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Ganglberger F, Kargl D, Töpfer M, Hernandez-Lallement J, Lawless N, Fernandez-Albert F, Haubensak W, Bühler K. BrainTACO: an explorable multi-scale multi-modal brain transcriptomic and connectivity data resource. Commun Biol 2024; 7:730. [PMID: 38877144 PMCID: PMC11178817 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-024-06355-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Exploring the relationships between genes and brain circuitry can be accelerated by joint analysis of heterogeneous datasets from 3D imaging data, anatomical data, as well as brain networks at varying scales, resolutions, and modalities. Generating an integrated view, beyond the individual resources' original purpose, requires the fusion of these data to a common space, and a visualization that bridges the gap across scales. However, despite ever expanding datasets, few platforms for integration and exploration of this heterogeneous data exist. To this end, we present the BrainTACO (Brain Transcriptomic And Connectivity Data) resource, a selection of heterogeneous, and multi-scale neurobiological data spatially mapped onto a common, hierarchical reference space, combined via a holistic data integration scheme. To access BrainTACO, we extended BrainTrawler, a web-based visual analytics framework for spatial neurobiological data, with comparative visualizations of multiple resources. This enables gene expression dissection of brain networks with, to the best of our knowledge, an unprecedented coverage and allows for the identification of potential genetic drivers of connectivity in both mice and humans that may contribute to the discovery of dysconnectivity phenotypes. Hence, BrainTACO reduces the need for time-consuming manual data aggregation often required for computational analyses in script-based toolboxes, and supports neuroscientists by directly leveraging the data instead of preparing it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Ganglberger
- Biomedical Image Informatics, VRVis Research Center, Vienna, Austria
- Global Computational Biology and Digital Sciences, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Dominic Kargl
- Department of Neuronal Cell Biology, Vienna Medical University, Vienna, Austria
| | - Markus Töpfer
- Biomedical Image Informatics, VRVis Research Center, Vienna, Austria
| | - Julien Hernandez-Lallement
- Global Computational Biology and Digital Sciences, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Nathan Lawless
- Global Computational Biology and Digital Sciences, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Francesc Fernandez-Albert
- Global Computational Biology and Digital Sciences, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Wulf Haubensak
- Department of Neuronal Cell Biology, Vienna Medical University, Vienna, Austria
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria
| | - Katja Bühler
- Biomedical Image Informatics, VRVis Research Center, Vienna, Austria.
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2
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Lê HG, Kim W, Kang JM, Võ TC, Yoo WG, Cheong H, Na BK. The anti-amoebic activity of Pinus densiflora leaf extract against the brain-eating amoeba Naegleria fowleri. PARASITES, HOSTS AND DISEASES 2024; 62:169-179. [PMID: 38835258 DOI: 10.3347/phd.23103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024]
Abstract
Naegleria fowleri invades the brain and causes a fatal primary amoebic meningoencephalitis (PAM). Despite its high mortality rate of approximately 97%, an effective therapeutic drug for PAM has not been developed. Approaches with miltefosine, amphotericin B, and other antimicrobials have been clinically attempted to treat PAM, but their therapeutic efficacy remains unclear. The development of an effective and safe therapeutic drug for PAM is urgently needed. In this study, we investigated the anti-amoebic activity of Pinus densiflora leaf extract (PLE) against N. fowleri. PLE induced significant morphological changes in N. fowleri trophozoites, resulting in the death of the amoeba. The IC50 of PLE on N. fowleri was 62.3±0.95 μg/ml. Alternatively, PLE did not significantly affect the viability of the rat glial cell line C6. Transcriptome analysis revealed differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between PLE-treated and non-treated amoebae. A total of 5,846 DEGs were identified, of which 2,189 were upregulated, and 3,657 were downregulated in the PLE-treated amoebae. The DEGs were categorized into biological process (1,742 genes), cellular component (1,237 genes), and molecular function (846 genes) based on the gene ontology analysis, indicating that PLE may have dramatically altered the biological and cellular functions of the amoeba and contributed to their death. These results suggest that PLE has anti-N. fowleri activity and may be considered as a potential candidate for the development of therapeutic drugs for PAM. It may also be used as a supplement compound to enhance the therapeutic efficacy of drugs currently used to treat PAM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hương Giang Lê
- Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, Institute of Health Science, Gyeongsang National University College of Medicine, Jinju 52727, Korea
- Department of Convergence Medical Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Korea
| | - Woong Kim
- Department of Biomedical Science, Chosun University, Gwangju 61453, Korea
- Institute of Well-Aging Medicare, Chosun University, Gwangju 61452, Korea
| | - Jung-Mi Kang
- Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, Institute of Health Science, Gyeongsang National University College of Medicine, Jinju 52727, Korea
| | - Tuấn Cường Võ
- Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, Institute of Health Science, Gyeongsang National University College of Medicine, Jinju 52727, Korea
- Department of Convergence Medical Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Korea
