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Keem MJ, Jo BG, Lee SH, Kim TY, Jung YS, Jeong EJ, Kim KH, Kim SN, Yang MH. Ameliorative effects of Wikstroemia trichotoma 95% EtOH extract on a mouse model of DNCB-induced atopic dermatitis. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 333:118398. [PMID: 38823660 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2024.118398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2024] [Revised: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/26/2024] [Indexed: 06/03/2024]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE The genus Wikstroemia has been extensively utilized in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) for the management of conditions such as coughs, edema, arthritis, and bronchitis. Studies have indicated that the crude extracts of Wikstroemia exhibit anti-inflammatory, anti-allergy, anti-aging, skin psoriasis, anti-cancer, and antiviral properties. In addition, these extracts are known to contain bioactive substances, including flavonoids, coumarins, and lignans. However, few studies have investigated the anti-inflammatory or anti-allergic activities of Wikstroemia trichotoma (Thunb.) Makino against atopic dermatitis (AD). AIM OF THE STUDY The study aimed to explore the potential of a 95% ethanol extract of W. trichotoma (WTE) on the dysfunction of skin barrier and immune system, which are primary symptoms of AD, in 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB)-induced SKH-1 hairless mice and phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA)/ionomycin or immunoglobulin E (IgE) + 2,4-dinitrophenylated bovine serum albumin (DNP-BSA) stimulated rat basophilic leukemia cell line (RBL-2H3). Furthermore, we sought to identify the chemical contents of WTE using high-performance liquid chromatography equipped with a photodiode array detector (HPLC-PDA). MATERIALS AND METHODS An in vitro study was conducted using RBL-2H3 cells stimulated with PMA/ionomycin or IgE + DNP-BSA to assess the inhibitory effects of WTE on mast cell degranulation and interleukin-4 (IL-4) mRNA expression levels. For the in vivo study, AD was induced in SKH-1 hairless mice by applying 1% DNCB to the dorsal skin daily for 7 days. Subsequently, 0.1% DNCB solution was applied on alternate days, and mice were orally administered WTE (at 30 or 100 mg/kg/day) dissolved in 0.5% carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) daily for 2 weeks. Transepidermal water loss (TEWL), skin hydration, skin pH, and total serum IgE levels were measured. RESULTS In DNCB-stimulated SKH-1 hairless mice, WTE administration significantly improved AD symptoms and ameliorated dorsal skin inflammation. Oral administration of WTE led to a significant decrease in skin thickness, infiltration of mast cells, and level of total serum IgE, thus restoring skin barrier function in the DNCB-induced skin lesions. In addition, WTE inhibited β-hexosaminidase release and reduced IL-4 mRNA levels in RBL-2H3 cells. Chemical profile analysis of WTE confirmed the presence of three phenolic compounds, viz. chlorogenic acid, miconioside B, and matteucinol-7-O-β-apiofuranosyl (1 → 6)-β-glucopyranoside. CONCLUSIONS WTE ameliorates AD symptoms by modulating in the skin barrier and immune system dysfunction. This suggests that W. trichotoma extract may offer therapeutic benefits for managing AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Ji Keem
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy and Research Institute for Drug Development, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea.
| | - Beom-Geun Jo
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy and Research Institute for Drug Development, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sang Heon Lee
- Natural Products Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Gangneung, 25451, Republic of Korea.
| | - Tae-Young Kim
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy and Research Institute for Drug Development, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea.
| | - Young Suk Jung
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy and Research Institute for Drug Development, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea.
| | - Eun-Ju Jeong
- Department of Green Bio Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52725, Republic of Korea.
| | - Ki Hyun Kim
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea.
| | - Su-Nam Kim
- Natural Products Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Gangneung, 25451, Republic of Korea; Division of Bio-Medical Science and Technology, KIST School, University of Science and Technology, Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea.
| | - Min Hye Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy and Research Institute for Drug Development, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea.
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Dyson E, Sikkink S, Nocita D, Twigg P, Westgate G, Swift T. Evaluating the Irritant Factors of Silicone and Hydrocolloid Skin Contact Adhesives Using Trans-Epidermal Water Loss, Protein Stripping, Erythema, and Ease of Removal. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2024; 7:284-296. [PMID: 38150300 PMCID: PMC10792606 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.3c00874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
A composite silicone skin adhesive material was designed to improve its water vapor permeability to offer advantages to wearer comfort compared to existing skin adhesive dressings available (including perforated silicone and hydrocolloid products). The chemical and mechanical properties of this novel dressing were analyzed to show that it has a high creep compliance, offering anisotropic elasticity that is likely to place less stress on the skin. A participant study was carried out in which 31 participants wore a novel silicone skin adhesive (Sil2) and a hydrocolloid competitor and were monitored for physiological response to the dressings. Trans-epidermal water loss (TEWL) was measured pre- and postwear to determine impairment of skin barrier function. Sil2 exhibited a higher vapor permeability than the hydrocolloid dressings during wear. Peel strength measurements and dye counter staining of the removed dressings showed that the hydrocolloid had a higher adhesion to the participants' skin, resulting in a greater removal of proteins from the stratum corneum and a higher pain rating from participants on removal. Once the dressings were removed, TEWL of the participants skin beneath the Sil2 was close to normal in comparison to the hydrocolloid dressings that showed an increase in skin TEWL, indicating that the skin had been highly occluded. Analysis of the skin immediately after removal showed a higher incidence of erythema following application of hydrocolloid dressings (>60%) compared to Sil2, (<30%). In summary, this modified silicone formulation demonstrates superior skin protection properties compared to hydrocolloid dressings and is more suitable for use as a skin adhesive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward Dyson
- School
of Chemistry and Biosciences, University
of Bradford, Bradford BD7 1DP, U.K.
| | - Stephen Sikkink
- School
of Chemistry and Biosciences, University
of Bradford, Bradford BD7 1DP, U.K.
| | - Davide Nocita
- Faculty
of Engineering and Informatics, University
of Bradford, Bradford BD7 1DP, U.K.
| | - Peter Twigg
- Faculty
of Engineering and Informatics, University
of Bradford, Bradford BD7 1DP, U.K.
| | - Gill Westgate
- School
of Chemistry and Biosciences, University
of Bradford, Bradford BD7 1DP, U.K.
| | - Thomas Swift
- School
of Chemistry and Biosciences, University
of Bradford, Bradford BD7 1DP, U.K.
