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Panahi Y, Fathi E, Shafiian MA. The link between seizures and prolactin: A study on the effects of anticonvulsant medications on hyperprolactinemia in rats. Epilepsy Res 2023; 196:107206. [PMID: 37639748 DOI: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2023.107206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2023] [Revised: 08/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Seizures are a common neurological disorder that affects people of all ages. These sudden, uncontrolled electrical disturbances in the brain can cause a variety of symptoms, including convulsions, loss of consciousness, and abnormal sensations. While seizures have long been recognized as a potential cause of hormonal imbalances, recent research has shed new light on the link between seizures and prolactin. The study involved 30 adult female Wistar rats, which were divided into a control group (treated with normal saline) and four treatment groups: chronic group (treated with 30 mg/kg pentylenetetrazol intraperitoneally three days a week for 10 weeks), chronic + Levetiracetam (50 mg/kg, gavage), chronic + Cabergoline (0.05 mg/kg, gavage), and chronic + Levetiracetam (25 mg/kg) + cabergoline (0.025). The drugs were administered three days a week for 10 weeks. Field action potentials were recorded from the CA1 area of the hippocampus using eLab after anesthetizing the animals with a ketamine-xylazine combination (70 +7 mg/kg). The prolactin levels were measured using the ELISA method after serum preparation. The findings indicate that the use of levetiracetam as an anticonvulsant drug resulted in a significant decrease in the amount of prolactin and spike number of convulsive activities compared to the chronic group. However, the amplitudes of convulsive activities did not show a significant difference between the control and other treatment groups. In conclusion, investigating the possibility of subclinical seizures and utilizing anticonvulsant medications in hyperprolactinemia that is resistant to treatment are crucial in treating infertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yousef Panahi
- Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Ezzatollah Fathi
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Amin Shafiian
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
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2
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Zhang Q, Ma Y, Bu X, Jia C, Liu Y, Wang S. Comparison of bromocriptine and hydroxyethyl starch in the prevention of ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2022; 159:944-950. [PMID: 35575072 PMCID: PMC9796880 DOI: 10.1002/ijgo.14264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Revised: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effectiveness of bromocriptine for prevention of ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS). METHODS The retrospective study included women at risk of OHSS who were receiving gonadotropin-releasing hormone antagonist protocols, including 52 women given 2.5 mg bromocriptine by rectal insertion, 52 women given 500 ml intravenous hydroxyethyl starch (HES), and 40 women who received no intervention. Treatments were administered daily for 5 days beginning on the day of oocyte retrieval. Baseline information and data related to OHSS were compared. RESULTS No significant differences were found among groups in estradiol concentration on the day of trigger or in number of retrieved oocytes. Incidence of mild OHSS was not significantly different among groups, respectively 13.5%, 15.4%, and 17.5% (P > 0.05). The incidence of moderate to severe OHSS was significantly lower in the bromocriptine and HES groups compared with the control group, respectively 7.7%, 5.8%, and 22.5% (P < 0.05). D-dimer levels were significantly lower in the bromocriptine and HES groups compared with the control group on Day 5 after oocyte retrieval (P < 0.05). No differences in liver or renal function were found in the three groups. CONCLUSION Bromocriptine was apparently as effective as intravenous HES in patients with high risk of OHSS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaoli Zhang
- Department of Human Reproductive Medicine, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology HospitalCapital Medical University. Beijing Maternal and Child Health Care HospitalBeijingChina
| | - Yanmin Ma
- Department of Human Reproductive Medicine, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology HospitalCapital Medical University. Beijing Maternal and Child Health Care HospitalBeijingChina
| | - Xiaomeng Bu
- Department of Human Reproductive Medicine, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology HospitalCapital Medical University. Beijing Maternal and Child Health Care HospitalBeijingChina
| | - Chanwei Jia
- Department of Human Reproductive Medicine, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology HospitalCapital Medical University. Beijing Maternal and Child Health Care HospitalBeijingChina
| | - Yanjun Liu
- Department of Human Reproductive Medicine, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology HospitalCapital Medical University. Beijing Maternal and Child Health Care HospitalBeijingChina
| | - Shuyu Wang
- Department of Human Reproductive Medicine, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology HospitalCapital Medical University. Beijing Maternal and Child Health Care HospitalBeijingChina
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Blokhin VE, Pronina TS, Surkov SA, Murtazina AR, Ugryumov MV. Staining of Living Monoaminergic Neurons with 4-[4-(Dimethylamino) Styryl]-N-Methylpyridinium Iodide as a Tool for Studying Their Topography and Functions. NEUROCHEM J+ 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s1819712422020040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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A New Method for the Visualization of Living Dopaminergic Neurons and Prospects for Using It to Develop Targeted Drug Delivery to These Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23073678. [PMID: 35409040 PMCID: PMC8998426 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23073678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This is the first study aiming to develop a method for the long-term visualization of living nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons using 1-(2-(bis(4-fluorophenyl)methoxy)ethyl)-4-(3-phenylpropyl)piperazine-BODIPY (GBR-BP), the original fluorescent substance, which is a derivative of GBR-12909, a dopamine uptake inhibitor. This method is based on the authors’ hypothesis about the possibility of specifically internalizing into dopaminergic neurons substances with a high affinity for the dopamine transporter (DAT). Using a culture of mouse embryonic mesencephalic and LUHMES cells (human embryonic mesencephalic cells), as well as slices of the substantia nigra of adult mice, we have obtained evidence that GBR-BP is internalized specifically into dopaminergic neurons in association with DAT via a clathrin-dependent mechanism. Moreover, GBR-BP has been proven to be nontoxic. As we have shown in a primary culture of mouse metencephalon, GBR-BP is also specifically internalized into some noradrenergic and serotonergic neurons, but is not delivered to nonmonoaminergic neurons. Our data hold great promise for visualization of dopaminergic neurons in a mixed cell population to study their functioning, and can also be considered a new approach for the development of targeted drug delivery to dopaminergic neurons in pathology, including Parkinson’s disease.
