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Chen S, Feng X, Li X, Liu M, Gao W, Miao Q, Wu H. Microparticles of Sericin-Dextran Conjugate for Improving the Solubility of Antiviral Drug. J Funct Biomater 2023; 14:292. [PMID: 37367256 DOI: 10.3390/jfb14060292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
A novel sericin-dextran conjugate (SDC) and self-assembled microparticles has been prepared for improving solubility of atazanavir. Microparticles of SDC were assembled by the reprecipitation method. The size and morphology of SDC microparticles could be adjusted by the concentration and solvents. Low concentration was conducive to the preparation of microspheres. Heterogeneous microspheres could be prepared in ethanol with the range of 85-390 nm, and hollow mesoporous microspheres in propanol with an average particle size of 2.5-22 µm. The aqueous solubility of atazanavir was improved to 2.22 mg/mL in buffer solutions at pH 2.0 and 1.65 mg/mL at pH 7.4 by SDC microspheres. In vitro release of atazanavir from hollow microspheres of SDC exhibited a slower release, had the lowest linear cumulative release in basic buffer (pH 8.0), and the most rapid double exponential diphase kinetic cumulative release in acid buffer (pH 2.0).
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuqi Chen
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325027, China
| | - Xiaolong Feng
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325027, China
| | - Xinwei Li
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325027, China
| | - Miaochang Liu
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325027, China
| | - Wenxia Gao
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325027, China
| | - Qian Miao
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325027, China
| | - Huayue Wu
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325027, China
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Mondal S, Sirvi A, Jadhav K, Sangamwar AT. Supersaturating lipid-based solid dispersion of atazanavir provides enhanced solubilization and supersaturation in the digestive aqueous phase. Int J Pharm 2023; 638:122919. [PMID: 37011828 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2023.122919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 04/04/2023]
Abstract
Understanding and controlling the drug solubilization in digestive environment is of great importance in the design of lipid based solid dispersion (LBSD) for oral delivery of poorly aqueous soluble drugs. In the current study we determined the extent of drug solubilization and supersaturation of supersaturating lipid based solid dispersion which is governed by formulation variables like drug payload, lipid composition, solid carrier properties and lipid to solid carrier ratio. Initially, the impact of lipid chain length and drug payload on drug solubilization in lipid preconcentrate and dispersibility were evaluated to design liquid LbF of the model antiretroviral drug, atazanavir. The temperature induced supersaturation method enhanced the drug payload in medium chain triglyceride formulation at 60 °C. Further, the selected liquid supersaturated LbF was transformed into solid state LbF by employing different solid carriers including silica (Neusilin® US2 and Aerosil® 200), clay (Montmorillonite and Bentonite) and polymer (HPMC-AS and Kollidon® CL-M). The fabricated LBSDs were evaluated for solid state characterization to identify the physical nature of drug. In vitro digestion studies were conducted using pH-stat lipolysis method to assess the supersaturation propensity in aqueous digestive phase. Results revealed that LBSDs with silica and polymer carriers showed maximum drug solubilization throughout experiment compared to liquid LbF. The ionic interaction between drug-clay particles significantly reduced the ATZ partitioning from clay based LBSDs. LBSDs with dual purpose solid carrier like HPMC-AS and Neusilin® US2 offers the potential to improve drug solubilization of ATZ for physiologically relevant time. Lastly, we conclude that evaluation of formulation variables is crucial to achieve optimal performance of supersaturating LBSD.
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Rajput A, Sevalkar G, Pardeshi K, Pingale P. COMPUTATIONAL NANOSCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY. OPENNANO 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.onano.2023.100147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
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4
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Han M, Xu J, Lin Y. Approaches of formulation bridging in support of orally administered drug product development. Int J Pharm 2022; 629:122380. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.122380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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5
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Developing New Treatments for COVID-19 through Dual-Action Antiviral/Anti-Inflammatory Small Molecules and Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23148006. [PMID: 35887353 PMCID: PMC9325261 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23148006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Broad-spectrum antiviral agents that are effective against many viruses are difficult to develop, as the key molecules, as well as the biochemical pathways by which they cause infection, differ largely from one virus to another. This was more strongly highlighted by the COVID-19 pandemic, which found health systems all over the world largely unprepared and proved that the existing armamentarium of antiviral agents is not sufficient to address viral threats with pandemic potential. The clinical protocols for the treatment of COVID-19 are currently based on the use of inhibitors of the inflammatory cascade (dexamethasone, baricitinib), or inhibitors of the cytopathic effect of the virus (monoclonal antibodies, molnupiravir or nirmatrelvir/ritonavir), using different agents. There is a critical need for an expanded armamentarium of orally bioavailable small-molecular medicinal agents, including those that possess dual antiviral and anti-inflammatory (AAI) activity that would be readily available for the early treatment of mild to moderate COVID-19 in high-risk patients. A multidisciplinary approach that involves the use of in silico screening tools to identify potential drug targets of an emerging pathogen, as well as in vitro and in vivo models for the determination of a candidate drug’s efficacy and safety, are necessary for the rapid and successful development of antiviral agents with potentially dual AAI activity. Characterization of candidate AAI molecules with physiologically based pharmacokinetics (PBPK) modeling would provide critical data for the accurate dosing of new therapeutic agents against COVID-19. This review analyzes the dual mechanisms of AAI agents with potential anti-SARS-CoV-2 activity and discusses the principles of PBPK modeling as a conceptual guide to develop new pharmacological modalities for the treatment of COVID-19.