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3
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Zabihi F, Cherri M, Guo X, Rancan F, Schumacher F, Mohammadifar E, Kleuser B, Bäumer W, Schirner M, Vogt A, Haag R. Topical Delivery of Tofacitinib in Dermatology: The Promise of a Novel Therapeutic Class Using Biodegradable Dendritic Polyglycerol Sulfates. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2024; 17:77. [PMID: 38256910 PMCID: PMC10821331 DOI: 10.3390/ph17010077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory skin diseases, such as psoriasis, atopic dermatitis, and alopecia areata, occur when the regulatory tolerance of the innate immune system is disrupted, resulting in the activation of the Janus kinase-signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK-STAT) inflammatory signaling pathway by interleukin 6 (IL-6) and other key inflammatory cytokines. JAK inhibitors, such as tofacitinib, bind to these enzymes which are coupled to receptors on cell surfaces and block the transcription of inflammatory cytokine-induced genes. The first topical applications are being marketed, yet insufficient effects regarding indications, such as alopecia areata, suggest that improved delivery technologies could help increase the efficacy. In this study, we used sulfated dendritic polyglycerol with caprolactone segments integrated in its backbone (dPGS-PCL), with a molecular weight of 54 kDa, as a degradable carrier to load and solubilize the hydrophobic drug tofacitinib (TFB). TFB loaded in dPGS-PCL (dPGS-PCL@TFB), at a 11 w/w% loading capacity in aqueous solution, showed in an ex-vivo human skin model better penetration than free TFB in a 30:70 (v/v) ethanol/water mixture. We also investigated the anti-inflammatory efficacy of dPGS-PCL@TFB (0.5 w/w%), dPGS-PCL, and free TFB in the water/ethanol mixture by measuring their effects on IL-6 and IL-8 release, and STAT3 and STAT5 activation in ex vivo skin models of simulated inflamed human skin. Our results suggest that dPGS-PCL@TFB reduces the activation of STAT3 and STAT5 by increasing the penetration of the tofacitinib. However, no statistically significant differences with respect to the inhibition of IL-6 and IL-8 were observed in this short incubation time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Zabihi
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustr. 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany; (F.Z.); (M.C.); (E.M.); (M.S.)
- Clinical Research Center for Hair and Skin Science, Department of Dermatology, Venereology, and Allergy, Charité Universitaetsmedizin, 10117 Berlin, Germany; (X.G.); (F.R.)
| | - Mariam Cherri
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustr. 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany; (F.Z.); (M.C.); (E.M.); (M.S.)
| | - Xiao Guo
- Clinical Research Center for Hair and Skin Science, Department of Dermatology, Venereology, and Allergy, Charité Universitaetsmedizin, 10117 Berlin, Germany; (X.G.); (F.R.)
| | - Fiorenza Rancan
- Clinical Research Center for Hair and Skin Science, Department of Dermatology, Venereology, and Allergy, Charité Universitaetsmedizin, 10117 Berlin, Germany; (X.G.); (F.R.)
| | - Fabian Schumacher
- Institute of Pharmacy (Pharmacology and Toxicology), Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Straße 2+4, 14195 Berlin, Germany; (F.S.); (B.K.)
- Core Facility BioSupraMol PharmaMS, Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Straße 2+4, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ehsan Mohammadifar
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustr. 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany; (F.Z.); (M.C.); (E.M.); (M.S.)
| | - Burkhard Kleuser
- Institute of Pharmacy (Pharmacology and Toxicology), Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Straße 2+4, 14195 Berlin, Germany; (F.S.); (B.K.)
| | - Wolfgang Bäumer
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Koserstr. 20, 14195 Berlin, Germany;
| | - Michael Schirner
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustr. 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany; (F.Z.); (M.C.); (E.M.); (M.S.)
| | - Annika Vogt
- Clinical Research Center for Hair and Skin Science, Department of Dermatology, Venereology, and Allergy, Charité Universitaetsmedizin, 10117 Berlin, Germany; (X.G.); (F.R.)
| | - Rainer Haag
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustr. 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany; (F.Z.); (M.C.); (E.M.); (M.S.)
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4
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Oftadeh R, Azadi M, Donovan M, Langer J, Liao IC, Ortiz C, Grodzinsky AJ, Luengo GS. Poroelastic behavior and water permeability of human skin at the nanoscale. PNAS NEXUS 2023; 2:pgad240. [PMID: 37614672 PMCID: PMC10443659 DOI: 10.1093/pnasnexus/pgad240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
Topical skin care products and hydrating compositions (moisturizers or injectable fillers) have been used for years to improve the appearance of, for example facial wrinkles, or to increase "plumpness". Most of the studies have addressed these changes based on the overall mechanical changes associated with an increase in hydration state. However, little is known about the water mobility contribution to these changes as well as the consequences to the specific skin layers. This is important as the biophysical properties and the biochemical composition of normal stratum corneum, epithelium, and dermis vary tremendously from one another. Our current studies and results reported here have focused on a novel approach (dynamic atomic force microscopy-based nanoindentation) to quantify biophysical characteristics of individual layers of ex vivo human skin. We have discovered that our new methods are highly sensitive to the mechanical properties of individual skin layers, as well as their hydration properties. Furthermore, our methods can assess the ability of these individual layers to respond to both compressive and shear deformations. In addition, since human skin is mechanically loaded over a wide range of deformation rates (frequencies), we studied the biophysical properties of skin over a wide frequency range. The poroelasticity model used helps to quantify the hydraulic permeability of the skin layers, providing an innovative method to evaluate and interpret the impact of hydrating compositions on water mobility of these different skin layers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramin Oftadeh
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Mojtaba Azadi
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- School of Engineering, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, CA 94132, USA
| | - Mark Donovan
- L’OREAL Research and Innovation, Aulnay sous Bois, 93106, France
| | | | - I-Chien Liao
- L'OREAL Research and Innovation, Clark, NJ 07066, USA
| | - Christine Ortiz
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Alan J Grodzinsky
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Gustavo S Luengo
- L’OREAL Research and Innovation, Aulnay sous Bois, 93106, France
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5
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Busch L, Kröger M, Schleusener J, Klein AL, Lohan SB, Guttmann M, Keck CM, Meinke MC. Evaluation of DNA lesions and radicals generated by a 233 nm far-UVC LED in superficial ex vivo skin wounds. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY. B, BIOLOGY 2023; 245:112757. [PMID: 37481791 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2023.112757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
The application of a far-ultraviolet C (UVC) light emitting diode (LED) of 233 nm showed significant bactericidal efficacy at an applied dose between 20 and 80 mJ cm-2 as reported recently. In addition, only minor epidermal DNA lesions were observed in ex vivo human skin and in vitro epidermal models <10% of the minimal erythema dose of UVB radiation. To broaden the potential range of applications of such systems, e.g. to include postoperative application on wounds for the purpose of decontamination, we assessed how a disruption of normal anatomic skin structure and function influences the skin damage induced by light from 233 nm far-UVC LEDs. Thus, we induced superficial skin wounds by mechanical detachment of the stratum corneum in ex vivo human skin. Barrier-disruption of the skin could be successfully determined by measuring an increase in the transepidermal water loss (TEWL) and the stratum corneum loss could be determined morphologically by 2-photon microscopy (2-PM). After far-UVC irradiation of the skin, we screened the tissue for the development of cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPDs) and 6-4 photoproducts (6-4PPs). The abundance of DNA lesions was elevated in wound skin in comparison to intact skin after irradiation with far-UVC. However, no increase in DNA lesions was detected when artificial wound exudate consisting of cell culture medium and serum was applied to the disrupted skin surface prior to irradiation. This effect agrees with the results of ray tracing simulations of the absorption of far-UVC light incident on a superficial skin wound. Interestingly, no significant deviations in radical formation between intact skin and superficially wounded skin were detected after far-UVC irradiation as analyzed by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy. In conclusion, 233 nm LED light at a dose of 60 mJ/cm2 could be applied safely on superficial wounds for the purpose of skin antisepsis as long as the wounds are covered with wound fluid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loris Busch