| | - Won Gi Yoo
- Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, Institute of Health Science, Gyeongsang National University College of Medicine, Jinju 52727, Korea
- Department of Convergence Medical Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Korea
| | - Hyeonsook Cheong
- Department of Biomedical Science, Chosun University, Gwangju 61453, Korea
| | - Byoung-Kuk Na
- Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, Institute of Health Science, Gyeongsang National University College of Medicine, Jinju 52727, Korea
- Department of Convergence Medical Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Korea
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3
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Ansari M, Faour KNW, Shimamura A, Grimes G, Kao EM, Denhoff ER, Blatnik A, Ben-Isvy D, Wang L, Helm BM, Firth H, Breman AM, Bijlsma EK, Iwata-Otsubo A, de Ravel TJL, Fusaro V, Fryer A, Nykamp K, Stühn LG, Haack TB, Korenke GC, Constantinou P, Bujakowska KM, Low KJ, Place E, Humberson J, Napier MP, Hoffman J, Juusola J, Deardorff MA, Shao W, Rockowitz S, Krantz I, Kaur M, Raible S, Dortenzio V, Kliesch S, Singer-Berk M, Groopman E, DiTroia S, Ballal S, Srivastava S, Rothfelder K, Biskup S, Rzasa J, Kerkhof J, McConkey H, Sadikovic B, Hilton S, Banka S, Tüttelmann F, Conrad DF, O'Donnell-Luria A, Talkowski ME, FitzPatrick DR, Boone PM. Heterozygous loss-of-function SMC3 variants are associated with variable growth and developmental features. HGG ADVANCES 2024; 5:100273. [PMID: 38297832 PMCID: PMC10876629 DOI: 10.1016/j.xhgg.2024.100273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Heterozygous missense variants and in-frame indels in SMC3 are a cause of Cornelia de Lange syndrome (CdLS), marked by intellectual disability, growth deficiency, and dysmorphism, via an apparent dominant-negative mechanism. However, the spectrum of manifestations associated with SMC3 loss-of-function variants has not been reported, leading to hypotheses of alternative phenotypes or even developmental lethality. We used matchmaking servers, patient registries, and other resources to identify individuals with heterozygous, predicted loss-of-function (pLoF) variants in SMC3, and analyzed population databases to characterize mutational intolerance in this gene. Here, we show that SMC3 behaves as an archetypal haploinsufficient gene: it is highly constrained against pLoF variants, strongly depleted for missense variants, and pLoF variants are associated with a range of developmental phenotypes. Among 14 individuals with SMC3 pLoF variants, phenotypes were variable but coalesced on low growth parameters, developmental delay/intellectual disability, and dysmorphism, reminiscent of atypical CdLS. Comparisons to individuals with SMC3 missense/in-frame indel variants demonstrated an overall milder presentation in pLoF carriers. Furthermore, several individuals harboring pLoF variants in SMC3 were nonpenetrant for growth, developmental, and/or dysmorphic features, and some had alternative symptomatologies with rational biological links to SMC3. Analyses of tumor and model system transcriptomic data and epigenetic data in a subset of cases suggest that SMC3 pLoF variants reduce SMC3 expression but do not strongly support clustering with functional genomic signatures of typical CdLS. Our finding of substantial population-scale LoF intolerance in concert with variable growth and developmental features in subjects with SMC3 pLoF variants expands the scope of cohesinopathies, informs on their allelic architecture, and suggests the existence of additional clearly LoF-constrained genes whose disease links will be confirmed only by multilayered genomic data paired with careful phenotyping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morad Ansari
- South East Scotland Genetic Service, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UK; MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Kamli N W Faour
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Cornelia de Lange Syndrome and Related Disorders Clinic, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Akiko Shimamura
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Graeme Grimes
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Emeline M Kao
- Institutional Centers for Clinical and Translational Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Erica R Denhoff
- Institutional Centers for Clinical and Translational Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ana Blatnik
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK; Department of Clinical Cancer Genetics, Institute of Oncology Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Daniel Ben-Isvy
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Medical and Population Genetics, The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA; Division of Medical Sciences, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lily Wang
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Medical and Population Genetics, The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA; Division of Medical Sciences, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Benjamin M Helm
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Helen Firth
- Clinical Genetics, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge University Hospitals, Cambridge, UK
| | - Amy M Breman
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Emilia K Bijlsma
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Aiko Iwata-Otsubo
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Thomy J L de Ravel
- Centre for Human Genetics, UZ Leuven/Leuven University Hospitals, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Alan Fryer
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Alder Hey Children's Hospital Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | | | - Lara G Stühn
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Tobias B Haack
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - G Christoph Korenke
