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Tolezano GC, Bastos GC, da Costa SS, Freire BL, Homma TK, Honjo RS, Yamamoto GL, Passos-Bueno MR, Koiffmann CP, Kim CA, Vianna-Morgante AM, de Lima Jorge AA, Bertola DR, Rosenberg C, Krepischi ACV. Burden of Rare Copy Number Variants in Microcephaly: A Brazilian Cohort of 185 Microcephalic Patients and Review of the Literature. J Autism Dev Disord 2024; 54:1181-1212. [PMID: 36502452 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-022-05853-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Microcephaly presents heterogeneous genetic etiology linked to several neurodevelopmental disorders (NDD). Copy number variants (CNVs) are a causal mechanism of microcephaly whose investigation is a crucial step for unraveling its molecular basis. Our purpose was to investigate the burden of rare CNVs in microcephalic individuals and to review genes and CNV syndromes associated with microcephaly. We performed chromosomal microarray analysis (CMA) in 185 Brazilian patients with microcephaly and evaluated microcephalic patients carrying < 200 kb CNVs documented in the DECIPHER database. Additionally, we reviewed known genes and CNV syndromes causally linked to microcephaly through the PubMed, OMIM, DECIPHER, and ClinGen databases. Rare clinically relevant CNVs were detected in 39 out of the 185 Brazilian patients investigated by CMA (21%). In 31 among the 60 DECIPHER patients carrying < 200 kb CNVs, at least one known microcephaly gene was observed. Overall, four gene sets implicated in microcephaly were disclosed: known microcephaly genes; genes with supporting evidence of association with microcephaly; known macrocephaly genes; and novel candidates, including OTUD7A, BBC3, CNTN6, and NAA15. In the review, we compiled 957 known microcephaly genes and 58 genomic CNV loci, comprising 13 duplications and 50 deletions, which have already been associated with clinical findings including microcephaly. We reviewed genes and CNV syndromes previously associated with microcephaly, reinforced the high CMA diagnostic yield for this condition, pinpointed novel candidate loci linked to microcephaly deserving further evaluation, and provided a useful resource for future research on the field of neurodevelopment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna Cantini Tolezano
- Department of Genetics and Evolutionary Biology, Human Genome and Stem-Cell Research Center, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, 106 Rua do Matão, São Paulo, SP, 05508-090, Brazil
| | - Giovanna Civitate Bastos
- Department of Genetics and Evolutionary Biology, Human Genome and Stem-Cell Research Center, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, 106 Rua do Matão, São Paulo, SP, 05508-090, Brazil
| | - Silvia Souza da Costa
- Department of Genetics and Evolutionary Biology, Human Genome and Stem-Cell Research Center, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, 106 Rua do Matão, São Paulo, SP, 05508-090, Brazil
| | - Bruna Lucheze Freire
- Unidade de Endocrinologia Genética (LIM25), Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, 455 Avenida Doutor Arnaldo, São Paulo, SP, 01246-903, Brazil
| | - Thais Kataoka Homma
- Unidade de Endocrinologia Genética (LIM25), Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, 455 Avenida Doutor Arnaldo, São Paulo, SP, 01246-903, Brazil
| | - Rachel Sayuri Honjo
- Unidade de Genética do Instituto da Criança, Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, 647 Avenida Doutor Enéas Carvalho de Aguiar, São Paulo, SP, 05403-900, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Lopes Yamamoto
- Department of Genetics and Evolutionary Biology, Human Genome and Stem-Cell Research Center, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, 106 Rua do Matão, São Paulo, SP, 05508-090, Brazil
- Unidade de Genética do Instituto da Criança, Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, 647 Avenida Doutor Enéas Carvalho de Aguiar, São Paulo, SP, 05403-900, Brazil
| | - Maria Rita Passos-Bueno
- Department of Genetics and Evolutionary Biology, Human Genome and Stem-Cell Research Center, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, 106 Rua do Matão, São Paulo, SP, 05508-090, Brazil
| | - Celia Priszkulnik Koiffmann
- Department of Genetics and Evolutionary Biology, Human Genome and Stem-Cell Research Center, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, 106 Rua do Matão, São Paulo, SP, 05508-090, Brazil
| | - Chong Ae Kim
- Unidade de Genética do Instituto da Criança, Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, 647 Avenida Doutor Enéas Carvalho de Aguiar, São Paulo, SP, 05403-900, Brazil
| | - Angela Maria Vianna-Morgante
- Department of Genetics and Evolutionary Biology, Human Genome and Stem-Cell Research Center, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, 106 Rua do Matão, São Paulo, SP, 05508-090, Brazil
| | - Alexander Augusto de Lima Jorge
- Unidade de Endocrinologia Genética (LIM25), Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, 455 Avenida Doutor Arnaldo, São Paulo, SP, 01246-903, Brazil
| | - Débora Romeo Bertola
- Department of Genetics and Evolutionary Biology, Human Genome and Stem-Cell Research Center, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, 106 Rua do Matão, São Paulo, SP, 05508-090, Brazil
- Unidade de Genética do Instituto da Criança, Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, 647 Avenida Doutor Enéas Carvalho de Aguiar, São Paulo, SP, 05403-900, Brazil
| | - Carla Rosenberg
- Department of Genetics and Evolutionary Biology, Human Genome and Stem-Cell Research Center, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, 106 Rua do Matão, São Paulo, SP, 05508-090, Brazil
| | - Ana Cristina Victorino Krepischi
- Department of Genetics and Evolutionary Biology, Human Genome and Stem-Cell Research Center, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, 106 Rua do Matão, São Paulo, SP, 05508-090, Brazil.
- Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, 277 Rua do Matão, São Paulo, SP, 05508-090, Brazil.
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Weiss B, Ott T, Vick P, Lui JC, Roeth R, Vogel S, Waldmüller S, Hoffmann S, Baron J, Wit JM, Rappold GA. Identification of novel genes including NAV2 associated with isolated tall stature. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1258313. [PMID: 38152138 PMCID: PMC10752378 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1258313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Very tall people attract much attention and represent a clinically and genetically heterogenous group of individuals. Identifying the genetic etiology can provide important insights into the molecular mechanisms regulating linear growth. We studied a three-generation pedigree with five isolated (non-syndromic) tall members and one individual with normal stature by whole exome sequencing; the tallest man had a height of 211 cm. Six heterozygous gene variants predicted as damaging were shared among the four genetically related tall individuals and not present in a family member with normal height. To gain insight into the putative role of these candidate genes in bone growth, we assessed the transcriptome of murine growth plate by microarray and RNA Seq. Two (Ift140, Nav2) of the six genes were well-expressed in the growth plate. Nav2 (p-value 1.91E-62) as well as Ift140 (p-value of 2.98E-06) showed significant downregulation of gene expression between the proliferative and hypertrophic zone, suggesting that these genes may be involved in the regulation of chondrocyte proliferation and/or hypertrophic differentiation. IFT140, NAV2 and SCAF11 have also significantly associated with height in GWAS studies. Pathway and network analysis indicated functional connections between IFT140, NAV2 and SCAF11 and previously associated (tall) stature genes. Knockout of the all-trans retinoic acid responsive gene, neuron navigator 2 NAV2, in Xenopus supports its functional role as a growth promotor. Collectively, our data expand the spectrum of genes with a putative role in tall stature phenotypes and, among other genes, highlight NAV2 as an interesting gene to this phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birgit Weiss
- Institute of Human Genetics, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Tim Ott
- Department of Zoology, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Philipp Vick
- Department of Zoology, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Julian C. Lui
- National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Ralph Roeth
- Institute of Human Genetics, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sebastian Vogel
- Department of Zoology, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Stephan Waldmüller
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Sandra Hoffmann
- Institute of Human Genetics, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jeffrey Baron
- National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Jan M. Wit
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, Willem-Alexander Children’s Hospital, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Gudrun A. Rappold
- Institute of Human Genetics, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
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Bastos GC, Tolezano GC, Krepischi ACV. Rare CNVs and Known Genes Linked to Macrocephaly: Review of Genomic Loci and Promising Candidate Genes. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13122285. [PMID: 36553552 PMCID: PMC9778424 DOI: 10.3390/genes13122285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrocephaly frequently occurs in single-gene disorders affecting the PI3K-AKT-MTOR pathway; however, epigenetic mutations, mosaicism, and copy number variations (CNVs) are emerging relevant causative factors, revealing a higher genetic heterogeneity than previously expected. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of rare CNVs in patients with macrocephaly and review genomic loci and known genes. We retrieved from the DECIPHER database de novo <500 kb CNVs reported on patients with macrocephaly; in four cases, a candidate gene for macrocephaly could be pinpointed: a known microcephaly gene-TRAPPC9, and three genes based on their functional roles-RALGAPB, RBMS3, and ZDHHC14. From the literature review, 28 pathogenic CNV genomic loci and over 300 known genes linked to macrocephaly were gathered. Among the genomic regions, 17 CNV loci (~61%) exhibited mirror phenotypes, that is, deletions and duplications having opposite effects on head size. Identifying structural variants affecting head size can be a preeminent source of information about pathways underlying brain development. In this study, we reviewed these genes and recurrent CNV loci associated with macrocephaly, as well as suggested novel potential candidate genes deserving further studies to endorse their involvement with this phenotype.