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Quantitative Imaging Analysis of the Spatial Relationship between Antiretrovirals, Reverse Transcriptase Simian-Human Immunodeficiency Virus RNA, and Collagen in the Mesenteric Lymph Nodes of Nonhuman Primates. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2021; 65:AAC.00019-21. [PMID: 33782003 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00019-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) persistence in tissue reservoirs is a major barrier to HIV cure. While antiretrovirals (ARVs) suppress viral replication, antiretroviral therapy (ART) interruption results in rapid rebound viremia that may originate from lymphoid tissues. To understand the relationship between anatomic distribution of ARV exposure and viral expression in lymph nodes, we performed mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) of 6 ARVs, RNAscope in situ hybridization for viral RNA (vRNA), and immunohistochemistry of collagen in mesenteric lymph nodes from 8 uninfected and 10 reverse transcriptase simian/human immunodeficiency virus (RT-SHIV)-infected rhesus macaques dosed to steady state with combination ART. MATLAB-based quantitative imaging analysis was used to evaluate spatial and pharmacological relationships between these ARVs, viral RNA (both vRNA+ cells and follicular dendritic cell [FDC]-bound virions), and collagen deposition. Using MSI, 31% of mesenteric lymph node tissue area was found to be not covered by any ARV. Additionally, 28% of FDC-trapped virions and 21% of infected cells were not exposed to any detected ARV. Of the 69% of tissue area that was covered by cumulative ART exposure, nearly 100% of concentrations were greater than in vitro 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) values; however, 52% of total tissue coverage was from only one ARV, primarily maraviroc. Collagen covered ∼35% of tissue area but did not influence ARV distribution heterogeneity. Our findings are consistent with our hypothesis that ARV distribution, in addition to total-tissue drug concentration, must be considered when evaluating viral persistence in lymph nodes and other reservoir tissues.
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Liu J, Nagapudi K, Dolton MJ, Chiang PC. Utilizing Tiny-TIM to Assess the Effect of Acid-Reducing Agents on the Absorption of Orally Administered Drugs. J Pharm Sci 2021; 110:3020-3026. [PMID: 33940027 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2021.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Acid-reducing agents (ARAs) are the most commonly used medicines to treat patients with gastric acid-related disorders. ARA administration results in an elevation of intragastric pH and eases symptoms such as acid reflux. However, this effect could also lead to a reduction in the absorption of some co-administered oral medications (i.e. weakly basic drugs) by decreasing their gastric solubility. This in turn can result in a significant reduction of the efficacy of the co-administered oral medications. In order to address this problem, substantial efforts in translational modeling and the development of predictive in-vitro assays to better forecast the effect of ARA on oral absorption are conducted in the pharmaceutical industry. Despite these efforts, it remains challenging to predict the impact of ARAs on co-administered drugs. In this study, we evaluated the utility of Triskelion's Gastro-Intestinal Model (Tiny-TIM) in predicting ARA effect on twelve model drugs whose in-vivo data are available. The Tiny-TIM prediction of the ARA effect matched the observed effect of ARA co-administration in humans for the 12 model compounds. In summary, Tiny-TIM is a very reliable and promising GI model to successfully predict the nature of DDI when ARAs are co-administered with the drug of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Liu
- Small Molecule Pharmaceutical Sciences, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA.