- Department of Neuropaediatric and Metabolic Diseases, University Children's Hospital Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Panayiotis Constantinou
- West of Scotland Centre for Genomic Medicine, Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, Glasgow, UK
| | | | - Karen J Low
- University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol, UK; University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Emily Place
- Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Matthew A Deardorff
- Departments of Pathology and Pediatrics, Children's Hospital Los Angeles and University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Wanqing Shao
- Research Computing, Information Technology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Shira Rockowitz
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Research Computing, Information Technology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; The Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ian Krantz
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Maninder Kaur
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Sarah Raible
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | - Sabine Kliesch
- Department of Clinical and Surgical Andrology, Centre of Reproductive Medicine and Andrology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Moriel Singer-Berk
- Medical and Population Genetics, The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Emily Groopman
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Medical and Population Genetics, The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Stephanie DiTroia
- Medical and Population Genetics, The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Sonia Ballal
- Cornelia de Lange Syndrome and Related Disorders Clinic, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Division of Gastroenterology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Siddharth Srivastava
- Cornelia de Lange Syndrome and Related Disorders Clinic, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Divison of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Saskia Biskup
- Zentrum für Humangenetik, Tübingen, Germany; Center for Genomics and Transcriptomics (CeGaT), Tübingen, Germany
| | - Jessica Rzasa
- Molecular Diagnostics Program and Verspeeten Clinical Genome Centre, London Health Sciences Centre, London, ON, Canada
| | - Jennifer Kerkhof
- Molecular Diagnostics Program and Verspeeten Clinical Genome Centre, London Health Sciences Centre, London, ON, Canada
| | - Haley McConkey
- Molecular Diagnostics Program and Verspeeten Clinical Genome Centre, London Health Sciences Centre, London, ON, Canada
| | - Bekim Sadikovic
- Molecular Diagnostics Program and Verspeeten Clinical Genome Centre, London Health Sciences Centre, London, ON, Canada
| | - Sarah Hilton
- Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Health Innovation Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Siddharth Banka
- Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Health Innovation Manchester, Manchester, UK; Division of Evolution, Infection, and Genomics, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine, and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Frank Tüttelmann
- Institute of Reproductive Genetics, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Donald F Conrad
- Division of Genetics, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA; Center for Embryonic Cell and Gene Therapy, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Anne O'Donnell-Luria
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Medical and Population Genetics, The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Michael E Talkowski
- Medical and Population Genetics, The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA; Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - David R FitzPatrick
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Philip M Boone
- Cornelia de Lange Syndrome and Related Disorders Clinic, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Division of Genetics and Genomics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Medical and Population Genetics, The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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4
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Zhang H, Tang X, Feng C, Gao Y, Hong Q, Zhang J, Zhang X, Zheng Q, Lin J, Liu X, Shen L. The use of data independent acquisition based proteomic analysis and machine learning to reveal potential biomarkers for autism spectrum disorder. J Proteomics 2023; 278:104872. [PMID: 36898611 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2023.104872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023]
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a complex neurological developmental disorder in children, and is associated with social isolation and restricted interests. The etiology of this disorder is still unknown. There is neither any confirmed laboratory test nor any effective therapeutic strategy to diagnose or cure it. We performed data independent acquisition (DIA) and multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) analysis of plasma from children with ASD and controls. The result showed that 45 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) were identified between autistic subjects and controls. Among these, only one DEP was down-regulated in ASD; other DEPs were up-regulated in ASD children's plasma. These proteins are found associated with complement and coagulation cascades, vitamin digestion and absorption, cholesterol metabolism, platelet degranulation, selenium micronutrient network, extracellular matrix organization and inflammatory pathway, which have been reported to be related to ASD. After MRM verification, five key proteins in complement pathway (PLG, SERPINC1, and A2M) and inflammatory pathway (CD5L, ATRN, SERPINC1, and A2M) were confirmed to be significantly up-regulated in ASD group. Through the screening of machine learning model and MRM verification, we found that two proteins (biotinidase and carbonic anhydrase 1) can be used as early diagnostic markers of ASD (AUC = 0.8, p = 0.0001). SIGNIFICANCE: ASD is the fastest growing neurodevelopmental disorder in the world and has become a major public health problem worldwide. Its prevalence has been steadily increasing, with a global prevalence rate of 1%. Early diagnosis and intervention can achieve better prognosis. In this study, data independent acquisition (DIA) and multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) analysis was applied to analyze the plasma proteome of ASD patients (31 (±5) months old), and 378 proteins were quantified. 