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Ava S, Hazar L, Karahan M, Erdem S, Dursun ME, Pekkolay Z, Keklikçi U. Quantitative Evaluation of Pupil Responses in Patients with Prolactinomas Being Treated with Dopamine Agonists. Neuroophthalmology 2022; 46:154-158. [PMID: 35574168 PMCID: PMC9103269 DOI: 10.1080/01658107.2021.2021247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine whether the dopamine agonist (DA) drug cabergoline used in the treatment of prolactinoma causes autonomic dysfunction by measuring static and dynamic pupillary responses. The study included 25 eyes from 25 patients who were receiving DA for the treatment of prolactinoma and 25 eyes from 25 healthy individuals. Static and dynamic pupillary responses were measured by automatic quantitative pupillometry. The scotopic pupillary diameter was found to be significantly higher in patients receiving DA medication compared with the control group, while pupil contraction time and pupillary dilatation latency were significantly lower. DA drug use changes static and dynamic pupillary responses, probably by increasing sympathetic tone. Pupillometry can be used as a non-invasive method to provide information about changes in the autonomic nervous system in patients receiving such drug therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sedat Ava
- Department of Ophthalmology, Dicle University School of Medicine, Diyarbakır, Turkey
| | - Leyla Hazar
- Department of Ophthalmology, Dicle University School of Medicine, Diyarbakır, Turkey,CONTACT Leyla Hazar Department of Ophthalmology, Dicle University School of Medicine, Sur/Diyarbakır21280, Turkey
| | - Mine Karahan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Dicle University School of Medicine, Diyarbakır, Turkey
| | - Seyfettin Erdem
- Department of Ophthalmology, Dicle University School of Medicine, Diyarbakır, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Emin Dursun
- Department of Ophthalmology, Dicle University School of Medicine, Diyarbakır, Turkey
| | - Zafer Pekkolay
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Dicle University School of Medicine, Diyarbakır, Turkey
| | - Uğur Keklikçi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Dicle University School of Medicine, Diyarbakır, Turkey
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Huang X, Ren L, Hou L, Fan H, Wang C, Wang C, Li Y. Paeoniflorin ameliorates antipsychotic-induced hyperprolactinemia in rats by attenuating impairment of the dopamine D2 receptor and TGF-β1 signaling pathways in the hypothalamus and pituitary. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2020; 257:112862. [PMID: 32294507 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2020.112862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Revised: 03/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Paeoniflorin, a prominent component in some Chinese formulas for hyperprolactinemia-associated disorders, has been found to inhibit prolactin secretion in prolactinoma cells. AIM To examine the efficacy of paeoniflorin on hyperprolactinemia and the underlying mechanisms of action. MATERIALS AND METHODS Hyperprolactinemia in female rats was generated by administration of olanzapine (5 mg/kg, by a gavage method, once daily, × 13 weeks). The rats were co-treated with paeoniflorin (10 and 50 mg/kg). Prolactin and TGF-β1 concentrations were detected by ELISA. Protein expression was determined by Western blot. The effect in MMQ cells was also examined. RESULTS Paeoniflorin inhibited olanzapine-induced increases in plasma prolactin concentration and prolactin protein overexpression in the pituitary and hypothalamus of rats. Further, paeoniflorin restored olanzapine-induced downregulation of pituitary and hypothalamic dopamine D2 receptor (D2R) protein expression. More importantly, paeoniflorin attenuated olanzapine-suppressed protein expression of transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 and its downstream genes, type II TGF-β receptor, type I TGF-β receptor and phosphorylated SMAD3 in the tissues. However, paeoniflorin did not affect plasma TGF-β1 concentration and hepatic TGF-β1 protein expression. In accord, olanzapine-induced increase in prolactin concentration, upregulation of prolactin protein expression, and downregulation of protein expression of the D2R and TGF-β1 signals in MMQ cells were attenuated. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates that paeoniflorin ameliorates olanzapine-induced hyperprolactinemia in rats by attenuating impairment of the D2R and TGF-β1 signaling pathways in the hypothalamus and pituitary. Our findings may provide evidence to support the use of paeoniflorin-contained Chinese herbs and formulas for hyperprolactinemia and its associated disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqian Huang
- Department of Pharmacy, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China.
| | - Liying Ren
- Department of Pharmacy, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China.
| | - Lianbing Hou
- Department of Pharmacy, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China.
| | - Hua Fan
- Department of Pharmacy, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China.
| | - Chengliang Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China.
| | - Chunxia Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China.
| | - Yuhao Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China; Endocrinology and Metabolism Group, Sydney Institute of Health Sciences/Sydney Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, NSW, 2000 Australia.
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Ergot alkaloid mycotoxins: physiological effects, metabolism and distribution of the residual toxin in mice. Sci Rep 2020; 10:9714. [PMID: 32546814 PMCID: PMC7298049 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-66358-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The complex ergot alkaloids, ergovaline and ergotamine, cause dysregulation of physiological functions, characterised by vasoconstriction as well as thermoregulatory and cardiovascular effects in grazing livestock. To assess the effect of the mycotoxins, blood pressure and heart rate of male mice were measured, and metabolite profiling undertaken to determine relative abundances of both ergotamine and its metabolic products in body and brain tissue. Ergotamine showed similar cardiovascular effects to ergovaline, causing elevations in blood pressure and reduced heart rate. Bradycardia was preserved at low-levels of ergovaline despite no changes in blood pressure. Ergotamine was identified in kidney, liver and brainstem but not in other regions of the brain, which indicates region-specific effects of the toxin. The structural configuration of two biotransformation products of ergotamine were determined and identified in the liver and kidney, but not the brain. Thus, the dysregulation in respiratory, thermoregulatory, cardiac and vasomotor function, evoked by ergot alkaloids in animals observed in various studies, could be partially explained by dysfunction in the autonomic nervous system, located in the brainstem.
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Sun C, Rong X, Cai Y, Qiu S, Farzaneh M. Mini review: The FDA-approved prescription drugs that induce ovulation in women with ovulatory problems. Drug Dev Res 2020; 81:815-822. [PMID: 32428356 DOI: 10.1002/ddr.21687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Revised: 04/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Infertility is defined as not being able to become pregnant after 12 months or more of unprotected sexual intercourse. Female infertility as a serious health issue can result from ovulation disorders, menstrual cycle problems, structural problems, and environmental factors. Ovulation occurs once a month between the time of menarche and menopause. The release of a mature egg from the ovary is controlled with the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis. Several hormones such as gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), FSH (follicle-stimulating hormone), LH (luteinizing hormone), estrogen, and progesterone play fundamental roles in the ovulation process. Both FSH and LH are the main treatment for women with ovulation disorders. Depending on the reasons for infertility, several different types of treatment are available for infertile women. Fertility drugs as an important part of treatment work like the natural hormones to treat infertility. Several fertility drugs can regulate ovulation and the release of an egg from the ovary in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) or undergoing in vitro fertilization (IVF) treatment. This mini-review is about the FDA-approved prescription drugs that induce ovulation in women with ovulatory problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunlei Sun
- Pediatrics Department, Yidu Central Hospital of Weifang, Weifang, China
| | - Xi Rong
- Pharmacy Department, Yidu Central Hospital of Weifang, Weifang, China
| | - Yongqin Cai
- Gynaecology Department, Yidu Central Hospital of Weifang, Weifang, China
| | - Song Qiu
- Imaging Department of Brain Hospital, Weifang Peoples Hospital, Weifang, China
| | - Maryam Farzaneh
- Physiology Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
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Shoukouhi P, Hicks C, Menzies JG, Popovic Z, Chen W, Seifert KA, Assabgui R, Liu M. Phylogeny of Canadian ergot fungi and a detection assay by real-time polymerase chain reaction. Mycologia 2019; 111:493-505. [PMID: 30933656 DOI: 10.1080/00275514.2019.1581018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The ergot disease of cereals has become increasingly important in agricultural areas of Canada since 1999. Generally, this disease is considered to be caused by Claviceps purpurea, but the taxonomy of Claviceps from these areas has not been well studied. The objectives of this study were (i) to determine the phylogenetic lineages (phylogenetic species) present in agricultural areas of Canada and (ii) to develop a molecular assay that can separate the lineages on crops from other lineages. Genetic diversity of Claviceps collected from agriculture areas in Canada were investigated using multilocus sequence typing. The loci sequenced include nuc rDNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 = ITS), partial fragments of translation elongation factor 1-α (TEF1), RNA polymerase II second largest subunit (RPB2), β-tubulin (tubB), and two ergot alkaloid synthesis genes (easA, easE). Based on individual locus and concatenated alignments, phylogenetic analyses revealed seven lineages within the premolecular concept of C. purpurea, of which five corresponded with undescribed species (G2b and G4-7). Although lineages G2-7 had narrow host ranges, lineage G1 (= C. purpurea s.s.) had a broad host range that overlapped with other lineages. A molecular diagnostic quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) assay was developed and validated with 185 samples from a wide range of host plants and geographic origins, including 10 phylogenetic species in C. sect. Claviceps, 8 in C. sect. Pusillae, 1 in C. sect. Citrinae, and 1-2 species from Alternaria, Fusarium, and Penicillium. The assay can detect lineage G1 at a concentration of 7.5 pg/μL and distinguish it from other Claviceps species and lineages. This facilitates disease management by detecting the inocula from nonagriculture host plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parivash Shoukouhi