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Topa A, Rohlin A, Andersson MK, Fehr A, Lovmar L, Stenman G, Kölby L. The outcome of targeted NGS screening in patients with syndromic forms of sagittal and pansynostosis - IL11RA is an emerging core-gene for pansynostosis. Eur J Med Genet 2022; 65:104476. [PMID: 35331937 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2022.104476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Here, we have studied the prevalence and spectrum of genetic alterations in syndromic forms of sagittal and pansynostosis. Eighteen patients with sagittal synostosis (isolated or combined with other synostoses, except coronal) or pansynostosis were phenotypically assessed by retrospective analysis of medical records, three-dimensional computed tomography skull reconstructions, and registered photos. Patient DNAs were analyzed using a targeted next-generation sequencing (NGS) panel including 63 craniosynostosis (CS) related genes. Pathogenic and likely pathogenic variants were found in 72% of the cases, mainly affecting FGFR2, TWIST1, IL11RA, and SKI. Two patients that were negative at NGS screening - one with a supernumerary marker chromosome with duplication of 15q25.2q26.3 and one with a pathogenic PHEX variant - were identified using microarray and single gene analysis, respectively. The overall diagnostic rate in the cohort was thus 83%. We identified two novel likely pathogenic variants in FGFR2 (NM_022970.3: c.811_812delGGinsCC, p.Gly271Pro) and TWIST1 (NM_000474.3: c.476T > A, p.Leu159His), and a novel variant of unclear phenotypic significance in RUNX2 (NM_001024630.3: c.340G > A, p.Val114Ile) which could suggest a modulatory effect. Notably, we also identified three new patients with pansynostosis and a Crouzon-like phenotype with IL11RA mutation. Targeted NGS using a broad panel of CS-related genes is a simple and powerful tool for detecting pathogenic mutations in patients with syndromic forms of CS and multiple suture involvement, in particular pansynostosis. Our results provide additional evidence of an association between pansynostosis and IL11RA, an emerging core gene for autosomal recessive CS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Topa
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Clinical Genetics and Genomics, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Anna Rohlin
- Department of Clinical Genetics and Genomics, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Mattias K Andersson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg, Sweden; Sahlgrenska Center for Cancer Research, University of Gothenburg, Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - André Fehr
- Sahlgrenska Center for Cancer Research, University of Gothenburg, Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Pathology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Lovisa Lovmar
- Department of Clinical Genetics and Genomics, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Göran Stenman
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg, Sweden; Sahlgrenska Center for Cancer Research, University of Gothenburg, Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Pathology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Lars Kölby
- Department of Plastic Surgery, University of Gothenburg, Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Shao HY, Wang HL, Wu H, Liu XY, Miao ZY. Clinical, cytogenetic and molecular analyses of a rare case with ring chromosome 15 and review of the literature. Taiwan J Obstet Gynecol 2021; 59:980-984. [PMID: 33218427 DOI: 10.1016/j.tjog.2020.09.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Ring chromosome 15 [r (15)], accompanied by a series of clinical symptoms, is a rare genetic disease. The genotype and phenotypic diversity of patients with r (15) still needed further enrichment. In this study we present a rare case of mosaic ring chromosome 15 with facial anomalies and extremities slenderness. CASE REPORT This case involves a 30-year-old woman, unpregnancy within 6 years. Clinical examination of the patient only revealed facial anomalies and extremities slenderness. The result of routine G-band karyotyping was 46,XX,r(15)(p12q26.3)[53]/46,XX,r(15;15)(p11.2q26.3;p11.2q11.2)[28]/45,XX, -15[10]/46,XX,r(15;15)(p11q26.3;p11q26.3)[4]. SNP array was employed to investigate the genome copy number variations (CNVs). The result revealed that there was a micro-duplication of 2.0 Mb at 15q26.3(arr[ph19]15q26.3 (100,400,214- 102,429,112)×3). The duplicated chromosomal section encompassed genes including CHSY1, ALDHIA3, LRRK1, and INS1. We further compared to the cytogenetic characteristics and clinical symptoms of the patient with those already reported by reviewing the literature. CONCLUSION This report is especially helpful to supplement the phenotypic diversity of patients with r (15).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Yuan Shao
- Medical Laboratory Center, Yantai Yu Huang Ding Hospital, Shandong, China
| | - Hong-Ling Wang
- Medical Laboratory Center, Yantai Yu Huang Ding Hospital, Shandong, China
| | - Hong Wu
- Medical Laboratory Center, Yantai Yu Huang Ding Hospital, Shandong, China
| | - Xiao-Yan Liu
- Medical Laboratory Center, Yantai Yu Huang Ding Hospital, Shandong, China
| | - Zong-Yu Miao
- Medical Laboratory Center, Yantai Yu Huang Ding Hospital, Shandong, China.