| | - Karthik Nagapudi
- Small Molecule Pharmaceutical Sciences, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Michael J Dolton
- Roche Products Australia Pty Ltd, Level 8, 30-34 Hickson Road, Sydney, NSW 2000 Australia
| | - Po-Chang Chiang
- Small Molecule Pharmaceutical Sciences, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
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8
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Vinarov Z, Abrahamsson B, Artursson P, Batchelor H, Berben P, Bernkop-Schnürch A, Butler J, Ceulemans J, Davies N, Dupont D, Flaten GE, Fotaki N, Griffin BT, Jannin V, Keemink J, Kesisoglou F, Koziolek M, Kuentz M, Mackie A, Meléndez-Martínez AJ, McAllister M, Müllertz A, O'Driscoll CM, Parrott N, Paszkowska J, Pavek P, Porter CJH, Reppas C, Stillhart C, Sugano K, Toader E, Valentová K, Vertzoni M, De Wildt SN, Wilson CG, Augustijns P. Current challenges and future perspectives in oral absorption research: An opinion of the UNGAP network. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 171:289-331. [PMID: 33610694 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Although oral drug delivery is the preferred administration route and has been used for centuries, modern drug discovery and development pipelines challenge conventional formulation approaches and highlight the insufficient mechanistic understanding of processes critical to oral drug absorption. This review presents the opinion of UNGAP scientists on four key themes across the oral absorption landscape: (1) specific patient populations, (2) regional differences in the gastrointestinal tract, (3) advanced formulations and (4) food-drug interactions. The differences of oral absorption in pediatric and geriatric populations, the specific issues in colonic absorption, the formulation approaches for poorly water-soluble (small molecules) and poorly permeable (peptides, RNA etc.) drugs, as well as the vast realm of food effects, are some of the topics discussed in detail. The identified controversies and gaps in the current understanding of gastrointestinal absorption-related processes are used to create a roadmap for the future of oral drug absorption research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahari Vinarov
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Sofia University, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Bertil Abrahamsson
- Oral Product Development, Pharmaceutical Technology & Development, Operations, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Per Artursson
- Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Hannah Batchelor
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Philippe Berben
- Pharmaceutical Development, UCB Pharma SA, Braine- l'Alleud, Belgium
| | - Andreas Bernkop-Schnürch
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - James Butler
- GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development, Ware, United Kingdom
| | | | - Nigel Davies
- Advanced Drug Delivery, Pharmaceutical Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | | | - Gøril Eide Flaten
- Department of Pharmacy, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Nikoletta Fotaki
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Martin Kuentz
- Institute for Pharma Technology, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Alan Mackie
- School of Food Science & Nutrition, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Anette Müllertz
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | | | | | - Petr Pavek
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | | | - Christos Reppas
- Department of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Kiyohiko Sugano
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Shiga, Japan
| | - Elena Toader
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Iasi, Romania
| | - Kateřina Valentová
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Maria Vertzoni
- Department of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Saskia N De Wildt
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Clive G Wilson
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Patrick Augustijns
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
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Jamei M, Abrahamsson B, Brown J, Bevernage J, Bolger MB, Heimbach T, Karlsson E, Kotzagiorgis E, Lindahl A, McAllister M, Mullin JM, Pepin X, Tistaert C, Turner DB, Kesisoglou F. Current status and future opportunities for incorporation of dissolution data in PBPK modeling for pharmaceutical development and regulatory applications: OrBiTo consortium commentary. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2020; 155:55-68. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2020.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Revised: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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10
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Enright EF, Joyce SA, Gahan CG, Taylor LS. Impact of phospholipid digests and bile acid pool variations on the crystallization of atazanavir from supersaturated solutions. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2020; 153:68-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2020.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Revised: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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11
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Biorelevant Two-Stage In Vitro Testing for rDCS Classification and in PBPK Modeling–Case Example Ritonavir. J Pharm Sci 2020; 109:2512-2526. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2020.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Revised: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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12
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Suarez-Sharp S, Lindahl A, Heimbach T, Rostami-Hodjegan A, Bolger MB, Ray Chaudhuri S, Hens B. Translational Modeling Strategies for Orally Administered Drug Products: Academic, Industrial and Regulatory Perspectives. Pharm Res 2020; 37:95. [DOI: 10.1007/s11095-020-02814-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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13
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Kaur N, Thakur PS, Shete G, Gangwal R, Sangamwar AT, Bansal AK. Understanding the Oral Absorption of Irbesartan Using Biorelevant Dissolution Testing and PBPK Modeling. AAPS PharmSciTech 2020; 21:102. [PMID: 32152915 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-020-01643-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Poorly soluble weak bases form a significant proportion of the drugs available in the market thereby making it imperative to understand their absorption behavior. This work aims to mechanistically understand the oral absorption behavior for a weakly basic drug, Irbesartan (IRB), by investigating its pH dependent solubility, supersaturation, and precipitation behavior. Simulations performed using the equilibrium solubility could not accurately predict oral absorption. A multi-compartmental biorelevant dissolution testing model was used to evaluate dissolution in the stomach and duodenal compartment and mimic oral drug administration. This model exhibited sustained intestinal supersaturation (2-4-fold) even upon varying flow rates (4 mL/min, 7 mL/min, and mono-exponential transfer) from gastric to intestinal compartment. Simulation of oral absorption using GastroPlus™ and dissolution data collectively predicted plasma exposure with higher accuracy (% prediction error values within ± 15%), thereby indicating that multi-compartment dissolution testing enabled an improved prediction for oral pharmacokinetics of Irbesartan. Additionally, precipitates obtained in the intestinal compartment were characterized to determine the factors underlying intestinal supersaturation of Irbesartan. The solid form of these precipitates was amorphous with considerable particle size reduction. This indicated that following gastric transit, precipitate formation in the amorphous form coupled with an approximately 10 times particle size reduction could be potential factors leading to the generation and sustenance of intestinal drug supersaturation.
