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Yilmaz N, Hudaykulıyeva J, Gul S. Phoenixin-14 may ameliorate testicular damage caused by torsion-detorsion by reducing oxidative stress and inflammation in prepubertal rats. Tissue Cell 2024; 88:102405. [PMID: 38754242 DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2024.102405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
The present study aimed to investigate the effects of Phoenixin-14 (PNX-14) on oxidative damage, inflammatory response, histopathological variations, and serum testosterone levels in testicular tissues. Forty-eight Wistar albino prepubertal male rats were divided into 4 groups (Sham, TTD, TT+PNX+TD, TTD+PNX) (n=12). The torsion period was 2 hours and the detorsion period was 24 hours in the testicular torsion/detorsion (TD) groups. A single PNX-14 (50 µg/kg) dose was injected into the rats in the TT+PNX TD group on the 90th minute of torsion, and it was injected into the rats in the TTD+PNX group at the beginning of detorsion. Oxidative damage in testicular tissues was determined based on superoxide dismutase (SOD), malondialdehyde (MDA), total antioxidant status (TAS) and total oxidant status (TOS), and inflammatory damage was determined based on TNF-α and IL-6 levels. Histopathological variations were investigated with the Periodic Acid Schiff (PAS) staining method in testicular tissues and analyzed based on Johnsen scores. Spermatogonia cells were examined immunohistochemically. Serum testosterone levels were determined with the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). A significant increase in oxidative stress and inflammation parameters was determined in the TTD group when compared to the other groups (p<0.05). PNX-14 treatment led to a statistically significant decrease in these parameters and significantly repaired the TD damage in testicular tissue (p<0.05). Johnsen scoring revealed significant improvement in PNX-14 groups and an increase in spermatogonia count, supporting the biochemical findings (p<0.05). PNX-14 could be a potential therapeutic agent in testicular TD damage and further studies should be conducted to elucidate the present study findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nesibe Yilmaz
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Karabuk University, Karabuk, Turkey.
| | - Jemal Hudaykulıyeva
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Karabuk University, Karabuk, Turkey
| | - Semir Gul
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Malatya Turgut Ozal University, Malatya, Turkey
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Ercan S, Basaranlar G. Effects of ghrelin on sulfite induced changes in lipid peroxidation, spatial memory, and locomotor activity in rats. Neurol Res 2022; 45:423-428. [PMID: 36449323 DOI: 10.1080/01616412.2022.2149535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Humans are constantly exposed to sulfites and their derivatives, both endogenously and exogenously. Recent studies have shown that sulfite and its derivatives can cause oxidative stress. . Ghrelin has been reported to possess antioxidant properties and stimulates neurogenesis in hippocampal progenitor cells. This study aimed to investigate the effects of ghrelin on sulfite-induced changes in hippocampal oxidative status, spatial learning and locomotor activity in rats. METHODS Forty male albino Wistar rats were randomized into four groups as follows; Group 1: Control (C); Group 2: Sodium metabisulfite (Na2S2O5) treated (S); Group 3: Ghrelin treated (G); Group 4: Na2S2O5 + Ghrelin treated (SG). Sodium metabisulfite (100 mg/kg/day) was given by gastric gavage, and ghrelin (20 µg/kg/day) was administered intraperitoneally for 5 weeks. Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) were measured through fluorometric method. The spatial memory and locomotor activity of the rats were evaluated by Y-maze test. RESULTS Y-maze results revealed an enhancement of short-term spatial learning and memory in S and SG groups compared to C group. TBARS levels were increased significantly in S group with respect to C group. The increase in TBARS levels induced by sulfite was completely prevented by ghrelin in SG group. CONCLUSION We suggest that systemic ghrelin administration might ameliorate ingested sodium metabisulfite-induced hippocampal oxidative damage without providing any changes in spatial learning, memory and locomotion. Further investigation concerning the mechanism of ghrelin action in hippocampus might provide valuable information for developing new therapeutic approaches to attenuate oxidative stress in hippocampal tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sevim Ercan
- Vocational School of Health Services, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Goksun Basaranlar
- Vocational School of Health Services, Biomedical Device Technology, Izmir Democracy University, İzmir, Turkey
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Lucena Périco L, de Cássia Dos Santos R, Peixoto Rodrigues V, Vasti Alfieri Nunes V, Vilegas W, Machado da Rocha LR, Dos Santos C, Hiruma-Lima CA. Role of the antioxidant pathway in the healing of peptic ulcers induced by ischemia-reperfusion in male and female rats treated with Eugenia punicifolia. Inflammopharmacology 2022; 30:1383-1394. [PMID: 35445989 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-022-00946-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Ischaemia and reperfusion (I/R)-induced gastrointestinal disorders are caused by free radicals, resulting in organ damage and functional disarrangement. This study aimed to investigate the healing effects of hydroalcoholic extracts from the leaves of Eugenia punicifolia (Kunth) DC. (HEEP) in male and female Wistar rats with I/R-induced peptic injuries, and the role of antioxidants in improving this response. After I/R-induced gastric and duodenal injuries, male and female [intact (INT) and ovariectomized (OVZ)] rats were orally treated with HEEP for 6 days. Biochemical analysis was used to determine the catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and myeloperoxidase (MPO) activities, as well as malondialdehyde and reduced glutathione levels, to measure the gastric and duodenal healing process. Six days of HEEP treatment significantly decreased the I/R-induced gastric [male (73.68%), INT (52.83%), and OVZ (43.13%)] and duodenal damage [male (57.03%), INT (56.04%), and OVZ (54.83%)] in all groups. In OVZ rats, the healing effect of HEEP occurred because of the increased activity of SOD (2x) and CAT (1.16x) in the gastric mucosa. In the duodenal mucosa of INT rats, the extract reduced MPO (20.83%) activity. The 6-day HEEP treatment improved the healing of I/R-induced peptic ulcer injury, with the system acting differently in males and females. The antioxidant system is an important component of the HEEP activity during post-I/R mucosal recovery. This result revealed the importance of antioxidant compounds in minimizing the severity of I/R-related events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa Lucena Périco
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology (Physiology), Biosciences Institute, UNESP-São Paulo State University, Botucatu, São Paulo, CEP 18618-689, Brazil. .,Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada.
