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Loh MK, Stickling C, Schrank S, Hanshaw M, Ritger AC, Dilosa N, Finlay J, Ferrara NC, Rosenkranz JA. Liposaccharide-induced sustained mild inflammation fragments social behavior and alters basolateral amygdala activity. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2023; 240:647-671. [PMID: 36645464 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-023-06308-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Conditions with sustained low-grade inflammation have high comorbidity with depression and anxiety and are associated with social withdrawal. The basolateral amygdala (BLA) is critical for affective and social behaviors and is sensitive to inflammatory challenges. Large systemic doses of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) initiate peripheral inflammation, increase BLA neuronal activity, and disrupt social and affective measures in rodents. However, LPS doses commonly used in behavioral studies are high enough to evoke sickness syndrome, which can confound interpretation of amygdala-associated behaviors. OBJECTIVES AND METHODS The objectives of this study were to find a LPS dose that triggers mild peripheral inflammation but not observable sickness syndrome in adult male rats, to test the effects of sustained mild inflammation on BLA and social behaviors. To accomplish this, we administered single doses of LPS (0-100 μg/kg, intraperitoneally) and measured open field behavior, or repeated LPS (5 μg/kg, 3 consecutive days), and measured BLA neuronal firing, social interaction, and elevated plus maze behavior. RESULTS Repeated low-dose LPS decreased BLA neuron firing rate but increased the total number of active BLA neurons. Repeated low-dose LPS also caused early disengagement during social bouts and less anogenital investigation and an overall pattern of heightened social caution associated with reduced gain of social familiarity over the course of a social session. CONCLUSIONS These results provide evidence for parallel shifts in social interaction and amygdala activity caused by prolonged mild inflammation. This effect of inflammation may contribute to social symptoms associated with comorbid depression and chronic inflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxine K Loh
- Discipline of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Foundational Sciences and Humanities, Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, IL, 60064, North Chicago, USA.,Center for Neurobiology of Stress Resilience and Psychiatric Disorders, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Courtney Stickling
- Center for Neurobiology of Stress Resilience and Psychiatric Disorders, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Sean Schrank
- Discipline of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Foundational Sciences and Humanities, Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, IL, 60064, North Chicago, USA.,Discipline of Neuroscience, Department of Foundational Sciences and Humanities, Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, IL, North Chicago, USA
| | - Madison Hanshaw
- Discipline of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Foundational Sciences and Humanities, Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, IL, 60064, North Chicago, USA.,Center for Neurobiology of Stress Resilience and Psychiatric Disorders, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Alexandra C Ritger
- Discipline of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Foundational Sciences and Humanities, Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, IL, 60064, North Chicago, USA.,Discipline of Neuroscience, Department of Foundational Sciences and Humanities, Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, IL, North Chicago, USA
| | - Naijila Dilosa
- Center for Neurobiology of Stress Resilience and Psychiatric Disorders, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Joshua Finlay
- Center for Neurobiology of Stress Resilience and Psychiatric Disorders, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Nicole C Ferrara
- Discipline of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Foundational Sciences and Humanities, Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, IL, 60064, North Chicago, USA.,Center for Neurobiology of Stress Resilience and Psychiatric Disorders, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL, USA
| | - J Amiel Rosenkranz
- Discipline of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Foundational Sciences and Humanities, Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, IL, 60064, North Chicago, USA. .,Center for Neurobiology of Stress Resilience and Psychiatric Disorders, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL, USA.
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Daldegan-Bueno D, Simionato NM, Favaro VM, Maia LO. The current state of ayahuasca research in animal models: A systematic review. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2023; 125:110738. [PMID: 36863501 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2023.110738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/25/2023] [Indexed: 03/04/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE The psychedelic brew ayahuasca is increasingly being investigated for its therapeutic potential. Animal models are essential to investigate the pharmacological effects of ayahuasca since they can control important factors influencing it, such as the set and setting. OBJECTIVE Review and summarise data available on ayahuasca research using animal models. METHODS We systematically searched five databases (PubMed, Web of Science, EMBASE, LILACS and PsycInfo) for peer-reviewed studies in English, Portuguese or Spanish published up to July 2022. The search strategy included ayahuasca- and animal model-related terms adapted from the SYRCLE search syntax. RESULTS We identified 32 studies investigating ayahuasca effects on toxicological, behavioural and (neuro)biological parameters in rodents, primates and zebrafish. Toxicological results show that ayahuasca is safe at ceremonial-based doses but toxic at high doses. Behavioural results indicate an antidepressant effect and a potential to reduce the reward effects of ethanol and amphetamines, while the anxiety-related outcomes are yet inconclusive; also, ayahuasca can influence locomotor activity, highlighting the importance of controlling the analysis for locomotion when using tasks depending on it. Neurobiological results show that ayahuasca affects brain structures involved in memory, emotion and learning and that other neuropathways, besides the serotonergic action, are important in modulating its effects. CONCLUSIONS Studies using animal models indicate that ayahuasca is toxicologically safe in ceremonial-comparable doses and indicates a therapeutic potential for depression and substance use disorder while not supporting an anxiolytic effect. Essential gaps in the ayahuasca field can still be sufficed using animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitri Daldegan-Bueno
- Interdisciplinary Cooperation for Ayahuasca Research and Outreach (ICARO), School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil; Centre for Applied Research in Mental Health and Addiction, Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | | | - Vanessa Manchim Favaro
- Division of Neuromuscular Diseases, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lucas Oliveira Maia
- Interdisciplinary Cooperation for Ayahuasca Research and Outreach (ICARO), School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil; Brain Institute, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Natal, Brazil; Interdisciplinary Center for Studies in Palliative Care (CIECP), School of Nursing, Federal University of Alfenas (UNIFAL-MG), Alfenas, Brazil
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3
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Infection, Learning, and Memory: Focus on Immune Activation and Aversive Conditioning. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2022; 142:104898. [PMID: 36183862 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Here we review the effects of immune activation primarily via lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a cell wall component of Gram-negative bacteria, on hippocampal and non-hippocampal-dependent learning and memory. Rodent studies have found that LPS alters both the acquisition and consolidation of aversive learning and memory, such as those evoking evolutionarily adaptive responses like fear and disgust. The inhibitory effects of LPS on the acquisition and consolidation of contextual fear memory are discussed. LPS-induced alterations in the acquisition of taste and place-related conditioned disgust memory within bottle preference tasks and taste reactivity tests (taste-related), in addition to conditioned context avoidance tasks and the anticipatory nausea paradigm (place-related), are highlighted. Further, conditioned disgust memory consolidation may also be influenced by LPS-induced effects. Growing evidence suggests a central role of immune activation, especially pro-inflammatory cytokine activity, in eliciting the effects described here. Understanding how infection-induced immune activation alters learning and memory is increasingly important as bacterial and viral infections are found to present a risk of learning and memory impairment.