- a Biodiversity (Mycology and Microbiology), Ottawa Research and Development Centre , Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada , Ottawa , K1A 0C6 , Canada
| | - Carmen Hicks
- a Biodiversity (Mycology and Microbiology), Ottawa Research and Development Centre , Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada , Ottawa , K1A 0C6 , Canada
| | - Jim G Menzies
- b Morden Research and Development Centre , Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada , 101 Route 100, Morden , Manitoba R6M 1Y5 , Canada
| | - Zlatko Popovic
- b Morden Research and Development Centre , Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada , 101 Route 100, Morden , Manitoba R6M 1Y5 , Canada
| | - Wen Chen
- a Biodiversity (Mycology and Microbiology), Ottawa Research and Development Centre , Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada , Ottawa , K1A 0C6 , Canada
| | - Keith A Seifert
- a Biodiversity (Mycology and Microbiology), Ottawa Research and Development Centre , Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada , Ottawa , K1A 0C6 , Canada
| | - Rafik Assabgui
- a Biodiversity (Mycology and Microbiology), Ottawa Research and Development Centre , Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada , Ottawa , K1A 0C6 , Canada
| | - Miao Liu
- a Biodiversity (Mycology and Microbiology), Ottawa Research and Development Centre , Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada , Ottawa , K1A 0C6 , Canada
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Coughlan C. What to do when good-quality embryos repeatedly fail to implant. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol 2018; 53:48-59. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2018.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Revised: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Wingfield BD, Liu M, Nguyen HDT, Lane FA, Morgan SW, De Vos L, Wilken PM, Duong TA, Aylward J, Coetzee MPA, Dadej K, De Beer ZW, Findlay W, Havenga M, Kolařík M, Menzies JG, Naidoo K, Pochopski O, Shoukouhi P, Santana QC, Seifert KA, Soal N, Steenkamp ET, Tatham CT, van der Nest MA, Wingfield MJ. Nine draft genome sequences of Claviceps purpurea s.lat., including C. arundinis, C. humidiphila, and C. cf. spartinae, pseudomolecules for the pitch canker pathogen Fusarium circinatum, draft genome of Davidsoniella eucalypti, Grosmannia galeiformis, Quambalaria eucalypti, and Teratosphaeria destructans. IMA Fungus 2018; 9:401-418. [PMID: 30622889 PMCID: PMC6317589 DOI: 10.5598/imafungus.2018.09.02.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
This genome announcement includes draft genomes from Claviceps purpurea s.lat., including C. arundinis, C. humidiphila and C. cf. spartinae. The draft genomes of Davidsoniella eucalypti, Quambalaria eucalypti and Teratosphaeria destructans, all three important eucalyptus pathogens, are presented. The insect associate Grosmannia galeiformis is also described. The pine pathogen genome of Fusarium circinatum has been assembled into pseudomolecules, based on additional sequence data and by harnessing the known synteny within the Fusarium fujikuroi species complex. This new assembly of the F. circinatum genome provides 12 pseudomolecules that correspond to the haploid chromosome number of F. circinatum. These are comparable to other chromosomal assemblies within the FFSC and will enable more robust genomic comparisons within this species complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brenda D Wingfield
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology (BGM), Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Private Bag x20, Hatfield, Pretoria, 0028, South Africa
| | - Miao Liu
- Ottawa Research & Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 960 Carling Ave. Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0C6, Canada
| | - Hai D T Nguyen
- Ottawa Research & Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 960 Carling Ave. Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0C6, Canada
| | - Frances A Lane
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology (BGM), Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Private Bag x20, Hatfield, Pretoria, 0028, South Africa
| | - Seamus W Morgan
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology (BGM), Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Private Bag x20, Hatfield, Pretoria, 0028, South Africa
| | - Lieschen De Vos
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology (BGM), Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Private Bag x20, Hatfield, Pretoria, 0028, South Africa
| | - P Markus Wilken
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology (BGM), Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Private Bag x20, Hatfield, Pretoria, 0028, South Africa
| | - Tuan A Duong
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology (BGM), Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Private Bag x20, Hatfield, Pretoria, 0028, South Africa
| | - Janneke Aylward
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology (BGM), Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Private Bag x20, Hatfield, Pretoria, 0028, South Africa
- Department of Conservation Ecology and Entomology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa
| | - Martin P A Coetzee
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology (BGM), Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Private Bag x20, Hatfield, Pretoria, 0028, South Africa
| | - Kasia Dadej
- Ottawa Research & Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 960 Carling Ave. Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0C6, Canada
| | - Z Wilhelm De Beer
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology (BGM), Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Private Bag x20, Hatfield, Pretoria, 0028, South Africa
| | - Wendy Findlay
- Ottawa Research & Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 960 Carling Ave. Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0C6, Canada
| | - Minette Havenga
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology (BGM), Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Private Bag x20, Hatfield, Pretoria, 0028, South Africa
- Department of Conservation Ecology and Entomology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa
| | - Miroslav Kolařík
- Laboratory of Fungal Genetics and Metabolism, Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of Czech Republic, Videnska 1083, 142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Jim G Menzies
- Morden Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 101 Route 100, Morden, Manitoba R6M 1Y5, Canada
| | - Kershney Naidoo
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology (BGM), Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Private Bag x20, Hatfield, Pretoria, 0028, South Africa
| | - Olivia Pochopski
- Ottawa Research & Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 960 Carling Ave. Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0C6, Canada
| | - Parivash Shoukouhi
- Ottawa Research & Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 960 Carling Ave. Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0C6, Canada
| | - Quentin C Santana
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology (BGM), Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Private Bag x20, Hatfield, Pretoria, 0028, South Africa
| | - Keith A Seifert
- Ottawa Research & Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 960 Carling Ave. Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0C6, Canada
| | - Nicole Soal
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology (BGM), Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Private Bag x20, Hatfield, Pretoria, 0028, South Africa
| | - Emma T Steenkamp
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology (BGM), Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Private Bag x20, Hatfield, Pretoria, 0028, South Africa
| | - Catherine T Tatham
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology (BGM), Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Private Bag x20, Hatfield, Pretoria, 0028, South Africa
| | - Margriet A van der Nest
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology (BGM), Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Private Bag x20, Hatfield, Pretoria, 0028, South Africa
| | - Michael J Wingfield
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology (BGM), Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Private Bag x20, Hatfield, Pretoria, 0028, South Africa
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Hyperprolactinaemia - a problem in patients from the reproductive period to the menopause. MENOPAUSE REVIEW 2017; 16:1-7. [PMID: 28546800 PMCID: PMC5437053 DOI: 10.5114/pm.2017.67364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Hyperprolactinaemia especially affects women in reproductive age (90/100,000) but also often is diagnosed in menopause age and leads to disturbances in functioning of LH-RH neurons and, as a consequence, to a decrease of FSH and LH, which causes inhibition of oestradiol production. Prolactin is a peptide hormone, phylogenetically one of the oldest, stimulating cells of various organs, which is produced and secreted mainly by lactotrophic acidophilic cells of the anterior lobe of the pituitary. It influences the increase in the mass of the mammary glands, and stimulation and maintenance of lactation after delivery. There are a number of factors apart of pregnancy, delivery, and lactation than can influence secretion of the hormone in other physiological and pathological circumstances, like high-protein diet, stress, REM sleep, or neoplastic tumours, inflammatory diseases, chronic systematic diseases, thyroid hormonal changes, and drug intake. The purpose of this review is to summarise the current knowledge regarding the proper diagnosis and possible influence of hyperprolactinaemia on fertility and menopause symptoms and current treatment methods.