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Mudie DM, Samiei N, Marshall DJ, Amidon GE, Bergström CAS. Selection of In Vivo Predictive Dissolution Media Using Drug Substance and Physiological Properties. AAPS JOURNAL 2020; 22:34. [PMID: 31989343 PMCID: PMC6985051 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-020-0417-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The rate and extent of drug dissolution in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract are highly dependent upon drug physicochemical properties and GI fluid properties. Biorelevant dissolution media (BDM), which aim to facilitate in vitro prediction of in vivo dissolution performance, have evolved with our understanding of GI physiology. However, BDM with a variety of properties and compositions are available, making the choice of dissolution medium challenging. In this tutorial, we describe a simple and quantitative methodology for selecting practical, yet physiologically relevant BDM representative of fasted humans for evaluating dissolution of immediate release formulations. Specifically, this methodology describes selection of pH, buffer species, and concentration and evaluates the importance of including bile salts and phospholipids in the BDM based upon drug substance log D, pKa, and intrinsic solubility. The methodology is based upon a mechanistic understanding of how three main factors affect dissolution, including (1) drug ionization at gastrointestinal pH, (2) alteration of surface pH by charged drug species, and (3) drug solubilization in mixed lipidic aggregates comprising bile salts and phospholipids. Assessment of this methodology through testing and comparison with literature reports showed that the recommendations correctly identified when a biorelevant buffer capacity or the addition of bile salts and phospholipids to the medium would appreciably change the drug dissolution profile. This methodology can enable informed decisions about when a time, complexity, and/or cost-saving buffer is expected to lead to physiologically meaningful in vitro dissolution testing, versus when a more complex buffer would be required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deanna M Mudie
- Global Research and Development, Lonza, Bend, Oregon, 97703, USA.
| | - Nasim Samiei
- Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala Biomedical Centre, Uppsala University, P.O. Box 580, SE-751 23, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Derrick J Marshall
- Global Research and Development, Lonza, Bend, Oregon, 97703, USA.,Pivotal Drug Product Technologies, Amgen, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02141, USA
| | - Gregory E Amidon
- College of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48103, USA
| | - Christel A S Bergström
- Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala Biomedical Centre, Uppsala University, P.O. Box 580, SE-751 23, Uppsala, Sweden
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Bermejo M, Hens B, Dickens J, Mudie D, Paixão P, Tsume Y, Shedden K, Amidon GL. A Mechanistic Physiologically-Based Biopharmaceutics Modeling (PBBM) Approach to Assess the In Vivo Performance of an Orally Administered Drug Product: From IVIVC to IVIVP. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:pharmaceutics12010074. [PMID: 31963448 PMCID: PMC7023481 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12010074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2019] [Revised: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The application of in silico modeling to predict the in vivo outcome of an oral drug product is gaining a lot of interest. Fully relying on these models as a surrogate tool requires continuous optimization and validation. To do so, intraluminal and systemic data are desirable to judge the predicted outcomes. The aim of this study was to predict the systemic concentrations of ibuprofen after oral administration of an 800 mg immediate-release (IR) tablet to healthy subjects in fasted-state conditions. A mechanistic oral absorption model coupled with a two-compartmental pharmacokinetic (PK) model was built in Phoenix WinNonlinWinNonlin® software and in the GastroPlus™ simulator. It should be noted that all simulations were performed in an ideal framework as we were in possession of a plethora of in vivo data (e.g., motility, pH, luminal and systemic concentrations) in order to evaluate and optimize these models. All this work refers to the fact that important, yet crucial, gastrointestinal (GI) variables should be integrated into biopredictive dissolution testing (low buffer capacity media, considering phosphate versus bicarbonate buffer, hydrodynamics) to account for a valuable input for physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) platform programs. While simulations can be performed and mechanistic insights can be gained from such simulations from current software, we need to move from correlations to predictions (IVIVC → IVIVP) and, moreover, we need to further determine the dynamics of the GI variables controlling the dosage form transit, disintegration, dissolution, absorption and metabolism along the human GI tract. Establishing the link between biopredictive in vitro dissolution testing and mechanistic oral absorption modeling (i.e., physiologically-based biopharmaceutics modeling (PBBM)) creates an opportunity to potentially request biowaivers in the near future for orally administered drug products, regardless of its classification according to the Biopharmaceutics Classification System (BCS).
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Affiliation(s)
- Marival Bermejo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, 428 Church Street, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1065, USA; (M.B.); (B.H.); (D.M.); (P.P.); (Y.T.)
- Department of Engineering, Pharmacy Section, Miguel Hernandez University, San Juan de Alicante, 03550 Alicante, Spain
| | - Bart Hens
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, 428 Church Street, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1065, USA; (M.B.); (B.H.); (D.M.); (P.P.); (Y.T.)
- Department of Pharmaceutical & Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Joseph Dickens
- Department of Statistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; (J.D.); (K.S.)
| | - Deanna Mudie
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, 428 Church Street, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1065, USA; (M.B.); (B.H.); (D.M.); (P.P.); (Y.T.)
- Global Research and Development, Lonza, Bend, OR 97703, USA
| | - Paulo Paixão
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, 428 Church Street, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1065, USA; (M.B.); (B.H.); (D.M.); (P.P.); (Y.T.)
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Professor Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Yasuhiro Tsume
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, 428 Church Street, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1065, USA; (M.B.); (B.H.); (D.M.); (P.P.); (Y.T.)