| | - Raquel de Cássia Dos Santos
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Molecular Biology, São Francisco University, CEP 12916-900, Bragança Paulista, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Vinícius Peixoto Rodrigues
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology (Physiology), Biosciences Institute, UNESP-São Paulo State University, Botucatu, São Paulo, CEP 18618-689, Brazil
| | - Vânia Vasti Alfieri Nunes
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology (Physiology), Biosciences Institute, UNESP-São Paulo State University, Botucatu, São Paulo, CEP 18618-689, Brazil
| | - Wagner Vilegas
- Biosciences Institute, UNESP-São Paulo State University, São Vicente, São Paulo, CEP 11330-900, Brazil
| | - Lúcia Regina Machado da Rocha
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology (Physiology), Biosciences Institute, UNESP-São Paulo State University, Botucatu, São Paulo, CEP 18618-689, Brazil
| | - Catarina Dos Santos
- Department of Biological Science, Faculty of Sciences and Languages, UNESP-São Paulo State University, Assis, São Paulo, CEP 19806-900, Brazil
| | - Clélia Akiko Hiruma-Lima
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology (Physiology), Biosciences Institute, UNESP-São Paulo State University, Botucatu, São Paulo, CEP 18618-689, Brazil
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Álvarez-Vásquez JL, Bravo-Guapisaca MI, Gavidia-Pazmiño JF, Intriago-Morales RV. Adipokines in dental pulp: physiological, pathological, and potential therapeutic roles. J Oral Biosci 2021; 64:59-70. [PMID: 34808362 DOI: 10.1016/j.job.2021.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hundreds of adipokines have been identified, and their extensive range of endocrine functions-regulating distant organs such as oral tissues-and local autocrine/paracrine roles have been studied. In dentistry, however, adipokines are poorly known proteins in the dental pulp; few of them have been studied despite their large number. This study reviews recent advances in the investigation of dental-pulp adipokines, with an emphasis on their roles in inflammatory processes and their potential therapeutic applications. HIGHLIGHTS The most recently identified adipokines in dental pulp include leptin, adiponectin, resistin, ghrelin, oncostatin, chemerin, and visfatin. They have numerous physiological and pathological functions in the pulp tissue: they are closely related to pulp inflammatory mechanisms and actively participate in cell differentiation, mineralization, angiogenesis, and immune-system modulation. CONCLUSION Adipokines have potential clinical applications in regenerative endodontics and as biomarkers or targets for the pharmacological management of inflammatory and degenerative processes in dental pulp. A promising direction for the development of new therapies may be the use of agonists/antagonists to modulate the expression of the most studied adipokines.
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Protective and Healing Effects of Ghrelin and Risk of Cancer in the Digestive System. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms221910571. [PMID: 34638910 PMCID: PMC8509076 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Ghrelin is an endogenous ligand for the ghrelin receptor, previously known as the growth hormone secretagogue receptor. This hormone is mainly produced by endocrine cells present in the gastric mucosa. The ghrelin-producing cells are also present in other organs of the body, mainly in the digestive system, but in much smaller amount. Ghrelin exhibits a broad spectrum of physiological effects, such as stimulation of growth hormone secretion, gastric secretion, gastrointestinal motility, and food intake, as well as regulation of glucose homeostasis and bone formation, and inhibition of inflammatory processes. This review summarizes the recent findings concerning animal and human data showing protective and therapeutic effects of ghrelin in the gut, and also presents the role of growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor-1 in these effects. In addition, the current data on the possible influence of ghrelin on the carcinogenesis, its importance in predicting the risk of developing gastrointestinal malignances, as well as the potential usefulness of ghrelin in the treatment of cancer, have been presented.
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Verbeure W, van Goor H, Mori H, van Beek AP, Tack J, van Dijk PR. The Role of Gasotransmitters in Gut Peptide Actions. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:720703. [PMID: 34354597 PMCID: PMC8329365 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.720703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Although gasotransmitters nitric oxide (NO), carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrogen sulfide (H2S) receive a bad connotation; in low concentrations these play a major governing role in local and systemic blood flow, stomach acid release, smooth muscles relaxations, anti-inflammatory behavior, protective effect and more. Many of these physiological processes are upstream regulated by gut peptides, for instance gastrin, cholecystokinin, secretin, motilin, ghrelin, glucagon-like peptide 1 and 2. The relationship between gasotransmitters and gut hormones is poorly understood. In this review, we discuss the role of NO, CO and H2S on gut peptide release and functioning, and whether manipulation by gasotransmitter substrates or specific blockers leads to physiological alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wout Verbeure
- Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Harry van Goor
- Departement of Endocrinology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Hideki Mori
- Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - André P van Beek
- Departement of Endocrinology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Jan Tack
- Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Peter R van Dijk
- Departement of Endocrinology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
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Wang X, Yang L, Chen Y, Zhang L, Fei H. Ghrelin promotes angiogenesis by activating the Jagged1/Notch2/VEGF pathway in preeclampsia. J Obstet Gynaecol Res 2020; 47:486-494. [PMID: 33145927 DOI: 10.1111/jog.14555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Revised: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
AIM Ghrelin, an endogenous ligand for the growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHSR), has been found to be involved in the regulation of blood pressure; however, its effects in preeclampsia (PE) and the potential underlying mechanism remain poorly understood. In this study, we aimed to investigate the correlation between ghrelin and PE and reveal the possible mechanism underlying any relationship. METHODS The levels of ghrelin and VEGF in the plasma of 6 early-onset PE (EOPE), 6 late-onset PE (LOPE) and 12 healthy pregnant (HP) women were detected using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The recombinant plasmid, pCDH-ghrelin, was designed to overexpress ghrelin in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). We analyzed angiogenesis in vitro and investigated the mechanism using MTT assay, colony formation assay, transwell migration assay, Matrigel-induced tube formation assay and western blotting. RESULTS Ghrelin was significantly decreased in EOPE patients (P < 0.05) but elevated in LOPE patients compared to HP groups (P > 0.05). There was a significant decrease in plasma level of VEGF in EOPE and LOPE patients compared to the controls (P < 0.05). The proliferation, migration and tube formation ability of HUVECs were enhanced after transfection with pCDH-ghrelin. Ghrelin increased VEGF by activating the Jagged1/Notch2 pathway. CONCLUSION Our study uncovered that ghrelin has the potential to improve endothelial function by promoting angiogenesis through Jagged1/Notch2/VEGF pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqin Wang
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Shanghai Fifth People's Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lina Yang
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Shanghai Fifth People's Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yaping Chen
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Shanghai Fifth People's Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Liwen Zhang
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Shanghai Fifth People's Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - He Fei