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Daldegan-Bueno D, Favaro VM, Morais P, Sussulini A, Oliveira MGM. Effects of repeated ayahuasca administration on behaviour and c-Fos expression in male rats exposed to the open field. Behav Brain Res 2022; 427:113878. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2022.113878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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5
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Doobay M, Cross-Mellor SK, Wah DTO, Kavaliers M, Ossenkopp KP. Toxin-induced aversive context conditioning: Assessing active aversive behaviors conditioned to the context of an automated activity monitor. Physiol Behav 2021; 240:113559. [PMID: 34416259 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2021.113559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2021] [Revised: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Lithium chloride (LiCl) is an emetic drug that has been used to create animal models of anticipatory nausea and conditioned place aversion. In this study we examined escape behaviours from a context in which rats experienced the aversive effects of LiCl treatments. The experiment had two phases: acquisition of context conditioning, which consisted of pairing a distinct context with the pharmacological effects of a moderate dose of the toxin LiCl, and extinction of context conditioning, which consisted of placement in the distinct context in a drug free state. During context conditioning, 16 adult male Long-Evans rats were injected intraperitoneally with 96 mg/kg lithium chloride (LiCl; n = 8) or 0.9% saline (NaCl; n = 8) and placed individually in an automated locomotor activity apparatus for 30 min every other day for 4 days. During the extinction phase, rats were placed in the apparatus for 30 min every other day without injections during a 4 day extinction phase. A significant Drug x Trial interaction was found for the time spent in vertical position in the open field apparatus during trials 1-3 of the extinction phase. The LiCl treated rats exhibited significantly increased rearing behavior, relative to the control rats, indicative of conditioned aversion. The results of this study suggest that escape behavior (vertical activity) occurs in rats experiencing the aversive conditioned effects of LiCl in a distinct context. In the context of current theoretical accounts, the LiCl-conditioned increase in apparent escape behaviors can be considered a reflection of anticipatory nausea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minakshi Doobay
- Department of Psychology, University of Western Ontario Canada
| | | | - Deanne T O Wah
- Department of Psychology, University of Western Ontario Canada
| | - Martin Kavaliers
- Department of Psychology, University of Western Ontario Canada; Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Western Ontario Canada
| | - Klaus-Peter Ossenkopp
- Department of Psychology, University of Western Ontario Canada; Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Western Ontario Canada.
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Cullity ER, Guérin AA, Madsen HB, Perry CJ, Kim JH. Insular cortex dopamine 1 and 2 receptors in methamphetamine conditioned place preference and aversion: Age and sex differences. NEUROANATOMY AND BEHAVIOUR 2021. [DOI: 10.35430/nab.2021.e24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Rodent studies have proposed that adolescent susceptibility to substance use is at least partly due to adolescents experiencing reduced aversive effects of drugs compared to adults. We thus investigated methamphetamine (meth) conditioned place preference/aversion (CPP/CPA) in adolescent and adult mice in both sexes using a high dose of meth (3 mg/kg) or saline as controls. Mice tagged with green-fluorescent protein (GFP) at Drd1a or Drd2 were used so that dopamine receptor 1 (D1) and 2 (D2) expression within the insular cortex (insula) could be quantified. There are sex differences in how the density of D1+ and D2+ cells in the insula changes across adolescence that may be related to drug-seeking behaviors. Immunohistochemistry followed by stereology were used to quantify the density of cells with c-Fos and/or GFP in the insula. Unexpectedly, mice showed huge variability in behaviors including CPA, CPP, or no preference or aversion. Females were less likely to show CPP compared to males, but no age differences in behavior were observed. Conditioning with meth increased the number of D2 + cells co-labelled with c-Fos in adults but not in adolescents. D1:D2 ratio also sex- and age-dependently changed due to meth compared to saline. These findings suggest that reduced aversion to meth is unlikely an explanation for adolescent vulnerability to meth use. Sex- and age-specific expressions of insula D1 and D2 are changed by meth injections, which has implications for subsequent meth use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen Rose Cullity
- Mental Health Theme, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- The Florey Department of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Alexandre Arthur Guérin
- Mental Health Theme, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- The Florey Department of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Heather Bronwyn Madsen
- Mental Health Theme, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Christina Jennifer Perry
- Mental Health Theme, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- The Florey Department of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Jee Hyun Kim
- Mental Health Theme, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- The Florey Department of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
- IMPACT – the Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
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Chen X, Liu Z, Ma C, Ma L, Liu X. Parvalbumin Interneurons Determine Emotional Valence Through Modulating Accumbal Output Pathways. Front Behav Neurosci 2019; 13:110. [PMID: 31139063 PMCID: PMC6527764 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2019.00110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Parvalbumin (PV) expressing GABAergic interneurons provide large source of GABA to spiny projection neurons (SPNs) in the striatum. However, the roles of PV+ interneurons in the regulation of SPNs in the ventral striatum and emotional states are largely unknown. Here, we investigated whether stimulation of ventral striatal (accumbal) PV+ interneurons would drive emotional valence in mice. We found that during conditioned place preference (CPP) training, activation of accumbal PV+ interneurons evoked place preference while suppressing them resulted in conditioned place aversion (CPA). Activation of PV+ interneurons during place conditioning increased Fos expression in SPNs in the direct pathway (dSPNs) and impaired lithium chloride-induced CPA. Activation of dSPNs and SPNs in the indirect pathway (iSPNs) induced CPP and CPA, respectively; conversely, suppression of dSPNs or iSPNs induced CPA or CPP. In addition, activation or suppression of calretinin-expressing (CR) GABAergic interneurons did not induce place preference or aversion. These data suggest that PV+ interneurons can bidirectionally determine the emotional valence through their regulation of accumbal SPN activities and raise the possibility that manipulation of PV+ interneuron activity may have the potential to alter emotional valence and treat related mental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Chen
- The State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, School of Basic Medical Sciences and the Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhiyuan Liu
- The State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, School of Basic Medical Sciences and the Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chaonan Ma
- The State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, School of Basic Medical Sciences and the Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lan Ma
- The State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, School of Basic Medical Sciences and the Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xing Liu