- Merck & Co., Inc., 126 E Lincoln Ave, Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
| | - Kerby Shedden
- Department of Statistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; (J.D.); (K.S.)
| | - Gordon L. Amidon
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, 428 Church Street, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1065, USA; (M.B.); (B.H.); (D.M.); (P.P.); (Y.T.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-734-764-2464.; Fax: +1-734-764-6282
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16
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Mehta CH, Narayan R, Nayak UY. Computational modeling for formulation design. Drug Discov Today 2019; 24:781-788. [DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2018.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Revised: 11/10/2018] [Accepted: 11/22/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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17
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Predicting the Changes in Oral Absorption of Weak Base Drugs Under Elevated Gastric pH Using an In Vitro–In Silico–In Vivo Approach: Case Examples—Dipyridamole, Prasugrel, and Nelfinavir. J Pharm Sci 2019; 108:584-591. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2018.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Revised: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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18
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Koziolek M, Kostewicz E, Vertzoni M. Physiological Considerations and In Vitro Strategies for Evaluating the Influence of Food on Drug Release from Extended-Release Formulations. AAPS PharmSciTech 2018; 19:2885-2897. [PMID: 30155808 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-018-1159-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/18/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Food effects on oral drug bioavailability are a consequence of the complex interplay between drug, formulation and human gastrointestinal (GI) physiology. Accordingly, the prediction of the direction and the extent of food effects is often difficult. With respect to novel formulations, biorelevant in vitro methods can be extremely powerful tools to simulate the effect of food-induced changes on the physiological GI conditions on drug release and absorption. However, the selection of suitable in vitro methods should be based on a thorough understanding not only of human GI physiology but also of the drug and formulation properties. This review focuses on in vitro methods that can be applied to evaluate the effect of food intake on drug release from extended release (ER) products during preclinical formulation development. With the aid of different examples, it will be demonstrated that the combined and targeted use of various biorelevant in vitro methods can be extremely useful for understanding drug release from ER products in the fed state and to be able to forecast formulation-associated risks such as dose dumping in early stages of formulation development.
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19
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Introduction to the OrBiTo decision tree to select the most appropriate in vitro methodology for release testing of solid oral dosage forms during development. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2018; 130:207-213. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2018.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Revised: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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20
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Ozaki S. Population Balance Model for Simulation of the Supersaturation-Precipitation Behavior of Drugs in Supersaturable Solid Forms. J Pharm Sci 2018; 108:260-267. [PMID: 30092242 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2018.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Revised: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
We developed a simulation method to describe in vitro drug concentration-time profiles under supersaturated conditions. In a nonsink dissolution test of carbamazepine polymorphic form III (CBZIII), a model supersaturable solid, the concentration of carbamazepine reached a supersaturated state against its dihydrate form (CBZDH). After a certain period, de-supersaturation due to the precipitation of CBZDH was observed. In the simulation of this typical dissolution-precipitation profile, the precipitation process of CBZDH was simulated by a population balance model in which the rates of primary/secondary nucleation and growth of CBZDH were considered. Six rate constants in the precipitation model were determined from de-supersaturation profiles in unseeded isothermal crystallization experiments of CBZDH. The dissolution process of CBZIII was modeled on the basis of its dissolution profile under a sink condition. The simulated concentration versus time curves satisfactorily reproduced the characteristics of dissolution, supersaturation, and precipitation behavior of the model drug. The presented method will enable rational design of formulations and accurate prediction of the oral absorbability of drugs in supersaturable solid forms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunsuke Ozaki
- Analytical Research, Pharmaceutical Science and Technology Core Function Units, Medicine Development Center, Eisai Co. Ltd., Kamisu, Ibaraki 314-0255, Japan.
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21
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Kaur N, Narang A, Bansal AK. Use of biorelevant dissolution and PBPK modeling to predict oral drug absorption. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2018; 129:222-246. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2018.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Revised: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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22
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Solubility Determination of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients Which Have Been Recently Added to the List of Essential Medicines in the Context of the Biopharmaceutics Classification System-Biowaiver. J Pharm Sci 2018; 107:1478-1488. [PMID: 29421214 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2018.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Revised: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Since the publication of Lindenberg et al., which classified orally administered active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) on the 2004 Essential Medicines List (EML) of the World Health Organization according to the Biopharmaceutics Classification System (BCS), various APIs have been added to the EML. In this work, BCS classifications for 16 of the orally administered APIs which were added to the EML after 2004 were determined. To establish a reliable solubility classification for all these compounds, a miniaturized shake-flask method was introduced. This method enables a fast, economical determination of the BCS solubility class while reliably discriminating between "highly soluble" and "not highly soluble" compounds. Nine of the 16 APIs investigated were classified as "highly soluble" compounds, making them potential candidates for an approval of multisource drug products via the BCS-based biowaiver procedure. The choice of dose definition (which currently varies among the guidances pertaining to BCS-based bioequivalence published by various regulatory authorities) had no effect on the solubility classification of any of the 16 substances evaluated. BCS classification of the compounds was then completed using permeability data obtained from the literature. As several APIs decomposed at one or more pH values, a decision tree for determining their solubility was established.