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Chen CP, Ko TM, Wang LK, Chern SR, Wu PS, Chen SW, Wu FT, Chen LF, Wang W. Prenatal diagnosis of partial monosomy 8p (8p23.2→pter) and partial trisomy 15q (15q21.2→qter) and incidental detection of a familial chromosome translocation of paternal origin in a pregnancy associated with increased nuchal translucency and an abnormal maternal serum screening result. Taiwan J Obstet Gynecol 2021; 60:775-777. [PMID: 34247824 DOI: 10.1016/j.tjog.2021.05.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We present partial monosomy 8p (8p23.2→pter) and partial trisomy 15q (15q21.2→qter) and incidental detection of a familial chromosome translocation of paternal origin in a pregnancy associated with increased nuchal translucency (NT) and an abnormal maternal serum screening result. CASE REPORT A 29-year-old primigravid woman underwent chorionic villus sampling (CVS) at 13 weeks of gestation because of an increased NT thickness of 3.2 mm at 12 weeks of gestation and an abnormal maternal serum screening for Down syndrome result with a calculated risk of 1/29. Her husband was 33 years old, and there was no family history of congenital malformations. CVS revealed a derived chromosome 8 or der(8). Cytogenetic analysis of the parents revealed a karyotype of 46,XY,t(8;15)(p21.3;q13) in the father and a karyotype of 46,XX in the mother. The CVS result was 46,XY,der(8)t(8;15)(p21.3;q13)pat. The woman requested for amniocentesis at 16 weeks of gestation. Array comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH) analysis on the DNA extracted from uncultured amniocytes revealed a result of arr 8p23.3p23.2 (191,530-2,625,470) × 1.0, arr 15q21.2q26.3 (50,903,432-102,338,129) × 3.0 with a 2.434-Mb deletion of 8p23.3-p23.2 including DLGAP2, CLN8 and ARHGEF10, and a 51.435-Mb duplication of 15q21.2-q26.3 including CYP19A1 and IGF1R. Conventional cytogenetic analysis of cultured amniocytes revealed the result of 46,XY,der(8) t(8;15)(p23.2;q21.2)pat in the fetus. The pregnancy was subsequently terminated, and a malformed fetus was delivered with characteristic craniofacial dysmorphism. CONCLUSION Maternal serum screening and NT screening may incidentally detect familial unbalanced reciprocal translocations, and aCGH analysis is useful for a precise determination of the breakpoints of the translocation and the involvement of the related genes under such a circumstance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Ping Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Medical Research, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan; School of Chinese Medicine, College of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan; Institute of Clinical and Community Health Nursing, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Tsang-Ming Ko
- Genephile Bioscience Laboratory, Ko's Obstetrics and Gynecology, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Liang-Kai Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Schu-Rern Chern
- Department of Medical Research, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | - Shin-Wen Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Fang-Tzu Wu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Li-Feng Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wayseen Wang
- Department of Medical Research, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
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Estrada K, Froelich S, Wuster A, Bauer CR, Sterling T, Clark WT, Ru Y, Trinidad M, Nguyen HP, Luu AR, Wendt DJ, Yogalingam G, Yu GK, LeBowitz JH, Cardon LR. Identifying therapeutic drug targets using bidirectional effect genes. Nat Commun 2021; 12:2224. [PMID: 33850126 PMCID: PMC8044152 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-21843-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Prioritizing genes for translation to therapeutics for common diseases has been challenging. Here, we propose an approach to identify drug targets with high probability of success by focusing on genes with both gain of function (GoF) and loss of function (LoF) mutations associated with opposing effects on phenotype (Bidirectional Effect Selected Targets, BEST). We find 98 BEST genes for a variety of indications. Drugs targeting those genes are 3.8-fold more likely to be approved than non-BEST genes. We focus on five genes (IGF1R, NPPC, NPR2, FGFR3, and SHOX) with evidence for bidirectional effects on stature. Rare protein-altering variants in those genes result in significantly increased risk for idiopathic short stature (ISS) (OR = 2.75, p = 3.99 × 10-8). Finally, using functional experiments, we demonstrate that adding an exogenous CNP analog (encoded by NPPC) rescues the phenotype, thus validating its potential as a therapeutic treatment for ISS. Our results show the value of looking for bidirectional effects to identify and validate drug targets.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Yuanbin Ru
- BioMarin Pharmaceutical Inc., Novato, CA, USA
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Hwa V, Fujimoto M, Zhu G, Gao W, Foley C, Kumbaji M, Rosenfeld RG. Genetic causes of growth hormone insensitivity beyond GHR. Rev Endocr Metab Disord 2021; 22:43-58. [PMID: 33029712 PMCID: PMC7979432 DOI: 10.1007/s11154-020-09603-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Growth hormone insensitivity (GHI) syndrome, first described in 1966, is classically associated with monogenic defects in the GH receptor (GHR) gene which result in severe post-natal growth failure as consequences of insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) deficiency. Over the years, recognition of other monogenic defects downstream of GHR has greatly expanded understanding of primary causes of GHI and growth retardation, with either IGF-I deficiency or IGF-I insensitivity as clinical outcomes. Mutations in IGF1 and signaling component STAT5B disrupt IGF-I production, while defects in IGFALS and PAPPA2, disrupt transport and release of circulating IGF-I, respectively, affecting bioavailability of the growth-promoting IGF-I. Defects in IGF1R, cognate cell-surface receptor for IGF-I, disrupt not only IGF-I actions, but actions of the related IGF-II peptides. The importance of IGF-II for normal developmental growth is emphasized with recent identification of defects in the maternally imprinted IGF2 gene. Current application of next-generation genomic sequencing has expedited the pace of identifying new molecular defects in known genes or in new genes, thereby expanding the spectrum of GH and IGF insensitivity. This review discusses insights gained and future directions from patient-based molecular and functional studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivian Hwa
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Endocrinology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA.
| | - Masanobu Fujimoto
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Endocrinology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
- Division of Pediatrics and Perinatology, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, 36-1 Nishi-Cho, Yonago, 683-8504, Japan
| | - Gaohui Zhu
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Endocrinology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
- Department of Endocrinology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 40014, China
| | - Wen Gao
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Endocrinology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
| | - Corinne Foley
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Endocrinology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
| | - Meenasri Kumbaji
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Endocrinology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
| | - Ron G Rosenfeld
- Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA.
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9
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Forbes BE, Blyth AJ, Wit JM. Disorders of IGFs and IGF-1R signaling pathways. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2020; 518:111035. [PMID: 32941924 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2020.111035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The insulin-like growth factor (IGF) system comprises two ligands, IGF-I and IGF-II, that regulate multiple physiological processes, including mammalian development, metabolism and growth, through the type 1 IGF receptor (IGF-1R). The growth hormone (GH)-IGF-I axis is the major regulator of longitudinal growth. IGF-II is expressed in many tissues, notably the placenta, to regulate human pre- and post-natal growth and development. This review provides a brief introduction to the IGF system and summarizes findings from reports arising from recent larger genomic sequencing studies of human genetic mutations in IGF1 and IGF2 and genes of proteins regulating IGF action, namely the IGF-1R, IGF-1R signaling pathway components and the IGF binding proteins (IGFBPs). A perspective on the effect of homozygous mutations on structure and function of the IGFs and IGF-1R is also given and this is related to the effects on growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Briony E Forbes
- Discipline of Medical Biochemistry, Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, Flinders University, Australia.
