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Wu Y, Wu D, Lan Y, Lan S, Li D, Zheng Z, Wang H, Ma L. Case report: Sex-specific characteristics of epilepsy phenotypes associated with Xp22.31 deletion: a case report and review. Front Genet 2023; 14:1025390. [PMID: 37347056 PMCID: PMC10280017 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2023.1025390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Deletion in the Xp22.31 region is increasingly suggested to be involved in the etiology of epilepsy. Little is known regarding the genomic and clinical delineations of X-linked epilepsy in the Chinese population or the sex-stratified difference in epilepsy characteristics associated with deletions in the Xp22.31 region. In this study, we reported two siblings with a 1.69 Mb maternally inherited microdeletion at Xp22.31 involving the genes VCX3A, HDHD1, STS, VCX, VCX2, and PNPLA4 presenting with easily controlled focal epilepsy and language delay with mild ichthyosis in a Chinese family with a traceable 4-generation history of skin ichthyosis. Both brain magnetic resonance imaging results were normal, while EEG revealed epileptic abnormalities. We further performed an exhaustive literature search, documenting 25 patients with epilepsy with gene defects in Xp22.31, and summarized the epilepsy heterogeneities between sexes. Males harboring the Xp22.31 deletion mainly manifested with child-onset, easily controlled focal epilepsy accompanied by X-linked ichthyosis; the deletions were mostly X-linked recessive, with copy number variants (CNVs) in the classic region of deletion (863.38 kb-2 Mb). In contrast, epilepsy in females tended to be earlier-onset, and relatively refractory, with pathogenic CNV sizes varying over a larger range (859 kb-56.36 Mb); the alterations were infrequently inherited and almost combined with additional CNVs. A candidate region encompassing STS, HDHD1, and MIR4767 was the likely pathogenic epilepsy-associated region. This study filled in the knowledge gap regarding the genomic and clinical delineations of X-linked recessive epilepsy in the Chinese population and extends the understanding of the sex-specific characteristics of Xp22.31 deletion in regard to epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Wu
- Department of Pediatrics, Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Dan Wu
- Department of Pediatrics, Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
- Centre for Precision Health, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia
| | - Yulong Lan
- Centre for Precision Health, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia
- Department of Cardiology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Shaocong Lan
- Department of clinical Medicine, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Duo Li
- Department of Pediatrics, Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Zexin Zheng
- Department of Pediatrics, Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Hongwu Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Lian Ma
- Department of Pediatrics, Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Shenzhen Children’s Hospital of China Medical University, Shenzhen, China
- Shenzhen Public Service Platform of Molecular Medicine in Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Shenzhen, China
- Department of Pediatrics, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University (The Women and Children’s Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University), Guangzhou, China
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Wren GH, Davies W. X-linked ichthyosis: New insights into a multi-system disorder. SKIN HEALTH AND DISEASE 2022; 2:e179. [PMID: 36479267 PMCID: PMC9720199 DOI: 10.1002/ski2.179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Background X-linked ichthyosis (XLI) is a rare genetic condition almostexclusively affecting males; it is characterised by abnormal desquamation and retentionhyperkeratosis, and presents with polygonal brown scales. Most cases resultfrom genetic deletions within Xp22.31 spanning the STS (steroid sulfatase)gene, with the remaining cases resulting from STS-specific mutations. For manyyears it has been recognised that individuals with XLI are at increased risk ofcryptorchidism and corneal opacities. Methods We discuss emerging evidence that such individuals are alsomore likely to be affected by a range of neurodevelopmental and psychiatrictraits, by cardiac arrhythmias, and by rare fibrotic and bleeding-relatedconditions. We consider candidate mechanisms that may confer elevatedlikelihood of these individual conditions, and propose a novel commonbiological risk pathway. Results Understanding the prevalence, nature and co-occurrence ofcomorbidities associated with XLI is critical for ensuring early identificationof symptoms and for providing the most effective genetic counselling andmultidisciplinary care for affected individuals. Conclusion Future work in males with XLI, and in new preclinical andcellular model systems, should further clarify underlying pathophysiologicalmechanisms amenable to therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - William Davies
- School of Psychology Cardiff University Cardiff UK.,School of Medicine Cardiff University Cardiff UK.,Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics Cardiff University Cardiff UK.,Neuroscience and Mental Health Innovation Institute Cardiff University Cardiff UK
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Stamou MI, Brand H, Wang M, Wong I, Lippincott MF, Plummer L, Crowley WF, Talkowski M, Seminara S, Balasubramanian R. Prevalence and Phenotypic Effects of Copy Number Variants in Isolated Hypogonadotropic Hypogonadism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2022; 107:2228-2242. [PMID: 35574646 PMCID: PMC9282252 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgac300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT The genetic architecture of isolated hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (IHH) has not been completely defined. OBJECTIVE To determine the role of copy number variants (CNVs) in IHH pathogenicity and define their phenotypic spectrum. METHODS Exome sequencing (ES) data in IHH probands (n = 1394) (Kallmann syndrome [IHH with anosmia; KS], n = 706; normosmic IHH [nIHH], n = 688) and family members (n = 1092) at the Reproductive Endocrine Unit and the Center for Genomic Medicine of Massachusetts General Hospital were analyzed for CNVs and single nucleotide variants (SNVs)/indels in 62 known IHH genes. IHH subjects without SNVs/indels in known genes were considered "unsolved." Phenotypes associated with CNVs were evaluated through review of patient medical records. A total of 29 CNVs in 13 genes were detected (overall IHH cohort prevalence: ~2%). Almost all (28/29) CNVs occurred in unsolved IHH cases. While some genes (eg, ANOS1 and FGFR1) frequently harbor both CNVs and SNVs/indels, the mutational spectrum of others (eg, CHD7) was restricted to SNVs/indels. Syndromic phenotypes were seen in 83% and 63% of IHH subjects with multigenic and single gene CNVs, respectively. CONCLUSION CNVs in known genes contribute to ~2% of IHH pathogenesis. Predictably, multigenic contiguous CNVs resulted in syndromic phenotypes. Syndromic phenotypes resulting from single gene CNVs validate pleiotropy of some IHH genes. Genome sequencing approaches are now needed to identify novel genes and/or other elusive variants (eg, noncoding/complex structural variants) that may explain the remaining missing etiology of IHH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria I Stamou