- The State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, School of Basic Medical Sciences and the Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Nicotine pre-treatment reduces sensitivity to the interoceptive stimulus effects of commonly abused drugs as assessed with taste conditioning paradigms. Drug Alcohol Depend 2019; 194:341-350. [PMID: 30472574 PMCID: PMC6373761 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2018.07.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Revised: 07/29/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Drug pre-exposure attenuates sensitivity to the interoceptive stimulus properties of additional subsequently administered drugs in drug-induced conditioned taste avoidance (CTA) and conditioned place preference (CPP) paradigms. Specifically, nicotine, commonly used in conjunction with other addictive substances, attenuates acquisition of ethanol and caffeine CTAs and morphine-induced CPP. METHODS Because nicotine use is comorbid with a number of substance use disorders, we systematically examined the effects of nicotine pre-exposure on two different conditioning paradigms involving integration of the interoceptive stimulus properties of multiple commonly abused drugs, in male and female rats, designed to examine both the aversive and reinforcing properties of these drugs. RESULTS Nicotine dose-dependently interfered with acquisition of CTA to passively administered morphine, ethanol, and cocaine, but not lithium chloride, demonstrating that the effects of nicotine are not simply a matter of reduced orosensory processing or an inability to learn such associations. Moreover, nicotine-treated rats required higher doses of drug in order to develop CTA and did not show increased acceptance of the taste of self-administered ethanol compared with saline-treated rats. CONCLUSIONS These data demonstrate that nicotine pre-exposure attenuates sensitivity to the stimulus effects of multiple drugs in two conditioning paradigms, in a manner which is consistent with a reduced ability to integrate the interoceptive properties of abused drugs. Through reducing these stimulus properties of drugs of abuse, concomitant nicotine use may result in a need to increase either the frequency or strength of doses during drug-taking, thus likely contributing to enhanced addiction liability in smokers.
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Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced sickness in adolescent female rats alters the acute-phase response and lithium chloride (LiCl)- induced impairment of conditioned place avoidance/aversion learning, following a homotypic LPS challenge in adulthood. Behav Brain Res 2018; 351:121-130. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2018.05.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Revised: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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10
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Cloutier CJ, Zevy DL, Kavaliers M, Ossenkopp KP. Conditioned disgust in rats (anticipatory nausea) to a context paired with the effects of the toxin LiCl: Influence of sex and the estrous cycle. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2018; 173:51-57. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2018.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2018] [Revised: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Castillo Díaz F, Kramar CP, Hernandez MA, Medina JH. Activation of D1/5 Dopamine Receptors in the Dorsal Medial Prefrontal Cortex Promotes Incubated-Like Aversive Responses. Front Behav Neurosci 2017; 11:209. [PMID: 29163081 PMCID: PMC5674926 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2017.00209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
It is well established that neurons of the mammalian medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) modulate different behavioral outputs, including several memory types. This behavioral modulation is, at least in part, under the control of the D1-like Dopamine (DA) receptor (D1/5R) which comprises D1 and D5-specific subtypes (D1R and D5R, respectively). Here, combining a set of behavioral assays with pharmacology, we determined whether the activation of D1/5R in the mPFC during almost neutral or weak negative-valence experiences induces aversive behaviors. The intra mPFC bilateral infusion of the D1/5R agonist SKF 38393 (6.25 μg/side) immediately after exposing rats to the white compartment of a place conditioning apparatus promotes a incubated-like aversive memory when tested 7 days thereafter, but it was not seen 24 h after conditioning. No signs of fear or changes in the anxiety state were observed after the exposure to the white compartment. This aversive response is observed only when the experience paired with the mPFC D1/5R activation has a context component involved. By using specific agonists for D1R or D5R subtypes we suggest that D5R mediate the induction of the aversive behavior. No aversive effects were observed when the D1/5R agonist was infused into the dorsal hippocampus (HP), the nucleus accumbens (NAcc) or the basolateral amygdala (BLA) of rats exposed to the white compartment. Taken together, our present findings endorse the idea that activation of mPFC D1/5R is sufficient to induce incubated-like aversive memories after exposing rats to an apparent neutral or weak negative-valence environment and that mPFC might be considered a key brain region involved in providing adaptive emotional behaviors in response to an ever-changing environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Castillo Díaz
- Instituto de Biología Celular y Neurociencias, Facultad de Medicina, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Cecilia P Kramar
- Instituto de Biología Celular y Neurociencias, Facultad de Medicina, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Micaela A Hernandez
- Instituto de Biología Celular y Neurociencias, Facultad de Medicina, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Jorge H Medina
- Instituto de Biología Celular y Neurociencias, Facultad de Medicina, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Departamento de Fisiología Facultad de Medicina, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Hanak AS, Chevillard L, Lebeau R, Risède P, Laplanche JL, Benturquia N, Mégarbane B. Neurobehavioral effects of lithium in the rat: Investigation of the effect/concentration relationships and the contribution of the poisoning pattern. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2017; 76:124-133. [PMID: 28336491 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2017.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Revised: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Severity of lithium poisoning depends on the ingested dose, previous treatment duration and renal function. No animal study has investigated neurobehavioral differences in relation to the lithium poisoning pattern observed in humans, while differences in lithium pharmacokinetics have been reported in lithium-pretreated rats mimicking chronic poisonings with enhanced brain accumulation in rats with renal failure. Our objectives were: 1)-to investigate lithium-related effects in overdose on locomotor activity, anxiety-like behavior, spatial recognition memory and anhedonia in the rat; 2)-to model the relationships between lithium-induced effects on locomotion and plasma, erythrocyte, cerebrospinal fluid and brain concentrations previously obtained according to the poisoning pattern. Open-field, elevated plus-maze, Y-maze and sucrose consumption tests were used. In acutely lithium-poisoned rats, we observed horizontal (p<0.001) and vertical hypolocomotion (p<0.0001), increased anxiety-like behavior (p<0.05) and impaired memory (p<0.01) but no altered hedonic status. Horizontal (p<0.01) and vertical (p<0.001) hypolocomotion peaked more markedly 24h after lithium injection and was more prolonged in acute-on-chronically vs. acutely lithium-poisoned rats. Hypolocomotion in chronically lithium-poisoned rats with impaired renal function did not differ from acutely poisoned rats 24h after the last injection. Interestingly, hypolocomotion/concentration relationships best fitted a sigmoidal Emax model in acute poisoning and a linear regression model linked to brain lithium in acute-on-chronic poisoning. In conclusion, lithium overdose alters rat behavior and consistently induces hypolocomotion which is more marked and prolonged in repeatedly lithium-treated rats. Our data suggest that differences between poisoning patterns regarding lithium-induced hypolocomotion are better explained by the duration of lithium exposure than by its brain accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Sophie Hanak
- Inserm, UMR-S1144, Paris, France; Paris-Descartes University, Paris, France; Paris-Diderot University, Paris, France
| | - Lucie Chevillard
- Inserm, UMR-S1144, Paris, France; Paris-Descartes University, Paris, France; Paris-Diderot University, Paris, France
| | - Rodolphe Lebeau
- Inserm, UMR-S1144, Paris, France; Paris-Descartes University, Paris, France; Paris-Diderot University, Paris, France
| | - Patricia Risède
- Inserm, UMR-S1144, Paris, France; Paris-Descartes University, Paris, France; Paris-Diderot University, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Louis Laplanche
- Inserm, UMR-S1144, Paris, France; Paris-Descartes University, Paris, France; Paris-Diderot University, Paris, France
| | - Nadia Benturquia
- Inserm, UMR-S1144, Paris, France; Paris-Descartes University, Paris, France; Paris-Diderot University, Paris, France
| | - Bruno Mégarbane
- Inserm, UMR-S1144, Paris, France; Paris-Descartes University, Paris, France; Paris-Diderot University, Paris, France; Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Lariboisière Hospital, Department of Medical and Toxicological Critical Care, Paris, France.