| | - Andrew J Blyth
- Discipline of Medical Biochemistry, Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, Flinders University, Australia
| | - Jan M Wit
- Department of Pediatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
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El Kholy M, Elsedfy H, Perin L, Abi Habid W, Thibaud N, Bozzola M, Rossignol S, Leneuve P, Godeau F, Chantot-Bastaraud S, Netchine I, Le Bouc Y. Normal Growth despite Combined Pituitary Hormone Deficiency. Horm Res Paediatr 2020; 92:133-142. [PMID: 31022718 DOI: 10.1159/000499318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The paradox of normal growth despite a lack of growth hormone (GH) is an unexplained phenomenon described in some pathological (sellar, suprasellar, and hypothalamic disorders) and overgrowth syndromes. It has been suggested that the paradoxical growth is due to other GH variants, GH-like moieties, prolactin, insulin, insulin-like growth factors (IGFs), and unidentified serum factors or growth mechanisms. The objective of this study was to determine the mechanism underlying this normal growth without GH. CASE DESCRIPTION We describe here growth, hormonal, and genetic analyses for an adolescent boy with panhypopituitarism who achieved an adult height above his genetic potential. RESULTS Normal growth was observed despite low serum GH, IGF-I, IGF-II, IGF binding protein 3 (IGFBP-3) and acid labile subunit (ALS) concentrations, but the IGF-II/IGFBP-3 molar ratio was slightly high. Panhypopituitarism was associated with a heterozygous missense mutation of HESX1, with variable penetrance in heterozygous relatives. Exome analysis detected heterozygous missense mutations of various genes involved in intracellular signaling pathways. The growth-promoting activity of the patient's serum was unable to induce AKT phosphorylation in the MCF-7 cell line. CONCLUSION The high IGF-II/IGFBP-3 molar ratio was not the cause of the sustained high growth velocity, due to the low affinity of IGF-II for IGF type 1 receptor. The key finding was the HESX1 mutation, as similar cases have been described before, suggesting a common mechanism for growth without GH. However, the variable penetrance of this variant in heterozygous relatives suggests that modifier genes or mechanisms involving combinations with mutations of other genes involved in intracellular signaling pathways might be responsible.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Heba Elsedfy
- Department of Pediatrics, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Laurence Perin
- Explorations Fonctionnelles et génétique endocriniennes, Hôpital Armand-Trousseau, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Walid Abi Habid
- Unité Mixe Recherche Scientifique 938, Centre de Recherche St-Antoine (CRSA), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Université Pierre et Marie Curie Paris 6, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Nathalie Thibaud
- Explorations Fonctionnelles et génétique endocriniennes, Hôpital Armand-Trousseau, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Mauro Bozzola
- Unit of Pediatrics and Adolescentology, Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Sylvie Rossignol
- Explorations Fonctionnelles et génétique endocriniennes, Hôpital Armand-Trousseau, AP-HP, Paris, France.,Unité Mixe Recherche Scientifique 938, Centre de Recherche St-Antoine (CRSA), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Université Pierre et Marie Curie Paris 6, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Patricia Leneuve
- Unité Mixe Recherche Scientifique 938, Centre de Recherche St-Antoine (CRSA), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Université Pierre et Marie Curie Paris 6, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - François Godeau
- Unité Mixe Recherche Scientifique 938, Centre de Recherche St-Antoine (CRSA), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Université Pierre et Marie Curie Paris 6, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | | | - Irène Netchine
- Explorations Fonctionnelles et génétique endocriniennes, Hôpital Armand-Trousseau, AP-HP, Paris, France.,Unité Mixe Recherche Scientifique 938, Centre de Recherche St-Antoine (CRSA), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Université Pierre et Marie Curie Paris 6, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Yves Le Bouc
- Explorations Fonctionnelles et génétique endocriniennes, Hôpital Armand-Trousseau, AP-HP, Paris, France, .,Unité Mixe Recherche Scientifique 938, Centre de Recherche St-Antoine (CRSA), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Université Pierre et Marie Curie Paris 6, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France,
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11
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Bodle EE, Gupta R, Cherry AM, Muffly L, Manning MA. Acute leukemia in a patient with 15q overgrowth syndrome. Am J Med Genet A 2019; 179:1025-1029. [PMID: 30861314 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.61115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Revised: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Overgrowth syndromes are rare genetic conditions which present as global or segmental hyperplasia and are sometimes associated with increased risk of malignancy. Trisomy of the terminal portion of 15q which includes the IGFR1 gene, produces a rare overgrowth phenotype that has been termed 15q overgrowth syndrome (15q OGS). Upregulation of IGF1R has long been implicated in oncogenesis of multiple cancer types, including acute leukemias, and has been shown to render cells more susceptible to other transforming events. To date, too few cases of 15q OGS have been reported to identify any cancer predisposition. We present a case of a 34-year-old female with intellectual disability, macrocephaly, and subtle dysmorphic features who was diagnosed with mixed phenotype acute leukemia (lymphoid and myeloid). Prior to initiation of therapy she was referred to medical genetics for further evaluation and was identified as having a chromosomal translocation resulting in a partial trisomy of chromosome 15q, consistent with 15q OGS. A review of the literature for cases of malignancy in individuals with increased copy number of 15q revealed only one other reported patient. Given the small number of reported individuals, we cannot rule out an increased risk of cancer associated with this chromosomal overgrowth syndrome. Although concerns have been raised regarding treatment feasibility in the setting of chromosomal disorders, the reported patient underwent successful treatment with allogeneic hematopoietic stem-cell transplant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ethan E Bodle
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Ridhi Gupta
- Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Athena M Cherry
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Lori Muffly
- Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Melanie A Manning
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, California.,Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, California
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12
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Marques P, Korbonits M. Pseudoacromegaly. Front Neuroendocrinol 2019; 52:113-143. [PMID: 30448536 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2018.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Revised: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Individuals with acromegaloid physical appearance or tall stature may be referred to endocrinologists to exclude growth hormone (GH) excess. While some of these subjects could be healthy individuals with normal variants of growth or physical traits, others will have acromegaly or pituitary gigantism, which are, in general, straightforward diagnoses upon assessment of the GH/IGF-1 axis. However, some patients with physical features resembling acromegaly - usually affecting the face and extremities -, or gigantism - accelerated growth/tall stature - will have no abnormalities in the GH axis. This scenario is termed pseudoacromegaly, and its correct diagnosis can be challenging due to the rarity and variability of these conditions, as well as due to significant overlap in their characteristics. In this review we aim to provide a comprehensive overview of pseudoacromegaly conditions, highlighting their similarities and differences with acromegaly and pituitary gigantism, to aid physicians with the diagnosis of patients with pseudoacromegaly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Marques
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Márta Korbonits
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK.
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13
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Lin Y, van Duyvenvoorde HA, Liu H, Yang C, Warsito D, Yin C, Kant SG, Haglund F, Wit JM, Larsson O. Characterization of an activating R1353H insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor variant in a male with extreme tall height. Eur J Endocrinol 2018; 179:85-95. [PMID: 29789409 DOI: 10.1530/eje-18-0176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The insulin-like growth factor1 receptor (IGF1R) is important in growth and development, and inactivating IGF1R mutations cause short stature and relatively high levels of serum IGF-I. We identified an unclassified IGF1RR1353H variant in a male with extreme tall height, very low levels of serum IGF-I and delayed and prolonged growth spurt. The index case's mother and three sons all carried the variant, but so far only the eldest son (age 18 years) presented with tall height. We hypothesized that the variant could constitute an activating mutation. DESIGN The IGF1RR1353H variant was investigated in Igf1r-/- mouse embryonic fibroblasts (R-cells) by cell cycle, colony formation and transcriptome analyses. RESULTS The IGF1RR1353H (R-1353) exhibited significantly increased cell proliferation, G1-S progression and colony formation in soft agar. RNA sequencing identified 195 differentially expressed genes between R-WT and R-1353 (adjusted P < 1E-100). Most genes were upregulated in R-1353, including the gene encoding the androgen receptor (AR). Gene expression profiling showed the most significant enrichment in extracellular matrix organization (P = 2.76E-7), collagen biosynthesis (P = 1.21E-5) and cell adhesion (P = 7.38E-5). Retrospective biochemical analysis of the index case revealed decreased testosterone and sex hormone-binding globulin levels, whereas LH and FSH were within normal ranges. This profile suggests an increased sensitivity to androgen, which is compatible with the enhanced expression of Ar in R-1353 cells. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that R1353H constitutes an activating IGF1R variant. The possible deregulation of collagen turnover and increased androgen sensitivity implicates an association to tall phenotype in male carriers.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Amino Acid Substitution
- Animals
- Body Height
- Cell Line
- Cell Proliferation
- Down-Regulation
- Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental
- Green Fluorescent Proteins/chemistry
- Green Fluorescent Proteins/genetics
- Green Fluorescent Proteins/metabolism
- Growth Disorders/blood
- Growth Disorders/genetics
- Growth Disorders/metabolism
- Growth Disorders/physiopathology
- Heterozygote
- Humans
- Insulin-Like Growth Factor I/analysis
- Male
- Mice, Knockout
- Pedigree
- Point Mutation
- RNA, Messenger/chemistry
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Receptor, IGF Type 1/chemistry