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23
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The Combination of GIS and Biphasic to Better Predict In Vivo Dissolution of BCS Class IIb Drugs, Ketoconazole and Raloxifene. J Pharm Sci 2018; 107:307-316. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2017.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Revised: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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24
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Andreas CJ, Pepin X, Markopoulos C, Vertzoni M, Reppas C, Dressman JB. Mechanistic investigation of the negative food effect of modified release zolpidem. Eur J Pharm Sci 2017; 102:284-298. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2017.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2016] [Revised: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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25
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Morgen M, Saxena A, Chen XQ, Miller W, Nkansah R, Goodwin A, Cape J, Haskell R, Su C, Gudmundsson O, Hageman M, Kumar A, Chowan GS, Rao A, Holenarsipur VK. Lipophilic salts of poorly soluble compounds to enable high-dose lipidic SEDDS formulations in drug discovery. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2017; 117:212-223. [PMID: 28438550 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2017.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2016] [Revised: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Self-emulsifying drug delivery systems (SEDDS) have been used to solubilize poorly water-soluble drugs to improve exposure in high-dose pharmacokinetic (PK) and toxicokinetic (TK) studies. However, the absorbable dose is often limited by drug solubility in the lipidic SEDDS vehicle. This study focuses on increasing solubility and drug loading of ionizable drugs in SEDDS vehicles using lipophilic counterions to prepare lipophilic salts of drugs. SEDDS formulations of two lipophilic salts-atazanavir-2-naphthalene sulfonic acid (ATV-2-NSA) and atazanavir-dioctyl sulfosuccinic acid (ATV-Doc)-were characterized and their performance compared to atazanavir (ATV) free base formulated as an aqueous crystalline suspension, an organic solution, and a SEDDS suspension, using in vitro, in vivo, and in silico methods. ATV-2-NSA exhibited ∼6-fold increased solubility in a SEDDS vehicle, allowing emulsion dosing at 12mg/mL. In rat PK studies at 60mg/kg, the ATV-2-NSA SEDDS emulsion had comparable exposure to the free-base solution, but with less variability, and had better exposure at high dose than aqueous suspensions of ATV free base. Trends in dose-dependent exposure for various formulations were consistent with GastroPlus™ modeling. Results suggest use of lipophilic salts is a valuable approach for delivering poorly soluble compounds at high doses in Discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Morgen
- Bend Research Inc., a division of Capsugel, 64550 Research Road, Bend, OR 97703, USA.
| | - Ajay Saxena
- Biopharmaceutics, Biocon Bristol-Myers Squibb R&D Centre (BBRC), Syngene International Ltd., Biocon Park, Plot 2 & 3, Bommasandra IV Phase, Bangalore 560099, India
| | - Xue-Qing Chen
- Discovery Pharmaceutics, Bristol-Myers Squibb USA, Bristol-Myers Squibb Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Route 206, Province Line Road P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, NJ 08543, USA
| | - Warren Miller
- Bend Research Inc., a division of Capsugel, 64550 Research Road, Bend, OR 97703, USA
| | - Richard Nkansah
- Bend Research Inc., a division of Capsugel, 64550 Research Road, Bend, OR 97703, USA
| | - Aaron Goodwin
- Bend Research Inc., a division of Capsugel, 64550 Research Road, Bend, OR 97703, USA
| | - Jon Cape
- Bend Research Inc., a division of Capsugel, 64550 Research Road, Bend, OR 97703, USA
| | - Roy Haskell
- Discovery Pharmaceutics, Bristol-Myers Squibb Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Bristol-Myers Squibb USA, 5 Research Pkwy, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA
| | - Ching Su
- Discovery Pharmaceutics, Bristol-Myers Squibb USA, Bristol-Myers Squibb Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Route 206, Province Line Road P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, NJ 08543, USA
| | - Olafur Gudmundsson
- Discovery Pharmaceutics, Bristol-Myers Squibb USA, Bristol-Myers Squibb Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Route 206, Province Line Road P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, NJ 08543, USA
| | - Michael Hageman
- Discovery Pharmaceutics, Bristol-Myers Squibb USA, Bristol-Myers Squibb Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Route 206, Province Line Road P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, NJ 08543, USA
| | - Anoop Kumar
- Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Biocon Bristol-Myers Squibb R&D Centre (BBRC), Syngene International Ltd., Biocon Park, Plot 2 & 3, Bommasandra IV Phase, Bangalore 560099, India
| | - Gajendra Singh Chowan
- Biopharmaceutics, Biocon Bristol-Myers Squibb R&D Centre (BBRC), Syngene International Ltd., Biocon Park, Plot 2 & 3, Bommasandra IV Phase, Bangalore 560099, India
| | - Abhijith Rao
- Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Biocon Bristol-Myers Squibb R&D Centre (BBRC), Syngene International Ltd., Biocon Park, Plot 2 & 3, Bommasandra IV Phase, Bangalore 560099, India