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13
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Rodent sex differences in disgust behaviors (anticipatory nausea) conditioned to a context associated with the effects of the toxin LiCl: Inhibition of conditioning following immune stimulation with lipopolysaccharide. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2017; 152:4-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2016.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Revised: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Buffalari DM, Mollica JK, Smith TT, Schassburger RL, Rinaman L, Thiels E, Donny EC, Sved AF. Nicotine Enhances Footshock- and Lithium Chloride-Conditioned Place Avoidance in Male Rats. Nicotine Tob Res 2016; 18:1920-3. [PMID: 27178831 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntw098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2015] [Accepted: 03/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Numerous studies have shown that nicotine (NIC) can enhance the reinforcing effects of non-NIC stimuli through a nonassociative mechanism. To date, it is unclear whether NIC reinforcement enhancement serves to increase behaviors motivated by rewarding stimuli only, or whether NIC potentiates behavior motivated by all stimuli, regardless of valence. METHODS The current study used a place conditioning procedure to examine whether acute NIC injection modulates avoidance of an environment previously associated with an aversive stimulus. Separate groups of rats underwent place conditioning using either lithium chloride (125mg/kg/ml, i.p.) or footshock (0.75 mA) as the aversive stimulus. Other rats served as nonconditioned controls. The magnitude of place avoidance was assessed after acute NIC (0.1 or 0.4mg/kg/ml, s.c.) or saline. RESULTS Rats avoided chambers previously paired with either lithium chloride or footshock, and conditioned place avoidance was significantly enhanced by NIC pre-treatment. CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrate that the ability of NIC to enhance motivated behavior extends to behaviors elicited by aversive stimuli, evidence that NIC affects behavior motivated by a broader range of stimuli than previously appreciated. IMPLICATIONS The current study examined whether the reinforcement enhancement properties of NIC apply to aversive stimuli by testing NIC enhancement of conditioned place avoidance in rats. The results demonstrate that NIC enhances the motivational impact of these distinct aversive stimuli, providing novel evidence that NIC affects behavior motivated by a broader range of stimuli than has previously been demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Tracy T Smith
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | | | - Linda Rinaman
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Edda Thiels
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Eric C Donny
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Alan F Sved
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
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15
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Gore-Langton JK, Flax SM, Pomfrey RL, Wetzell BB, Riley AL. Measures of the aversive effects of drugs: A comparison of conditioned taste and place aversions. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2015; 134:99-105. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2015.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2015] [Revised: 04/30/2015] [Accepted: 05/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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16
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Dopamine in the dorsal hippocampus impairs the late consolidation of cocaine-associated memory. Neuropsychopharmacology 2014; 39:1645-53. [PMID: 24442095 PMCID: PMC4023137 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2014.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2013] [Revised: 12/06/2013] [Accepted: 01/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Cocaine is thought to be addictive because it elevates dopamine levels in the striatum, reinforcing drug-seeking habits. Cocaine also elevates dopamine levels in the hippocampus, a structure involved in contextual conditioning as well as in reward function. Hippocampal dopamine promotes the late phase of consolidation of an aversive step-down avoidance memory. Here, we examined the role of hippocampal dopamine function in the persistence of the conditioned increase in preference for a cocaine-associated compartment. Blocking dorsal hippocampal D1-type receptors (D1Rs) but not D2-type receptors (D2Rs) 12 h after a single training trial extended persistence of the normally short-lived memory; conversely, a general and a specific phospholipase C-coupled D1R agonist (but not a D2R or adenylyl cyclase-coupled D1R agonist) decreased the persistence of the normally long-lived memory established by three-trial training. These effects of D1 agents were opposite to those previously established in a step-down avoidance task, and were here also found to be opposite to those in a lithium chloride-conditioned avoidance task. After returning to normal following cocaine injection, dopamine levels in the dorsal hippocampus were found elevated again at the time when dopamine antagonists and agonists were effective: between 13 and 17 h after cocaine injection. These findings confirm that, long after the making of a cocaine-place association, hippocampal activity modulates memory consolidation for that association via a dopamine-dependent mechanism. They suggest a dynamic role for dorsal hippocampal dopamine in this late-phase memory consolidation and, unexpectedly, differential roles for late consolidation of memories for places that induce approach or withdrawal because of a drug association.