- Reproductive Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and the Center for Reproductive Medicine, Boston, MA 02141, USA
| | - Harrison Brand
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02141, USA
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02141, USA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02141, USA
- Pediatric Surgical Research Laboratories, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02141, USA
| | - Mei Wang
- Reproductive Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and the Center for Reproductive Medicine, Boston, MA 02141, USA
| | - Isaac Wong
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02141, USA
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02141, USA
| | - Margaret F Lippincott
- Reproductive Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and the Center for Reproductive Medicine, Boston, MA 02141, USA
| | - Lacey Plummer
- Reproductive Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and the Center for Reproductive Medicine, Boston, MA 02141, USA
| | - William F Crowley
- Endocrine Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02141, USA
| | - Michael Talkowski
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02141, USA
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02141, USA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02141, USA
| | - Stephanie Seminara
- Reproductive Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and the Center for Reproductive Medicine, Boston, MA 02141, USA
| | - Ravikumar Balasubramanian
- Reproductive Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and the Center for Reproductive Medicine, Boston, MA 02141, USA
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Ma W, Mao J, Wang X, Duan L, Song Y, Lian X, Zheng J, Liu Z, Nie M, Wu X. Novel Microdeletion in the X Chromosome Leads to Kallmann Syndrome, Ichthyosis, Obesity, and Strabismus. Front Genet 2020; 11:596. [PMID: 32670353 PMCID: PMC7327112 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.00596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A large deletion in Xp22.3 can result in contiguous gene syndromes, including X-linked ichthyosis (XLI) and Kallmann syndrome (KS), presenting with short stature, chondrodysplasia punctata, intellectual disability, and strabismus. XLI and KS are caused by the deletion of STS and ANOS1, respectively. Method Two KS patients with XLI were screened to identify possible pathogenic mutations using whole exome sequencing. The clinical characteristics, molecular genetics, treatment outcomes, and genotype–phenotype association for each patient were analyzed. Results We identified a novel 3,923 kb deletion within the Xp22.31 region (chrX: 5810838–9733877) containing STS, ANOS1, GPR143, NLGN4X, VCX-A, PUDP, and PNPLA4 in patient 1, who presented with KS, XLI, obesity, hyperlipidemia, and strabismus. We identified a novel 5,807 kb deletion within the Xp22.31-p22.33 regions (chrX: 2700083–8507807) containing STS, ANOS1, and other 24 genes in patient 2, who presented with KS, XLI, obesity, and strabismus. No developmental delay, abnormal speech development, or autistic behavior were noticed in either patient. Conclusion We identified two novel microdeletions in the X chromosome leading to KS and XLI. These findings contribute to the understanding of the molecular mechanisms that drive contiguous gene syndromes. Our research confirmed that the Kallmann-Ichthyosis phenotype is caused by microdeletions at the chromosome level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanlu Ma
- Department of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jiangfeng Mao
- Department of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xi Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lian Duan
- Department of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yuwen Song
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Xiaolan Lian
- Department of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Junjie Zheng
- Department of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhaoxiang Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, School of Clinical Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Min Nie
- Department of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xueyan Wu
- Department of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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Prenatal Diagnosis and Molecular Cytogenetic Characterization of Copy Number Variations on 4p15.2p16.3, Xp22.31, and 12p11.1q11 in a Fetus with Ultrasound Anomalies: A Case Report and Literature Review. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 2020:1761738. [PMID: 32566663 PMCID: PMC7275220 DOI: 10.1155/2020/1761738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 04/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Chromosomal rearrangements, such as duplications/deletions, can lead to a variety of genetic disorders. Herein, we reported a prenatal case with right aortic arch and aberrant left subclavian artery, consisting of a complex chromosomal copy number variations. Routine cytogenetic analysis described the chromosomal karyotype as 46,XY, add (2)(q37) for the fetus. However, the chromosomal microarray analysis (CMA) identified a 22.4 Mb duplication in chromosome 4p16.3p15.2, a 3.96 Mb microduplication in 12p11.1q11, and a 1.68 Mb microdeletion in Xp22.31. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) using a chromosome 4 painting probe was found to hybridize to the terminal of chromosome 2q on the fetus, thus confirming that the extra genetic materials of chromosome 2 was actually trisomy 4p detected through CMA. Meanwhile, the parental karyotypes were normal, which proved that the add (2) was de novo for fetus. The duplication of Wolf-Hirschhorn syndrome critical region (WHSCR) and X-linked recessive ichthyosis associated with Xp22.31 deletion separately were considered potentially pathogenic causes although other abnormalities involving these syndromes were not observed. For prenatal cases, the combined utilization of ultrasonography, traditional cytogenetic, and molecular diagnosis technology will enhance better diagnostic benefits, offer more detailed genetic counselling, and assess the prognosis of the fetuses.