- Receptor, IGF Type 1/genetics
- Receptor, IGF Type 1/metabolism
- Receptors, Androgen/genetics
- Receptors, Androgen/metabolism
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism
- Sequence Analysis, RNA
- Severity of Illness Index
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingbo Lin
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Cancer Center Karolinska (CCK), Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Hongyu Liu
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Cancer Center Karolinska (CCK), Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Nutrition and Feed, Fisheries College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Chen Yang
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Cancer Center Karolinska (CCK), Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of General Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Dudi Warsito
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Cancer Center Karolinska (CCK), Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Chang Yin
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Cancer Center Karolinska (CCK), Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sarina G Kant
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Felix Haglund
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Cancer Center Karolinska (CCK), Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jan M Wit
- Department of Paediatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Olle Larsson
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Cancer Center Karolinska (CCK), Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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14
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Cannarella R, Mattina T, Condorelli RA, Mongioì LM, Pandini G, La Vignera S, Calogero AE. Chromosome 15 structural abnormalities: effect on IGF1R gene expression and function. Endocr Connect 2017; 6:528-539. [PMID: 28899882 PMCID: PMC5597972 DOI: 10.1530/ec-17-0158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Accepted: 08/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF1R), mapping on the 15q26.3 chromosome, is required for normal embryonic and postnatal growth. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the IGF1R gene expression and function in three unrelated patients with chromosome 15 structural abnormalities. We report two male patients with the smallest 15q26.3 chromosome duplication described so far, and a female patient with ring chromosome 15 syndrome. Patient one, with a 568 kb pure duplication, had overgrowth, developmental delay, mental and psychomotor retardation, obesity, cryptorchidism, borderline low testis volume, severe oligoasthenoteratozoospermia and gynecomastia. We found a 1.8-fold increase in the IGF1R mRNA and a 1.3-fold increase in the IGF1R protein expression (P < 0.05). Patient two, with a 650 kb impure duplication, showed overgrowth, developmental delay, mild mental retardation, precocious puberty, low testicular volume and severe oligoasthenoteratozoospermia. The IGF1R mRNA and protein expression was similar to that of the control. Patient three, with a 46,XX r(15) (p10q26.2) karyotype, displayed intrauterine growth retardation, developmental delay, mental and psychomotor retardation. We found a <0.5-fold decrease in the IGF1R mRNA expression and an undetectable IGF1R activity. After reviewing the previously 96 published cases of chromosome 15q duplication, we found that neurological disorders, congenital cardiac defects, typical facial traits and gonadal abnormalities are the prominent features in patients with chromosome 15q duplication. Interestingly, patients with 15q deletion syndrome display similar features. We speculate that both the increased and decreased IGF1R gene expression may play a role in the etiology of neurological and gonadal disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rossella Cannarella
- Department of Clinical and Experimental MedicineUniversity of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | | | - Rosita A Condorelli
- Department of Clinical and Experimental MedicineUniversity of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Laura M Mongioì
- Department of Clinical and Experimental MedicineUniversity of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Pandini
- Department of Clinical and Experimental MedicineUniversity of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Sandro La Vignera
- Department of Clinical and Experimental MedicineUniversity of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Aldo E Calogero
- Department of Clinical and Experimental MedicineUniversity of Catania, Catania, Italy
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15
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Albuquerque EVA, Scalco RC, Jorge AAL. MANAGEMENT OF ENDOCRINE DISEASE: Diagnostic and therapeutic approach of tall stature. Eur J Endocrinol 2017; 176:R339-R353. [PMID: 28274950 DOI: 10.1530/eje-16-1054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Revised: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Tall stature is defined as a height of more than 2 standard deviations (s.d.) above average for same sex and age. Tall individuals are usually referred to endocrinologists so that hormonal disorders leading to abnormal growth are excluded. However, the majority of these patients have familial tall stature or constitutional advance of growth (generally associated with obesity), both of which are diagnoses of exclusion. It is necessary to have familiarity with a large number of rarer overgrowth syndromes, especially because some of them may have severe complications such as aortic aneurysm, thromboembolism and tumor predisposition and demand-specific follow-up approaches. Additionally, endocrine disorders associated with tall stature have specific treatments and for this reason their recognition is mandatory. With this review, we intend to provide an up-to-date summary of the genetic conditions associated with overgrowth to emphasize a practical diagnostic approach of patients with tall stature and to discuss the limitations of current growth interruption treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edoarda V A Albuquerque
- Unidade de Endocrinologia GenéticaLaboratório de Endocrinologia Celular e Molecular (LIM/25), Disciplina de Endocrinologia da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Renata C Scalco
- Unidade de Endocrinologia do DesenvolvimentoLaboratório de Hormônios e Genética Molecular (LIM/42) do Hospital das Clinicas, Disciplina de Endocrinologia da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Disciplina de Endocrinologia da Faculdade de Ciências Médicas da Santa Casa de São PauloSão Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alexander A L Jorge
- Unidade de Endocrinologia GenéticaLaboratório de Endocrinologia Celular e Molecular (LIM/25), Disciplina de Endocrinologia da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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16
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Chromosomal microarray analysis in clinical evaluation of neurodevelopmental disorders-reporting a novel deletion of SETDB1 and illustration of counseling challenge. Pediatr Res 2016; 80:371-81. [PMID: 27119313 PMCID: PMC5382808 DOI: 10.1038/pr.2016.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2015] [Accepted: 03/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The pathogenicity of copy number variations (CNV) in neurodevelopmental disorders is supported by research literature. However, few studies have evaluated the utility and counseling challenges of CNV analysis in clinic. METHODS We analyzed the findings of CNV studies from a cohort referred for genetics evaluation of autism spectrum disorders (ASD), developmental disability (DD), and intellectual disability (ID). RESULTS Twenty-two CNV in 21 out of 115 probands are considered to be pathogenic (18.3%). Five CNV are likely pathogenic and 22 CNV are variants of unknown significance (VUS). We have found seven cases with more than two CNV and two with a complex rearrangement of the 22q13.3 Phelan-McDermid syndrome region. We identified a new and de novo 1q21.3 deletion that encompasses SETDB1, a gene encoding methylates histone H3 on lysine-9 (H3K9) methyltransferase, in a case with ASD. CONCLUSION We provide evidence to support the value of CNV analysis in etiological evaluation of neurodevelopmental disorders in autism genetics clinic. However, interpretation of the clinical significance and counseling families are still challenging because of the variable penetrance and pleotropic expressivity of CNV. In addition, the identification of a 1q21.3 deletion encompassing SETDB1 provides further support for the role of chromatin modifiers in the etiology of ASD.
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17
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Leffler M, Puusepp S, Žilina O, Zhu Y, Kuuse K, Bain N, Burgess T, Õunap K, Field M. Two familial microduplications of 15q26.3 causing overgrowth and variable intellectual disability with normal copy number of IGF1R. Eur J Med Genet 2015; 59:257-62. [PMID: 26689622 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2015.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2015] [Revised: 11/13/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Terminal duplications of 15q26.3 are associated with an overgrowth phenotype, distinct facial features and intellectual disability, with the smallest reported microduplication to date being 3.16 Mb in size. We report two familial 15q26.3 microduplication cases that are less than half this size, re-defining the minimal critical region for this duplication syndrome. In both families the duplication (albeit a complex copy number gain in one family) is associated with tall stature, early speech delay and variable cognitive problems. Neither familial copy number gains encompass the gene encoding for the insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF1R), the most-cited candidate for the overgrowth phenotype. In one family, whole genome sequence data and break point mapping excludes disruption of known IGF1R regulatory elements due to potential insertion within these elements. These cases highlight the possibility that the distal region of 15q contains another gene regulating human growth, with LRRK1 being a potential candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Leffler
- Genetics of Learning Disability Service, Hunter Genetics, Waratah, Australia
| | - Sanna Puusepp
- Department of Genetics, United Laboratories, Tartu University Hospital, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Olga Žilina
- Department of Genetics, United Laboratories, Tartu University Hospital, Tartu, Estonia; Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Ying Zhu
- Genetics of Learning Disability Service, Hunter Genetics, Waratah, Australia
| | - Kati Kuuse
- Department of Genetics, United Laboratories, Tartu University Hospital, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Nicole Bain
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Pathology North, John Hunter Hospital, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - Trent Burgess
- Victorian Clinical Genetics Service, MCRI, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, Royal Children's Hospital, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Katrin Õunap
- Department of Genetics, United Laboratories, Tartu University Hospital, Tartu, Estonia; Department of Paediatrics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Michael Field
- Genetics of Learning Disability Service, Hunter Genetics, Waratah, Australia.