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Center of Experimental and Applied Cutaneous Physiology, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany; Philipps-Universität Marburg, Department of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, Robert-Koch-Str. 4, 35032 Marburg, Germany.
| | - Marius Kröger
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Center of Experimental and Applied Cutaneous Physiology, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Johannes Schleusener
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Center of Experimental and Applied Cutaneous Physiology, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Anna Lena Klein
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Center of Experimental and Applied Cutaneous Physiology, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Silke B Lohan
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Center of Experimental and Applied Cutaneous Physiology, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Martin Guttmann
- Ferdinand-Braun-Institut (FBH), Gustav-Kirchhoff-Straße 4, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Cornelia M Keck
- Philipps-Universität Marburg, Department of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, Robert-Koch-Str. 4, 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Martina C Meinke
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Center of Experimental and Applied Cutaneous Physiology, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
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6
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Secretome of human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cell maintains skin homeostasis by regulating multiple skin physiological function. Cell Tissue Res 2023; 391:111-125. [PMID: 36241740 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-022-03697-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Skin is the largest organ in the body and the first defense to resist various diseases and external stimuli that easily cause infection and inflammation. Aseptic inflammation, barrier damage, and foreign aid pressure induce the destruction and damage to the skin microenvironment. Subsequently, it destroys the skin's physiological function, leading to the maintenance and circulation of steady-state imbalance and aggravating the process of skin disorders. Our study evaluated the therapeutic potential of the secretome of human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (UC-CM) for dermatological diseases in adult human skin cells, ex vivo skin tissue, and a 3D skin model. Our data suggested several advantages of UC-CM due to (1) their low cytotoxicity and sensitization properties; (2) their anti-inflammatory capacity for treating inflammatory chronic cutaneous diseases; (3) their enhanced capacity of the skin barrier for treating abnormal barrier metabolism; and (4) their positive impact on restoring skin homeostasis due to effective regulation ability of skin physiological function including cell apoptosis, detoxification, and anti-aging. We thus envisage that the possibility of harnessing the therapeutic potential of UC-CM might benefit patients suffering from inflammatory skin disorders such as atopic dermatitis, acne, and psoriasis.
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7
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Zhu S, Qin W, Liu T, Liu T, Ma H, Hu C, Yue X, Yan Y, Lv Y, Wang Z, Zhao Z, Wang X, Liu Y, Xia Q, Zhang H, Li N. Modified Qing’e Formula protects against UV-induced skin oxidative damage via the activation of Nrf2/ARE defensive pathway. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:976473. [PMID: 36386207 PMCID: PMC9650274 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.976473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure to ultraviolet (UV) light triggers the rapid generation and accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in skin cells, which increases oxidative stress damage and leads to photoaging. Nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) modulates the antioxidant defense of skin cells against environmental factors, especially ultraviolet radiation. Natural products that target Nrf2-regulated antioxidant reactions are promising candidates for anti-photoaging. The aim of this study was to investigate the protective effect of Modified Qing’e Formula (MQEF) on UV-induced skin oxidative damage and its molecular mechanisms. In this study, the photoaging models of human keratinocytes (HaCaT) and ICR mice were established by UV irradiation. In vitro models showed that MQEF displayed potent antioxidant activity, significantly increased cell viability and reduced apoptosis and excess ROS levels. Meanwhile, the knockdown of Nrf2 reversed the antioxidant and anti-apoptotic effects of MQEF. In vivo experiments indicated that MQEF could protect the skin against UV-exposed injury which manifested by water loss, sensitivity, tanning, wrinkling, and breakage of collagen and elastic fibers. The application of MQEF effectively increased the activity of antioxidant enzymes and reduced the content of malondialdehyde (MDA) in mice. In addition, MQEF was able to activate Nrf2 nuclear translocation in mouse skin tissue. In summary, MQEF may attenuate UV-induced photoaging by upregulating Nrf2 expression and enhancing antioxidant damage capacity. MQEF may be a potential candidate to prevent UV-induced photoaging by restoring redox homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Component Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- State Key Laboratory of Formulation, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Wenxiao Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Component Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- State Key Laboratory of Formulation, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Tao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Component Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- State Key Laboratory of Formulation, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Tao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Component Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- State Key Laboratory of Formulation, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Hongfei Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Component Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- State Key Laboratory of Formulation, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- Engineering Research Center of Modern Chinese Medicine Discovery and Preparation Technique, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Cunyu Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Component Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- State Key Laboratory of Formulation, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiaofeng Yue
- State Key Laboratory of Component Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- State Key Laboratory of Formulation, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Yiqi Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Component Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- State Key Laboratory of Formulation, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Yingshuang Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Component Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- State Key Laboratory of Formulation, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Zijing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Component Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- State Key Laboratory of Formulation, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhiyue Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Component Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- State Key Laboratory of Formulation, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- Engineering Research Center of Modern Chinese Medicine Discovery and Preparation Technique, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Component Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- State Key Laboratory of Formulation, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Yan Liu
- Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin, China
| | - Qingmei Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Component Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- State Key Laboratory of Formulation, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Han Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Component Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- State Key Laboratory of Formulation, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- *Correspondence: Han Zhang, ; Nan Li,
| | - Nan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Component Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- State Key Laboratory of Formulation, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- Engineering Research Center of Modern Chinese Medicine Discovery and Preparation Technique, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- *Correspondence: Han Zhang, ; Nan Li,
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8
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Petrova SY, Albanova VI. Barrier function of the skin and the role of fat-soluble vitamins in the correction of its disorders. VESTNIK DERMATOLOGII I VENEROLOGII 2022. [DOI: 10.25208/vdv1313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The main function of the skin is to protect the body from negative environmental influences. The physical barrier permeability is mainly represented by the stratum corneum; however, other layers of the epidermis and the dermis are its important components. The mechanical strength of the skin is provided by intercellular contacts in the epidermis and structural proteins of the dermis. The chemical-biological barrier includes lipids, acids, natural moisturizing factor and antimicrobial peptides. Mucosal immunity system creates a barrier against infection. The microflora of healthy skin counteracts its colonization by pathogens and is vital for its immune functions. Physiological processes in the skin are closely related. A violation in one of them often leads to the formation of a whole cascade of pathological reactions affecting all the links of its protection. Vitamins A, D and E are used to correct impaired barrier function of the skin. The most pronounced effect of vitamin A (retinol palmitate) is the proliferation of epidermal cells and synthesis of extracellular matrix structures of the dermis; vitamin D (cholecalciferol) regulation of differentiation and suppression of excessive proliferation of keratinocytes; vitamin E (tocopherol acetate) antioxidant effect. The combined use of these vitamins in the composition of RadevitActive ointment affects all the main elements of the protection of the epidermis and dermis: strengthens the mechanical strength of the stratum corneum and dermis, stabilizes chemical and physical protection, including prevents the penetration of foreign substances and microorganisms, reduces transepidermal loss of water and electrolytes, reduces the damaging effect of UV, increases antimicrobial and antioxidant protection.
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9
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Qi J, Gan L, Fang J, Zhang J, Yu X, Guo H, Cai D, Cui H, Gou L, Deng J, Wang Z, Zuo Z. Beta-Hydroxybutyrate: A Dual Function Molecular and Immunological Barrier Function Regulator. Front Immunol 2022; 13:805881. [PMID: 35784364 PMCID: PMC9243231 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.805881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Ketone bodies are crucial intermediate metabolites widely associated with treating metabolic diseases. Accumulating evidence suggests that ketone bodies may act as immunoregulators in humans and animals to attenuate pathological inflammation through multiple strategies. Although the clues are scattered and untrimmed, the elevation of these ketone bodies in the circulation system and tissues induced by ketogenic diets was reported to affect the immunological barriers, an important part of innate immunity. Therefore, beta-hydroxybutyrate, a key ketone body, might also play a vital role in regulating the barrier immune systems. In this review, we retrospected the endogenous ketogenesis in animals and the dual roles of ketone bodies as energy carriers and signal molecules focusing on beta-hydroxybutyrate. In addition, the research regarding the effects of beta-hydroxybutyrate on the function of the immunological barrier, mainly on the microbiota, chemical, and physical barriers of the mucosa, were outlined and discussed. As an inducible endogenous metabolic small molecule, beta-hydroxybutyrate deserves delicate investigations focusing on its immunometabolic efficacy. Comprehending the connection between ketone bodies and the barrier immunological function and its underlining mechanisms may help exploit individualised approaches to treat various mucosa or skin-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiancheng Qi
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Linli Gan
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jing Fang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jizong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xin Yu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hongrui Guo
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Dongjie Cai
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hengmin Cui
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Liping Gou
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Junliang Deng
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhisheng Wang
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhicai Zuo
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Zhicai Zuo,
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Rancan F, Guo X, Rajes K, Sidiropoulou P, Zabihi F, Hoffmann L, Hadam S, Blume-Peytavi U, Rühl E, Haag R, Vogt A. Topical Delivery of Rapamycin by Means of Microenvironment-Sensitive Core-Multi-Shell Nanocarriers: Assessment of Anti-Inflammatory Activity in an ex vivo Skin/T Cell Co-Culture Model. Int J Nanomedicine 2021; 16:7137-7151. [PMID: 34712046 PMCID: PMC8548260 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s330716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Rapamycin (Rapa) is an immunosuppressive macrolide that inhibits the mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) activity. Thanks to its anti-proliferative effects towards different cell types, including keratinocytes and T cells, Rapa shows promise in the treatment of skin diseases characterized by cell hyperproliferation. However, Rapa skin penetration is limited due to its lipophilic nature (log P = 4.3) and high molecular weight (MW = 914 g/mol). In previous studies, new microenvironment-sensitive core multishell (CMS) nanocarriers capable of sensing the redox state of inflamed skin were developed as more efficient and selective vehicles for macrolide delivery to inflamed skin. Methods In this study, we tested such redox-sensitive CMS nanocarriers using an inflammatory skin model based on human skin explants co-cultured with Jurkat T cells. Serine protease (SP) was applied on skin surface to induce skin barrier impairment and oxidative stress, whereas phytohaemagglutinin (PHA), IL-17A, and IL-22 were used to activate Jurkat cells. Activation markers, such as CD45 and CD69, phosphorylated ribosomal protein S6 (pRP-S6), and IL-2 release were monitored in activated T cells, whereas pro-inflammatory cytokines were measured in skin extracts and culture medium. Results We found that alteration of skin barrier proteins corneodesmosin (CDSN), occludin (Occl), and zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1) as well as oxidation-induced decrease of free thiol groups occurred upon SP-treatment. All Rapa formulations exerted inhibitory effects on T cells after penetration across ex vivo skin. No effects on skin inflammatory markers were detected. The superiority of the oxidative-sensitive CMS nanocarriers over the other formulations was observed with regard to drug delivery as well as downregulation of IL-2 release. Conclusion Overall, our results demonstrate that nanocarriers addressing features of diseased skin are promising approaches to improve the topical delivery of macrolide drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiorenza Rancan
- Clinical Research Center for Hair and Skin Science, Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Xiao Guo
- Clinical Research Center for Hair and Skin Science, Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Keerthana Rajes
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Polytimi Sidiropoulou
- Clinical Research Center for Hair and Skin Science, Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Fatemeh Zabihi
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Luisa Hoffmann