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17
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Good AN, Kavaliers M, Ossenkopp KP. Modeling the effects of low toxin levels in food on feeding: dose-dependent reduction of fluid intake by low levels of lithium chloride. Toxicol Lett 2013; 221:191-6. [PMID: 23827506 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2013.06.230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2013] [Revised: 06/19/2013] [Accepted: 06/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The present study examined the dose related effects of low levels of the toxin, LiCl, on the ingestion of a palatable sucrose plus salt solution. Over five days (acquisition phase) rats were presented with a 0.3M sucrose solution containing one of the following salt combinations: 0.12 M NaCl (n=10 negative control group); 0.005 M LiCl+0.115 NaCl (n=10); 0.01 M LiCl+0.11 NaCl (n=10); 0.015 M LiCl+0.105 M NaCl (n=10); 0.02 M LiCl+0.10 M NaCl (n=10); and 0.12 M LiCl (n=8 positive control group). During an extinction phase (5 days), all rats were presented with 0.3M Sucrose+0.12 M NaCl solution. Fluid intake levels and number of licks were quantified on each day. At low LiCl concentration levels rats exhibited a dose related reduction in amount consumed and number of licks of the sucrose plus salt solutions. This toxin related suppression of fluid intake and licking rapidly dissipated during the extinction phase. The present findings support the hypothesis that rats use a behavioral tolerance mechanism to regulate their intake of foods containing low levels of toxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber N Good
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, ON N6A 5C2, Canada.
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18
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Ngampramuan S, Baumert M, Czippelova B, Nalivaiko E. Ondansetron prevents changes in respiratory pattern provoked by LiCl: A new approach for studying pro-emetic states in rodents? Neuroscience 2013; 246:342-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2013.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2013] [Revised: 04/30/2013] [Accepted: 05/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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19
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Impairment of lithium chloride-induced conditioned gaping responses (anticipatory nausea) following immune system stimulation with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) occurs in both LPS tolerant and LPS non-tolerant rats. Brain Behav Immun 2013; 27:123-32. [PMID: 23064080 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2012.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2012] [Revised: 09/17/2012] [Accepted: 10/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Anticipatory nausea is a classically conditioned response to a context that has been previously paired with toxin-induced nausea and/or vomiting. When injected with a nausea-inducing drug, such as lithium chloride (LiCl), rats will show a distinctive conditioned gaping response that has been suggested to be an index of nausea. Previous studies have found that immune system activation with an endotoxin, such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS), attenuates LiCl-induced conditioned gaping in rats. The present study examined the acquisition of LiCl-induced conditioned gaping in rats that were either LPS tolerant or LPS non-tolerant, as little is known about the effects of endotoxin tolerance on learning and memory. Male Long-Evan rats were given four systemic injections of LPS (200 μg/kg) or isotonic saline (NaCl) to induce LPS tolerance, indexed with 24 h changes in body weight following treatment. The animals were then given 4 acquisition trials in a LiCl-induced conditioned gaping paradigm. On conditioning days animals were treated with LPS (200 μg/kg) or saline followed 90 min later by injection of LiCl (127 mg/kg) or saline and then placed in a distinctive context for 30 min and their behavior video-recorded. On a drug free test day all animals were again placed in the distinctive context for 10 min and behavior was video-recorded. Gaping responses were scored for all acquisition days and the test day. Spleen and body weights were also obtained for all rats at the end of the experiment. Gaping responses were attenuated in rats treated with LPS in both the LPS tolerant and LPS non-tolerant groups. There were significant negative correlations between spleen weight as well as spleen/body weight ratios, and levels of conditioned gaping responses in LiCl treated rats, but not control rats. These results show that LPS interferes with learning/memory in the anticipatory nausea paradigm in rats that are both LPS tolerant and LPS non-tolerant.
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20
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Lipopolysaccharide inhibits the simultaneous establishment of LiCl-induced anticipatory nausea and intravascularly conditioned taste avoidance in the rat. Behav Brain Res 2012; 232:278-86. [PMID: 22537776 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2012.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2012] [Revised: 04/03/2012] [Accepted: 04/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the effects of the bacterial endotoxin, lipopolysaccharide (LPS), on the establishment of anticipatory nausea and conditioned taste avoidance in a simultaneous conditioning paradigm using an intravascular/intraperitoneal saccharin taste. 83 naïve adult male Long-Evans rats were injected (intraperitoneal) with either 200 μg/kg LPS or 0.9% saline (NaCl), 90 min prior to ip treatment with either 64 mg/kg LiCl, 64 mg/kg LiCl+2.0% saccharin, 0.9% NaCl, or 0.9% NaCl+2.0% saccharin, and immediately placed into a distinctive context for 30 min (repeated over 4 conditioning days, spaced 72 h apart). 72 h following the final conditioning day, each animal was re-exposed to the context on a drug-free test day where orofacial responding was recorded. The next day, animals received a 24 h 2-bottle preference test with a choice between water and a palatable 0.2% saccharin solution. Results showed that LPS exposure, prior to LiCl or LiCl+Saccharin treatment, inhibited the establishment of anticipatory nausea, as evidenced by significantly lower conditioned gaping frequencies relative to animals pre-treated with NaCl followed by LiCl or LiCl+Saccharin. LPS pre-treatment also inhibited the formation of LiCl-induced taste avoidance, as evidence by significantly higher saccharin preferences in Group LPS-LiCl+Saccharin relative to Group NaCl-LiCl+Saccharin. The results of the current study provide additional evidence for the deleterious effects of LPS on learning and memory in aversive conditioning.