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Labonne JDJ, Driessen TM, Harris ME, Kong IK, Brakta S, Theisen J, Sangare M, Layman LC, Kim CH, Lim J, Kim HG. Comparative Genomic Mapping Implicates LRRK2 for Intellectual Disability and Autism at 12q12, and HDHD1, as Well as PNPLA4, for X-Linked Intellectual Disability at Xp22.31. J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9010274. [PMID: 31963867 PMCID: PMC7019335 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9010274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
We report a genomic and phenotypic delineation for two chromosome regions with candidate genes for syndromic intellectual disability at 12q12 and Xp22.31, segregating independently in one family with four affected members. Fine mapping of three affected members, along with six unreported small informative CNVs, narrowed down the candidate chromosomal interval to one gene LRRK2 at 12q12. Expression studies revealed high levels of LRRK2 transcripts in the whole human brain, cerebral cortex and hippocampus. RT-qPCR assays revealed that LRRK2 transcripts were dramatically reduced in our microdeletion patient DGDP289A compared to his healthy grandfather with no deletion. The decreased expression of LRRK2 may affect protein–protein interactions between LRRK2 and its binding partners, of which eight have previously been linked to intellectual disability. These findings corroborate with a role for LRRK2 in cognitive development, and, thus, we propose that intellectual disability and autism, displayed in the 12q12 microdeletions, are likely caused by LRRK2. Using another affected member, DGDP289B, with a microdeletion at Xp22.31, in this family, we performed the genomic and clinical delineation with six published and nine unreported cases. We propose HDHD1 and PNPLA4 for X-linked intellectual disability in this region, since their high transcript levels in the human brain substantiate their role in intellectual functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan D. J. Labonne
- Section of Reproductive Endocrinology, Infertility & Genetics, Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA (M.E.H.); (S.B.); (J.T.); (L.C.L.)
| | - Terri M. Driessen
- Department of Genetics, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06510, USA; (T.M.D.); (J.L.)
| | - Marvin E. Harris
- Section of Reproductive Endocrinology, Infertility & Genetics, Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA (M.E.H.); (S.B.); (J.T.); (L.C.L.)
| | - Il-Keun Kong
- Department of Animal Science, Division of Applied Life Science (BK21plus), Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea;
| | - Soumia Brakta
- Section of Reproductive Endocrinology, Infertility & Genetics, Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA (M.E.H.); (S.B.); (J.T.); (L.C.L.)
| | - John Theisen
- Section of Reproductive Endocrinology, Infertility & Genetics, Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA (M.E.H.); (S.B.); (J.T.); (L.C.L.)
| | - Modibo Sangare
- Faculty of Medicine and Odontostomatology (FMOS), University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako (USTTB), Bamako, Mali;
| | - Lawrence C. Layman
- Section of Reproductive Endocrinology, Infertility & Genetics, Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA (M.E.H.); (S.B.); (J.T.); (L.C.L.)
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Cheol-Hee Kim
- Department of Biology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea;
| | - Janghoo Lim
- Department of Genetics, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06510, USA; (T.M.D.); (J.L.)
- Department of Neuroscience, Program in Cellular Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration and Repair, Yale Stem Cell Center, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Hyung-Goo Kim
- Section of Reproductive Endocrinology, Infertility & Genetics, Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA (M.E.H.); (S.B.); (J.T.); (L.C.L.)
- Neurological Disorders Research Center, Qatar Biomedical Research Institute, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha P.O. Box 34110, Qatar
- Correspondence:
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Maxeiner S, Sester M, Krasteva-Christ G. Novel human sex-typing strategies based on the autism candidate gene NLGN4X and its male-specific gametologue NLGN4Y. Biol Sex Differ 2019; 10:62. [PMID: 31852540 PMCID: PMC6921425 DOI: 10.1186/s13293-019-0279-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Since the early days of PCR techniques, sex identification, “sex-typing,” of genomic DNA samples has been a fundamental part of human forensic analysis but also in animal genetics aiming at strategic livestock breeding. Most analyses are employing the AMELX/AMELY gene loci on the X and Y chromosomes present in most mammals. We hypothesize that sex-typing in humans is also possible based on the genes NLGN4X and NLGN4Y, which represent X and Y chromosome-specific copies of a common ancestral neuroligin-4 orthologue. Methods Genomic DNA was isolated from human blood and buccal cell samples (total n = 111) and submitted to two different strategies: (a) a traditional two-primer PCR approach detecting an insertion/deletion (indel) polymorphism immediately upstream of the translational start on exon 1 and (b) detection of a single nucleotide polymorphism, SNP, on the translational stop carrying exon 7. The SNP detection was based on a quantitative PCR approach (rhAMP genotyping) employing DNA/RNA hybrid oligonucleotides that were blocked and which could only be activated upon perfect annealing to the target DNA sequence. Results All indel PCR-tested human DNA samples showed two bands for males representing X- and Y-specific copies of NLGN4 and a single band for female samples, i.e., homozygosity of NLGN4X and absence of NLGN4Y, in accordance with the self-reported sex of the donors. These results were in perfect agreement with the results of the rhAMP-based SNP-detection method: all males were consequently positive for both alleles, representing either SNP variant, and females were interpreted as homozygous regarding the SNP variant found in NLGN4X. Both methods have shown reliable and consistent results that enabled us to infer the sex of donor DNA samples across different ethnicities. Conclusions These results indicate that the detection of human NLGN4X/Y is a suitable alternative to previously reported methods employing gene loci such as AMELX/Y. Furthermore, this is the first report applying successfully the rhAMP-genotyping strategy as a means for SNP-based sex-typing, which consequently will be applicable to other gene loci or different species as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Maxeiner
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany.