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18
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Vieira GH, Cook MM, Ferreira De Lima RL, Frigério Domingues CE, de Carvalho DR, Soares de Paiva I, Moretti-Ferreira D, Srivastava AK. Clinical and molecular heterogeneity in brazilian patients with sotos syndrome. Mol Syndromol 2015; 6:32-8. [PMID: 25852445 DOI: 10.1159/000370169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Sotos syndrome (SoS) is a multiple anomaly, congenital disorder characterized by overgrowth, macrocephaly, distinctive facial features and variable degree of intellectual disability. Haploinsufficiency of the NSD1 gene at 5q35.3, arising from 5q35 microdeletions, point mutations, and partial gene deletions, accounts for a majority of patients with SoS. Recently, mutations and possible pathogenetic rare CNVs, both affecting a few candidate genes for overgrowth, have been reported in patients with Sotos-like overgrowth features. To estimate the frequency of NSD1 defects in the Brazilian SoS population and possibly reveal other genes implicated in the etiopathogenesis of this syndrome, we collected a cohort of 21 Brazilian patients, who fulfilled the diagnostic criteria for SoS, and analyzed the NSD1 and PTEN genes by means of multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification and mutational screening analyses. We identified a classical NSD1 microdeletion, a novel missense mutation (p.C1593W), and 2 previously reported truncating mutations: p.R1984X and p.V1760Gfs*2. In addition, we identified a novel de novo PTEN gene mutation (p.D312Rfs*2) in a patient with a less severe presentation of SoS phenotype, which did not include pre- and postnatal overgrowth. For the first time, our study implies PTEN in the pathogenesis of SoS and further emphasizes the existence of ethno-geographical differences in NSD1 molecular alterations between patients with SoS from Europe/North America (70-93%) and those from South America (10-19%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo H Vieira
- J.C. Self Research Institute of Human Genetics, Greenwood Genetic Center, Greenwood, S.C., USA ; Department of Genetics, São Paulo State University, Botucatu, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Melissa M Cook
- J.C. Self Research Institute of Human Genetics, Greenwood Genetic Center, Greenwood, S.C., USA
| | | | | | - Daniel R de Carvalho
- Department of Genetics, São Paulo State University, Botucatu, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Isaias Soares de Paiva
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Anand K Srivastava
- J.C. Self Research Institute of Human Genetics, Greenwood Genetic Center, Greenwood, S.C., USA ; Department of Genetics and Biochemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, S.C., USA
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19
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Szakszon K, Ujfalusi A, Balogh E, Mogyorósy G, Felszeghy E, Szilvássy J, Horkay E, Berényi E, Merő G, Knegt AC. [Deletion 15q26 syndrome]. Orv Hetil 2014; 155:362-4. [PMID: 24566701 DOI: 10.1556/oh.2014.29826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The association of short stature, microcephaly, congenital cardiac anomaly and intellectual deficit should always raise the suspicion of chromosomal etiology. If G-banded karyotyping fails to detect large chromosomal aberrations, array comparative genomic hybridization (array CGH) should be performed to screen for submicroscopic pathological copy number changes. The authors present a six-year-old girl whose symptoms arose from a 4.1 Mb loss in the 15q26.2-26.3 telomeric region. The syndrome is characterized by a resistance to the insulin-like growth factor 1 - in our case the increased level of the insulin-like growth factor 1 together with the persistent longitudinal growth failure was an important finding and differential diagnostic feature. A brief overview of the literature is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katalin Szakszon
- Debreceni Egyetem, Orvos- és Egészségtudományi Centrum Gyermekgyógyászati Intézet, Klinikai Genetikai Központ Debrecen Nagyerdei krt. 98. 4032
| | - Anikó Ujfalusi
- Debreceni Egyetem, Orvos- és Egészségtudományi Centrum Laboratóriumi Medicina Intézet Debrecen
| | - Erzsébet Balogh
- Debreceni Egyetem, Orvos- és Egészségtudományi Centrum Laboratóriumi Medicina Intézet Debrecen
| | - Gábor Mogyorósy
- Debreceni Egyetem, Orvos- és Egészségtudományi Centrum Gyermekgyógyászati Intézet Debrecen
| | - Enikő Felszeghy
- Debreceni Egyetem, Orvos- és Egészségtudományi Centrum Gyermekgyógyászati Intézet Debrecen
| | - Judit Szilvássy
- Debreceni Egyetem, Orvos- és Egészségtudományi Centrum Fül-Orr-Gégészeti és Fej-Nyaksebészeti Klinika Debrecen
| | - Edit Horkay
- Debreceni Egyetem, Orvos- és Egészségtudományi Centrum Radiológiai Klinika Debrecen
| | - Ervin Berényi
- Debreceni Egyetem, Orvos- és Egészségtudományi Centrum Orvosi Laboratóriumi és Képalkotó Diagnosztikai Tanszék Debrecen
| | | | - Alida C Knegt
- University of Amsterdam Academisch Medisch Centrum Amsterdam Hollandia
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Copy number variants in patients with short stature. Eur J Hum Genet 2013; 22:602-9. [PMID: 24065112 DOI: 10.1038/ejhg.2013.203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2013] [Revised: 07/30/2013] [Accepted: 08/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Height is a highly heritable and classic polygenic trait. Recent genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have revealed that at least 180 genetic variants influence adult height. However, these variants explain only about 10% of the phenotypic variation in height. Genetic analysis of short individuals can lead to the discovery of novel rare gene defects with a large effect on growth. In an effort to identify novel genes associated with short stature, genome-wide analysis for copy number variants (CNVs), using single-nucleotide polymorphism arrays, in 162 patients (149 families) with short stature was performed. Segregation analysis was performed if possible, and genes in CNVs were compared with information from GWAS, gene expression in rodents' growth plates and published information. CNVs were detected in 40 families. In six families, a known cause of short stature was found (SHOX deletion or duplication, IGF1R deletion), in two combined with a de novo potentially pathogenic CNV. Thirty-three families had one or more potentially pathogenic CNVs (n=40). In 24 of these families, segregation analysis could be performed, identifying three de novo CNVs and nine CNVs segregating with short stature. Four were located near loci associated with height in GWAS (ADAMTS17, TULP4, PRKG2/BMP3 and PAPPA). Besides six CNVs known to be causative for short stature, 40 CNVs with possible pathogenicity were identified. Segregation studies and bioinformatics analysis suggested various potential candidate genes.