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Shanghai Fifth People's Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Meister AL, Burkholder CR, Doheny KK, Travagli RA. Ghrelin ameliorates the phenotype of newborn rats induced with mild necrotizing enterocolitis. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2019; 31:e13682. [PMID: 31386261 PMCID: PMC6791725 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.13682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Revised: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We have shown previously that an attenuated rodent model of mild necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) increases intestinal histopathological severity grade, prevents typical developmental increases in the high-frequency spectrum of heart rate variability (HF-HRV), alters the nitrergic myenteric phenotype, and increases IL-6 and IL-1β when combined with anterior subdiaphragmatic vagotomy. The aims of the present study were to test the hypotheses that in mild NEC-induced pups, administration of the orexigenic hormone ghrelin (a) reduces the histopathological score, (b) increases the HF-HRV power, (c) improves the altered myenteric phenotype, and (d) subdiaphragmatic vagotomy prevents the effects of ghrelin. METHODS Newborn Sprague Dawley rats were subjected to seven days of brief periods of cold stress and hypoxia to induce mild NEC with or without anterior subdiaphragmatic vagotomy. HRV was measured at postnatal days one, five, and ten; intraperitoneal ghrelin (0.05 mg kg-1 ) was administered postnatal days five through ten b.i.d. Pups were sacrificed at day 12, and whole brains, gastrointestinal tissues, and blood were collected for immunohistochemical, corticosterone, and cytokine analysis. KEY RESULTS Ghrelin treatment reduced the intestinal histopathological score, increased the HF-HRV power, improved the altered intestinal myenteric phenotype, and subdiaphragmatic vagotomy prevented the effects of ghrelin. There were no differences in serum cytokines or corticosterone between groups. CONCLUSIONS AND INFERENCES Our data suggest that ghrelin administration is able to recover the mild NEC-induced changes to the histology, HF-HRV, and myenteric phenotype in a vagally dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alissa L. Meister
- Neural and Behavioral Sciences, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey PA
| | | | - Kim K. Doheny
- Neural and Behavioral Sciences, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey PA,Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey PA
| | - R. Alberto Travagli
- Neural and Behavioral Sciences, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey PA,Corresponding author: Dr. R. Alberto Travagli, Department of Neural and Behavioral Sciences, Penn State College of Medicine, 500 University Drive, MC H109, Hershey, PA 17033,
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Byrsonima intermedia A. Juss partitions promote gastroprotection against peptic ulcers and improve healing through antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. Biomed Pharmacother 2019; 111:1112-1123. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.12.132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Revised: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 12/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
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Lyra Junior HF, de Lucca Schiavon L, Rodrigues IK, Couto Vieira DS, de Paula Martins R, Turnes BL, Latini AS, D'Acâmpora AJ. Effects of Ghrelin on the Oxidative Stress and Healing of the Colonic Anastomosis in Rats. J Surg Res 2018; 234:167-177. [PMID: 30527470 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2018.09.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Revised: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anastomotic leakage is the deadliest complication of colonic procedures. Ghrelin is an orexigenic hormone with potent actions on growth hormone release and functions in the processes of growth, tissue inflammation, repair, and oxidative stress. We evaluated the hypothesis that the exogenous administration of ghrelin causes beneficial effects on the healing of colonic anastomosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS Sixty-four male Wistar rats were randomly assigned to eight subgroups receiving postoperative intraperitoneal administration of ghrelin (23 μg/kg/d) or saline after a colonic anastomosis. The anastomotic tissue was evaluated on the third, seventh, and 14th postoperative days. Anastomotic bursting pressure, histological parameters, hydroxyproline content, and tissue oxidative stress markers were compared. RESULTS There was a significant increase in the mean anastomotic bursting pressure in the ghrelin subgroup on the seventh postoperative day (P = 0.035). Histological evaluation demonstrated a significant difference in the neutrophilic infiltrate (P = 0.035) on the third and 14th d and in apoptosis (P = 0.004), granulation tissue (P = 0.011) and peritoneal inflammation (P = 0.014) on the 14th postoperative day. There was a statistically significant increase in the hydroxyproline content in the ghrelin subgroup on the 14th postoperative day (P = 0.043). There were significant differences in the nitrite tissue levels (P = 0.021) on day 3 and in reactive oxygen species (P = 0.012) on day 14. CONCLUSIONS The administration of ghrelin had beneficial anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects, increasing the resistance of the anastomosis and the hydroxyproline tissue content in the postoperative period.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Leonardo de Lucca Schiavon
- Department of Internal Medicine, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Igor Kunze Rodrigues
- Department of Surgery, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | | | - Roberta de Paula Martins
- Department of Biochemistry, Bioenergetics and Oxidative Stress Laboratory, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Bruna Lenfers Turnes
- Department of Biochemistry, Bioenergetics and Oxidative Stress Laboratory, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Alexandra Susana Latini
- Department of Biochemistry, Bioenergetics and Oxidative Stress Laboratory, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Armando José D'Acâmpora
- Department of Surgery, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
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Konarska K, Cieszkowski J, Warzecha Z, Ceranowicz P, Chmura A, Kuśnierz-Cabala B, Gałązka K, Kowalczyk P, Miskiewicz A, Konturek TJ, Pędziwiatr M, Dembiński A. Treatment with Obestatin-A Ghrelin Gene-Encoded Peptide-Reduces the Severity of Experimental Colitis Evoked by Trinitrobenzene Sulfonic Acid. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19061643. [PMID: 29865176 PMCID: PMC6032262 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19061643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Revised: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Obestatin is a 23-amino acid peptide derived from proghrelin, a common prohormone for ghrelin and obestatin. Previous studies showed that obestatin exhibited some protective and therapeutic effects in the gut. The aim of our presented study was to examine the effect of treatment with obestatin on trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS)-induced colitis. In rats anesthetized with ketamine, colitis was induced through intrarectal administration of 25 mg of 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS). Obestatin was administered intraperitoneally at doses of 4, 8, or 16 nmol/kg, twice per day for four consecutive days. The first dose of obestatin was given one day before the induction of colitis, and the last one was given two days after administration of TNBS. Fourteen days after the induction of colitis, rats were anesthetized again with ketamine, and the severity of colitis was determined. The administration of obestatin had no effect on the parameters tested in rats without the induction of colitis. In rats with colitis, administration of obestatin at doses of 8 or 16 nmol/kg reduced the area of colonic damage, and improved mucosal blood flow in the colon. These effects were accompanied by a reduction in the colitis-evoked increase in the level of blood leukocytes, and mucosal concentration of pro-inflammatory interleukin-1β. Moreover, obestatin administered at doses of 8 or 16 nmol/kg reduced histological signs of colonic damage. The administration of obestatin at a dose of 4 nmol/kg failed to significantly affect the parameters tested. Overall, treatment with obestatin reduced the severity of TNBS-induced colitis in rats. This effect was associated with an improvement in mucosal blood flow in the colon, and a decrease in local and systemic inflammatory processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Konarska
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-531 Cracow, Poland.
| | - Jakub Cieszkowski
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-531 Cracow, Poland.
| | - Zygmunt Warzecha
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-531 Cracow, Poland.
| | - Piotr Ceranowicz
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-531 Cracow, Poland.
| | - Anna Chmura
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-531 Cracow, Poland.
| | - Beata Kuśnierz-Cabala
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-501 Cracow, Poland.
| | - Krystyna Gałązka
- Department of Pathomorphology, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-531 Cracow, Poland.
| | - Paweł Kowalczyk
- Department of Animal Nutrition, The Kielanowski Institute of Animal Physiology and Nutrition, Polish Academy of Sciences, 05-110 Jablonna, Poland.
| | - Andrzej Miskiewicz
- Department of Periodontology and Oral Diseases, Medical University of Warsaw, 00-246 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Thomas Jan Konturek
- Department of Medicine, St. Elizabeth's Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02135, USA.
| | - Michał Pędziwiatr
- Second Department of General Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-501 Cracow, Poland.
| | - Artur Dembiński
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-531 Cracow, Poland.