45 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) were identified between the ASD group and the control group. They mainly were associated with platelet degranulation, ECM proteoglycar, complement and coagulation cascades, selenium micronutrient network, regulation of insulin-like growth factor (IGF) transport and uptake by insulin-like growth factor binding proteins (IGFBPs), cholesterol metabolism, vitamin metabolism, and inflammatory pathway. Through the integrated machine learning methods and the MRM verification of independent samples, it is considered that biotinidase and carbon anhydrase 1 have the potential to become biomarkers for the early diagnosis of ASD. These results complement proteomics database of the ASD patients, broaden our understanding of ASD, and provide a panel of biomarkers for the early diagnosis of ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huajie Zhang
- College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518071, PR China
| | - Xiaoxiao Tang
- College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518071, PR China
| | - Chengyun Feng
- Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Baoan, Shenzhen 518100, PR China
| | - Yan Gao
- Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Baoan, Shenzhen 518100, PR China
| | - Qi Hong
- Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Baoan, Shenzhen 518100, PR China
| | - Jun Zhang
- College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518071, PR China
| | - Xinglai Zhang
- College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518071, PR China
| | - Qihong Zheng
- College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518071, PR China
| | - Jing Lin
- College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518071, PR China
| | - Xukun Liu
- College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518071, PR China
| | - Liming Shen
- College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518071, PR China; Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science-Shenzhen Fundamental Research, Institutions, Shenzhen 518055, PR China; Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology and Ecology, Shenzhen 518071, PR China.
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5
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Kim Y, Jeon SJ, Gonzales EL, Shin D, Remonde CG, Ahn T, Shin CY. Pirenperone relieves the symptoms of fragile X syndrome in Fmr1 knockout mice. Sci Rep 2022; 12:20966. [PMID: 36470953 PMCID: PMC9723111 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-25582-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Fragile X syndrome (FXS) is a neurodevelopmental disorder that is caused by the loss of Fragile X-linked mental retardation protein (FMRP), an RNA binding protein that can bind and recognize different RNA structures and regulate the target mRNAs' translation involved in neuronal synaptic plasticity. Perturbations of this gene expression network have been related to abnormal behavioral symptoms such as hyperactivity, and impulsivity. Considering the roles of FMRP in the modulation of mRNA translation, we investigated the differentially expressed genes which might be targeted to revert to normal and ameliorate behavioral symptoms. Gene expression data was analyzed and used the connectivity map (CMap) to understand the changes in gene expression in FXS and predict the effective drug candidates. We analyzed the GSE7329 dataset that had 15 control and 8 FXS patients' lymphoblastoid samples. Among 924 genes, 42 genes were selected as signatures for CMap analysis, and 24 associated drugs were found. Pirenperone was selected as a potential drug candidate for FXS for its possible antipsychotic effect. Treatment of pirenperone increased the expression level of Fmr1 gene. Moreover, pirenperone rescued the behavioral deficits in Fmr1 KO mice including hyperactivity, spatial memory, and impulsivity. These results suggest that pirenperone is a new drug candidate for FXS, which should be verified in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujeong Kim
- grid.258676.80000 0004 0532 8339Department of Pharmacology and Department of Advanced Translational Medicine, School of Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029 Republic of Korea
| | - Se Jin Jeon
- grid.412357.60000 0004 0533 2063Department of Integrative Biotechnology, College of Science and Technology, Sahmyook University, Seoul, 01795 Republic of Korea
| | - Edson Luck Gonzales
- grid.258676.80000 0004 0532 8339Department of Pharmacology and Department of Advanced Translational Medicine, School of Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029 Republic of Korea
| | - Dongpil Shin
- grid.258676.80000 0004 0532 8339Department of Pharmacology and Department of Advanced Translational Medicine, School of Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029 Republic of Korea
| | - Chilly Gay Remonde
- grid.258676.80000 0004 0532 8339Department of Pharmacology and Department of Advanced Translational Medicine, School of Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029 Republic of Korea
| | - TaeJin Ahn
- grid.411957.f0000 0004 0647 2543Department of Life Science, Handong Global University, Nehemiah 36, Handong-ro 558, Pohang, 37554 Republic of Korea
| | - Chan Young Shin