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21
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Simioni M, Vieira TP, Sgardioli IC, Freitas EL, Rosenberg C, Maurer-Morelli CV, Lopes-Cendes I, Fett-Conte AC, Gil-da-Silva-Lopes VL. Insertional translocation of 15q25-q26 into 11p13 and duplication at 8p23.1 characterized by high resolution arrays in a boy with congenital malformations and aniridia. Am J Med Genet A 2012; 158A:2905-10. [PMID: 22991255 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.35603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2011] [Accepted: 06/29/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
We report on a boy presenting submucous cleft palate, hydronephrosis, ventriculoseptal defect, aniridia, and developmental delay. Additional material on 11p13 was cytogenetically visible and array analyses identified a duplicated segment on 15q25-26 chromosome region; further, array analyses revealed a small deletion (49 kb) at 11p13 region involving the ELP4 gene and a duplication at 8p23.1. Results were confirmed with both molecular and molecular cytogenetics techniques. Possibilities for etiological basis of clinical phenotype are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milena Simioni
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas - UNICAMP, Campinas, SP, Brazil
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22
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Klingseisen A, Jackson AP. Mechanisms and pathways of growth failure in primordial dwarfism. Genes Dev 2011; 25:2011-24. [PMID: 21979914 DOI: 10.1101/gad.169037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The greatest difference between species is size; however, the developmental mechanisms determining organism growth remain poorly understood. Primordial dwarfism is a group of human single-gene disorders with extreme global growth failure (which includes Seckel syndrome, microcephalic osteodysplastic primordial dwarfism I [MOPD] types I and II, and Meier-Gorlin syndrome). Ten genes have now been identified for microcephalic primordial dwarfism, encoding proteins involved in fundamental cellular processes including genome replication (ORC1 [origin recognition complex 1], ORC4, ORC6, CDT1, and CDC6), DNA damage response (ATR [ataxia-telangiectasia and Rad3-related]), mRNA splicing (U4atac), and centrosome function (CEP152, PCNT, and CPAP). Here, we review the cellular and developmental mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of these conditions and address whether further study of these genes could provide novel insight into the physiological regulation of organism growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Klingseisen
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
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23
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Argente J, Sotos JF. [Overgrowth with and without obesity: clinical and molecular principles]. An Pediatr (Barc) 2011; 76:161.e1-28. [PMID: 22098786 DOI: 10.1016/j.anpedi.2011.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2011] [Accepted: 09/15/2011] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Somatic overgrowth is a complex and heterogeneous pathology that is only partially understood, although developments in molecular biology have allowed the discovery of the aetiological basis of some of these conditions. The differential diagnosis of a patient with a possible variant of normality, a chromosomopathy, a dysmorphic syndrome, a metabolic or an endocrine disease is essential. The initial clinical evaluation should include a correct anamnesis and physical examination, as well as complementary laboratory and image analyses that will help to orient the diagnosis. This should include a full blood counts and complete biochemical analysis, determinations of IGF-I, IGFBP-3, free T4, TSH and homocystinuria, as well as a karyotype and an X-ray of the left hand and wrist. These results should be very beneficial in orienting the diagnosis. Additional molecular studies should be performed when a monogenic disease is suspected. Cardiological, ophthalmological, skeletal, psychological and psychiatric studies should be performed if the clinical information and previously mentioned complementary studies so indicate. In this review, the aetiological basis and the diagnostic-therapeutic principles in the most common causes of overgrowth, will be analysed.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Argente
- Servicios de Pediatría y Endocrinología, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Instituto de Investigación La Princesa, Departamento de Pediatría, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, CIBER de fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, España.
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24
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Pure duplication of the distal long arm of chromosome 15 with ebstein anomaly and clavicular anomaly. Case Rep Genet 2011; 2011:898706. [PMID: 23074681 PMCID: PMC3447219 DOI: 10.1155/2011/898706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2011] [Accepted: 07/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
This report is of a patient with pure trisomy of 15q24-qter who presents with the rare Ebstein anomaly and a previously unreported skeletal anomaly. Chromosome microarray analysis allowed high-resolution identification of the extent of the trisomy and provided a means of achieving higher-resolution breakpoint data. The phenotypic expression of unbalanced chromosomal regions is a complex phenomenon, and fine mapping of the involved region, as described here, is only a first step on the path to its full understanding. Overexpression of the LINGO-1 and CSPG4 genes has been implicated in developmental delay seen in other patients with trisomy of 15q24-qter, but our patient is currently too young to ascertain developmental progress. The genetic underpinning of Ebstein anomaly and the skeletal anomaly reported here is unclear based on our high-resolution dosage mapping.
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25
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Chen CP, Lin YH, Au HK, Su YN, Hsu CY, Liu YP, Wu PC, Chern SR, Chen YT, Chen LF, Hsieh AHM, Wang W. Chromosome 15q overgrowth syndrome: Prenatal diagnosis, molecular cytogenetic characterization, and perinatal findings in a fetus with dup(15)(q26.2q26.3). Taiwan J Obstet Gynecol 2011; 50:359-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tjog.2011.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/30/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
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Cunningham ML, Horst JA, Rieder MJ, Hing AV, Stanaway IB, Park SS, Samudrala R, Speltz ML. IGF1R variants associated with isolated single suture craniosynostosis. Am J Med Genet A 2011; 155A:91-7. [PMID: 21204214 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.33781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The genetic contribution to the pathogenesis of isolated single suture craniosynostosis is poorly understood. The role of mutations in genes known to be associated with syndromic synostosis appears to be limited. We present our findings of a candidate gene resequencing approach to identify rare variants associated with the most common forms of isolated craniosynostosis. Resequencing of the coding regions, splice junction sites, and 5' and 3' untranslated regions of 27 candidate genes in 186 cases of isolated non-syndromic single suture synostosis revealed three novel and two rare sequence variants (R406H, R595H, N857S, P190S, M446V) in insulin-like growth factor I receptor (IGF1R) that are enriched relative to control samples. Mapping the resultant amino acid changes to the modeled homodimer protein structure suggests a structural basis for segregation between these and other disease-associated mutations found in IGF1R. These data suggest that IGF1R mutations may contribute to the risk and in some cases cause single suture craniosynostosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael L Cunningham
- Seattle Children's Hospital Craniofacial Center, University of Washington, 98195, USA.
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27
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Abstract
Until 2003 monogenetic aberrations that lead to a child that is born too small for gestational age (SGA) were poorly defined. With the first report of mutations within the insulin-like growth factor type 1 receptor (IGF1R) gene in two non-syndromic patients born SGA, who failed to thrive despite normal or even elevated IGF1 serum concentrations the concept of IGF1 resistance has been established. The identification of additional individuals bearing IGF1R mutations along with comparative, genetic, structural and biochemical studies has provided evidence for the pathogenic impact of the IGF1R mutations on human longitudinal growth. However, the variability in the occurrence of additional clinical manifestations, such as developmental delay, might indicate that the pleiotropic functions of the IGF-IGF1R system are partially redundant. It is apparent that we have just begun to unravel the multifaceted IGF1R actions at the interface of growth control, maintenance of metabolic homeostasis and neurodevelopment and neural protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Klammt
- Hospital for Children and Adolescents, University of Leipzig, Liebigstrasse 21, Leipzig, Germany.
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28
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Abstract
Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) plays a central role in cellular growth, differentiation, survival, and cell cycle progression. It is expressed early during development and its effects are mediated through binding to a tyrosine kinase receptor, the insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor (IGF-1R). In the circulation, the IGFs bind to IGF-binding proteins (IGFBPs), which determine their bioavailability and regulate the interaction between the IGFs and IGF-1R. Studies in animal models and in humans have established critical roles for IGFs in skeletal growth and development. In this review we present new and old findings from mouse models of the IGF system and discuss their clinical relevance to normal and pathological skeletal physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoshana Yakar
- Division of Endocrinology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
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29
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Hila L, Tébourbi H, Abeid L, Rejeb I, Chaabouni H. Subtelomeric microduplications in three sisters with moderate mental retardation. Biochem Genet 2010; 48:909-14. [PMID: 20811773 DOI: 10.1007/s10528-010-9371-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2008] [Accepted: 04/26/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Copy number changes of subtelomeric regions are a common cause of mental retardation, occurring in approximately 5% of mentally retarded patients. New molecular techniques allow the identification of subtelomeric microduplications. We report a Tunisian family of three sisters with moderate mental retardation, facial dysmorphism, cardiopathy, and bilateral clinodactyly of the third and fourth toes, explored by MLPA, showing the same associated microduplications, 15q and Xq, without a concurrent deletion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lamia Hila
- Faculté de Médecine de Tunis, Laboratoire de Génétique Humaine, Tunisia.