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Nota NM, Dekker MJHJ, Klaver M, Wiepjes CM, van Trotsenburg MA, Heijboer AC, den Heijer M. Prolactin levels during short- and long-term cross-sex hormone treatment: an observational study in transgender persons. Andrologia 2016; 49. [DOI: 10.1111/and.12666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- N. M. Nota
- Division of Endocrinology; Department of Internal Medicine; VU University Medical Center; Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - M. J. H. J. Dekker
- Division of Endocrinology; Department of Internal Medicine; VU University Medical Center; Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - M. Klaver
- Division of Endocrinology; Department of Internal Medicine; VU University Medical Center; Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - C. M. Wiepjes
- Division of Endocrinology; Department of Internal Medicine; VU University Medical Center; Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - M. A. van Trotsenburg
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology; VU University Medical Center; Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - A. C. Heijboer
- Endocrine Laboratory; Department of Clinical Chemistry; VU University Medical Center; Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - M. den Heijer
- Division of Endocrinology; Department of Internal Medicine; VU University Medical Center; Amsterdam The Netherlands
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Boutinaud M, Isaka N, Lollivier V, Dessauge F, Gandemer E, Lamberton P, De Prado Taranilla A, Deflandre A, Sordillo L. Cabergoline inhibits prolactin secretion and accelerates involution in dairy cows after dry-off. J Dairy Sci 2016; 99:5707-5718. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2015-10782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Abstract
Prolactin (PRL) is a hormone, mainly secreted by lactotroph cells of the anterior pituitary gland. Recent studies have shown it may also be produced by many extrapituitary cells. Its well-recognized PRL plays an important role in lactation during pregnancy, but it is involved in other biological functions such as angiogenesis, immunoregulation and osmoregulation. Hyperprolactinemia is a typical condition producing reproductive dysfunction in both sexes, resulting in hypogonadism, infertility and galactorrhea. It may be also asymptomatic. Lactotroph adenomas (prolactinoma) is one of the most common cause of PRL excess, representing approximately 40% of all pituitary tumors. Several other conditions should be excluded before a clear diagnosis of hyperprolactinemia is made. Hyperprolactinemia may be secondary to pharmacological or pathological interruption of hypothalamic-pituitary dopaminergic pathways or idiopathic. Stress, renal failure or hypothyroidism are other frequent conditions to exclude in patients with hyperprolactinemia. We will review biochemical characteristics and physiological functions of that hormone. Clinical and pharmacological approach to hyperprolactinemia will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Capozzi
- a Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism and
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Genetics, genomics and evolution of ergot alkaloid diversity. Toxins (Basel) 2015; 7:1273-302. [PMID: 25875294 PMCID: PMC4417967 DOI: 10.3390/toxins7041273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2015] [Revised: 04/02/2015] [Accepted: 04/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The ergot alkaloid biosynthesis system has become an excellent model to study evolutionary diversification of specialized (secondary) metabolites. This is a very diverse class of alkaloids with various neurotropic activities, produced by fungi in several orders of the phylum Ascomycota, including plant pathogens and protective plant symbionts in the family Clavicipitaceae. Results of comparative genomics and phylogenomic analyses reveal multiple examples of three evolutionary processes that have generated ergot-alkaloid diversity: gene gains, gene losses, and gene sequence changes that have led to altered substrates or product specificities of the enzymes that they encode (neofunctionalization). The chromosome ends appear to be particularly effective engines for gene gains, losses and rearrangements, but not necessarily for neofunctionalization. Changes in gene expression could lead to accumulation of various pathway intermediates and affect levels of different ergot alkaloids. Genetic alterations associated with interspecific hybrids of Epichloë species suggest that such variation is also selectively favored. The huge structural diversity of ergot alkaloids probably represents adaptations to a wide variety of ecological situations by affecting the biological spectra and mechanisms of defense against herbivores, as evidenced by the diverse pharmacological effects of ergot alkaloids used in medicine.
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Thamhesl M, Apfelthaler E, Schwartz-Zimmermann HE, Kunz-Vekiru E, Krska R, Kneifel W, Schatzmayr G, Moll WD. Rhodococcus erythropolis MTHt3 biotransforms ergopeptines to lysergic acid. BMC Microbiol 2015; 15:73. [PMID: 25887091 PMCID: PMC4411749 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-015-0407-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2014] [Accepted: 03/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Ergopeptines are a predominant class of ergot alkaloids produced by tall fescue grass endophyte Neotyphodium coenophialum or cereal pathogen Claviceps purpurea. The vasoconstrictive activity of ergopeptines makes them toxic for mammals, and they can be a problem in animal husbandry. Results We isolated an ergopeptine degrading bacterial strain, MTHt3, and classified it, based on its 16S rDNA sequence, as a strain of Rhodococcus erythropolis (Nocardiaceae, Actinobacteria). For strain isolation, mixed microbial cultures were obtained from artificially ergot alkaloid-enriched soil, and provided with the ergopeptine ergotamine in mineral medium for enrichment. Individual colonies derived from such mixed cultures were screened for ergotamine degradation by high performance liquid chromatography and fluorescence detection. R. erythropolis MTHt3 converted ergotamine to ergine (lysergic acid amide) and further to lysergic acid, which accumulated as an end product. No other tested R. erythropolis strain degraded ergotamine. R. erythropolis MTHt3 degraded all ergopeptines found in an ergot extract, namely ergotamine, ergovaline, ergocristine, ergocryptine, ergocornine, and ergosine, but the simpler lysergic acid derivatives agroclavine, chanoclavine, and ergometrine were not degraded. Temperature and pH dependence of ergotamine and ergine bioconversion activity was different for the two reactions. Conclusions Degradation of ergopeptines to ergine is a previously unknown microbial reaction. The reaction end product, lysergic acid, has no or much lower vasoconstrictive activity than ergopeptines. If the genes encoding enzymes for ergopeptine catabolism can be cloned and expressed in recombinant hosts, application of ergopeptine and ergine degrading enzymes for reduction of toxicity of ergot alkaloid-contaminated animal feed may be feasible.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elisabeth Apfelthaler
- Department for Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), Christian Doppler Laboratory for Mycotoxin Research, Center for Analytical Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU) Vienna, Konrad Lorenz Straße 20, 3430, Tulln, Austria.
| | - Heidi Elisabeth Schwartz-Zimmermann
- Department for Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), Christian Doppler Laboratory for Mycotoxin Research, Center for Analytical Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU) Vienna, Konrad Lorenz Straße 20, 3430, Tulln, Austria.
| | - Elisavet Kunz-Vekiru
- Department for Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), Christian Doppler Laboratory for Mycotoxin Research, Center for Analytical Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU) Vienna, Konrad Lorenz Straße 20, 3430, Tulln, Austria.
| | - Rudolf Krska
- Department for Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), Christian Doppler Laboratory for Mycotoxin Research, Center for Analytical Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU) Vienna, Konrad Lorenz Straße 20, 3430, Tulln, Austria.
| | - Wolfgang Kneifel
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Innovative Bran Biorefinery, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, 1190, Vienna, Austria.