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Zwierzchowska A, Iwan A, Hyc A, Suchońska B, Malejczyk J, Barcz E. Recurrent miscarriage is associated with increased ghrelin mRNA expression in the endometrium- a case-control study. Reprod Biol 2018; 18:12-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.repbio.2017.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Revised: 11/25/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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13
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Frago LM, Chowen JA. Involvement of Astrocytes in Mediating the Central Effects of Ghrelin. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18030536. [PMID: 28257088 PMCID: PMC5372552 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18030536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2017] [Revised: 02/16/2017] [Accepted: 02/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Although astrocytes are the most abundant cells in the mammalian brain, much remains to be learned about their molecular and functional features. Astrocytes express receptors for numerous hormones and metabolic factors, including the appetite-promoting hormone ghrelin. The metabolic effects of ghrelin are largely opposite to those of leptin, as it stimulates food intake and decreases energy expenditure. Ghrelin is also involved in glucose-sensing and glucose homeostasis. The widespread expression of the ghrelin receptor in the central nervous system suggests that this hormone is not only involved in metabolism, but also in other essential functions in the brain. In fact, ghrelin has been shown to promote cell survival and neuroprotection, with some studies exploring the use of ghrelin as a therapeutic agent against metabolic and neurodegenerative diseases. In this review, we highlight the possible role of glial cells as mediators of ghrelin's actions within the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura M Frago
- Department of Endocrinology, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Instituto de Investigación la Princesa, CIBER de Obesidad Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28009 Madrid, Spain.
- Department of Pediatrics, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Julie A Chowen
- Department of Endocrinology, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Instituto de Investigación la Princesa, CIBER de Obesidad Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28009 Madrid, Spain.
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Magierowski M, Magierowska K, Hubalewska-Mazgaj M, Sliwowski Z, Pajdo R, Ginter G, Kwiecien S, Brzozowski T. Exogenous and Endogenous Hydrogen Sulfide Protects Gastric Mucosa against the Formation and Time-Dependent Development of Ischemia/Reperfusion-Induced Acute Lesions Progressing into Deeper Ulcerations. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22020295. [PMID: 28212299 PMCID: PMC6155792 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22020295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Revised: 02/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is an endogenous mediator, synthesized from l-cysteine by cystathionine γ-lyase (CSE), cystathionine β-synthase (CBS) or 3-mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase (3-MST). The mechanism(s) involved in H2S-gastroprotection against ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) lesions and their time-dependent progression into deeper gastric ulcerations have been little studied. We determined the effect of l-cysteine, H2S-releasing NaHS or slow H2S releasing compound GYY4137 on gastric blood flow (GBF) and gastric lesions induced by 30 min of I followed by 3, 6, 24 and 48 h of R. Role of endogenous prostaglandins (PGs), afferent sensory nerves releasing calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), the gastric expression of hypoxia inducible factor (HIF)-1α and anti-oxidative enzymes were examined. Rats with or without capsaicin deactivation of sensory nerves were pretreated i.g. with vehicle, NaHS (18–180 μmol/kg) GYY4137 (90 μmol/kg) or l-cysteine (0.8–80 μmol/kg) alone or in combination with (1) indomethacin (14 μmol/kg i.p.), SC-560 (14 μmol/kg), celecoxib (26 μmol/kg); (2) capsazepine (13 μmol/kg i.p.); and (3) CGRP (2.5 nmol/kg i.p.). The area of I/R-induced gastric lesions and GBF were measured by planimetry and H2-gas clearance, respectively. Expression of mRNA for CSE, CBS, 3-MST, HIF-1α, glutathione peroxidase (GPx)-1, superoxide dismutase (SOD)-2 and sulfide production in gastric mucosa compromised by I/R were determined by real-time PCR and methylene blue method, respectively. NaHS and l-cysteine dose-dependently attenuated I/R-induced lesions while increasing the GBF, similarly to GYY4137 (90 μmol/kg). Capsaicin denervation and capsazepine but not COX-1 and COX-2 inhibitors reduced NaHS- and l-cysteine-induced protection and hyperemia. NaHS increased mRNA expression for SOD-2 and GPx-1 but not that for HIF-1α. NaHS which increased gastric mucosal sulfide release, prevented further progression of acute I/R injury into deeper gastric ulcers at 6, 24 and 48 h of R. We conclude that H2S-induced gastroprotection against I/R-injury is due to increase in gastric microcirculation, anti-oxidative properties and afferent sensory nerves activity but independent on endogenous prostaglandins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Magierowski
- Department of Physiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-531 Cracow, Poland.
| | - Katarzyna Magierowska
- Department of Physiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-531 Cracow, Poland.
| | - Magdalena Hubalewska-Mazgaj
- Department of Physiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-531 Cracow, Poland.
- Department of Genetic Research and Nutrigenomics, Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Cracow, Poland.
| | - Zbigniew Sliwowski
- Department of Physiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-531 Cracow, Poland.
| | - Robert Pajdo
- Department of Physiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-531 Cracow, Poland.
| | - Grzegorz Ginter
- Department of Physiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-531 Cracow, Poland.
| | - Slawomir Kwiecien
- Department of Physiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-531 Cracow, Poland.
| | - Tomasz Brzozowski
- Department of Physiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-531 Cracow, Poland.
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15
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Wan SX, Shi B, Lou XL, Liu JQ, Ma GG, Liang DY, Ma S. Ghrelin protects small intestinal epithelium against sepsis-induced injury by enhancing the autophagy of intestinal epithelial cells. Biomed Pharmacother 2016; 83:1315-1320. [PMID: 27571874 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2016.08.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2016] [Revised: 08/18/2016] [Accepted: 08/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ghrelin is a hormone that protects against hypoxic injury of cardiac cells by inducing autophagy, but the role of autophagy in sepsis remains unclear. This study aimed to evaluate whether ghrelin could enhance autophagy in rats with intestinal sepsis. METHODS The cecal ligation and perforation (CLP) method was used to induce sepsis in Sprague-Dawley rats. The rats were assigned to four groups: normal group, sham-operated group, sepsis group, and Ghrelin-treated group. Sera and small intestinal tissues were collected from all groups. The sepsis was evaluated by histological analysis, and autophagy of small intestinal epithelial cells was assessed by electron microscopy, immunofluorescence, and biochemical methods. RESULTS The expression of autophagy-associated proteins such as LC3, Atg 7 and Beclin 1 increased by 8h post-CLP and declined to basal levels by 12h post-CLP. The expression of LC3, Atg 7 and Beclin 1 in Ghrelin-treated rats was higher than that in rats with sepsis. Furthermore, compared to rats with sepsis, Ghrelin-treated rats showed significantly reduced intestinal mucosa injury at 20h post-CLP. CONCLUSION Autophagy is induced in the early stages of sepsis. Ghrelin could enhance the autophagy of intestinal epithelial cells in rats with sepsis and protect the small intestinal epithelium against sepsis-induced injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Xia Wan
- The No. 4 Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Bin Shi
- Songjiang Hospital, Affiliated with First People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Critical Care Unit, Shanghai, China.