| | - Martina Sester
- Department of Transplant and Infection Immunology, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
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Gonçalves CI, Fonseca F, Borges T, Cunha F, Lemos MC. Expanding the genetic spectrum of ANOS1 mutations in patients with congenital hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. Hum Reprod 2018; 32:704-711. [PMID: 28122887 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/dew354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
STUDY QUESTION What is the prevalence and functional consequence of ANOS1 (KAL1) mutations in a group of men with congenital hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (CHH)? SUMMARY ANSWER Three of forty-two (7.1%) patients presented ANOS1 mutations, including a novel splice site mutation leading to exon skipping and a novel contiguous gene deletion associated with ichthyosis. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY CHH is characterized by lack of pubertal development and infertility, due to deficient production, secretion or action of GnRH, and can be associated with anosmia/hyposmia (Kallmann syndrome, KS) or with a normal sense of smell (normosmic CHH). Mutations in the anosmin-1 (ANOS1) gene are responsible for the X-linked recessive form of KS. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION This cross-sectional study included 42 unrelated men with CHH (20 with KS and 22 with normosmic CHH). PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS Patients were screened for mutations in the ANOS1 gene by DNA sequencing. Identified mutations were further investigated by RT-PCR analysis and multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification (MLPA) analysis. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE Hemizygous mutations were identified in three (7.1%) KS cases: a novel splice acceptor site mutation (c.542-1G>C), leading to skipping of exon 5 in the ANOS1 transcript in a patient with self-reported normosmia (but hyposmic upon testing); a recurrent nonsense mutation (c.571C>T, p.Arg191*); and a novel 4.8 Mb deletion involving ANOS1 and eight other genes (VCX3B, VCX2, PNPLA4, VCX, STS, HDHD1, VCX3A and NLGN4X) in KS associated with ichthyosis. LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION Objective olfactory testing was not performed in all cases of self-reported normosmia and this may have underestimated the olfactory deficits. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS This study further expands the spectrum of known genetic defects associated with CHH and suggests that patients with self-reported normal olfactory function should not be excluded from ANOS1 genetic testing. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S) This study was funded by the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology. The authors have no conflicts of interest. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER N/A.
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Affiliation(s)
- C I Gonçalves
- CICS-UBI, Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal
| | - F Fonseca
- Serviço de Endocrinologia, Diabetes e Metabolismo, Hospital de Curry Cabral, 1069-166 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - T Borges
- Serviço de Pediatria Médica, Centro Hospitalar do Porto, 4099-001 Porto, Portugal
| | - F Cunha
- Serviço de Endocrinologia, Diabetes e Metabolismo, Hospital de São João, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
| | - M C Lemos
- CICS-UBI, Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal
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Niu Y, Zhou C, Xu H, Wang D, Chen Y, Li Z, Wang T, Pokhrel G, Wang DW, Liu J. Novel interstitial deletion in Xp22.3 in a typical X-linked recessive family with Kallmann syndrome. Andrologia 2018; 50:e12961. [PMID: 29441621 DOI: 10.1111/and.12961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Kallmann syndrome (KS) is a clinically and genetically heterogeneous condition characterised by hypogonadotropic hypogonadism with anosmia or hyposmia. More than nineteen genes causing KS have been reported to date. KAL1, first identified to causing the X-linked form of KS, accounts for 10%-20% of KS patients. In this study, we designed a panel including 17 known genes causing KS for genetic diagnosis and research and report a typical and rare family of which three generations had been affected by KS. A novel CNV in Xp22.3 was identified through targeted next-sequencing technology and high-resolution microarray. The breakpoint (chrX:8536480 and chrX:8730416) was defined, and the size of deletion is about 0.24 Mb. The CNV including KAL1 and FAM9A had a negative effect on the expression of KAL1, resulting in decreased level of KAL1 mRNA in whole blood. In addition, the proband had significant improvement in testicular volumes and secondary sex characters except spermatogenesis after regular treatment, which indicates the CNV may have a negative effect on spermatogenesis. Our study expands the genotypic spectrum of KAL1 mutations associated with KS and provides a practical pipeline for genetic diagnosis or research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Niu
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Institute of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - C Zhou
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine and Genetic Diagnosis Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Mechanisms of Cardiological Disorders, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - H Xu
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Institute of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - D Wang
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Institute of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Y Chen
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Institute of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Z Li
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine and Genetic Diagnosis Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Mechanisms of Cardiological Disorders, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - T Wang
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Institute of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - G Pokhrel
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Institute of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - D W Wang
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine and Genetic Diagnosis Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Mechanisms of Cardiological Disorders, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - J Liu
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Institute of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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10
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Ali RH, Mahmood S, Raza SI, Aziz A, Irfanullah, Naqvi SKUH, Wasif N, Ansar M, Ahmad W, Shah SH, Khan BT, Zaman Q, Gul A, Wali A, Ali G, Khan S, Khisroon M, Basit S. Genetic analysis of Xp22.3 micro-deletions in seventeen families segregating isolated form of X-linked ichthyosis. J Dermatol Sci 2015; 80:214-7. [PMID: 26481779 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2015.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2015] [Revised: 09/17/2015] [Accepted: 09/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Raja Hussain Ali
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Sabba Mahmood
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Syed Irfan Raza
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Abdul Aziz
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Irfanullah
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | | | - Naveed Wasif
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Ansar
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Wasim Ahmad
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan.