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Abstract
The pituitary gland is significantly affected during gestation in terms of both size and function. Due to this physiologic adaptation, endocrine evaluation and interpretation of imaging is far more complex than in the non-pregnant state. Pituitary disorders are rare in pregnancy, as they are usually associated with gonadal dysfunction, thereby posing difficulties with fertility. This review will focus on pituitary adenomas (prolactinomas, GH-secreting and ACTH-secreting), their diagnostic handicaps and the recommendations for treatment. We will also discuss the two pituitary disorders encountered in pregnancy, Sheehan's syndrome and lymphocytic hypophysitis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maria Boudina
- Unit of Endocrinology, Theagenio Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Niki Karavitaki
- Department of Endocrinology, Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Eleni Bili
- 1st Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - John Wass
- Department of Endocrinology, Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK
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Douglas NI, Pavlova TU, Burtseva TE, Rad YG, Petrova PG, Odland JØ. Women's reproductive health in the Sakha Republic (Yakutia). Int J Circumpolar Health 2014; 73:25872. [PMID: 25405105 PMCID: PMC4216814 DOI: 10.3402/ijch.v73.25872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Natalia I Douglas
- Department of obstetrics and gynecology, North-Eastern Federal University, Yakutsk, Russia
| | - Tatiana U Pavlova
- The Yakutia research center for Complex medical problems, Yakutsk, Russia
| | - Tatiana E Burtseva
- The Yakutia research center for Complex medical problems, Yakutsk, Russia
| | - Yana G Rad
- Department of obstetrics and gynecology, North-Eastern Federal University, Yakutsk, Russia
| | - Palmira G Petrova
- Department of obstetrics and gynecology, North-Eastern Federal University, Yakutsk, Russia
| | - Jon Ø Odland
- Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
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RECURRENCE OF HYPERPROLACTINEMIA AND CONTINUATION OF OVARIAN ACYCLICITY IN CAPTIVE AFRICAN ELEPHANTS (LOXODONTA AFRICANA) TREATED WITH CABERGOLINE. J Zoo Wildl Med 2014; 45:569-76. [DOI: 10.1638/2013-0254r.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Kasum M, Vrčić H, Stanić P, Ježek D, Orešković S, Beketić-Orešković L, Pekez M. Dopamine agonists in prevention of ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome. Gynecol Endocrinol 2014; 30:845-9. [PMID: 25093428 DOI: 10.3109/09513590.2014.943716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this review is to analyze the efficacy of different dopamine agonists in the prevention of ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS). Cabergoline, quinagolide and bromocriptine are the most common dopamine agonists used. There are wide clinical variations among the trials in the starting time (from the day of human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG) to the day following oocyte retrieval); the duration of the treatment (4-21 days), the dose of cabergoline (0.5 mg or 0.25 mg orally) and in the regimens used. At present, the best known effective regimen is 0.5 mg of cabergoline for 8 days or rectal bromocriptine at a daily dose of 2.5 mg for 16 days. Dopamine agonists have shown significant evidences of their efficacy in the prevention of moderate and early-onset OHSS (9.41%), compared with a placebo (21.45%), which cannot be confirmed for the treatment of late OHSS. It would be advisable to start with the treatment on the day of hCG injection or preferably a few hours earlier. The use of dopamine agonists should be indicated in patients at high risk of OHSS, as well as in patients with a history of previous OHSS even without evident signs of the syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miro Kasum
- a Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University Hospital Centre Zagreb, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb Zagreb Croatia
| | - Hrvoje Vrčić
- a Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University Hospital Centre Zagreb, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb Zagreb Croatia
| | - Patrik Stanić
- a Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University Hospital Centre Zagreb, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb Zagreb Croatia
| | - Davor Ježek
- b Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb Zagreb Croatia
| | - Slavko Orešković
- a Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University Hospital Centre Zagreb, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb Zagreb Croatia
| | - Lidija Beketić-Orešković
- c Department of Oncology, Clinical Hospital Centre Sisters of Mercy, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb Zagreb Croatia
| | - Marijeta Pekez
- a Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University Hospital Centre Zagreb, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb Zagreb Croatia
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Rao NP, Remington G. Targeting the dopamine receptor in schizophrenia: investigational drugs in Phase III trials. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2013; 15:373-83. [DOI: 10.1517/14656566.2014.873790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Wongdee K, Thonapan N, Saengamnart W, Krishnamra N, Charoenphandhu N. Bromocriptine modulates the expression of PTHrP receptor, Indian hedgehog, and Runx2 proteins in the growth plate of lactating rats. Mol Cell Biochem 2013; 381:191-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s11010-013-1702-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2013] [Accepted: 05/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Beltrame AL, Serafini P, Motta ELA, Soares Júnior JM, Baracat EC. The effects of bromocriptine on VEGF, kidney function and ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome in in vitro fertilization patients: a pilot study. Gynecol Endocrinol 2013; 29:201-4. [PMID: 23167783 DOI: 10.3109/09513590.2012.736554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of bromocriptine on vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) levels in serum, kidney function and ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome in women undergoing in vitro fertilization. Twenty-eight women were randomly divided into two groups and were administered daily oral capsules for 14 days, starting on the day of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) administration. Group A received 2.0 mg of folic acid, whereas Group B was given 2.5 mg of bromocriptine. Physical exams, pelvic ultrasounds and laboratory evaluations were performed on the day of hCG administration and again 7 days later. No differences in ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome, urine volume, creatinine clearance, urine sodium concentration or serum VEGF levels were found between the two groups. Thus, these results indicate that bromocriptine does not affect blood levels of VEGF, kidney function or the incidence of ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome in high-risk patients subjected to in vitro fertilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Lúcia Beltrame
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil.
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Schardl CL, Young CA, Hesse U, Amyotte SG, Andreeva K, Calie PJ, Fleetwood DJ, Haws DC, Moore N, Oeser B, Panaccione DG, Schweri KK, Voisey CR, Farman ML, Jaromczyk JW, Roe BA, O'Sullivan DM, Scott B, Tudzynski P, An Z, Arnaoudova EG, Bullock CT, Charlton ND, Chen L, Cox M, Dinkins RD, Florea S, Glenn AE, Gordon A, Güldener U, Harris DR, Hollin W, Jaromczyk J, Johnson RD, Khan AK, Leistner E, Leuchtmann A, Li C, Liu J, Liu J, Liu M, Mace W, Machado C, Nagabhyru P, Pan J, Schmid J, Sugawara K, Steiner U, Takach JE, Tanaka E, Webb JS, Wilson EV, Wiseman JL, Yoshida R, Zeng Z. Plant-symbiotic fungi as chemical engineers: multi-genome analysis of the clavicipitaceae reveals dynamics of alkaloid loci. PLoS Genet 2013; 9:e1003323. [PMID: 23468653 PMCID: PMC3585121 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1003323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 271] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2012] [Accepted: 12/31/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The fungal family Clavicipitaceae includes plant symbionts and parasites that produce several psychoactive and bioprotective alkaloids. The family includes grass symbionts in the epichloae clade (Epichloë and Neotyphodium species), which are extraordinarily diverse both in their host interactions and in their alkaloid profiles. Epichloae produce alkaloids of four distinct classes, all of which deter insects, and some-including the infamous ergot alkaloids-have potent effects on mammals. The exceptional chemotypic diversity of the epichloae may relate to their broad range of host interactions, whereby some are pathogenic and contagious, others are mutualistic and vertically transmitted (seed-borne), and still others vary in pathogenic or mutualistic behavior. We profiled the alkaloids and sequenced the genomes of 10 epichloae, three ergot fungi (Claviceps species), a morning-glory symbiont (Periglandula ipomoeae), and a bamboo pathogen (Aciculosporium take), and compared the gene clusters for four classes of alkaloids. Results indicated a strong tendency for alkaloid loci to have conserved cores that specify the skeleton structures and peripheral genes that determine chemical variations that are known to affect their pharmacological specificities. Generally, gene locations in cluster peripheries positioned them near to transposon-derived, AT-rich repeat blocks, which were probably involved in gene losses, duplications, and neofunctionalizations. The alkaloid loci in the epichloae had unusual structures riddled with large, complex, and dynamic repeat blocks. This feature was not reflective of overall differences in repeat contents in the genomes, nor was it characteristic of most other specialized metabolism loci. The organization and dynamics of alkaloid loci and abundant repeat blocks in the epichloae suggested that these fungi are under selection for alkaloid diversification. We suggest that such selection is related to the variable life histories of the epichloae, their protective roles as symbionts, and their associations with the highly speciose and ecologically diverse cool-season grasses.