| | - Vinay K Holenarsipur
- Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Biocon Bristol-Myers Squibb R&D Centre (BBRC), Syngene International Ltd., Biocon Park, Plot 2 & 3, Bommasandra IV Phase, Bangalore 560099, India
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26
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Lu E, Li S, Wang Z. Biorelevant test for supersaturable formulation. Asian J Pharm Sci 2016; 12:9-20. [PMID: 32104309 PMCID: PMC7032141 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajps.2016.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Revised: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 10/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Supersaturable formulation can generate supersaturation after dissolution, providing kinetic advantage in vivo. However, the supersaturation may precipitate before being absorbed, which makes it difficult to ensure and predict its in vivo performance. The traditional USP method is typically for Quality Control (QC) purpose and cannot be used to predict the formulation in vivo performance. Therefore, there is generally a lack of a predictive biorelevant testing method. In this review, different types of supersaturable formulations are described, including amorphous dispersions, polymorphs, salts/co-crystals, weak base and supersaturable solubilized formulations. Different kinds of in vitro dissolution methods for supersaturable formulations are also reviewed and discussed. Most of the methods take the physiology of gastrointestinal (GI) track into consideration, allowing reasonable prediction of the in vivo performance of supersaturable formulation. However, absorbing drug from GI track into blood stream is a complicate process, which can be affected by different in vivo processes such as transporter and metabolism. These factors cannot be captured by the in vitro testing. Thus, combining in vitro biorelevant dissolution methods with physiology-based pharmacokinetic modeling is a better way for the product development of supersaturable formulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enxian Lu
- Shanghai Aucta Pharmaceuticals Co., Ltd., No. 3377 Kangxin Road. SIMZ Pudong, Shanghai 201318, China
| | - Shoufeng Li
- Shanghai Aucta Pharmaceuticals Co., Ltd., No. 3377 Kangxin Road. SIMZ Pudong, Shanghai 201318, China
| | - Zhongqin Wang
- Shanghai Aucta Pharmaceuticals Co., Ltd., No. 3377 Kangxin Road. SIMZ Pudong, Shanghai 201318, China
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27
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Groo AC, De Pascale M, Voisin-Chiret AS, Corvaisier S, Since M, Malzert-Fréon A. Comparison of 2 strategies to enhance pyridoclax solubility: Nanoemulsion delivery system versus salt synthesis. Eur J Pharm Sci 2016; 97:218-226. [PMID: 27916693 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2016.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2016] [Revised: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 11/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Pyridoclax is an original oligopyridine lead, very promising in treatment of chemoresistant cancers. However, from solubility measurement and permeability evaluation, it appeared that this compound can be considered as a BCS II drug, with a poor water solubility. To overcome this unfavorable property, two strategies were proposed and compared: pyridoclax di-hydrochloride salt synthesis and formulation of pyridoclax-loaded nanoemulsions (PNEs) efficiently performed by transposing the spontaneous emulsification process previously developed by our team. Whereas the salt improved the thermodynamic solubility of the drug by a factor 4, the apparent solubility of the encapsulated pyridoclax was 1000-fold higher. Their stability was assessed upon dilution in various complex biomimetic media relevant for oral administration (SGF, FaSSIF-V2, FeSSIF-V2) or for the intravenous route (PBS). The solubility of the salt was affected by the nature of the medium, indicating that it could precipitate after administration, negatively impacting its bioavailability and its efficiency in vivo. On the contrary, in all media, PNEs remained stable in terms of granulometric properties (determined by DLS), ζ-potential and encapsulation efficiency (measured by HPLC). Thus, such nanomedicines appear as a valuable option to perform preclinical studies on the promising pyridoclax.
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Affiliation(s)
- A-C Groo
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, Centre d'Etudes et de Recherche sur le Médicament de Normandie (CERMN), F-14000 Caen, France
| | - M De Pascale
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, Centre d'Etudes et de Recherche sur le Médicament de Normandie (CERMN), F-14000 Caen, France
| | - A-S Voisin-Chiret
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, Centre d'Etudes et de Recherche sur le Médicament de Normandie (CERMN), F-14000 Caen, France.
| | - S Corvaisier
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, Centre d'Etudes et de Recherche sur le Médicament de Normandie (CERMN), F-14000 Caen, France
| | - M Since
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, Centre d'Etudes et de Recherche sur le Médicament de Normandie (CERMN), F-14000 Caen, France
| | - A Malzert-Fréon
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, Centre d'Etudes et de Recherche sur le Médicament de Normandie (CERMN), F-14000 Caen, France.