- grid.258676.80000 0004 0532 8339Department of Pharmacology and Department of Advanced Translational Medicine, School of Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029 Republic of Korea
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6
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Sun Y, Cao Z, Shan J, Gao Y, Liu X, Ma D, Li Z. Hsa_circ_0020095 Promotes Oncogenesis and Cisplatin Resistance in Colon Cancer by Sponging miR-487a-3p and Modulating SOX9. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 8:604869. [PMID: 33520987 PMCID: PMC7844065 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.604869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Colon cancer (CC) currently ranks as the third most common human cancer worldwide with an increasing incidence and a poor prognosis. Recently, circular RNAs have been reported to regulate the progression of diverse human cancers. However, the role of circRNA hsa_circ_0020095 in CC remains largely unclear. Methods Expression levels of the related circRNAs, microRNAs and mRNA in CC tissues and cells were determined. The impacts of circ_0020095 or miR-487a-3p on CC cells were examined at the indicated times after transfection. Meanwhile, a luciferase-reporter experiment was employed to validate the interplay between miR-487a-3p and circ_002009695 or SOX9. Moreover, the in vivo tumor growth assay was applied to further evaluate the effects of circ_0020095 knockdown on CC progression. Results We demonstrated that circ_0020095 was highly expressed in CC tissues and cells. The proliferation, migration, invasion, and cisplatin resistance of CC were suppressed by silencing circ_0020095 in vitro and in vivo or by ectopic expression of miR-487a-3p in vitro. Mechanistically, circ_0020095 could directly bind to miR-487a-3p and subsequently act as a miR-487a-3p sponge to modulate the activity by targeting the 3′-UTR of SOX9. Interestingly, overexpression of circ_0020095 dramatically reversed the suppressive effects of miR-487a-3p mimics on CC cells. Conclusion Circ_0020095 functions as an oncogene to accelerate CC cell proliferation, invasion, migration and cisplatin resistance through the miR-487a-3p/SOX9 axis, which could be a promising target for CC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanlai Sun
- Department of Gastrointestinal Cancer Surgery, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Zhen Cao
- Department of Gastrointestinal Cancer Surgery, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China.,Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Junqi Shan
- Department of Gastrointestinal Cancer Surgery, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Yang Gao
- Department of Gastrointestinal Cancer Surgery, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Xin Liu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Cancer Surgery, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Dejian Ma
- Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Zengjun Li
- Department of Gastrointestinal Cancer Surgery, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
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7
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Dana PM, Taghavipour M, Mirzaei H, Yousefi B, Moazzami B, Chaichian S, Asemi Z. Circular RNA as a potential diagnostic and/or therapeutic target for endometriosis. Biomark Med 2020; 14:1277-1287. [PMID: 33021386 DOI: 10.2217/bmm-2020-0167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Endometriosis is a pathology form of endometrium that behaves in a similar way to malignancies, such as invasion and resistance to apoptosis. Circular RNAs (CircRNAs) are a class of noncoding RNAs that have several biological functions including, miRNA sponging, sequestering of proteins, enhancing parental gene expression and translation resulting in polypeptides. In this review, we highlighted the roles of circRNAs as potential diagnostic and therapeutic biomarkers in endometriosis. Moreover, we summarized the roles of circRNAs in the pathogenesis of endometriosis via different signaling pathways, such as the miRNA network and apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parisa M Dana
- Research Center for Biochemistry & Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, IR Iran
| | - Mona Taghavipour
- Department of Gynecology & Obstetrics, Ramsar Campus, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Hamed Mirzaei
- Research Center for Biochemistry & Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, IR Iran
| | - Bahman Yousefi
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Bahram Moazzami
- Pars Advanced & Minimally Invasive Medical Manners Research Center, Pars Hospital, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shahla Chaichian
- Pars Advanced & Minimally Invasive Medical Manners Research Center, Pars Hospital, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zatollah Asemi
- Research Center for Biochemistry & Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, IR Iran
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8
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Wang D, Luo Y, Wang G, Yang Q. Circular RNA expression profiles and bioinformatics analysis in ovarian endometriosis. Mol Genet Genomic Med 2019; 7:e00756. [PMID: 31144476 PMCID: PMC6637292 DOI: 10.1002/mgg3.756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Revised: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Circular RNAs (circRNAs) with miRNA response elements (MREs) could function as competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) in regulating gene expression, thus playing vital roles in pathogenesis and progression of many diseases. However, the function of circRNAs in endometriosis remains unknown. This study was carried to profile the expression patterns of circRNAs in ovarian endometriosis. Methods High throughput RNA‐Seq was performed in six paired ectopic and eutopic endometrium tissues (ecEM vs. euEM), followed by quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction (qRT‐PCR) in 30 paired samples. Through bioinformatics prediction, we constructed a circRNA‐miRNA ‐mRNA network and elucidated circRNAs functions by Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analyses. Results A total of 146 upregulated and 148 downregulated circRNAs were identified, binding with 2,495 MREs. The qRT‐PCR validation results of four upregulated circRNAs matched the RNA‐Seq data. The ceRNA network included 48 miRNAs and 296 mRNAs. Functional analysis revealed several important pathways such as MAPK signaling pathway, and PI3K‐AKT signaling pathway, which might be associated with the pathogenesis and development of endometriosis. Conclusion Our data suggested that circRNAs are differentially expressed in endometriosis, which might be candidate factors for pathogenesis of this disease and be considered as promising therapeutic targets in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Wang