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Erreger K, Davis AR, Poe AM, Greig NH, Stanwood GD, Galli A. Exendin-4 decreases amphetamine-induced locomotor activity. Physiol Behav 2012; 106:574-8. [PMID: 22465309 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2012.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2011] [Revised: 03/09/2012] [Accepted: 03/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is released in response to nutrient ingestion and is a regulator of energy metabolism and consummatory behaviors through both peripheral and central mechanisms. The GLP-1 receptor (GLP-1R) is widely distributed in the central nervous system, however little is known about how GLP-1Rs regulate ambulatory behavior. The abused psychostimulant amphetamine (AMPH) promotes behavioral locomotor activity primarily by inducing the release of the neurotransmitter dopamine. Here, we identify the GLP-1R agonist exendin-4 (Ex-4) as a modulator of behavioral activation by AMPH. We report that in rats a single acute administration of Ex-4 decreases both basal locomotor activity as well as AMPH-induced locomotor activity. Ex-4 did not induce behavioral responses reflecting anxiety or aversion. Our findings implicate GLP-1R signaling as a novel modulator of psychostimulant-induced behavior and therefore a potential therapeutic target for psychostimulant abuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Erreger
- Department of Molecular Physiology & Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
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22
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Lithium attenuates pain-related behavior in a rat model of neuropathic pain: Possible involvement of opioid system. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2012; 100:425-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2011.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2010] [Revised: 09/12/2011] [Accepted: 10/02/2011] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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23
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Ossenkopp KP, Foley KA, Gibson J, Fudge MA, Kavaliers M, Cain DP, Macfabe DF. Systemic treatment with the enteric bacterial fermentation product, propionic acid, produces both conditioned taste avoidance and conditioned place avoidance in rats. Behav Brain Res 2011; 227:134-41. [PMID: 22085877 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2011.10.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2011] [Revised: 10/24/2011] [Accepted: 10/31/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Propionic acid, an enteric bacterial fermentation product, has received recent attention in regards to satiety and obesity in humans. The possibility that propionic acid might produce internal aversive cues was investigated in two experiments using conditioned taste avoidance and place avoidance procedures to index the potential aversive nature of systemic treatment with propionic acid in male rats. Experiment 1 examined the effect of systemic treatment with propionic acid (500 mg/kg), LiCl (95 mg/kg) or vehicle (all corrected to pH 7.5) on the formation of conditioned taste avoidance using a lickometer procedure. On 3 acquisition days three groups of rats were injected with propionic acid, LiCl or vehicle, following 30 min access to 0.3M sucrose solution. Both the Propionic acid group and the LiCl group evidenced a conditioned taste avoidance by the end of the acquisition period. During a drug free extinction phase the Propionic acid group showed extinction of the taste avoidance whereas the LiCl group did not. Experiment 2 involved place preference conditioning with propionic acid treatment associated with one novel context and vehicle with a different novel context on 6 conditioning trials for each type of injection. Place avoidance was assessed on two drug free extinction trials. Multi-variable assessment of the unconditioned (Acquisition Trials) and conditioned effects (Extinction Trials) of propionic acid on locomotor activity was quantified as was chamber choice time on the extinction trials. Propionic acid induced a significant place avoidance and significantly reduced locomotor activity on some acquisition trials. During the extinction trials rats exhibited enhanced locomotor activity levels in the propionic acid associated chamber, likely due to the conditioned aversive nature of this chamber.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaus-Peter Ossenkopp
- The Kilee Patchell-Evans Autism Research Group, Department of Psychology and Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Western Ontario, London, Canada.
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Direct intra-accumbal infusion of a beta-adrenergic receptor antagonist abolishes WIN 55,212-2-induced aversion. Neurosci Lett 2011; 500:82-5. [PMID: 21693171 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2011.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2010] [Revised: 06/02/2011] [Accepted: 06/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The cannabinoid system is known to interact with a variety of neuromodulators in the central nervous system and impacts diverse behaviors. Previous studies have demonstrated that limbic norepinephrine is a critical determinant in the behavioral expression of cannabinoid-induced aversion. The present study was carried out to define the adrenergic receptor subtype involved in mediating cannabinoid-induced behavioral responses. An acute microinjection of the β1-adrenergic receptor blocker, betaxolol, directly into the nucleus accumbens (Acb), was able to prevent WIN 55,212-2-induced aversion, but not lithium-induced aversion, as measured in a place conditioning paradigm. These results suggest that noradrenergic transmission in the Acb is important for cannabinoid-induced aversion and that beta-adrenergic antagonists may be effective in counteracting negative side effects of cannabinoid-based agents.
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Ossenkopp KP, Biagi E, Cloutier CJ, Chan MY, Kavaliers M, Cross-Mellor SK. Acute corticosterone increases conditioned spontaneous orofacial behaviors but fails to influence dose related LiCl-induced conditioned “gaping” responses in a rodent model of anticipatory nausea. Eur J Pharmacol 2011; 660:358-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2011.03.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2010] [Revised: 03/07/2011] [Accepted: 03/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Lima TZ, Blanco MM, Santos Júnior JGD, Coelho CT, Mello LE. Staying at the crossroads: assessment of the potential of serum lithium monitoring in predicting an ideal lithium dose. BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRY 2009; 30:215-21. [PMID: 18833421 DOI: 10.1590/s1516-44462008000300007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2008] [Accepted: 06/25/2008] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Lithium has been successfully employed to treat bipolar disorder for decades, and recently, was shown to attenuate the symptoms of other pathologies such as Alzheimer's disease, Down's syndrome, ischemic processes, and glutamate-mediated excitotoxicity. However, lithium's narrow therapeutic range limits its broader use. Therefore, the development of methods to better predict its dose becomes essential to an ideal therapy. METHOD the performance of adult Wistar rats was evaluated at the open field and elevated plus maze after a six weeks treatment with chow supplemented with 0.255%, or 0.383% of lithium chloride, or normal feed. Thereafter, blood samples were collected to measure the serum lithium concentration. RESULTS Animals fed with 0.255% lithium chloride supplemented chow presented a higher rearing frequency at the open field, and higher frequency of arms entrance at the elevated plus maze than animals fed with a 50% higher lithium dose presented. Nevertheless, both groups presented similar lithium plasmatic concentration. DISCUSSION different behaviors induced by both lithium doses suggest that these animals had different lithium distribution in their brains that was not detected by lithium serum measurement. CONCLUSION serum lithium concentration measurements do not seem to provide sufficient precision to support its use as predictive of behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thiago Zaqueu Lima
- Department of Physiology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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27
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Rinaman L, Saboury M, Litvina E. Ondansetron blocks LiCl-induced conditioned place avoidance but not conditioned taste/flavor avoidance in rats. Physiol Behav 2009; 98:381-5. [PMID: 19583975 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2009.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2009] [Revised: 06/25/2009] [Accepted: 06/29/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The ability of an experimental agent to support conditioned taste/flavor avoidance (CT/FA) in rats often is interpreted as sufficient evidence that the agent produced a state of malaise or nausea. Paradoxically, however, CT/FA also is induced by certain drugs that support conditioned preferences in rats, suggesting that CT/FA is insufficient to reveal a negative hedonic state. The present study tested the hypothesis that the anti-nausea drug ondansetron (OND) would block the ability of nauseogenic lithium chloride (LiCl) to support conditioned place avoidance (CPA), without attenuating LiCl-induced CT/FA. After pre-treatment with either OND or vehicle, rats were conditioned with i.p. injection of 0.15 M LiCl containing 2% saccharin (LiCl+sac) on conditioning day 1, and with 0.15 M NaCl alone on conditioning day 2. Rats were confined to a distinct chamber of a CPA apparatus after each conditioning injection. In other rats, OND or vehicle pre-treatment was followed by NaCl+sac on conditioning day 1, and LiCl alone on day 2. Subsequent testing revealed that OND blocked the ability of LiCl to support CPA. Conversely, in the same rats, OND did not alter the ability of LiCl to condition avoidance of 0.2% sac solution during a 60 min bottle test. In a separate experiment, a sensitive 2-bottle choice test was used to confirm that OND pre-treatment does not reduce the ability of LiCl to support CT/FA. These results support the view that CPA is an additional useful tool to reveal the experience of malaise and nausea in rats, whereas CT/FA demonstrated in bottle intake tests is insufficient for this purpose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Rinaman
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA.