| | - Xiao-Li Lou
- Songjiang Hospital, Affiliated with First People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Central Laboratory, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing-Quan Liu
- Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Critical Care Unit, Hanzhou, China
| | - Guo-Guang Ma
- Zhongshan Hospital Affiliated with FuDan University, Critical Care Unit, Shanghai, China
| | - Dong-Yu Liang
- Songjiang Hospital, Affiliated with First People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Central Laboratory, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuang Ma
- Songjiang Hospital, Affiliated with First People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Critical Care Unit, Shanghai, China
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16
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Dranitsina AS, Dvorshchenko KO, Morgaienko OO, Grebinyk DM, Ostapchenko LI. Expression of Tlr2, Defa, and Muc2 genes in rat duodenum epithelial cells during prolonged stomach hypoacidity and after hypoacidity correction by multiprobiotics. CYTOL GENET+ 2016. [DOI: 10.3103/s009545271603004x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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17
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Liu B, Han X, Feng W, Cui J, Hasegawa T, Amizuka N, Xu X, Li M. Altered distribution of Ghrelin protein in mice molar development. Arch Oral Biol 2016; 65:82-6. [PMID: 26871984 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2016.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2015] [Revised: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 01/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Ghrelin, an appetite-stimulating hormone, plays diverse regulatory functions in cell growth, proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis during mammalian development. There is limited information currently available regarding Ghrelin expression during mammalian tooth development, thus we aimed to establish the spatiotemporal expression of Ghrelin during murine molar odontogenesis. DESIGN Immunohistochemistry was performed to detect the expression pattern of Ghrelin in mandible molar from E15.5 to PN7 during murine tooth development. RESULTS The results showed that Ghrelin initially expressed in the inner enamel epithelium and the adjacent mesenchymal cells below, further with persistent expression in the ameloblasts and odontoblasts throughout the following developmental stages. In addition, Ghrelin was also present in Hertwig's epithelial root sheath at the beginning of tooth root formation. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that Ghrelin was present in tooth organs throughout the stages of tooth development, especially in ameloblasts and odontoblasts with little spatiotemporal expression differences. However, the potential regulatory roles of this hormone in tooth development still need to be validated by functional studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Liu
- Department of Bone Metabolism, School of Stomatology, Shandong University, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration, Jinan, China; Stomatology Department of Jining Medical University, China
| | - Xiuchun Han
- Department of Bone Metabolism, School of Stomatology, Shandong University, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration, Jinan, China
| | - Wei Feng
- Department of Bone Metabolism, School of Stomatology, Shandong University, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration, Jinan, China
| | - Jian Cui
- Department of Bone Metabolism, School of Stomatology, Shandong University, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration, Jinan, China
| | - Tomoka Hasegawa
- Department of Developmental Biology of Hard Tissue, Graduate School of Dental Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Norio Amizuka
- Department of Developmental Biology of Hard Tissue, Graduate School of Dental Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Xin Xu
- Department of Bone Metabolism, School of Stomatology, Shandong University, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration, Jinan, China
| | - Minqi Li
- Department of Bone Metabolism, School of Stomatology, Shandong University, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration, Jinan, China.
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18
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Eissa N, Ghia JE. Immunomodulatory effect of ghrelin in the intestinal mucosa. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2015; 27:1519-27. [PMID: 26503163 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.12703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The gastrointestinal tract is the largest endocrine organ in the body and it produces a wide array of hormones and neuropeptides. Ghrelin, a 28-amino acid hormone produced mainly by the X/A-like endocrine cells in the gastric mucosa, has widespread tissue distribution and diverse physiological functions such as hormonal, orexigenic, metabolic, cardiovascular, neurological and immunological activities. Recent research has implicated ghrelin in gastrointestinal pathological conditions and immune system regulation, but its contribution is controversial. Although ghrelin levels are elevated in clinical active inflammatory bowel diseases, confirmation of its exact role using experimental models remains unclear. This review discusses the conflicting effects of ghrelin on intestinal inflammation, through the different possible immune and intracellular mechanisms and highlights new findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Eissa
- Immunology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - J E Ghia
- Immunology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.,Internal Medicine Section of Gastroenterology, IBD Clinical and Research Centre, Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
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19
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Ali SS, Hamed EA, Ayuob NN, Shaker Ali A, Suliman MI. Effects of different routes of nicotine administration on gastric morphology and hormonal secretion in rats. Exp Physiol 2015; 100:881-95. [DOI: 10.1113/ep085015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2014] [Accepted: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Soad Shaker Ali
- Anatomy Department, Faculty of Medicine; King Abdulaziz University; Jeddah Saudi Arabia
| | - Enas Ahmed Hamed
- Physiology Department, Faculty of Medicine; Assuit University; Asyut Egypt
| | - Nasra Naeim Ayuob
- Anatomy Department, Faculty of Medicine; King Abdulaziz University; Jeddah Saudi Arabia
- Histology Department, Faculty of Medicine; Mansoura University; Mansoura Egypt
| | - Ahmed Shaker Ali
- Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Medicine; King Abdulaziz University; Jeddah Saudi Arabia
| | - Mansour Ibrahem Suliman
- Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Medicine; King Abdulaziz University; Jeddah Saudi Arabia
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20
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Can N, Catak O, Turgut B, Demir T, Ilhan N, Kuloglu T, Ozercan IH. Neuroprotective and antioxidant effects of ghrelin in an experimental glaucoma model. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2015; 9:2819-29. [PMID: 26082612 PMCID: PMC4459614 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s83067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Damage to retinal ganglion cells due to elevation of intraocular pressure (IOP) is responsible for vision loss in glaucoma. Given that loss of these cells is irreversible, neuroprotection is crucial in the treatment of glaucoma. In this study, we investigated the possible antioxidant and neuroprotective effects of ghrelin on the retina in an experimental glaucoma model. Twenty-one Sprague–Dawley rats were randomly assigned to three groups comprising seven rats each. The rats in the control group were not operated on and did not receive any treatment. In all rats in the other groups, IOP was increased by cauterization of the limbal veins. After creation of the IOP increase, saline 1 mL/kg or ghrelin 40 μg/kg was administered intraperitoneally every day for 14 days in the vehicle control group and ghrelin groups, respectively. On day 14 of the study, the eyes were enucleated. Levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), nitric oxide (NO), and nitric oxide synthase-2 (NOS2) in anterior chamber fluid were measured. The retinas were subjected to immunohistochemistry staining for glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), S-100, and vimentin expression. Mean levels of MDA, NO, and NOS2 in the aqueous humor were higher in the vehicle control group than in the control group (P<0.05). Mean levels of MDA, NO, and NOS2 in the ghrelin group did not show a significant increase compared with levels in the control group (P>0.05). Retinal TUNEL and immunohistochemistry staining in the vehicle control group showed an increase in apoptosis and expression of GFAP, S-100, and vimentin compared with the control group (P<0.05). In the ghrelin group, apoptosis and expression of GFAP, S-100, and vimentin was significantly lower than in the vehicle control group (P<0.05). This study suggests that ghrelin has antioxidant and neuroprotective effects on the retina in an experimental glaucoma model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nagehan Can
- Department of Ophthalmology, Elazığ Training and Research Hospital, Fırat University, Elazığ, Turkey
| | - Onur Catak
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Fırat University, Elazığ, Turkey
| | - Burak Turgut
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Fırat University, Elazığ, Turkey
| | - Tamer Demir
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Fırat University, Elazığ, Turkey
| | - Nevin Ilhan
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Fırat University, Elazığ, Turkey
| | - Tuncay Kuloglu
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, Fırat University, Elazığ, Turkey
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21
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The Anti-Edematous Effect of Ghrelin in Brain Hypoxia is Associated with Decreasing Expression of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor. J Mol Neurosci 2015; 56:273-7. [DOI: 10.1007/s12031-015-0528-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2014] [Accepted: 02/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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22