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yajuan Luo
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Guangwei Wang
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Qing Yang
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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9
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Jang W, Kim Y, Han E, Park J, Chae H, Kwon A, Choi H, Kim J, Son JO, Lee SJ, Hong BY, Jang DH, Han JY, Lee JH, Kim SY, Lee IG, Sung IK, Moon Y, Kim M, Park JH. Chromosomal Microarray Analysis as a First-Tier Clinical Diagnostic Test in Patients With Developmental Delay/Intellectual Disability, Autism Spectrum Disorders, and Multiple Congenital Anomalies: A Prospective Multicenter Study in Korea. Ann Lab Med 2019; 39:299-310. [PMID: 30623622 PMCID: PMC6340852 DOI: 10.3343/alm.2019.39.3.299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2018] [Revised: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background To validate the clinical application of chromosomal microarray analysis (CMA) as a first-tier clinical diagnostic test and to determine the impact of CMA results on patient clinical management, we conducted a multicenter prospective study in Korean patients diagnosed as having developmental delay/intellectual disability (DD/ID), autism spectrum disorders (ASD), and multiple congenital anomalies (MCA). Methods We performed both CMA and G-banding cytogenetics as the first-tier tests in 617 patients. To determine whether the CMA results directly influenced treatment recommendations, the referring clinicians were asked to complete a 39-item questionnaire for each patient separately after receiving the CMA results. Results A total of 122 patients (19.8%) had abnormal CMA results, with either pathogenic variants (N=65) or variants of possible significance (VPS, N=57). Thirty-five well-known diseases were detected: 16p11.2 microdeletion syndrome was the most common, followed by Prader-Willi syndrome, 15q11-q13 duplication, Down syndrome, and Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Variants of unknown significance (VUS) were discovered in 51 patients (8.3%). VUS of genes putatively associated with developmental disorders were found in five patients: IMMP2L deletion, PTCH1 duplication, and ATRNL1 deletion. CMA results influenced clinical management, such as imaging studies, specialist referral, and laboratory testing in 71.4% of patients overall, and in 86.0%, 83.3%, 75.0%, and 67.3% of patients with VPS, pathogenic variants, VUS, and benign variants, respectively. Conclusions Clinical application of CMA as a first-tier test improves diagnostic yields and the quality of clinical management in patients with DD/ID, ASD, and MCA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woori Jang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea.,Catholic Genetic Laboratory Center, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yonggoo Kim
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea.,Catholic Genetic Laboratory Center, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eunhee Han
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea.,Catholic Genetic Laboratory Center, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Joonhong Park
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea.,Catholic Genetic Laboratory Center, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyojin Chae
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea.,Catholic Genetic Laboratory Center, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ahlm Kwon
- Catholic Genetic Laboratory Center, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hayoung Choi
- Catholic Genetic Laboratory Center, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jiyeon Kim
- Catholic Genetic Laboratory Center, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jung Ok Son
- Catholic Genetic Laboratory Center, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sang Jee Lee
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Daejeon St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Bo Young Hong
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, St. Vincent's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Suwon, Korea
| | - Dae Hyun Jang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Incheon St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Incheon, Korea
| | - Ji Yoon Han
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jung Hyun Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, St. Vincent's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Suwon, Korea
| | - So Young Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Yeouido St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - In Goo Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - In Kyung Sung
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yeonsook Moon
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Inha University School of Medicine, Incheon, Korea
| | - Myungshin Kim
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea.,Catholic Genetic Laboratory Center, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea.