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Viggiano D. The hyperactive syndrome: metanalysis of genetic alterations, pharmacological treatments and brain lesions which increase locomotor activity. Behav Brain Res 2008; 194:1-14. [PMID: 18656502 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2008.06.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2008] [Revised: 06/26/2008] [Accepted: 06/29/2008] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The large number of transgenic mice realized thus far with different purposes allows addressing new questions, such as which animals, over the entire set of transgenic animals, show a specific behavioural abnormality. In the present study, we have used a metanalytical approach to organize a database of genetic modifications, brain lesions and pharmacological interventions that increase locomotor activity in animal models. To further understand the resulting data set, we have organized a second database of the alterations (genetic, pharmacological or brain lesions) that reduce locomotor activity. Using this approach, we estimated that 1.56% of the genes in the genome yield to hyperactivity and 0.75% of genes produce hypoactivity when altered. These genes have been classified into genes for neurotransmitter systems, hormonal, metabolic systems, ion channels, structural proteins, transcription factors, second messengers and growth factors. Finally, two additional classes included animals with neurodegeneration and inner ear abnormalities. The analysis of the database revealed several unexpected findings. First, the genes that, when mutated, induce hyperactive behaviour do not pertain to a single neurotransmitter system. In fact, alterations in most neurotransmitter systems can give rise to a hyperactive phenotype. In contrast, fewer changes can decrease locomotor activity. Specifically, genetic and pharmacological alterations that enhance the dopamine, orexin, histamine, cannabinoids systems or that antagonize the cholinergic system induce an increase in locomotor activity. Similarly, imbalances in the two main neurotransmitters of the nervous system, GABA and glutamate usually result in hyperactive behaviour. It is remarkable that no genetic alterations pertaining to the GABA system have been reported to reduce locomotor behaviour. Other neurotransmitters, such as norepinephrine and serotonin, have a more complex influence. For instance, a decrease in norepinephrine synthesis usually results in hypoactive behaviour. However, a chronic increase in norepinephrine may result in hypoactivity too. Similarly, changes in both directions of serotonin levels may reduce locomotor activity, whereas alterations in specific serotonin receptors can induce hyperactivity. The lesion of at least 12 different brain regions can increase locomotor activity too. Comparatively, few focal lesions decrease locomotor activity. Finally, a large number of toxic events can increase locomotor activity, particularly if delivered during the prepuberal time window. These data show that there is a net imbalance in the number of altered genes/brain lesions/toxics that induce hyperactivity versus hypoactive behaviour. Although some of these data may be explained in terms of the activating role of subcortical systems (such as catecholamines), the larger number of alterations that induce hyperactivity suggests a different scenario. Specifically, we hypothesize (i) the existence of a control system that continuously inhibit a basally hyperactive locomotor tone and (ii) that this control system is highly vulnerable (intrinsic fragility) to any change in the genetic asset or to any toxic/drug delivered during prepuberal stages. Brain lesion studies suggest that the putative control system is located along an axis that connects the olfactory bulb and the enthorhinal cortex (enthorhinal-hippocampal-septal-prefrontal cortex-olfactory bulb axis). We suggest that the increased locomotor activity in many psychiatric diseases may derive from the interference with the development of this brain axis during a specific postnatal time window.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Viggiano
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Scienze del Benessere, University of Molise, Via De Sanctis III Edificio Polifunzionale, 86100 Campobasso, Italy.
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Guitton MJ, Klin Y, Dudai Y. Taste-dependent sociophobia: when food and company do not mix. Behav Brain Res 2008; 191:148-52. [PMID: 18479764 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2008.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2007] [Revised: 03/14/2008] [Accepted: 03/16/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Using a combination of the paradigm of conditioned taste aversion (CTA) and of the paradigm of social interactions, we report here that in the rat, eating while anxious may result in long-term alterations in social behavior. In the conventional CTA, the subject learns to associate a tastant (the conditioned stimulus, CS) with delayed toxicosis (an unconditioned stimulus, UCS) to yield taste aversion (the conditioned response, CR). However, the association of taste with delayed negative internal states that could generate CRs that are different from taste aversion should not be neglected. Such associations may contribute to the ontogenesis, reinforcement and symptoms of some types of taste- and food-related disorders. We have recently reported that a delayed anxiety-like state, induced by the anxiogenic drug meta-chlorophenylpiperazine (mCPP), can specifically associate with taste to produce CTA. We now show that a similar protocol results in a marked lingering impairment in social interactions in response to the conditioned taste. This is hence a learned situation in which food and company do not mix well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthieu J Guitton
- Department of Neurobiology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel.