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The Effects of Antipsychotics on Prolactin Levels and Women's Menstruation. SCHIZOPHRENIA RESEARCH AND TREATMENT 2013; 2013:502697. [PMID: 24490071 PMCID: PMC3886401 DOI: 10.1155/2013/502697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2013] [Accepted: 11/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Introduction. Typical and atypical antipsychotic agent is currently used for treatment in the majority of patients with psychotic disorders. The aim of this review is to assess antipsychotic induced hyperprolactinaemia and the following menstrual dysfunction that affects fertility, quality of life, and therapeutic compliance of women. Method. For this purpose, Medline, PsychInfo, Cochrane library, and Scopus databases were accessed, with a focus on the publication dates between 1954 and 2012. Research of references was also performed and 78 studies were retrieved and used for the needs of this review. Results. A summary of several antipsychotics as well as frequency rates and data on hyperprolactinaemia and menstrual disorders for different agent is presented. Conclusion. Diverse prevalence rates of hyperprolactinaemia and menstrual abnormalities have been found about each medication among different studies. Menstruation plays an important role for women, thus, understanding, careful assessment, and management of hyperprolactinaemia could enhance their lives, especially when dealing with women that suffer from a psychotic disorder.
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Vale FL, Deukmedjian AR, Hann S, Shah V, Morrison AD. Medically treated prolactin-secreting pituitary adenomas: when should we operate? Br J Neurosurg 2012; 27:56-62. [PMID: 22938595 DOI: 10.3109/02688697.2012.714817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The incidence of medical failure for prolactin (PRL)-secreting pituitary tumours is not well known. Object. The purpose of this study is to report clinical, radiographic and laboratory findings of PRL-secreting tumours that predict failed medical management. METHODS An analysis of 92 consecutive patients was performed that met the inclusion criteria. Decision for surgery was made based on failure of dopamine agonists to either control clinical symptoms and normalise hormonal level or diminish mass effect on follow-up evaluation. RESULTS Of the 92 patients treated, 14 patients (15%) required trans-nasal, trans-sphenoidal pituitary surgery (TSS). One patient underwent surgery for repair of a skull defect and 13 patients (14%) required surgery after failed medical management. Higher initial PRL was statistically significant regarding the need for surgical intervention, but a persistently abnormal level after initiation of treatment was a more significant predictor (Fisher exact test, p = 0.005 vs. p < 0.001). Size was also a statistically significant factor (p = 0.014); macroadenomas had a relative risk of 9.27 (95% CI: 1.15-74.86) for needing surgery compared to microadenomas. In addition, macroadenomas with cavernous sinus (CS) extension and pre-operative visual field deficit demonstrated a strong tendency for surgical intervention. CONCLUSION Medical management remains the most effective treatment option for prolactinomas. A partial hormonal response to medical management seems to be the most significant predictive factor but adenomas > 20 mm, visual field deficit and invasion of the CS may help predict the need for surgery. We suggest a minimum trial period (at least 8 weeks) of medical treatment prior to the consideration of surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando L Vale
- Department of Neurological Surgery & Brain Repair, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33606, USA.
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Schardl CL, Young CA, Faulkner JR, Florea S, Pan J. Chemotypic diversity of epichloae, fungal symbionts of grasses. FUNGAL ECOL 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.funeco.2011.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Prevalence of hyperprolactinemia in adolescents and young women with menstruation-related problems. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2012; 206:213.e1-5. [PMID: 22244474 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2011.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2011] [Revised: 11/10/2011] [Accepted: 12/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of hyperprolactinemia in adolescents and young women with menstrual problems. STUDY DESIGN This study included 1704 young women with menstruation-related problems. The patients were classified into group I (age, 11-20 years) or group II (age, 21-30 years); the prevalence of hyperprolactinemia was analyzed according to age and categories of menstruation-related problems. RESULTS For primary amenorrhea and oligomenorrhea, the prevalence of hyperprolactinemia was low in both groups. However, hyperprolactinemia was a relatively common cause of secondary amenorrhea (5.5% for group I and 13.8% for group II, respectively); it was more frequent in group II (P = .001); the prevalence of prolactinoma was also higher in group II (P = .015). For abnormal uterine bleeding, hyperprolactinemia was more common in group II (2.6% for group I and 9.4% for group II; P < .001), but causes were similar. CONCLUSION Hyperprolactinemia is not rare in young women with menstruation-related problems; its prevalence varies according to age and manifestations.
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Motivala S, Gologorsky Y, Kostandinov J, Post KD. Pituitary disorders during pregnancy. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 2011; 40:827-36. [PMID: 22108282 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecl.2011.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The pituitary gland undergoes much anatomic and physiologic variation during pregnancy. Pituitary disease may have a significant impact on a patient prior to conception as well as throughout her pregnancy. It is imperative to provide care to patients affected by pituitary disease with a multidisciplinary approach involving endocrinologists, obstetricians and, when appropriate, neurosurgical care, as this group of disorders can represent a substantial level of morbidity and mortality for both mother and fetus.
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Simianu VV, Wiebke EA, Cacioppo JR, Kennedy PR. Bilateral mastectomy for refractory galactorrhea. Breast J 2011; 17:558-60. [PMID: 21827562 DOI: 10.1111/j.1524-4741.2011.01139.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Ayestaray B, Dudrap E, Chaibi A. Galactorrhea after aesthetic breast augmentation with silicone implants: report of two cases and management of postoperative galactorrhea. Aesthetic Plast Surg 2011; 35:408-13. [PMID: 20927519 DOI: 10.1007/s00266-010-9595-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2010] [Accepted: 08/26/2010] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Galactorrhea is a rare event after breast augmentation. The physiopathologic bases of galactorrhea depend on the central secretion of prolactin. These physiopathologic bases must be clearly understood for the prevention and treatment of postoperative galactorrhea. This report describes two cases of a postoperative galactorrhea after aesthetic breast augmentation with silicone implants. The clinical appearance closely resembles a postoperative sepsis without hyperthermia. Bacteriologic samples are negative. Endocrinologic examination finds a characteristic hyperprolactinemia. The evolution is favorable under dopaminergic agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benoit Ayestaray
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, Hôpital Percy, 101 Avenue Henri Barbusse, Clamart, France.