| | - Sayed Hajan Shah
- Center for Human Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Sindh Institute of Urology and Transplantation (SIUT), Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Bakht Tarin Khan
- Department of Zoology, University of Peshawar, KPK, Pakistan; Department of Zoology, Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan, KPK, Pakistan
| | - Qaiser Zaman
- Department of Zoology, University of Peshawar, KPK, Pakistan
| | - Ajab Gul
- Department of Biotechnology and Informatics, BUITEMS, Quetta 87100, Pakistan
| | - Abdul Wali
- Department of Biotechnology and Informatics, BUITEMS, Quetta 87100, Pakistan
| | - Ghazanfar Ali
- Department of Biotechnology, Azad Jammu & Kashmir, Pakistan
| | - Saadulah Khan
- Department of Biotechnology & Genetic Engineering, Kohat University of Science & Technology, Kohat, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | | | - Sulman Basit
- Center for Genetics and Inherited Diseases, Taibah University Almadinah Almunawarah, Saudi Arabia
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11
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Schaafsma SM, Pfaff DW. Etiologies underlying sex differences in Autism Spectrum Disorders. Front Neuroendocrinol 2014; 35:255-71. [PMID: 24705124 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2014.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2013] [Revised: 02/06/2014] [Accepted: 03/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The male predominance of Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) is one of the best-known, and at the same time, one of the least understood characteristics of these disorders. In this paper we review genetic, epigenetic, hormonal, and environmental mechanisms underlying this male preponderance. Sex-specific effects of Y-linked genes (including SRY expression leading to testicular development), balanced and skewed X-inactivation, genes that escape X-inactivation, parent-of-origin allelic imprinting, and the hypothetical heterochromatin sink are reviewed. These mechanisms likely contribute to etiology, instead of being simply causative to ASD. Environments, both internal and external, also play important roles in ASD's etiology. Early exposure to androgenic hormones and early maternal immune activation comprise environmental factors affecting sex-specific susceptibility to ASD. The gene-environment interactions underlying ASD, suggested here, implicate early prenatal stress as being especially detrimental to boys with a vulnerable genotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara M Schaafsma
- Laboratory of Neurobiology and Behavior, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA.
| | - Donald W Pfaff
- Laboratory of Neurobiology and Behavior, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
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12
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Mutation screening in the Greek population and evaluation of NLGN3 and NLGN4X genes causal factors for autism. Psychiatr Genet 2014; 23:198-203. [PMID: 23851596 DOI: 10.1097/ypg.0b013e3283643644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Molecular and neurobiological evidence for the involvement of neuroligins (particularly NLGN3 and NLGN4X genes) in autistic disorder is accumulating. However, previous mutation screening studies on these two genes have yielded controversial results. The present study explores, for the first time, the contribution of NLGN3 and NLGN4X genetic variants in Greek patients with autistic disorder. We analyzed the full exonic sequence of NLGN3 and NLGN4X genes in 40 patients strictly fulfilling the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th ed. criteria for autistic disorder. We identified nine nucleotide changes in NLGN4X--one probable causative mutation (p.K378R) previously reported by our research group, one novel variant (c.-206G>C), one nonvalidated single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP, rs111953947), and six known human SNPs reported in the SNP database--and one known human SNP in NLGN3 also reported in the SNP database. The variants identified are expected to be benign. However, they should be investigated in the context of variants in interacting cellular pathways to assess their contribution to the etiology of autism.
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13
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Liao HM, Gau SSF, Tsai WC, Fang JS, Su YC, Chou MC, Liu SK, Chou WJ, Wu YY, Chen CH. Chromosomal abnormalities in patients with autism spectrum disorders from Taiwan. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2013; 162B:734-41. [PMID: 24132905 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.32153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2012] [Accepted: 03/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are childhood-onset neurodevelopmental disorders characterized by verbal communication impairments, social reciprocity deficits, and the presence of restricted interests and stereotyped behaviors. Genetic factors contribute to the incidence of ASD evidently. However, the genetic spectrum of ASD is highly heterogeneous. Chromosomal abnormalities contribute significantly to the genetic deficits of syndromic and non-syndromic ASD. In this study, we conducted karyotyping analysis in a sample of 500 patients (447 males, 53 females) with ASD from Taiwan, the largest cohort in Asia, to the best of our knowledge. We found three patients having sex chromosome aneuploidy, including two cases of 47, XXY and one case of 47, XYY. In addition, we detected a novel reciprocal chromosomal translocation between long arms of chromosomes 4 and 14, designated t(4;14)(q31.3;q24.1), in a patient with Asperger's disorder. This translocation was inherited from his unaffected father, suggesting it might not be pathogenic or it needs further hits to become pathogenic. In line with other studies, our study revealed that subjects with sex chromosomal aneuploidy are liable to neurodevelopmental disorders, including ASD, and conventional karyotyping analysis is still a useful tool in detecting chromosomal translocation in patients with ASD, given that array-based comparative genomic hybridization technology can provide better resolution in detecting copy number variations of genomic DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsiao-Mei Liao
- Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
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14
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Xp22.3 interstitial deletion: A recognizable chromosomal abnormality encompassing VCX3A and STS genes in a patient with X-linked ichthyosis and mental retardation. Gene 2013; 527:578-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2013.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2012] [Revised: 06/06/2013] [Accepted: 06/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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15
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Trent S, Davies W. Cognitive, behavioural and psychiatric phenotypes associated with steroid sulfatase deficiency. World J Transl Med 2013; 2:1-12. [DOI: 10.5528/wjtm.v2.i1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2012] [Revised: 01/24/2013] [Accepted: 02/08/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The enzyme steroid sulfatase (STS) desulfates a variety of steroid compounds thereby altering their activity. STS is expressed in the skin, and its deficiency in this tissue has been linked to the dermatological condition X-linked ichthyosis. STS is also highly expressed in the developing and adult human brain, and in a variety of steroidogenic organs (including the placenta and gonads); therefore it has the potential to influence brain development and function directly and/or indirectly (through influencing the hormonal milieu). In this review, we first discuss evidence from human and animal model studies suggesting that STS deficiency might predispose to neurobehavioural abnormalities and certain psychiatric disorders. We subsequently discuss potential mechanisms that may underlie these vulnerabilities. The data described herein have potential implications for understanding the complete spectrum of clinical phenotypes associated with X-linked ichthyosis, and may indicate novel pathogenic mechanisms underlying psychological dysfunction in developmental disorders such as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and Turner syndrome.