- Clinical Research Center for Hair and Skin Science, Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sabrina Hadam
- Clinical Research Center for Hair and Skin Science, Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ulrike Blume-Peytavi
- Clinical Research Center for Hair and Skin Science, Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Eckart Rühl
- Physical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Rainer Haag
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Annika Vogt
- Clinical Research Center for Hair and Skin Science, Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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11
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Oyarzún P, Gallardo-Toledo E, Morales J, Arriagada F. Transfersomes as alternative topical nanodosage forms for the treatment of skin disorders. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2021; 16:2465-2489. [PMID: 34706575 DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2021-0335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Topical drug delivery is a promising approach to treat different skin disorders. However, it remains a challenge mainly due to the nature and rigidity of the nanosystems, which limit deep skin penetration, and the unsuccessful demonstration of clinical benefits; greater penetration by itself, does not ensure pharmacological success. In this context, transfersomes have appeared as promising nanosystems; deformability, their unique characteristic, allows them to pass through the epidermal microenvironment, improving the skin drug delivery. This review focuses on the comparison of transfersomes with other nanosystems (e.g., liposomes), discusses recent therapeutic applications for the topical treatment of different skin disorders and highlights the need for further studies to demonstrate significant clinical benefits of transfersomes compared with conventional therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Oyarzún
- Instituto de Farmacia, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, 5090000, Chile
| | - Eduardo Gallardo-Toledo
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, 8380494, Chile
| | - Javier Morales
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, 8380494, Chile
| | - Francisco Arriagada
- Instituto de Farmacia, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, 5090000, Chile
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12
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Lim SH, Kim EJ, Lee CH, Park GH, Yoo KM, Nam SJ, Shin KO, Park K, Choi EH. A Lipid Mixture Enriched by Ceramide NP with Fatty Acids of Diverse Chain Lengths Contributes to Restore the Skin Barrier Function Impaired by Topical Corticosteroid. Skin Pharmacol Physiol 2021; 35:112-123. [PMID: 34348350 DOI: 10.1159/000518517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The stratum corneum (SC) is a skin barrier that consists of corneocytes, intercellular lipids, and corneodesmosomes. Ceramides are composed of sphingoid bases linked with various types of fatty acids (FAs), and they are an essential constituent of SC intercellular lipids. Among their subtypes, ceramide NP with a phytosphingosine base is especially important. Most of the previous studies on barrier recovery have focused on a specific ceramide with a single chain FA, not with diverse chain lengths. Skin barrier function is impaired by various factors, including topical corticosteroid. OBJECTIVE We evaluated whether a lipid mixture enriched by ceramide NP with FAs of diverse chain lengths (CER [NP]*) can restore the skin barrier function impaired by topical corticosteroid. METHODS Twenty-seven healthy adult male volunteers were recruited. Topical corticosteroid was applied on both volar forearms of volunteers. Then, the test cream containing a lipid mixture with CER (NP)* was applied on the left forearm, and a vehicle cream without a lipid mixture was applied on the right forearm of each subject. The functional parameters of the skin barrier were compared before and after the treatment. Epidermal differentiation markers, hyaluronic acid synthase 3 (HAS3), cytokine levels, and the lipid profiles in the SC were analyzed. RESULTS The functional parameters of the skin barrier, such as barrier recovery rate, SC integrity, and SC hydration were significantly improved in the test cream-applied site compared to the vehicle cream-applied sites. Filaggrin and HAS3 levels were significantly higher in the sites applied with the test cream. Interleukin (IL)-1α levels were also significantly increased in these sites. IL-2, IL-6, IL-10, and IL-13 levels were significantly decreased in the test cream-applied sites. Lipid analyses showed that C18, C20, and total ceramide NP levels significantly increased in the sites where the test cream was applied. Also, C16, C18, C20, C24, and total ceramide NP levels were significantly elevated in the test cream-applied sites after acute barrier disruption. CONCLUSION Our results demonstrate that a lipid mixture enriched by CER (NP)* could recover the barrier function impaired by topical corticosteroid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Ha Lim
- Department of Dermatology, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Jung Kim
- Department of Dermatology, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Republic of Korea
| | - Chung Hyuk Lee
- Department of Dermatology, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Republic of Korea
| | | | | | | | - Kyong-Oh Shin
- The Korean Institute of Nutrition, Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Convergence Program of Material Science for Medicine and Pharmaceutics, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyungho Park
- The Korean Institute of Nutrition, Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Convergence Program of Material Science for Medicine and Pharmaceutics, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Eung Ho Choi
- Department of Dermatology, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Republic of Korea
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13
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Frombach J, Rancan F, Kübrich K, Schumacher F, Unbehauen M, Blume-Peytavi U, Haag R, Kleuser B, Sabat R, Wolk K, Vogt A. Serine Protease-Mediated Cutaneous Inflammation: Characterization of an Ex Vivo Skin Model for the Assessment of Dexamethasone-Loaded Core Multishell-Nanocarriers. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:pharmaceutics12090862. [PMID: 32927792 PMCID: PMC7558872 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12090862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Standard experimental set-ups for the assessment of skin penetration are typically performed on skin explants with an intact skin barrier or after a partial mechanical or chemical perturbation of the stratum corneum, but they do not take into account biochemical changes. Among the various pathological alterations in inflamed skin, aberrant serine protease (SP) activity directly affects the biochemical environment in the superficial compartments, which interact with topically applied formulations. It further impacts the skin barrier structure and is a key regulator of inflammatory mediators. Herein, we used short-term cultures of ex vivo human skin treated with trypsin and plasmin as inflammatory stimuli to assess the penetration and biological effects of the anti-inflammatory drug dexamethasone (DXM), encapsulated in core multishell-nanocarriers (CMS-NC), when compared to a standard cream formulation. Despite a high interindividual variability, the combined pretreatment of the skin resulted in an average 2.5-fold increase of the transepidermal water loss and swelling of the epidermis, as assessed by optical coherence tomography, as well as in a moderate increase of a broad spectrum of proinflammatory mediators of clinical relevance. The topical application of DXM-loaded CMS-NC or DXM standard cream revealed an increased penetration into SP-treated skin when compared to untreated control skin with an intact barrier. Both formulations, however, delivered sufficient amounts of DXM to effectively suppress the production of interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-8 (IL-8) and Thymic Stromal Lymphopoietin (TSLP). In conclusion, we suggest that the herein presented ex vivo inflammatory skin model is functional and could improve the selection of promising drug delivery strategies for anti-inflammatory compounds at early stages of development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janna Frombach
- Clinical Research Center for Hair and Skin Science, Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergy, Charité-Universitatsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universitaet Berlin, Humboldt-Universitaet zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, 10117 Berlin, Germany; (J.F.); (F.R.); (K.K.); (U.B.-P.)