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Spitzer D, Wogatzky J, Murtinger M, Zech MH, Haidbauer R, Zech NH. Dopamine agonist bromocriptine for the prevention of ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome. Fertil Steril 2011; 95:2742-4.e1. [PMID: 21411081 DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2011.02.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2010] [Revised: 02/02/2011] [Accepted: 02/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this retrospective study is to investigate the frequency and severity of ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome and the pregnancy rate in a patient collective at risk who received bromocriptine treatment.
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Bahceci M, Sismanoglu A, Ulug U. Comparison of cabergoline and bromocriptine in patients with asymptomatic incidental hyperprolactinemia undergoing ICSI-ET. Gynecol Endocrinol 2010; 26:505-8. [PMID: 20459348 DOI: 10.3109/09513591003632233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We retrospectively assessed outcomes of in vitro fertilisation in groups of women with asymptomatic incidentally discovered hyperprolactinaemia (AIH) undergoing ovarian stimulation and ICSI-ET relative to the types of dopamine agonist and gonadotropin releasing hormone analogue used. Of 5840 women who underwent COH and ICSI-ET, 239 were included in the study; 122 had been treated with cabergoline, and 117 with bromocriptine, during the COH. The mean age, duration of stimulation, and total number of gonadotropin ampules employed were comparable in the two groups using the agonist and antagonist protocols, as were the number of oocytes retrieved and the proportion of mature MII and fertilised (2pn) oocytes. There were no significant differences in implantation, pregnancy, and miscarriage rates between the agonist and antagonist arms of the study. The cost of treatment was significantly higher with cabergoline than with bromocriptine (p = 0.0001). However, side effect rate was significantly higher with bromocriptine than with cabergoline (15.3% vs. 2.5%; p = 0.0004). In conclusion, we found that cabergoline and bromocriptine showed no differences in IVF outcomes and pregnancy results in patients with AIH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa Bahceci
- Department of Infertility and Reproductive Medicine, Istanbul German Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey.
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Lee MS, Song HC, An H, Yang J, Ko YH, Jung IK, Joe SH. Effect of bromocriptine on antipsychotic drug-induced hyperprolactinemia: eight-week randomized, single-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter study. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2010; 64:19-27. [PMID: 19968833 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1819.2009.02032.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIM The objective of the present study was to assess the efficacy and safety of bromocriptine treatment for patients with antipsychotic-drug-induced hyperprolactinemia in clinical practice. METHODS This was an 8-week randomized, single-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter study. Sixty female schizophrenia patients were enrolled and were randomly assigned to one of four treatment groups: bromocriptine 2.5 mg/day, 5 mg/day, 10 mg/day, and placebo. Serum levels of prolactin, estradiol (E2), luteinizing hormone (LH), and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) were evaluated on three occasions (baseline, and 4 and 8 weeks after commencement of the treatment paradigm). Extrapyramidal symptoms (EPS) and clinical symptoms were assessed using the Simpson-Angus scale and the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS), respectively. RESULTS Of the 60 subjects who were enrolled, 48 completed the study (n = 14, 13, 11, and 10 in the bromocriptine 2.5 mg/day, 5 mg/day, and 10 mg/day, and placebo groups, respectively). Four patients in the 10-mg/day group, two in the 5-mg/day group, and one in the placebo group resumed menses during the study. The mean level of prolactin significantly decreased from baseline to week 4, and then plateaued, showing no significant change for the remaining 4 weeks of the study. No significant changes in LH, FSH, or E2 levels were observed throughout the 8-week study period, either within or between groups. CONCLUSION Administration of bromocriptine is a safe method for treating antipsychotic-drug-induced hyperprolactinemia without exacerbating either psychotic symptoms or EPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moon-Soo Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, Korea University, College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Haarmann T, Rolke Y, Giesbert S, Tudzynski P. Ergot: from witchcraft to biotechnology. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2009; 10:563-77. [PMID: 19523108 PMCID: PMC6640538 DOI: 10.1111/j.1364-3703.2009.00548.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The ergot diseases of grasses, caused by members of the genus Claviceps, have had a severe impact on human history and agriculture, causing devastating epidemics. However, ergot alkaloids, the toxic components of Claviceps sclerotia, have been used intensively (and misused) as pharmaceutical drugs, and efficient biotechnological processes have been developed for their in vitro production. Molecular genetics has provided detailed insight into the genetic basis of ergot alkaloid biosynthesis and opened up perspectives for the design of new alkaloids and the improvement of production strains; it has also revealed the refined infection strategy of this biotrophic pathogen, opening up the way for better control. Nevertheless, Claviceps remains an important pathogen worldwide, and a source for potential new drugs for central nervous system diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Haarmann
- Institut für Botanik, Westf. Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Germany
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Thomas P, Alptekin K, Gheorghe M, Mauri M, Olivares JM, Riedel M. Management of patients presenting with acute psychotic episodes of schizophrenia. CNS Drugs 2009; 23:193-212. [PMID: 19320529 DOI: 10.2165/00023210-200923030-00002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The initial management of patients with schizophrenia presenting to psychiatric emergency departments with an acute psychotic episode requires rapid decisions to be made by physicians concerning the treatment of individuals who are likely to be relatively uncooperative, agitated and lacking insight. The treatment decision must be adapted to the individual characteristics and needs of each patient. This article reviews the issues from the perspective of the initial management of acute psychosis as it is currently practised in Europe, and discusses the pragmatic implications for initial treatment decisions and the elaboration of a long-term treatment plan. Initially, administration of antipsychotics to control psychotic symptoms and benzodiazepines to control agitation represents the cornerstone of treatment. Oral medication is preferable to injectable forms wherever possible, and atypical antipsychotics are to be preferred over conventional agents because of their lower risk of extrapyramidal adverse effects, which are a major determinant of poor adherence to treatment. Whatever antipsychotic is chosen by the physician during the initial period, it is likely that it will need to be continued for many years, and it is thus important to take into account the long-term safety profile of the drug chosen, particularly in relation to extrapyramidal adverse effects, metabolic complications and quality of life. Building a therapeutic alliance with the patient and his/her family or carers is an important element that should be included in the initial management of psychosis. The long-term goal should be to minimize the risk of psychotic relapse through adequate treatment adherence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Thomas
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Lille Medical School, Lille, France.
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Colao A, Abs R, Bárcena DG, Chanson P, Paulus W, Kleinberg DL. Pregnancy outcomes following cabergoline treatment: extended results from a 12-year observational study. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2008; 68:66-71. [PMID: 17760883 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2265.2007.03000.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Cabergoline is a dopamine agonist used to treat hyperprolactinaemia. Because hyperprolactinaemia is a significant cause of infertility in women, cabergoline and other dopamine agonists are frequently prescribed to reduce prolactin levels and restore normal menses. They are usually discontinued shortly after the patient becomes pregnant. Although cabergoline has been used to treat hyperprolactinaemia since the mid-1990s, safety data related to maternal and foetal exposure to this agent are still limited. DESIGN The current prospective, observational study reports on a total of 380 pregnancies. This extends by 154 pregnancies the results of a previously published interim report on the outcomes of 226 pregnancies in women treated with cabergoline up to 1994. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Outcomes examined include the incidence of abortions and premature delivery and the number and types of foetal malformations or abnormalities. RESULTS Follow-up data were available for 329 pregnancies, including 258 (78%) deliveries and 71 (22%) abortions. Of the 71 reported abortions, 31 (44%) were voluntary, 30 (42%) were spontaneous miscarriages, and nine (13%) were therapeutic. Of the 258 deliveries, 250 (97%) were live deliveries, four (2%) were stillbirths, and the status of delivery was unknown for the remaining four (2%). Of the 250 live deliveries, 193 (77%) were term deliveries (gestational period > 37 weeks), 45 (18%) were preterm deliveries (gestational period < or = 37 weeks), and 62% of the infants had normal birthweights (i.e. 3-4 kg). Neonatal abnormalities were recorded for 23 (9%) of the infants with no apparent pattern in type or severity. CONCLUSION The results of this study suggest that foetal exposure to cabergoline through early pregnancy does not induce any increase in the risk of miscarriage or foetal malformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annamaria Colao
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Endocrinology and Oncology, Section of Endocrinology, University Federico II of Naples, Naples, Italy.