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30
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Gutiérrez-Franco MDLA, Madariaga-Campos MDLL, Vásquez-Velásquez AI, Matute E, Guevara-Yáñez R, Rivera H. A girl with 15q overgrowth syndrome and dup(15)(q24q26.3) that included telomeric sequences. Korean J Lab Med 2010; 30:318-24. [PMID: 20603595 DOI: 10.3343/kjlm.2010.30.3.318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Distal 15q trisomy or tetrasomy is associated with a characteristic phenotype that includes mild to moderate intellectual disability, abnormal behavior, speech impairment, overgrowth, hyperlaxity, long face, prominent nose, puffy cheeks, pointed chin, small ears, and hand anomalies (mainly arachno- and camptodactyly). We present the case of a 13-yr-old girl with the main clinical features of 15q overgrowth syndrome and a 46,XX,dup(15)(q24q26.3)[117]/46,XX[3].ish dup(15)(q24q26.3) (SNPRN+,PML+,subtel++,tel++) de novo karyotype. The findings in this case are consistent with those in the previous distal 15q trisomy cases that presented with overgrowth and mental retardation. Further, the rearranged chromosome had a double set of directly oriented telomeric and subtelomeric sequences.
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31
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Smith TJ. Insulin-like growth factor-I regulation of immune function: a potential therapeutic target in autoimmune diseases? Pharmacol Rev 2010; 62:199-236. [PMID: 20392809 DOI: 10.1124/pr.109.002469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
This topically limited review explores the relationship between the immune system and insulin-like growth factors (IGF-I and IGF-II) and the proteins through which they act, including IGF-I receptor (IGF-IR) and the IGF-I binding proteins. The IGF/IGF-IR pathway plays important and diverse roles in tissue development and function. It regulates cell cycle progression, apoptosis, and the translation of proteins. Many of the consequences ascribed to IGF-IR activation result from its association with several accessory proteins that are either identical or closely related to those involved in insulin receptor signaling. Relatively recent awareness that IGF-I and IGF-IR regulate immune function has cast this pathway in an unexpected light; it may represent an important switch governing the quality and amplitude of immune responses. IGF-I/IGF-IR signaling may also participate in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases, although its relationship with these processes seems complex and relatively unexplored. On the one hand, IGF-I seems to protect experimental animals from developing insulin-deficient diabetes mellitus. In contrast, activating antibodies directed at IGF-IR have been detected in patients with Graves' disease, where the receptor is overexpressed by multiple cell types. The frequency of IGF-IR+ B and T cells is substantially increased in patients with that disease. Potential involvement of IGF-I and IGF-IR in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases suggests that this pathway might constitute an attractive therapeutic target. IGF-IR has been targeted in efforts directed toward drug development for cancer, employing both small-molecule and monoclonal antibody approaches. These have been generally well-tolerated. Recognizing the broader role of IGF-IR in regulating both normal and pathological immune responses may offer important opportunities for therapeutic intervention in several allied diseases that have proven particularly difficult to treat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terry J Smith
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kellogg Eye Center, University of Michigan Medical School, 1000 Wall Street, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA.
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32
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Ohlsson C, Mohan S, Sjögren K, Tivesten A, Isgaard J, Isaksson O, Jansson JO, Svensson J. The role of liver-derived insulin-like growth factor-I. Endocr Rev 2009; 30:494-535. [PMID: 19589948 PMCID: PMC2759708 DOI: 10.1210/er.2009-0010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 295] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
IGF-I is expressed in virtually every tissue of the body, but with much higher expression in the liver than in any other tissue. Studies using mice with liver-specific IGF-I knockout have demonstrated that liver-derived IGF-I, constituting a major part of circulating IGF-I, is an important endocrine factor involved in a variety of physiological and pathological processes. Detailed studies comparing the impact of liver-derived IGF-I and local bone-derived IGF-I demonstrate that both sources of IGF-I can stimulate longitudinal bone growth. We propose here that liver-derived circulating IGF-I and local bone-derived IGF-I to some extent have overlapping growth-promoting effects and might have the capacity to replace each other (= redundancy) in the maintenance of normal longitudinal bone growth. Importantly, and in contrast to the regulation of longitudinal bone growth, locally derived IGF-I cannot replace (= lack of redundancy) liver-derived IGF-I for the regulation of a large number of other parameters including GH secretion, cortical bone mass, kidney size, prostate size, peripheral vascular resistance, spatial memory, sodium retention, insulin sensitivity, liver size, sexually dimorphic liver functions, and progression of some tumors. It is clear that a major role of liver-derived IGF-I is to regulate GH secretion and that some, but not all, of the phenotypes in the liver-specific IGF-I knockout mice are indirect, mediated via the elevated GH levels. All of the described multiple endocrine effects of liver-derived IGF-I should be considered in the development of possible novel treatment strategies aimed at increasing or reducing endocrine IGF-I activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claes Ohlsson
- Division of Endocrinology, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Göteborg, Sweden.
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33
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Tatton-Brown K, Pilz DT, Örstavik KH, Patton M, Barber JC, Collinson MN, Maloney VK, Huang S, Crolla JA, Marks K, Ormerod E, Thompson P, Nawaz Z, Lese-Martin C, Tomkins S, Waits P, Rahman N, McEntagart M. 15q overgrowth syndrome: A newly recognized phenotype associated with overgrowth, learning difficulties, characteristic facial appearance, renal anomalies and increased dosage of distal chromosome 15q. Am J Med Genet A 2009; 149A:147-54. [DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.32534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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34
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Abstract
The growth hormone-insulin-like growth factor-I (GH-IGF-I) axis plays a key role in intra-uterine growth and development. This review will describe the consequences of genetic defects in various components of the GH-IGF-I axis on intra-uterine growth and development. Animal knockout experiments have provided evidence for the GH-independent secretion of IGF-I and its effect in utero. Reports of patients with a deletion or mutation of the IGF-I and IGF1R genes have provided insight into the role of intra-uterine IGF-I in the human. Homozygous defects of the IGF-I gene have dramatic effects on intra-uterine growth and development, whereas heterozygous defects of the IGF1R gene have a more variable clinical presentation. The phenotype in relation to the genotype of the different disorders will be reviewed in this chapter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie J E Walenkamp
- Department of Paediatrics, J6-S, Leiden University Medical Centre, PO Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands.
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35
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36
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Abstract
Animal knockout experiments have offered the opportunity to study genes that play a role in growth and development. In the last few years, reports of patients with genetic defects in GH-IGF-I axis have greatly increased our knowledge of genetically determined causes of short stature. We will present the animal data and human reports of genetic disorders in the GH-IGF-I axis in order to describe the role of the GH-IGF-I axis in intrauterine and postnatal growth. In addition, the effects of the GH-IGF-I axis on the development and function of different organ systems such as brain, inner ear, eye, skeleton, glucose homeostasis, gonadal function, and immune system will be discussed. The number of patients with genetic defects in the GH-IGF-I axis is small, and a systematic diagnostic approach and selective genetic analysis in a patient with short stature are essential to identify more patients. Finally, the implications of a genetic defect in the GH-IGF-I axis for the patient and the therapeutic options will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J E Walenkamp
- Department of Pediatrics J6-S, Leiden University Medical Center, PO Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands.
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