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Tzschentke TM. Measuring reward with the conditioned place preference (CPP) paradigm: update of the last decade. Addict Biol 2007; 12:227-462. [PMID: 17678505 DOI: 10.1111/j.1369-1600.2007.00070.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1006] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Conditioned place preference (CPP) continues to be one of the most popular models to study the motivational effects of drugs and non-drug treatments in experimental animals. This is obvious from a steady year-to-year increase in the number of publications reporting the use this model. Since the compilation of the preceding review in 1998, more than 1000 new studies using place conditioning have been published, and the aim of the present review is to provide an overview of these recent publications. There are a number of trends and developments that are obvious in the literature of the last decade. First, as more and more knockout and transgenic animals become available, place conditioning is increasingly used to assess the motivational effects of drugs or non-drug rewards in genetically modified animals. Second, there is a still small but growing literature on the use of place conditioning to study the motivational aspects of pain, a field of pre-clinical research that has so far received little attention, because of the lack of appropriate animal models. Third, place conditioning continues to be widely used to study tolerance and sensitization to the rewarding effects of drugs induced by pre-treatment regimens. Fourth, extinction/reinstatement procedures in place conditioning are becoming increasingly popular. This interesting approach is thought to model certain aspects of relapse to addictive behavior and has previously almost exclusively been studied in drug self-administration paradigms. It has now also become established in the place conditioning literature and provides an additional and technically easy approach to this important phenomenon. The enormous number of studies to be covered in this review prevented in-depth discussion of many methodological, pharmacological or neurobiological aspects; to a large extent, the presentation of data had to be limited to a short and condensed summary of the most relevant findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas M Tzschentke
- Grünenthal GmbH, Preclinical Research and Development, Department of Pharmacology, Aachen, Germany.
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O'Donnell KC, Gould TD. The behavioral actions of lithium in rodent models: leads to develop novel therapeutics. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2007; 31:932-62. [PMID: 17532044 PMCID: PMC2150568 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2007.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2006] [Revised: 03/27/2007] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
For nearly as long as lithium has been in clinical use for the treatment of bipolar disorder, depression, and other conditions, investigators have attempted to characterize its effects on behaviors in rodents. Lithium consistently decreases exploratory activity, rearing, aggression, and amphetamine-induced hyperlocomotion; and it increases the sensitivity to pilocarpine-induced seizures, decreases immobility time in the forced swim test, and attenuates reserpine-induced hypolocomotion. Lithium also predictably induces conditioned taste aversion and alterations in circadian rhythms. The modulation of stereotypy, sensitization, and reward behavior are less consistent actions of the drug. These behavioral models may be relevant to human symptoms and to clinical endophenotypes. It is likely that the actions of lithium in a subset of these animal models are related to the therapeutic efficacy, as well the side effects, of the drug. We conclude with a brief discussion of various molecular mechanisms by which these lithium-sensitive behaviors may be mediated, and comment on the ways in which rat and mouse models can be used more effectively in the future to address persistent questions about the therapeutically relevant molecular actions of lithium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelley C O'Donnell
- The Laboratory of Molecular Pathophysiology, Mood and Anxiety Disorders Program, National Institute of Mental Health, NIH, HHS, Bldg 35, Rm 1C-912, 35 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892 3711, USA
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32
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Tenk CM, Kavaliers M, Ossenkopp KP. The effects of acute corticosterone on lithium chloride-induced conditioned place aversion and locomotor activity in rats. Life Sci 2006; 79:1069-80. [PMID: 16600311 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2006.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2005] [Revised: 02/25/2006] [Accepted: 03/08/2006] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Acute administration of corticosterone (CORT) facilitates learning in a number of associative paradigms including lithium chloride (LiCl)-induced conditioned taste aversion learning. The present study examined the effects of acute CORT on LiCl-induced conditioned place aversions in male rats. Automated open-fields were partitioned into two chambers distinct in tactile and visual cues. Animals received either LiCl (64 mg/kg, 0.15 M) or saline (NaCl, 0.15 M) followed 10 min later by either CORT (5 mg/kg) or beta-cyclodextrin vehicle (45%) prior to placement in one of the chambers. Control rats received NaCl-Vehicle paired with both chambers. Three experimental groups received either NaCl-CORT, LiCl-Vehicle or LiCl-CORT paired with the preferred chamber and NaCl-Vehicle (control) paired with the non-preferred chamber. During extinction trials, animals were allowed to choose between the two chambers. Locomotor activity and its distribution within the chambers were assessed during both conditioning and extinction trials. CORT administration produced significant increases in a variety of measures of locomotor activity during conditioning trials. During extinction trials both LiCl groups displayed a conditioned place aversion while the NaCl-CORT group did not. In addition, significant increases in vertical activity were recorded in both LiCl groups in the LiCl-paired chamber. Moreover, CORT administration had no effect on LiCl-induced conditioned place aversion as time spent in the LiCl-paired chamber did not significantly differ between LiCl-Vehicle and LiCl-CORT groups. Significant increases in a number of measures of horizontal activity were also observed in both CORT groups. The present study shows that acute CORT administration does not significantly influence LiCl-induced conditioned place aversions and suggests that the facilitatory effects of acute CORT administration on learning are highly context-dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine M Tenk
- Neuroscience Program and Department of Psychology, Social Science Centre, University of Western Ontario, 1100 Richmond Street, London, Ontario, Canada, N6A 5C2.
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Tomasiewicz HC, Mague SD, Cohen BM, Carlezon WA. Behavioral effects of short-term administration of lithium and valproic acid in rats. Brain Res 2006; 1093:83-94. [PMID: 16687130 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2006.03.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2006] [Revised: 03/13/2006] [Accepted: 03/14/2006] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Lithium and valproic acid are mood-stabilizing agents that are often used to manage the episodes of mania and depression that characterize bipolar disorder. These agents develop clinical efficacy with chronic treatment, but the neurobiological actions that contribute to their therapeutic effects remain unclear. The present work was designed to study and compare various behavioral effects of short-term administration of lithium chloride (LiCl) and valproic acid (VPA) in rats. Specifically, we examined the effects of acute and sub-acute injections of these agents on locomotor activity, behavior in the forced swim test (FST), and intracranial self-stimulation (ICSS) thresholds. Locomotor activity studies were used to identify the range of doses with gross behavioral effects in rats. At doses below those that suppressed activity (total distance traveled, in cm) in 1-h test sessions, LiCl had prodepressant-like effects: it increased immobility in the FST, an effect opposite to that typically seen with standard antidepressants, and it increased ICSS thresholds, an effect similar to that typically seen during withdrawal from drugs of abuse. In contrast, VPA had no effects in the FST or on ICSS thresholds. This work identifies potentially important characteristics that distinguish the drugs at doses below those that produce non-specific behavioral effects, and thus serves as a basis for designing and interpreting studies of long-term treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilarie C Tomasiewicz
- Behavioral Genetics Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, McLean Hospital, MRC 217 115 Mill St., Belmont, MA 02478, USA
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