| | - Fiorenza Rancan
- Clinical Research Center for Hair and Skin Science, Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergy, Charité-Universitatsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universitaet Berlin, Humboldt-Universitaet zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, 10117 Berlin, Germany; (J.F.); (F.R.); (K.K.); (U.B.-P.)
| | - Katharina Kübrich
- Clinical Research Center for Hair and Skin Science, Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergy, Charité-Universitatsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universitaet Berlin, Humboldt-Universitaet zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, 10117 Berlin, Germany; (J.F.); (F.R.); (K.K.); (U.B.-P.)
| | - Fabian Schumacher
- Institute of Nutritional Science, University of Potsdam, 14558 Nuthetal, Germany; (F.S.); (B.K.)
| | - Michael Unbehauen
- Organic Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universitaet Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany; (M.U.); (R.H.)
| | - Ulrike Blume-Peytavi
- Clinical Research Center for Hair and Skin Science, Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergy, Charité-Universitatsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universitaet Berlin, Humboldt-Universitaet zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, 10117 Berlin, Germany; (J.F.); (F.R.); (K.K.); (U.B.-P.)
| | - Rainer Haag
- Organic Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universitaet Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany; (M.U.); (R.H.)
| | - Burkhard Kleuser
- Institute of Nutritional Science, University of Potsdam, 14558 Nuthetal, Germany; (F.S.); (B.K.)
| | - Robert Sabat
- Psoriasis Research and Treatment Center, Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Allergy/Institute for Medical Immunology, Charité-Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universitaet Berlin, Humboldt-Universitaet zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, 10117 Berlin, Germany; (R.S.); (K.W.)
| | - Kerstin Wolk
- Psoriasis Research and Treatment Center, Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Allergy/Institute for Medical Immunology, Charité-Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universitaet Berlin, Humboldt-Universitaet zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, 10117 Berlin, Germany; (R.S.); (K.W.)
| | - Annika Vogt
- Clinical Research Center for Hair and Skin Science, Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergy, Charité-Universitatsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universitaet Berlin, Humboldt-Universitaet zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, 10117 Berlin, Germany; (J.F.); (F.R.); (K.K.); (U.B.-P.)
- Correspondence:
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14
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Nanocrystals for Improved Drug Delivery of Dexamethasone in Skin Investigated by EPR Spectroscopy. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:pharmaceutics12050400. [PMID: 32349460 PMCID: PMC7284345 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12050400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Nanocrystals represent an improvement over the traditional nanocarriers for dermal application, providing the advantages of 100% drug loading, a large surface area, increased adhesion, and the potential for hair follicle targeting. To investigate their advantage for drug delivery, compared to a base cream formulation, dexamethasone (Dx), a synthetic glucocorticoid frequently used for the treatment of inflammatory skin diseases, was covalently linked with the paramagnetic probe 3-(carboxy)-2,2,5,5-tetramethyl-1-pyrrolidinyloxy (PCA) to DxPCA. To investigate the penetration efficiency between these two vehicles, electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy was used, which allows the quantification of a spin-labeled drug in different skin layers and the monitoring of the drug release. The penetration behavior in excised healthy and barrier-disrupted porcine skin was monitored by EPR, and subsequently analyzed using a numerical diffusion model. As a result, diffusion constants and free energy values in the different layers of the skin were identified for both formulations. Dx-nanocrystals showed a significantly increased drug amount that penetrated into viable epidermis and dermis of intact (factor 3) and barrier-disrupted skin (factor 2.1) compared to the base cream formulation. Furthermore, the observed fast delivery of the spin-labeled drug into the skin (80% DxPCA within 30 min) and a successive release from the aggregate unit into the viable tissue makes these nanocrystals very attractive for clinical applications.
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15
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Dong P, Nikolaev V, Kröger M, Zoschke C, Darvin ME, Witzel C, Lademann J, Patzelt A, Schäfer-Korting M, Meinke MC. Barrier-disrupted skin: Quantitative analysis of tape and cyanoacrylate stripping efficiency by multiphoton tomography. Int J Pharm 2019; 574:118843. [PMID: 31759105 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2019.118843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Revised: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Numerous studies have employed tape stripping (TS) or cyanoacrylate stripping (CS) to induce skin barrier disruption of the stratum corneum (SC) in human and porcine skin. However, the thickness of the remaining SC and the respective changes of the skin permeability have been rarely quantified. By using high-resolution multiphoton tomography, about 5 µm thick SC was found remaining on human skin after the performance of 30 times TS or 2 times CS. 50 tape strips or 4 times CS removed the entire human SC, but on porcine skin 2-3 µm thick SC was still left. TS can only reach the transition zone between the SC and the stratum granulosum because of the limited adhesion, whereas CS was able to remove viable skin layers. Permeation investigations on porcine skin revealed that the apparent permeability coefficient of the hydrophilic nitroxide spin 2,5,5-Tetramethyl-1-pyrrolidinyloxy-3-carboxylic acid increased 15-, 18-, and 21-fold when the SC amount remaining in the skin was 30%, 16%, and 8%, respectively. It is recommended to use at most 30 times TS or 3 times CS to obtain ex vivo barrier-disrupted skin that mimics diseased skin. The study provides quantitative information for the utility of TS and CS in skin penetration research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pin Dong
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institute of Pharmacy (Pharmacology & Toxicology), Berlin, Germany; Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Viktor Nikolaev
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Berlin, Germany; Institute of Strength Physics and Materials Science, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences (ISPMS SB RAS), Tomsk, Russia; Tomsk State University, Faculty of Physics, Tomsk, Russia
| | - Marius Kröger
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian Zoschke
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institute of Pharmacy (Pharmacology & Toxicology), Berlin, Germany
| | - Maxim E Darvin
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian Witzel
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, CVK CCM, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jürgen Lademann
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Alexa Patzelt
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Monika Schäfer-Korting
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institute of Pharmacy (Pharmacology & Toxicology), Berlin, Germany
| | - Martina C Meinke
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Berlin, Germany.