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Nikoukar L, Nabavizadeh F, Mohamadi S, Moslehi A, Hassanzadeh G, Nahrevanian H, Agah S. Protective effect of ghrelin in a rat model of celiac disease. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 101:438-47. [DOI: 10.1556/aphysiol.101.2014.4.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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23
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Prodam F, Filigheddu N. Ghrelin gene products in acute and chronic inflammation. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 2014; 62:369-84. [PMID: 24728531 DOI: 10.1007/s00005-014-0287-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2013] [Accepted: 03/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Ghrelin gene products--the peptides ghrelin, unacylated ghrelin, and obestatin--have several actions on the immune system, opening new perspectives within neuroendocrinology, metabolism and inflammation. The aim of this review is to summarize the available evidence regarding the less known role of these peptides in the machinery of inflammation and autoimmunity, outlining some of their most promising therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavia Prodam
- Departmant of Health Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale "Amedeo Avogadro", Novara, Italy
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LIANG ZHIHAI, QIN MENGBIN, TANG GUODU, YANG HUIYING, SU JUAN, HUANG JIEAN. Melatonin reduces inflammation and recovers endogenous ghrelin in acute necrotizing pancreatitis in rats. Mol Med Rep 2014; 9:2599-605. [DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2014.2132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2013] [Accepted: 03/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Zhu J, Zheng C, Chen J, Luo J, Su B, Huang Y, Su W, Li Z, Cui T. Ghrelin protects human umbilical vein endothelial cells against high glucose-induced apoptosis via mTOR/P70S6K signaling pathway. Peptides 2014; 52:23-8. [PMID: 24287118 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2013.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2013] [Revised: 11/17/2013] [Accepted: 11/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Ghrelin exhibits its biological effect through binding to the growth hormone secretagogue 1a receptor (GHS-R1a). Recently, it has been reported that ghrelin has an anti-apoptotic effect in several cell types. However, the molecule mechanisms underlying the anti-apoptotic effect of ghrelin remain poorly understood. In this study, we investigated the intracellular mechanisms responsible for anti-apoptotic effect of ghrelin on human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC). Treatment of HUVEC with ghrelin inhibited high glucose-induced cell apoptosis. Ghrelin stimulated the rapid phosphorylation of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), P70S6K and S6. The GHS-R1a-specific antagonist [D-Lys3]-GHRP-6 abolished the anti-apoptotic effect and inhibited the activation of mTOR, P70S6K, S6 induced by ghrelin. Pretreatment of cells with specific inhibitor of mTOR blocked the anti-apoptotic effect of ghrelin. In addition, ghrelin protected HUVECs against high glucose induced apoptosis by increasing Bcl-2/Bax ratio. Taken together, our results demonstrate that ghrelin produces a protective effect on HUVECs through activating GHS-R1a and mTOR/P70S6K signaling pathway mediates the effect of ghrelin. These observations suggest that ghrelin may act as a survival factor in preventing HUVECs apoptosis caused by high glucose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianhua Zhu
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology, Wuhan No. 1 Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Chenghong Zheng
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology, Wuhan No. 1 Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, Hubei, PR China; Department of Endocrinology, Wuhan No. 1 Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Jie Chen
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology, Wuhan No. 1 Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Jing Luo
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Bintao Su
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology, Wuhan No. 1 Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Yan Huang
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology, Wuhan No. 1 Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Wen Su
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology, Wuhan No. 1 Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Zixi Li
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology, Wuhan No. 1 Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Tianpen Cui
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology, Wuhan No. 1 Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, Hubei, PR China.
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Engelstoft MS, Park WM, Sakata I, Kristensen LV, Husted AS, Osborne-Lawrence S, Piper PK, Walker AK, Pedersen MH, Nøhr MK, Pan J, Sinz CJ, Carrington PE, Akiyama TE, Jones RM, Tang C, Ahmed K, Offermanns S, Egerod KL, Zigman JM, Schwartz TW. Seven transmembrane G protein-coupled receptor repertoire of gastric ghrelin cells. Mol Metab 2013; 2:376-92. [PMID: 24327954 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2013.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 239] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2013] [Accepted: 08/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The molecular mechanisms regulating secretion of the orexigenic-glucoregulatory hormone ghrelin remain unclear. Based on qPCR analysis of FACS-purified gastric ghrelin cells, highly expressed and enriched 7TM receptors were comprehensively identified and functionally characterized using in vitro, ex vivo and in vivo methods. Five Gαs-coupled receptors efficiently stimulated ghrelin secretion: as expected the β1-adrenergic, the GIP and the secretin receptors but surprisingly also the composite receptor for the sensory neuropeptide CGRP and the melanocortin 4 receptor. A number of Gαi/o-coupled receptors inhibited ghrelin secretion including somatostatin receptors SSTR1, SSTR2 and SSTR3 and unexpectedly the highly enriched lactate receptor, GPR81. Three other metabolite receptors known to be both Gαi/o- and Gαq/11-coupled all inhibited ghrelin secretion through a pertussis toxin-sensitive Gαi/o pathway: FFAR2 (short chain fatty acid receptor; GPR43), FFAR4 (long chain fatty acid receptor; GPR120) and CasR (calcium sensing receptor). In addition to the common Gα subunits three non-common Gαi/o subunits were highly enriched in ghrelin cells: GαoA, GαoB and Gαz. Inhibition of Gαi/o signaling via ghrelin cell-selective pertussis toxin expression markedly enhanced circulating ghrelin. These 7TM receptors and associated Gα subunits constitute a major part of the molecular machinery directly mediating neuronal and endocrine stimulation versus metabolite and somatostatin inhibition of ghrelin secretion including a series of novel receptor targets not previously identified on the ghrelin cell.
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Key Words
- 7TM, seven transmembrane segment
- BAC, bacterial artificial chromosome
- CCK, cholecystokinin
- CFMB, (S)-2-(4-chlorophenyl)-3,3-dimethyl-N-(5-phenylthiazol-2-yl)butamide
- CGRP, calcitonin gene-related peptide
- CHBA, 3-chloro-5-hydroxybenzoic acid
- Enteroendocrine
- G protein signaling
- GIP, glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide
- GLP-1, glucagon-like peptide 1
- GPCR
- Ghrelin
- Metabolites
- PTx, Bordetella pertussis toxin
- PYY, peptide YY
- Secretion
- hrGFP, humanized Renilla reniformis green fluorescent protein
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Affiliation(s)
- Maja S Engelstoft
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section for Metabolic Receptology and Enteroendocrinology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark ; Laboratory for Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
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Anti-inflammatory effect of obestatin and ghrelin in dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis in rats. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2013; 57:211-8. [PMID: 23549326 DOI: 10.1097/mpg.0b013e318294711e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Obestatin and ghrelin are hormones derived from the same gene but have opposing effects. Ghrelin has anti-inflammatory activities; however, the role of obestatin in the inflammatory processes has not been clearly demonstrated yet. The aim of the study was to analyse and compare the anti-inflammatory effect of exogenous ghrelin and obestatin in a rat model of colitis. METHODS Acute and chronic colitis was induced in 96 rats by adding 3% dextran sulfate sodium to the drinking water for 5 and 10 days, respectively. Intraperitoneal pretreatment with ghrelin or obestatin was started before the induction of colitis, and continued for 5 and 10 days. Clinical signs of the disease and histopathological changes were evaluated. By-products of neutrophil activation, lipid peroxidation, and inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines were measured in colonic tissues. RESULTS Obestatin and ghrelin significantly ameliorated clinical and histopathological severity of chronic colitis, whereas they were less effective in the acute form. Therapeutic effect of ghrelin and obestatin in acute colitis was associated with reduced lipid peroxidation and TH1-induced inflammatory response, whereas obestatin in chronic colitis was protective via the suppression of polymorphonuclear leukocyte infiltration and enhancement of glutathione synthesis. Moreover, therapeutic effects of ghrelin and obestatin in chronic colitis appear to be associated with inhibition of inflammatory and activation of anti-inflammatory cytokines. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrated the novel anti-inflammatory effect of obestatin and ghrelin in an experimental model of colitis. Although both obestatin and ghrelin exerted anti-inflammatory effects in chronic colitis, they were less effective in acute colitis.