| | - Joo Hyun Park
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
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10
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Jansen FAR, Hoffer MJV, van Velzen CL, Plati SK, Rijlaarsdam MEB, Clur SAB, Blom NA, Pajkrt E, Bhola SL, Knegt AC, de Boer MA, Haak MC. Chromosomal abnormalities and copy number variations in fetal left-sided congenital heart defects. Prenat Diagn 2016; 36:177-85. [DOI: 10.1002/pd.4767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2015] [Revised: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fenna A. R. Jansen
- Department of Obstetrics and Fetal Medicine; Leiden University Medical Center; Leiden the Netherlands
| | - Mariette J. V. Hoffer
- Department of Clinical Genetics; Leiden University Medical Center; Leiden the Netherlands
| | | | | | - Marry E. B. Rijlaarsdam
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology of the Willem Alexander Children's Hospital; Leiden University Medical Center; Leiden the Netherlands
| | - Sally-Ann B. Clur
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology of the Emma Children's Hospital; Academic Medical Center; Amsterdam the Netherlands
| | - Nico A. Blom
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology of the Willem Alexander Children's Hospital; Leiden University Medical Center; Leiden the Netherlands
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology of the Emma Children's Hospital; Academic Medical Center; Amsterdam the Netherlands
| | - Eva Pajkrt
- Department of Obstetrics; Academic Medical Center; Amsterdam the Netherlands
| | - Shama L. Bhola
- Department of Clinical Genetics; VU University Medical Center; Amsterdam the Netherlands
| | - Alida C. Knegt
- Department of Clinical Genetics; Academic Medical Center; Amsterdam the Netherlands
| | - Marion A. de Boer
- Department of Obstetrics; VU University Medical Center; Amsterdam the Netherlands
| | - Monique C. Haak
- Department of Obstetrics and Fetal Medicine; Leiden University Medical Center; Leiden the Netherlands
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11
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Contribution of copy number variants (CNVs) to congenital, unexplained intellectual and developmental disabilities in Lebanese patients. Mol Cytogenet 2015; 8:26. [PMID: 25922617 PMCID: PMC4411788 DOI: 10.1186/s13039-015-0130-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Accepted: 03/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Chromosomal microarray analysis (CMA) is currently the most widely adopted clinical test for patients with unexplained intellectual disability (ID), developmental delay (DD), and congenital anomalies. Its use has revealed the capacity to detect copy number variants (CNVs), as well as regions of homozygosity, that, based on their distribution on chromosomes, indicate uniparental disomy or parental consanguinity that is suggestive of an increased probability of recessive disease. Results We screened 149 Lebanese probands with ID/DD and 99 healthy controls using the Affymetrix Cyto 2.7 M and SNP6.0 arrays. We report all identified CNVs, which we divided into groups. Pathogenic CNVs were identified in 12.1% of the patients. We review the genotype/phenotype correlation in a patient with a 1q44 microdeletion and refine the minimal critical regions responsible for the 10q26 and 16q monosomy syndromes. Several likely causative CNVs were also detected, including new homozygous microdeletions (9p23p24.1, 10q25.2, and 8p23.1) in 3 patients born to consanguineous parents, involving potential candidate genes. However, the clinical interpretation of several other CNVs remains uncertain, including a microdeletion affecting ATRNL1. This CNV of unknown significance was inherited from the patient’s unaffected-mother; therefore, additional ethnically matched controls must be screened to obtain enough evidence for classification of this CNV. Conclusion This study has provided supporting evidence that whole-genome analysis is a powerful method for uncovering chromosomal imbalances, regardless of consanguinity in the parents of patients and despite the challenge presented by analyzing some CNVs. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13039-015-0130-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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12
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Robesova B, Bajerova M, Hausnerova J, Skrickova J, Tomiskova M, Dvorakova D. Identification of atypical ATRNL1 insertion to EML4-ALK fusion gene in NSCLC. Lung Cancer 2015; 87:318-20. [PMID: 25601488 DOI: 10.1016/j.lungcan.2015.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2014] [Revised: 12/31/2014] [Accepted: 01/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