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Alexander H, Brown S, Danby S, Flohr C. Research Techniques Made Simple: Transepidermal Water Loss Measurement as a Research Tool. J Invest Dermatol 2019; 138:2295-2300.e1. [PMID: 30348333 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2018.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Revised: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 09/01/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Transepidermal water loss (TEWL) is the most widely used objective measurement for assessing the barrier function of skin in healthy individuals but also patients with skin diseases that are associated with skin barrier dysfunction, such as atopic dermatitis. TEWL is the quantity of condensed water that diffuses across a fixed area of stratum corneum to the skin surface per unit time. The water evaporating from the skin is measured using a probe that is placed in contact with the skin surface and contains sensors that detect changes in water vapor density. TEWL can be measured using an open-chamber, unventilated-chamber, or condenser-chamber device. It is a sensitive measure that is affected by properties of the surrounding microclimate such as environmental humidity, temperature, and airflow and should be measured under controlled conditions. TEWL varies significantly across different anatomical sites and also depends on sweat gland activity, skin temperature, and corneocyte properties. Here we describe how to optimally use TEWL measurements as a skin research tool in vivo and in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Alexander
- Unit for Population-Based Dermatology Research, St John's Institute of Dermatology, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust and King's College London, London, UK.
| | - Sara Brown
- Skin Research Group, School of Medicine, Ninewells Hospital & Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Simon Danby
- Sheffield Dermatology Research, Department of Infection, Immunity & Cardiovascular Disease, The Medical School, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Carsten Flohr
- Unit for Population-Based Dermatology Research, St John's Institute of Dermatology, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust and King's College London, London, UK
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17
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Dermal Delivery of the High-Molecular-Weight Drug Tacrolimus by Means of Polyglycerol-Based Nanogels. Pharmaceutics 2019; 11:pharmaceutics11080394. [PMID: 31387279 PMCID: PMC6723892 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics11080394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2019] [Revised: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Polyglycerol-based thermoresponsive nanogels (tNGs) have been shown to have excellent skin hydration properties and to be valuable delivery systems for sustained release of drugs into skin. In this study, we compared the skin penetration of tacrolimus formulated in tNGs with a commercial 0.1% tacrolimus ointment. The penetration of the drug was investigated in ex vivo abdominal and breast skin, while different methods for skin barrier disruption were investigated to improve skin permeability or simulate inflammatory conditions with compromised skin barrier. The amount of penetrated tacrolimus was measured in skin extracts by liquid chromatography tandem-mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), whereas the inflammatory markers IL-6 and IL-8 were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Higher amounts of tacrolimus penetrated in breast as compared to abdominal skin or in barrier-disrupted as compared to intact skin, confirming that the stratum corneum is the main barrier for tacrolimus skin penetration. The anti-proliferative effect of the penetrated drug was measured in skin tissue/Jurkat cells co-cultures. Interestingly, tNGs exhibited similar anti-proliferative effects as the 0.1% tacrolimus ointment. We conclude that polyglycerol-based nanogels represent an interesting alternative to paraffin-based formulations for the treatment of inflammatory skin conditions.
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18
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Lalloz A, Bolzinger MA, Briançon S, Faivre J, Rabanel JM, Garcia Ac A, Hildgen P, Banquy X. Subtle and unexpected role of PEG in tuning the penetration mechanisms of PLA-based nano-formulations into intact and impaired skin. Int J Pharm 2019; 563:79-90. [PMID: 30825557 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2019.02.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Revised: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
We present a systematic study of the role of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) content in NPs on drug skin absorption. Cholecalciferol-loaded NPs of 100 nm of diameter were prepared by flash nanoprecipitation from PLA-b-PEG copolymers of various PEG lengths. As PEG content increased in the polymer, we observed a transition from a frozen solid particle structure to a more dynamic particle structure. Skin absorption studies showed that polymer composition influenced drug penetration depending on skin condition (intact or impaired). In intact skin, highly PEGylated NPs achieved the best skin absorption, even if the penetration differences between the NPs were low. In impaired skin, on the contrary, non-PEGylated NPs (PLA NPs) promoted a strong drug deposition. Further investigations revealed that the strong drug accumulation from PLA NPs in impaired skin was mediated by aggregation and sedimentation of NPs due to the release of charged species from the skin. In contrast, the dynamic structure of highly PEGylated NPs promoted wetting of the surface and interactions with skin lipids, improving drug absorption in intact skin. Since NPs structure and surface properties determine the drug penetration mechanisms at the NP-skin interface, this work highlights the importance of properly tuning NPs composition according to skin physiopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Augustine Lalloz
- Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128, Succursale Centre-ville, Montréal, Québec H3C 3J7, Canada; Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, LAGEP UMR 5007, 43 Boulevard du 11 novembre 1918, F-69100 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Marie-Alexandrine Bolzinger
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, LAGEP UMR 5007, 43 Boulevard du 11 novembre 1918, F-69100 Villeurbanne, France.
| | - Stéphanie Briançon
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, LAGEP UMR 5007, 43 Boulevard du 11 novembre 1918, F-69100 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Jimmy Faivre
- Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128, Succursale Centre-ville, Montréal, Québec H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Jean-Michel Rabanel
- Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128, Succursale Centre-ville, Montréal, Québec H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Araceli Garcia Ac
- Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128, Succursale Centre-ville, Montréal, Québec H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Patrice Hildgen
- Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128, Succursale Centre-ville, Montréal, Québec H3C 3J7, Canada.
| | - Xavier Banquy
- Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128, Succursale Centre-ville, Montréal, Québec H3C 3J7, Canada.