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16
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An improved method to extract DNA from 1 ml of uncultured amniotic fluid from patients at less than 16 weeks' gestation. PLoS One 2013; 8:e59956. [PMID: 23565177 PMCID: PMC3614959 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0059956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2012] [Accepted: 02/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to develop an improved technique for DNA extraction from 1 ml of uncultured AF from patients with a gestational age less than 16 weeks and to allow the use of array-CGH without DNA amplification. The DNA extraction protocol was tested in a series of 90 samples including 41 of uncultured AF at less than 16 weeks of gestation. Statistical analyses were performed using linear regression. To evaluate the sensitivity and the specificity of array-CGH on 1 ml of uncultured AF, five samples with an abnormal karyotype (three with aneuploidy, two with structural abnormalities) and five with a normal karyotype were studied. This protocol was reproducible and we were able to show a great improvement with higher yield of DNA obtained from all patients, including those with a gestational age less than 16 weeks (p = 0.003). All chromosomal abnormalities were detected and characterized by array-CGH and normal samples showed normal profiles. This new DNA extraction protocol associated with array-CGH analysis could be used in prenatal testing even when gestational age is less than 16 weeks, especially in cases with abnormal ultrasound findings.
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17
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Sporadic male patients with intellectual disability: contribution of X-chromosome copy number variants. Eur J Med Genet 2012; 55:577-85. [PMID: 22659343 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2012.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2012] [Revised: 05/19/2012] [Accepted: 05/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Genome-wide array comparative genome hybridization has become the first in line diagnostic tool in the clinical work-up of patients presenting with intellectual disability. As a result, chromosome X-copy number variations are frequently being detected in routine diagnostics. We retrospectively reviewed genome wide array-CGH data in order to determine the frequency and nature of chromosome X-copy number variations (X-CNV) in a cohort of 2222 sporadic male patients with intellectual disability (ID) referred to us for diagnosis. In this cohort, 68 males were found to have at least one X-CNV (3.1%). However, correct interpretation of causality remains a challenging task, and is essential for proper counseling, especially when the CNV is inherited. On the basis of these data, earlier experience and literature data we designed and propose an algorithm that can be used to evaluate the clinical relevance of X-CNVs detected in sporadic male ID patients. Applied to our cohort, 19 male ID patients (0.85%) were found to carry a (likely) pathogenic X-CNV.
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18
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Giorda R, Beri S, Bonaglia MC, Spaccini L, Scelsa B, Manolakos E, Della Mina E, Ciccone R, Zuffardi O. Common structural features characterize interstitial intrachromosomal Xp and 18q triplications. Am J Med Genet A 2011; 155A:2681-7. [PMID: 21965167 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.34248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2011] [Accepted: 06/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Rare intrachromosomal triplications producing partial tetrasomies have been reported for a number of chromosomes. A detailed molecular characterization, necessary to define the mechanism of their formation, has so far been lacking. We report on the detailed clinical, cytogenetic, and molecular characterization of two triplications, one de novo involving chromosome 18q, the other familial on chromosome Xp. The clinical phenotype of the patient with 18q triplication, very likely due to overexpression of one or more of the genes in the region, consists mainly of facial dysmorphisms and developmental delay. The familial Xp triplication does not cause an increase in the number of copies of any gene and is almost certainly a polymorphism. The rearrangements are actually complex duplications/triplications. In both patients, their proximal breakpoints are located within complex segmental duplications, one containing the VCX gene cluster on chromosome Xp, the other the TCEB3 genes on chromosome 18q. A proximal duplicated region is also present in both patients. All junctions we analyzed were formed by non-homologous end joining (NHEJ). The structural features shared between our patients suggest the involvement of a common mechanism in the genesis of interstitial intrachromosomal triplications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Giorda
- Istituto Scientifico E. Medea, Bosisio Parini (LC), Italy.
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19
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Li F, Shen Y, Köhler U, Sharkey FH, Menon D, Coulleaux L, Malan V, Rio M, McMullan DJ, Cox H, Fagan KA, Gaunt L, Metcalfe K, Heinrich U, Hislop G, Maye U, Sutcliffe M, Wu BL, Thiel BD, Mulchandani S, Conlin LK, Spinner NB, Murphy KM, Batista DAS. Interstitial microduplication of Xp22.31: Causative of intellectual disability or benign copy number variant? Eur J Med Genet 2010; 53:93-9. [PMID: 20132918 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2010.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2009] [Accepted: 01/23/2010] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The use of comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) and single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) arrays has dramatically altered the approach to identification of genetic alterations that can explain intellectual disability and /or congenital anomalies. However, the discovery of numerous copy number changes with benign or unknown clinical significance has made interpretation problematic. Submicroscopic duplication of Xp22.31 has been reported as either a possible cause of intellectual disability and/or developmental delay or a benign variant. Here we report 29 individuals with the microduplication found as part of microarray analysis of 7793 samples submitted to an international group of 13 clinical laboratories. The referral reasons varied and included developmental delay, intellectual disability, autism, dysmorphic features and/or multiple congenital anomalies. The size of the Xp22.31 duplication varied between 149 kb and 1.74 Mb and included the steroid sulfatase (STS) gene with the male to female ratio of 0.7. Duplication within this segment is seen at a frequency of 0.15% in a healthy control population, whereas a frequency of 0.37% was observed in our cohort of individuals with abnormal phenotypes. We present a detailed comparison of the breakpoints, inheritance, X-inactivation and clinical phenotype in our cohort and a review of the literature for a total of 41 patients. To date, this report is the largest compilation of clinical and array data regarding the microduplication of Xp22.31 and will serve to broaden the knowledge of regions involving copy number variation (CNV).