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ZHANG HONGWEI, CUI ZHONGYI, LUO GUANGWEI, ZHANG JIAHENG, MA TAO, HU NA, CUI TIANPEN. Ghrelin attenuates intestinal ischemia/reperfusion injury in mice by activating the mTOR signaling pathway. Int J Mol Med 2013; 32:851-9. [DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2013.1452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2013] [Accepted: 05/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Chen X, Chen Q, Wang L, Li G. Ghrelin induces cell migration through GHSR1a-mediated PI3K/Akt/eNOS/NO signaling pathway in endothelial progenitor cells. Metabolism 2013; 62:743-52. [PMID: 23218924 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2012.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2012] [Revised: 09/16/2012] [Accepted: 09/24/2012] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this research was to investigate the effects of ghrelin on circulating endothelial progenitor cells (EPC) directional migration and its underlying molecular mechanisms involved in this process. MATERIALS/METHODS EPC were isolated from bone marrow of SD rats by using Percoll density gradient centrifugation, and characterized by double positive for acLDL-Dil uptake and FITC-UEA-1 binding and immunocytochemistry for CD34, CD133, vWF and Flk-1. EPC were treated with different concentrations of ghrelin (10(-9)~10(-6)M) with or without GHSR1a inhibitor [D-Lys3]-GHRP-6, PI3K inhibitor LY294002 and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) inhibitor L-NAME, migration of EPC was detected by transwell assay, levels of phosphorylated and total Akt and eNOS were determined by Western-blot analysis and Nitric Oxide (NO) production was measured by Griess assay, respectively. RESULTS EPC were successfully obtained by Percoll density gradient centrifugation and ghrelin at 10(-8)M~10(-7)M promoted EPC migration. Ghrelin-induced EPC migration was accompanied by phosphorylation of Akt and eNOS, as well as an increase in NO production. These biochemical events and EPC directional migration induced by ghrelin were completely inhibited by GHSR-1a blocker [D-Lys3]-GHRP-6. PI3K inhibitor LY294002 attenuated ghrelin-induced EPC migration, phosphorylation of Akt and eNOS, and NO production. eNOS inhibitor L-NAME blocked ghrelin-induced EPC migration, phosphorylation of eNOS, and NO production, but had no effect on Akt phosphorylation. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that ghrelin stimulates EPC directional migration via GHSR1a-mediated PI3K/Akt/eNOS/NO signal pathway. It indicates that ghrelin may be used as a therapeutic strategy to treat ischemic diseases by promoting EPC directional migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodong Chen
- Department of Geriatrics, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, China
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Yang D, Liu Z, Zhang H, Luo Q. Ghrelin protects human pulmonary artery endothelial cells against hypoxia-induced injury via PI3-kinase/Akt. Peptides 2013; 42:112-7. [PMID: 23391508 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2013.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2012] [Revised: 01/26/2013] [Accepted: 01/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Endothelial injury and diminished NO release induced by hypoxia is thought to be a critical factor in the development of pulmonary artery hypertension (PAH). Ghrelin (Ghr) is a well-characterized hormone and has protective effects on the cardiovascular system, specifically by promoting the vascular endothelial cell function. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of the Ghr on the hypoxia-induced injury in human pulmonary artery endothelial cells (HPAECs) and on the involved transduction pathway. Effects were investigated by treating cells with varying concentrations of Ghr in the absence or presence of inhibitors that target phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K), in normoxic or hypoxic conditions for 24h. Our results indicated that the treatment with 10(-7) mol/l Ghr significantly enhanced cell viability (P<0.05, n=5) and upregulated the ratio of Bcl-2/Bax under hypoxic condition (P<0.05, n=4), as compared with the hypoxic condition alone. However, an addition of the PI3K/Akt inhibitor LY294002 inhibited these Ghr-mediated effects. Moreover, the Ghr (10(-7)mol/l) significantly increased NO secretion and eNOS phosphorylation in comparison with the hypoxia or normoxia alone group (P<0.05, n=4). Nevertheless, the treatment with LY294002 (20 μmol/l) decreased the Ghr-induced NO release as well as the eNOS activity. In conclusion, the Ghr could inhibit hypoxia-mediated HPAECs dysfunction via the PI3K/Akt pathway, and the bcl-2/bax ratio was also involved in the protective action of the Ghr in HPAECs. As such, the Ghr demonstrates a significant potential to prevent and treat PAH affected by the endothelial dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Xicheng District, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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Ercan S, Basaranlar G, Gungor NE, Kencebay C, Sahin P, Celik-Ozenci C, Derin N. Ghrelin inhibits sodium metabisulfite induced oxidative stress and apoptosis in rat gastric mucosa. Food Chem Toxicol 2013; 56:154-61. [PMID: 23439480 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2013.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2012] [Revised: 02/05/2013] [Accepted: 02/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the effect of ghrelin administration on sulfite induced oxidative and apoptotic changes in rat gastric mucosa. Forty male albino Wistar rats were randomized into control (C), sodium metabisulfite (Na2S2O5) treated (S), ghrelin treated (G) and, Na2S2O5+ghrelin treated (SG) groups. Sodium metabisulfite (100 mg/kg/day) was given by gastric gavage and, ghrelin (20 μg/kg/day) was given intraperitoneally for 5 weeks. Plasma-S-sulfonate level was increased in S and SG groups. Na2S2O5 administration significantly elevated total oxidant status (TOS) levels while depleting total antioxidant status (TAS) levels in gastric mucosa. Ghrelin significantly decreased gastric TOS levels in the SG group compared with the S group. Additionally, TAS levels were found to be higher in SG group in reference to S group. Na2S2O5 administration also markedly increased the number of apoptotic cells, cleaved caspase-3 and PAR expression (PARP activity indicator) and, decreased Ki67 expression (cell proliferation index) in gastric mucosal cells. Ghrelin treatment decreased the number apoptotic cells, cytochrome C release, PAR and, caspase-3 expressions while increasing Ki67 expression in gastric mucosa exposed to Na2S2O5. In conclusion, we suggest that ghrelin treatment might ameliorate ingested-Na2S2O5 induced gastric mucosal injury stemming from apoptosis and oxidative stress in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sevim Ercan
- Akdeniz University, Vocational School of Health Services, Antalya 07070, Turkey.