We herein present a rare case of an EML4-ALK positive patient. A 61-year-old man was diagnosed with locoregional non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). No EGFR mutations were detected, and therefore the ALK rearrangement was evaluated using immunohistochemistry (IHC), fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and the reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR) method for EML4-ALK. All methods showed a positive result and, therefore, the patient was treated with crizotinib with a good therapeutic response. However, a detailed RT-PCR analysis and sequencing revealed an unexpected 138 bp insertion of attractin-like 1 (ATRNL1) gene into the EML4-ALK fusion gene. In our case, the positive therapeutic response suggests that ATRNL1 insertion does not affect EML4-ALK's sensitivity to crizotinib. This case shows great EML4-ALK heterogeneity and also that basic detection methods (IHC, FISH) cannot fully specify ALK rearrangement but in many cases a full specification seems to be important for an effective TKI indication, and sequencing ALK variants might contribute to optimized patient selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blanka Robesova
- Department of Internal Medicine-Hematology and Oncology, Masaryk University and University Hospital Brno, Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Monika Bajerova
- Department of Internal Medicine-Hematology and Oncology, Masaryk University and University Hospital Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jitka Hausnerova
- Department of Pathology, Masaryk University and University Hospital Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Skrickova
- Department of Respiratory Diseases and Tuberculosis, Masaryk University and University Hospital Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Marcela Tomiskova
- Department of Respiratory Diseases and Tuberculosis, Masaryk University and University Hospital Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Dana Dvorakova
- Department of Internal Medicine-Hematology and Oncology, Masaryk University and University Hospital Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
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13
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Huson HJ, vonHoldt BM, Rimbault M, Byers AM, Runstadler JA, Parker HG, Ostrander EA. Breed-specific ancestry studies and genome-wide association analysis highlight an association between the MYH9 gene and heat tolerance in Alaskan sprint racing sled dogs. Mamm Genome 2012; 23:178-94. [PMID: 22105876 PMCID: PMC3320045 DOI: 10.1007/s00335-011-9374-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2011] [Accepted: 10/20/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Alaskan sled dogs are a genetically distinct population shaped by generations of selective interbreeding with purebred dogs to create a group of high-performance athletes. As a result of selective breeding strategies, sled dogs present a unique opportunity to employ admixture-mapping techniques to investigate how breed composition and trait selection impact genomic structure. We used admixture mapping to investigate genetic ancestry across the genomes of two classes of sled dogs, sprint and long-distance racers, and combined that with genome-wide association studies (GWAS) to identify regions that correlate with performance-enhancing traits. The sled dog genome is enhanced by differential contributions from four non-admixed breeds (Alaskan Malamute, Siberian Husky, German Shorthaired Pointer, and Borzoi). A principal components analysis (PCA) of 115,000 genome-wide SNPs clearly resolved the sprint and distance populations as distinct genetic groups, with longer blocks of linkage disequilibrium (LD) observed in the distance versus sprint dogs (7.5-10 and 2.5-3.75 kb, respectively). Furthermore, we identified eight regions with the genomic signal from either a selective sweep or an association analysis, corroborated by an excess of ancestry when comparing sprint and distance dogs. A comparison of elite and poor-performing sled dogs identified a single region significantly associated with heat tolerance. Within the region we identified seven SNPs within the myosin heavy chain 9 gene (MYH9) that were significantly associated with heat tolerance in sprint dogs, two of which correspond to conserved promoter and enhancer regions in the human ortholog.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather J. Huson
- Cancer Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892
- Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, Alaska, 99775
| | - Bridgett M. vonHoldt
- Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, 92697
| | - Maud Rimbault
- Cancer Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892
| | - Alexandra M. Byers
- Cancer Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892
| | | | - Heidi G. Parker
- Cancer Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892
| | - Elaine A. Ostrander
- Cancer Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892
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