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Brue T, Delemer B. Diagnosis and management of hyperprolactinemia: expert consensus - French Society of Endocrinology. ANNALES D'ENDOCRINOLOGIE 2007; 68:58-64. [PMID: 17316545 DOI: 10.1016/j.ando.2006.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2006] [Accepted: 11/30/2006] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- T Brue
- Service d'endocrinologie, hôpital de la Timone, 264, rue Saint-Pierre, 13385 Marseille cedex 05, France.
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Chatfield J, Zhang L, Ramey J, Bowsher T, Loskutoff N, O'Neill K. RESOLUTION OF A HYPERPROLACTINEMIA IN A WESTERN LOWLAND GORILLA (GORILLA GORILLA GORILLA). J Zoo Wildl Med 2006; 37:565-6. [PMID: 17315448 DOI: 10.1638/06-050.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Prolactin-secreting pituitary adenomas are one of the most common causes of infertility in women. Prolactin plays an important role in lactation and is involved in producing some of the normal mammalian breeding and maternal behaviors. Elevated serum prolactin concentrations can adversely affect the reproductive cycle in females by inhibiting the normal lutenizing hormone surge that stimulates ovulation. A 17-year-old western lowland gorilla (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) presented with low fertility and hyperprolactinemia. An MRI confirmed a pituitary mass and treatment was initiated with cabergoline. Following 8 mo of treatment, mass size decreased and serum prolactin was within normal limits. The gorilla began to engage in normal breeding behavior, and within 6 mo of completing treatment, was pregnant. Hyperprolactinemia, secondary to presumed microprolactinoma, may be more common among breeding-age gorillas than is currently diagnosed and in humans is an easily diagnosed and treatable condition.
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Schardl CL, Panaccione DG, Tudzynski P. Ergot alkaloids--biology and molecular biology. THE ALKALOIDS. CHEMISTRY AND BIOLOGY 2006; 63:45-86. [PMID: 17133714 DOI: 10.1016/s1099-4831(06)63002-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
EA have been a major benefit, and a major detriment, to humans since early in recorded history. Their medicinal properties have been used, and continue to be used, to aid in childbirth, with new uses being found in the treatment of neurological and cardiovascular disorders. The surprisingly broad range of pharmaceutical uses for EA stems from their affinities for multiple receptors for three distinct neurotransmitters (serotonin, dopamine, and adrenaline), from the great structural diversity of natural EA, and from the application of chemical techniques that further expand that structural diversity. The dangers posed by EA to humans and their livestock stem from the ubiquity of ergot fungi (Claviceps species) as parasites of cereals, and of related grass endophytes (Epichloë, Neotyphodium, and Balansia species) that may inhabit pasture grasses and produce toxic levels of EA. Further concerns stem from saprophytic EA producers in the genera Aspergillus and Penicillium, especially A. fumigatus, an opportunistic pathogen of humans. Numerous fungal species produce EA with a wide variety of structures and properties. These alkaloids are associated with plants in the families Poaceae, Cyperaceae, and Convolvulaceae, apparently because these plants can have symbiotic fungi that produce EA. Pharmacological activities of EA relate to their specific structures. Known as potent vasoconstrictors, the ergopeptines include a lysergic acid substituent with an amide linkage to a complex cyclol-lactam ring structure generated from three amino acids. Simpler lysergyl amides and clavines are more apt to have oxytonic or psychotropic activities. One of the lysergyl amides is LSD (5), the most potent hallucinogen known. The EA biosynthetic pathway in Claviceps species has been studied extensively for many decades, and recent studies have also employed epichloës and A. fumigatus. The early pathway, shared among these fungi, begins with the action of an aromatic prenyl transferase, DMATrp synthase, which links a dimethylallyl chain to L-tryptophan. When the dmaW gene encoding DMATrp synthase was cloned and sequenced, the predicted product bore no identifiable resemblance to other known prenyl transferases. The dma W genes of Claviceps species are present in clusters of genes, several of which also have demonstrated roles in EA biosynthesis. In many other fungi, dma W homologues are identifiable in otherwise very different gene clusters. The roles of DMA Trp synthase homologues in these other fungi are probably quite variable. One of them is thought to prenylate the phenolic oxygen of L-tyrosine, and another catalyzes the unusual reverse prenylation reaction in the biosynthesis of fumigaclavine C(10), an EA characteristic of A. fumigatus. The second step of the EA pathway is N-methylation of DMATrp (12) to form 13, which is then subjected to a series of oxidation/oxygenation and reduction reactions to generate, in order, chanoclavine-I (16), agroclavine (19), and elymoclavine (6). Shunt reactions generate a wide variety of other clavines. Two epimerizations occur in this pathway: one from 12 to 16, the other from 16 to 19. Further oxidation of 6, catalyzed by the cytochrome-P450 CloA, generates lysergic acid (1). An unusual NRPS complex, lysergyl peptide synthetase (LPS), is responsible for linking 1 to three hydrophobic L-amino acids to generate the ergopeptide lactams. The LPS complex includes two polypeptides, one (LPS 2) possessing a single module for activation of 1, and the other (LPS 1) possessing three modules, each specifying one of the L-amino acids. Variations in LPS 1 sequences are associated with variations in the incorporated amino acids, leading to differences between strain chemotypes, and even multiple ergopeptines within strains. For example, C. purpurea P1 produces two distinct ergopeptines (ergotamine (4) and ergocryptine (Table I)), each of which is believed to be generated by multiple LPS 1 subunits encoded by separate, but related, genes (lpsA1 and lpsA2). The main ecological roles of EA in nature are probably to protect the fungi from consumption by vertebrate and invertebrate animals. The EA produced by plant-symbiotic fungi (such as epichloë endophytes) may protect the fungus by protecting the health and productivity of the host, which may otherwise suffer excessive grazing by animals. The EA, at levels typical of plants bearing these symbionts, can negatively affect the health of large mammals as well herbivorous insects. Some clavines have substantial anti-bacterial properties, which might protect the fungus and, in some cases, their host plants from infection. However, the fact that a large number of epichloë, and even several Claviceps species, produce no detectable EA indicates that the selection for their production is not universal. An unfortunate fact for many livestock producers is that some of the most popular forage grasses tend to possess EA-producing epichloë endophytes. Such endophytes are easily eliminated, but confer such fitness enhancements to their hosts that their presence is often preferred, despite the toxic EA. The future looks promising for continued interest in EA. Research continues into their pharmacological properties, medicinal uses, and structure-function relationships. New clavines and lysergic acid derivatives are identified regularly from new sources, such as marine animals. Also, programs are well underway to modify or replace epichloë endophytes of forage grasses in order to produce new grass cultivars that lack these toxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher L Schardl
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546-0312, USA
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