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Li
- McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
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20
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Marcos J, Craig WY, Palomaki GE, Kloza EM, Haddow JE, Roberson M, Bradley LA, Shackleton CHL. Maternal urine and serum steroid measurements to identify steroid sulfatase deficiency (STSD) in second trimester pregnancies. Prenat Diagn 2009; 29:771-80. [PMID: 19418464 DOI: 10.1002/pd.2284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To document the performance of second trimester maternal urine and serum steroid measurements for detecting fetal steroid sulfatase deficiency (STSD). METHODS We studied detection rate and false positive rate (DR, FPR) of analytes in maternal urine [combinations of 16alpha-OH-dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (16alpha-OH-DHEAS), 11beta-hydroxyandrosterone, total estriol] and serum [combinations of 16alpha-OH-DHEAS, 11beta-hydroxyandrosterone, total estriol, unconjugated estriol (uE3)]. Samples were obtained from pregnancies which were screen positive for Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome (SLOS). RESULTS Among 1 079 301 pregnancies, 3083 (0.29%) were screen positive for SLOS. Urine and/or serum samples were available from 917 viable pregnancies with known gender. We assigned likelihood ratios (LRs) to steroid measurements from male fetuses with known STSD and unaffected female fetuses. An LR > or = 100 was present in urine from 84 of 86 STSD pregnancies (98% DR, 95% CI 92-99), along with 0 of 198 pregnancies with normal female fetuses (0.0% FPR, CI 0-1.9). LRs were > or = 100 in 4 of 129 female fetuses with major abnormalities (3% FPR). In maternal serum, steroid measurements performed less effectively, achieving a 71% DR for STSD at a 1.6% FPR. CONCLUSION Maternal urine steroid measurements are effective for detecting STSD, including those with point mutations and those with full deletions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josep Marcos
- Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, CA, USA
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21
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Shinawi M, Patel A, Panichkul P, Zascavage R, Peters SU, Scaglia F. The Xp contiguous deletion syndrome and autism. Am J Med Genet A 2009; 149A:1138-48. [PMID: 19441126 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.32833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Xp22 nullisomy in males causes a phenotype consistent with the loss of one or more of the genes located in this chromosomal region. Females with similar Xp deletions rarely manifest the same phenotype. Here we describe a 10-year-old girl with a de novo interstitial deletion encompassing Xp22.2p22.32 who presented with autism, moderate mental retardation, and some dysmorphic features. The deletion was delineated by FISH and STR analyses, and the breakpoints were determined using the Agilent 244 K oligonucleotide array. We found that the 5.5 Mb deletion is located on the paternal X chromosome and encompasses 18 genes. Further molecular and cytogenetic analyses showed unfavorable skewing of X-inactivation of the maternal (intact) chromosome. The phenotype of our patient was compared with previously reported female patients with deletions encompassing the same chromosomal region. We discuss the potential role of the genes in the deleted region and X chromosome inactivation in the pathogenesis of the phenotypic abnormalities seen in our patient. Our findings suggest that the severity and the variability of the clinical findings are determined by the size and the parental origin of the deletions as well as the X-inactivation status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marwan Shinawi
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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22
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Buxbaum JD. Multiple rare variants in the etiology of autism spectrum disorders. DIALOGUES IN CLINICAL NEUROSCIENCE 2009. [PMID: 19432386 PMCID: PMC3181906 DOI: 10.31887/dcns.2009.11.1/jdbuxbaum] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies in autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) support an important role for multiple rare variants in these conditions. This is a clinically important finding, as, with the demonstration that a significant proportion of ASDs are the result of rare, etiological genetic variants, it becomes possible to make use of genetic testing to supplement behavioral analyses for an earlier diagnosis. As it appears that earlier interventions in ASDs will produce better outcomes, the development of genetic testing to augment behaviorally based evaluations in ASDs holds promise for improved treatment. Furthermore, these rare variants involve synaptic and neuronal genes that implicate specific paihvi/ays, cells, and subcellular compartments in ASDs, which in turn will suggest novel therapeutic approaches in ASDs, Of particular recent interest are the synaptic cell adhesion and associated molecules, including neurexin 1, neuroligin 3 and 4, and SHANK3, which implicate glutamatergic synapse abnormalities in ASDs, In the current review we will overview the evidence for a genetic etiology for ASDs, and summarize recent genetic findings in these disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph D Buxbaum
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuropsychiatry, Seaver Autism Center for Research and Treatment, Department of Psychiatry, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA.
