic acid (IC50 =17.8 μM) and displayed competitive mechanism of inhibition of diphenolase activity of AbTYR. Docking simulation predicted their binding mode into the catalytic cavities of AbTYR and the modelled human TYR. In addition, these compounds displayed antioxidant activity combined with no cytotoxicity in MTT tests. Notably, the best inhibitor affected tyrosinase activity in α-MSH-stimulated B16F10 cells, thus demonstrating anti-melanogenic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore Mirabile
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical, and Environmental SciencesUniversity of MessinaViale Stagno D'Alcontres 31, Pole Papardo98166MessinaItaly,Foundation Prof. Antonio ImbesiUniversity of MessinaPiazza Pugliatti 198122MessinaItaly
| | - Maria Paola Germanò
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical, and Environmental SciencesUniversity of MessinaViale Stagno D'Alcontres 31, Pole Papardo98166MessinaItaly
| | - Antonella Fais
- Department of Life and Environment SciencesUniversity of Cagliari09042MonserratoCagliariItaly
| | - Lisa Lombardo
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical, and Environmental SciencesUniversity of MessinaViale Stagno D'Alcontres 31, Pole Papardo98166MessinaItaly
| | - Federico Ricci
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical, and Environmental SciencesUniversity of MessinaViale Stagno D'Alcontres 31, Pole Papardo98166MessinaItaly
| | - Sonia Floris
- Department of Life and Environment SciencesUniversity of Cagliari09042MonserratoCagliariItaly
| | - Anna Cacciola
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical, and Environmental SciencesUniversity of MessinaViale Stagno D'Alcontres 31, Pole Papardo98166MessinaItaly,Foundation Prof. Antonio ImbesiUniversity of MessinaPiazza Pugliatti 198122MessinaItaly
| | - Antonio Rapisarda
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical, and Environmental SciencesUniversity of MessinaViale Stagno D'Alcontres 31, Pole Papardo98166MessinaItaly
| | - Rosaria Gitto
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical, and Environmental SciencesUniversity of MessinaViale Stagno D'Alcontres 31, Pole Papardo98166MessinaItaly
| | - Laura De Luca
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical, and Environmental SciencesUniversity of MessinaViale Stagno D'Alcontres 31, Pole Papardo98166MessinaItaly
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9
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Ultrasonic-Assisted Synthesis of Benzofuran Appended Oxadiazole Molecules as Tyrosinase Inhibitors: Mechanistic Approach through Enzyme Inhibition, Molecular Docking, Chemoinformatics, ADMET and Drug-Likeness Studies. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231810979. [PMID: 36142889 PMCID: PMC9500974 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231810979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Furan-oxadiazole structural hybrids belong to the most promising and biologically active classes of oxygen and nitrogen containing five member heterocycles which have expanded therapeutic scope and potential in the fields of pharmacology, medicinal chemistry and pharmaceutics. A novel series 5a-j of benzofuran-oxadiazole molecules incorporating S-alkylated amide linkage have been synthesized using ultrasonic irradiation and screened for bacterial tyrosinase inhibition activity. Most of the synthesized furan-oxadiazole structural motifs exhibited significant tyrosinase inhibition activity in the micromolar range, with one of the derivatives being more potent than the standard drug ascorbic acid. Among the tested compounds, the scaffold 5a displayed more tyrosinase inhibition efficacy IC50 (11 ± 0.25 μM) than the ascorbic acid IC50 (11.5 ± 0.1 μM). Compounds 5b, 5c and 5d efficiently inhibited bacterial tyrosinase with IC50 values in the range of 12.4 ± 0.0-15.5 ± 0.0 μM. The 2-fluorophenylacetamide containing furan-oxadiazole compound 5a may be considered as a potential lead for tyrosinase inhibition with lesser side effects as a skin whitening and malignant melanoma anticancer agent.
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