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28
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Kourentas A, Vertzoni M, Symillides M, Hens B, Brouwers J, Augustijns P, Reppas C. In vitro evaluation of the impact of gastrointestinal transfer on luminal performance of commercially available products of posaconazole and itraconazole using BioGIT. Int J Pharm 2016; 515:352-358. [PMID: 27732895 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2016.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2016] [Revised: 10/05/2016] [Accepted: 10/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Biorelevant Gastrointestinal Transfer system (BioGIT) has been shown to be useful in reproducing concentrations of drugs in the fasted upper small intestine after their administration in the stomach. In the present investigation, we evaluated the impact of gastrointestinal transfer on luminal performance of commercially available products of two highly lipophilic weak bases, posaconazole (Noxafil® suspension) and itraconazole (Sporanox® hard gelatin capsules and Sporanox® oral solution) by comparing % solid fraction, concentrations and supersaturation in the duodenal compartment of BioGIT with recently reported data in the upper small intestine of healthy adults. BioGIT was useful for estimating the % solid fraction in the upper small intestine, in cases where dissolution during gastric residence was incomplete, i.e. after administration of Noxafil® and Sporanox® capsules, and the precipitated fraction of itraconazole in the upper small intestine after administration of Sporanox® solution; median values in vitro were similar to the luminal values. Based on the values for the area under the concentration vs. time data estimated up to 45min post initiation of the experiment, concentrations in the duodenal compartment of BioGIT were similar to previously measured concentrations in the upper small intestine of healthy adults or they overestimated them by up to 2.5 times. In most cases, supersaturation of contents in the upper small intestine was overestimated, partly due to underestimation of luminal solubility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandros Kourentas
- Department of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Zografou, Greece
| | - Maria Vertzoni
- Department of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Zografou, Greece
| | - Mira Symillides
- Department of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Zografou, Greece
| | - Bart Hens
- Drug Delivery & Disposition, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | | | - Christos Reppas
- Department of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Zografou, Greece.
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29
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Hartmanshenn C, Scherholz M, Androulakis IP. Physiologically-based pharmacokinetic models: approaches for enabling personalized medicine. J Pharmacokinet Pharmacodyn 2016; 43:481-504. [PMID: 27647273 DOI: 10.1007/s10928-016-9492-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Personalized medicine strives to deliver the 'right drug at the right dose' by considering inter-person variability, one of the causes for therapeutic failure in specialized populations of patients. Physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling is a key tool in the advancement of personalized medicine to evaluate complex clinical scenarios, making use of physiological information as well as physicochemical data to simulate various physiological states to predict the distribution of pharmacokinetic responses. The increased dependency on PBPK models to address regulatory questions is aligned with the ability of PBPK models to minimize ethical and technical difficulties associated with pharmacokinetic and toxicology experiments for special patient populations. Subpopulation modeling can be achieved through an iterative and integrative approach using an adopt, adapt, develop, assess, amend, and deliver methodology. PBPK modeling has two valuable applications in personalized medicine: (1) determining the importance of certain subpopulations within a distribution of pharmacokinetic responses for a given drug formulation and (2) establishing the formulation design space needed to attain a targeted drug plasma concentration profile. This review article focuses on model development for physiological differences associated with sex (male vs. female), age (pediatric vs. young adults vs. elderly), disease state (healthy vs. unhealthy), and temporal variation (influence of biological rhythms), connecting them to drug product formulation development within the quality by design framework. Although PBPK modeling has come a long way, there is still a lengthy road before it can be fully accepted by pharmacologists, clinicians, and the broader industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Hartmanshenn
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 98 Brett Road, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Megerle Scherholz
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 98 Brett Road, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Ioannis P Androulakis
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 98 Brett Road, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA. .,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 599 Taylor Road, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA.
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30
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Abstract
Quantitative Systems Pharmacology (QSP) is receiving increased attention. As the momentum builds and the expectations grow it is important to (re)assess and formalize the basic concepts and approaches. In this short review, I argue that QSP, in addition to enabling the rational integration of data and development of complex models, maybe more importantly, provides the foundations for developing an integrated framework for the assessment of drugs and their impact on disease within a broader context expanding the envelope to account in great detail for physiology, environment and prior history. I articulate some of the critical enablers, major obstacles and exciting opportunities manifesting themselves along the way. Charting such overarching themes will enable practitioners to identify major and defining factors as the field progressively moves towards personalized and precision health care delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis P Androulakis
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Chemical & Biochemical Engineering Department, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854
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31
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Dressman J, Berlin M. Linking the lab to the patient: Tools for optimizing oral drug delivery. Asian J Pharm Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ajps.2015.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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32
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Jakubiak P, Wagner B, Grimm HP, Petrig-Schaffland J, Schuler F, Alvarez-Sánchez R. Development of a Unified Dissolution and Precipitation Model and Its Use for the Prediction of Oral Drug Absorption. Mol Pharm 2016; 13:586-98. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.5b00808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Jakubiak
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research
and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Björn Wagner
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research
and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Hans Peter Grimm
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research
and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Franz Schuler
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research
and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Rubén Alvarez-Sánchez
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research
and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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33
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Kourentas A, Vertzoni M, Stavrinoudakis N, Symillidis A, Brouwers J, Augustijns P, Reppas C, Symillides M. An in vitro biorelevant gastrointestinal transfer (BioGIT) system for forecasting concentrations in the fasted upper small intestine: Design, implementation, and evaluation. Eur J Pharm Sci 2016; 82:106-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2015.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Revised: 11/12/2015] [Accepted: 11/14/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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