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Zhang Z, Lukic M, Savic S, Lunter DJ. Reinforcement of barrier function - skin repair formulations to deliver physiological lipids into skin. Int J Cosmet Sci 2018; 40:494-501. [DOI: 10.1111/ics.12491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Z. Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology; University of Tuebingen; Tuebingen Germany
| | - M. Lukic
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Cosmetology; University of Belgrade-Faculty of Pharmacy; Belgrade Serbia
| | - S. Savic
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Cosmetology; University of Belgrade-Faculty of Pharmacy; Belgrade Serbia
| | - D. J. Lunter
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology; University of Tuebingen; Tuebingen Germany
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20
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Akdeniz M, Gabriel S, Lichterfeld-Kottner A, Blume-Peytavi U, Kottner J. Transepidermal water loss in healthy adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis update. Br J Dermatol 2018; 179:1049-1055. [DOI: 10.1111/bjd.17025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Akdeniz
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin; Department of Dermatology and Allergy; Clinical Research Center for Hair and Skin Science; Berlin Germany
| | - S. Gabriel
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin; Department of Dermatology and Allergy; Clinical Research Center for Hair and Skin Science; Berlin Germany
| | - A. Lichterfeld-Kottner
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin; Department of Dermatology and Allergy; Clinical Research Center for Hair and Skin Science; Berlin Germany
| | - U. Blume-Peytavi
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin; Department of Dermatology and Allergy; Clinical Research Center for Hair and Skin Science; Berlin Germany
| | - J. Kottner
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin; Department of Dermatology and Allergy; Clinical Research Center for Hair and Skin Science; Berlin Germany
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21
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Lee WR, Shen SC, Sung CT, Liu PY, Fang JY. Is the Fractional Laser Still Effective in Assisting Cutaneous Macromolecule Delivery in Barrier-Deficient Skin? Psoriasis and Atopic Dermatitis as the Disease Models. Pharm Res 2018; 35:128. [PMID: 29700662 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-018-2413-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Most of the investigations into laser-assisted skin permeation have used the intact skin as the permeation barrier. Whether the laser is effective in improving cutaneous delivery via barrier-defective skin is still unclear. METHODS In this study, ablative (Er:YAG) and non-ablative (Er:glass) lasers were examined for the penetration of peptide and siRNA upon topical application on in vitro skin with a healthy or disrupted barrier. RESULTS An enhanced peptide flux (6.9 fold) was detected after tape stripping of the pig stratum corneum (SC). A further increase of flux to 11.7 fold was obtained after Er:YAG laser irradiation of the SC-stripped skin. However, the application of Er:glass modality did not further raise the flux via the SC-stripped skin. A similar trend was observed in the case of psoriasiform skin. Conversely, the flux was enhanced 3.7 and 2.6 fold after treatment with the Er:YAG and the Er:glass laser on the atopic dermatitis (AD)-like skin. The 3-D skin structure captured by confocal microscopy proved the distribution of peptide and siRNA through the microchannels and into the surrounding tissue. CONCLUSIONS The fractional laser was valid for ameliorating macromolecule permeation into barrier-disrupted skin although the enhancement level was lower than that of normal skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woan-Ruoh Lee
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Dermatology, Taipei Medical University Shuang Ho Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Shing-Chuan Shen
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Calvin T Sung
- School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, California, USA
| | - Pei-Ying Liu
- Pharmaceutics Laboratory, Graduate Institute of Natural Products, Chang Gung University, 259 Wen-Hwa 1st Road, Kweishan, Taoyuan, 333, Taiwan
| | - Jia-You Fang
- Pharmaceutics Laboratory, Graduate Institute of Natural Products, Chang Gung University, 259 Wen-Hwa 1st Road, Kweishan, Taoyuan, 333, Taiwan. .,Chinese Herbal Medicine Research Team, Healthy Aging Research Center, Chang Gung University, 259 Wen-Hwa 1st Road, Kweishan, Taoyuan, 333, Taiwan. .,Research Center for Industry of Human Ecology and Research Center for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Kweishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan. .,Department of Anesthesiology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kweishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
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22
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Pfannes EK, Weiss L, Hadam S, Gonnet J, Combardière B, Blume-Peytavi U, Vogt A. Physiological and Molecular Effects of in vivo and ex vivo Mild Skin Barrier Disruption. Skin Pharmacol Physiol 2018; 31:115-124. [DOI: 10.1159/000484443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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23
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Schaudinn C, Dittmann C, Jurisch J, Laue M, Günday-Türeli N, Blume-Peytavi U, Vogt A, Rancan F. Development, standardization and testing of a bacterial wound infection model based on ex vivo human skin. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0186946. [PMID: 29140982 PMCID: PMC5687718 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0186946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2017] [Accepted: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Current research on wound infections is primarily conducted on animal models, which limits direct transferability of these studies to humans. Some of these limitations can be overcome by using-otherwise discarded-skin from cosmetic surgeries. Superficial wounds are induced in fresh ex vivo skin, followed by intradermal injection of Pseudomonas aeruginosa under the wound. Subsequently, the infected skin is incubated for 20 hours at 37°C and the CFU/wound are determined. Within 20 hours, the bacteria count increased from 107 to 109 bacteria per wound, while microscopy revealed a dense bacterial community in the collagen network of the upper wound layers as well as numerous bacteria scattered in the dermis. At the same time, IL-1alpha and IL-1beta amounts increased in all infected wounds, while-due to bacteria-induced cell lysis-the IL-6 and IL-8 concentrations rose only in the uninfected samples. High-dosage ciprofloxacin treatment resulted in a decisive decrease in bacteria, but consistently failed to eradicate all bacteria. The main benefits of the ex vivo wound model are the use of healthy human skin, a quantifiable bacterial infection, a measureable donor-dependent immune response and a good repeatability of the results. These properties turn the ex vivo wound model into a valuable tool to examine the mechanisms of host-pathogen interactions and to test antimicrobial agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Schaudinn
- Advanced Light and Electron Microscopy, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christin Dittmann
- Advanced Light and Electron Microscopy, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jana Jurisch
- Clinical Research Center for Hair and Skin Science, Charité –Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Charité, Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael Laue
- Advanced Light and Electron Microscopy, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Ulrike Blume-Peytavi
- Clinical Research Center for Hair and Skin Science, Charité –Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Charité, Berlin, Germany
| | - Annika Vogt
- Clinical Research Center for Hair and Skin Science, Charité –Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Charité, Berlin, Germany
| | - Fiorenza Rancan
- Clinical Research Center for Hair and Skin Science, Charité –Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Charité, Berlin, Germany
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Naolou T, Rühl E, Lendlein A. Nanocarriers: Architecture, transport, and topical application of drugs for therapeutic use. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2017; 116:1-3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2017.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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