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23
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Gécz J, Shoubridge C, Corbett M. The genetic landscape of intellectual disability arising from chromosome X. Trends Genet 2009; 25:308-16. [PMID: 19556021 DOI: 10.1016/j.tig.2009.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2009] [Revised: 05/14/2009] [Accepted: 05/14/2009] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
X-linked mental retardation (XLMR) or intellectual disability (ID) is a common, clinically complex and genetically heterogeneous disease arising from many mutations along the X chromosome. It affects between 1/600-1/1000 males and a substantial number of females. Research during the past decade has identified >90 different XLMR genes, affecting a wide range of cellular processes. Many more genes remain uncharacterized, especially for the non-syndromic XLMR forms. Currently, approximately 11% of X-chromosome genes are implicated in XLMR; however, apart from a few notable exceptions, most contribute individually to <0.1% of the total landscape, which arguably remains only about half complete. There remain many hills to climb and valleys to cross before the ID landscape is fully triangulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jozef Gécz
- Molecular Pathology, SA Pathology at Women's and Children's Hospital, North Adelaide, SA 5006, Australia
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24
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Betancur C, Sakurai T, Buxbaum JD. The emerging role of synaptic cell-adhesion pathways in the pathogenesis of autism spectrum disorders. Trends Neurosci 2009; 32:402-12. [PMID: 19541375 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2009.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 212] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2008] [Revised: 04/24/2009] [Accepted: 04/28/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances in genetics and genomics have unveiled numerous cases of autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) associated with rare, causal genetic variations. These findings support a novel view of ASDs in which many independent, individually rare genetic variants, each associated with a very high relative risk, together explain a large proportion of ASDs. Although these rare variants impact diverse pathways, there is accumulating evidence that synaptic pathways, including those involving synaptic cell adhesion, are disrupted in some subjects with ASD. These findings provide insights into the pathogenesis of ASDs and enable the development of model systems with construct validity for specific causes of ASDs. In several neurodevelopmental disorders frequently associated with ASD, including fragile X syndrome, Rett syndrome and tuberous sclerosis, animal models have led to the development of new therapeutic approaches, giving rise to optimism with other causes of ASDs.
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25
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A new diagnostic workflow for patients with mental retardation and/or multiple congenital abnormalities: test arrays first. Eur J Hum Genet 2009; 17:1394-402. [PMID: 19436329 DOI: 10.1038/ejhg.2009.74] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
High-density single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) genotyping technology enables extensive genotyping as well as the detection of increasingly smaller chromosomal aberrations. In this study, we assess molecular karyotyping as first-round analysis of patients with mental retardation and/or multiple congenital abnormalities (MR/MCA). We used different commercially available SNP array platforms, the Affymetrix GeneChip 262K NspI, the Genechip 238K StyI, the Illumina HumanHap 300 and HumanCNV 370 BeadChip, to detect copy number variants (CNVs) in 318 patients with unexplained MR/MCA. We found abnormalities in 22.6% of the patients, including six CNVs that overlap known microdeletion/duplication syndromes, eight CNVs that overlap recently described syndromes, 63 potentially pathogenic CNVs (in 52 patients), four large segments of homozygosity and two mosaic trisomies for an entire chromosome. This study shows that high-density SNP array analysis reveals a much higher diagnostic yield as that of conventional karyotyping. SNP arrays have the potential to detect CNVs, mosaics, uniparental disomies and loss of heterozygosity in one experiment. We, therefore, propose a novel diagnostic approach to all MR/MCA patients by first analyzing every patient with an SNP array instead of conventional karyotyping.
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26
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Wiener HW, Klei L, Irvin MD, Perry RT, Aliyu MH, Allen TB, Bradford LD, Calkins ME, Devlin B, Edwards N, Gur RE, Gur RC, Kwentus J, Lyons PD, McEvoy JP, Nasrallah HA, Nimgaonkar VL, O'Jile J, Santos AB, Savage RM, Go RCP. Linkage analysis of schizophrenia in African-American families. Schizophr Res 2009; 109:70-9. [PMID: 19264455 PMCID: PMC2721327 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2009.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2008] [Revised: 02/04/2009] [Accepted: 02/08/2009] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
While many studies have sought a window into the genetics of schizophrenia, few have focused on African-American families. An exception is the Project among African-Americans to Explore Risks for Schizophrenia (PAARTNERS), which seeks to identify novel and known risk variation for schizophrenia by genetic analyses of African-American families. We report a linkage study of diagnostic status in 217 African-American families using the Illumina Linkage Panel. Due to assumed incomplete and time-dependent penetrance, we performed linkage analysis using two different treatments of diagnosis: (1) treating both affected and unaffected individuals as informative for linkage (using the program SIBPAL) and (2) treating only affected individuals as informative (using the program MERLIN). We also explore three definitions of affected status: narrowly defined schizophrenia; one broadened to include schizoaffective disorder; and another including all diagnoses indicating psychosis. Several regions show a decrease in the evidence for linkage as the definition broadens 8q22.1 (rs911, 99.26 cM; SIBPAL p-value [p] goes from 0.006 to 0.02), 16q24.3 (rs1006547, 130.48 cM; p from 0.00095 to 0.0085), and 20q13.2 (rs1022689, 81.73 cM; p from 0.00015 to 0.032). One region shows a substantial increase in evidence for linkage, 11p15.2 (rs722317, 24.27 cM; p from 0.0022 to 0.0000003); MERLIN results support the significance of the SIBPAL results (p=0.00001). Our linkage results overlap two broad, previously-reported linkage regions: 8p23.3-p12 found in studies sampling largely families of European ancestry; and 11p11.2-q22.3 reported by a study of African-American families. These results should prove quite useful for uncovering loci affecting risk for schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- H W Wiener
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, School of Public Health, Dept. of Epidemiology, 1665 University Blvd., RPHB, Birmingham, AL 35294-0022, USA.
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