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Vasileiou I, Patsouras D, Patsouris E, Theocharis S. Ghrelin and toxicity: recent findings and future challenges. J Appl Toxicol 2012; 33:238-45. [PMID: 22887052 DOI: 10.1002/jat.2803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2012] [Revised: 06/26/2012] [Accepted: 06/26/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Ghrelin is a novel brain-gut peptide that plays various roles in mammals, including control of food intake and growth hormone release, as well as gastric motility and acid secretion in the gastrointestinal tract. It is mainly secreted by the gastric mucosa, but is also expressed in various other tissues. Different studies confirm the multiple biological roles of and possible protective effects of ghrelin. Multiple in vitro and in vivo studies support the powerful protective action of ghrelin against heart, gastric and liver injury. Moreover, ghrelin has been reported to be beneficial in renal tissue injury and excretory function after ischemia-reperfusion and to exert neuroprotective effects in cerebral ischemic regions. The aim of this review is to summarize and evaluate all the currently available in vivo and in vitro studies regarding the effects of ghrelin on tissue injury induced in different organs and tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioanna Vasileiou
- First Department of Pathology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Medical School, 75 Mikras Asias Street, GR11527 Goudi, Athens, Greece
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de Jesus NZT, de Souza Falcão H, Gomes IF, de Almeida Leite TJ, de Morais Lima GR, Barbosa-Filho JM, Tavares JF, da Silva MS, de Athayde-Filho PF, Batista LM. Tannins, peptic ulcers and related mechanisms. Int J Mol Sci 2012; 13:3203-3228. [PMID: 22489149 PMCID: PMC3317710 DOI: 10.3390/ijms13033203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2012] [Revised: 02/26/2012] [Accepted: 02/28/2012] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
This review of the current literature aims to study correlations between the chemical structure and gastric anti-ulcer activity of tannins. Tannins are used in medicine primarily because of their astringent properties. These properties are due to the fact that tannins react with the tissue proteins with which they come into contact. In gastric ulcers, this tannin-protein complex layer protects the stomach by promoting greater resistance to chemical and mechanical injury or irritation. Moreover, in several experimental models of gastric ulcer, tannins have been shown to present antioxidant activity, promote tissue repair, exhibit anti Helicobacter pylori effects, and they are involved in gastrointestinal tract anti-inflammatory processes. The presence of tannins explains the anti-ulcer effects of many natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neyres Zinia Taveira de Jesus
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Paraiba, João Pessoa 58051-970, PB, Brazil; E-Mails: (N.Z.T.J.); (H.S.F.); (I.F.G.); (T.J.A.L.); (G.R.M.L.); (J.M.B.-F.); (J.F.T.); (M.S.S.); (P.F.A.-F.)
| | - Heloina de Souza Falcão
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Paraiba, João Pessoa 58051-970, PB, Brazil; E-Mails: (N.Z.T.J.); (H.S.F.); (I.F.G.); (T.J.A.L.); (G.R.M.L.); (J.M.B.-F.); (J.F.T.); (M.S.S.); (P.F.A.-F.)
| | - Isis Fernandes Gomes
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Paraiba, João Pessoa 58051-970, PB, Brazil; E-Mails: (N.Z.T.J.); (H.S.F.); (I.F.G.); (T.J.A.L.); (G.R.M.L.); (J.M.B.-F.); (J.F.T.); (M.S.S.); (P.F.A.-F.)
| | - Thiago Jose de Almeida Leite
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Paraiba, João Pessoa 58051-970, PB, Brazil; E-Mails: (N.Z.T.J.); (H.S.F.); (I.F.G.); (T.J.A.L.); (G.R.M.L.); (J.M.B.-F.); (J.F.T.); (M.S.S.); (P.F.A.-F.)
| | - Gedson Rodrigues de Morais Lima
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Paraiba, João Pessoa 58051-970, PB, Brazil; E-Mails: (N.Z.T.J.); (H.S.F.); (I.F.G.); (T.J.A.L.); (G.R.M.L.); (J.M.B.-F.); (J.F.T.); (M.S.S.); (P.F.A.-F.)
| | - Jose Maria Barbosa-Filho
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Paraiba, João Pessoa 58051-970, PB, Brazil; E-Mails: (N.Z.T.J.); (H.S.F.); (I.F.G.); (T.J.A.L.); (G.R.M.L.); (J.M.B.-F.); (J.F.T.); (M.S.S.); (P.F.A.-F.)
| | - Josean Fechine Tavares
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Paraiba, João Pessoa 58051-970, PB, Brazil; E-Mails: (N.Z.T.J.); (H.S.F.); (I.F.G.); (T.J.A.L.); (G.R.M.L.); (J.M.B.-F.); (J.F.T.); (M.S.S.); (P.F.A.-F.)
| | - Marcelo Sobral da Silva
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Paraiba, João Pessoa 58051-970, PB, Brazil; E-Mails: (N.Z.T.J.); (H.S.F.); (I.F.G.); (T.J.A.L.); (G.R.M.L.); (J.M.B.-F.); (J.F.T.); (M.S.S.); (P.F.A.-F.)
| | - Petrônio Filgueiras de Athayde-Filho
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Paraiba, João Pessoa 58051-970, PB, Brazil; E-Mails: (N.Z.T.J.); (H.S.F.); (I.F.G.); (T.J.A.L.); (G.R.M.L.); (J.M.B.-F.); (J.F.T.); (M.S.S.); (P.F.A.-F.)
| | - Leonia Maria Batista
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Paraiba, João Pessoa 58051-970, PB, Brazil; E-Mails: (N.Z.T.J.); (H.S.F.); (I.F.G.); (T.J.A.L.); (G.R.M.L.); (J.M.B.-F.); (J.F.T.); (M.S.S.); (P.F.A.-F.)
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Examination of the tissue ghrelin expression of rats with diet-induced obesity using radioimmunoassay and immunohistochemical methods. Mol Cell Biochem 2012; 365:165-73. [DOI: 10.1007/s11010-012-1256-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2011] [Accepted: 02/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Mogami S, Suzuki H, Fukuhara S, Matsuzaki J, Kangawa K, Hibi T. Reduced ghrelin production induced anorexia after rat gastric ischemia and reperfusion. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2012; 302:G359-64. [PMID: 22114115 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00297.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The gastrointestinal (GI) tract is one of the most susceptible organs to ischemia. We previously reported altered gastric motility after gastric ischemia and reperfusion (I/R). However, there have also been few reports of alterations in the eating behavior after gastric I/R. Ghrelin is a GI peptide that stimulates food intake and GI motility. Although ghrelin itself has been demonstrated to attenuate the mucosal injuries induced by gastric I/R, the endogenous ghrelin dynamics after I/R has not yet been elucidated. The present study was designed to investigate the relationship between food intake and the ghrelin dynamics after gastric I/R. Wistar rats were exposed to 80-min gastric ischemia, followed by 12-h or 48-h reperfusion. The food intake, plasma ghrelin levels, gastric preproghrelin mRNA expression levels, and the histological localization of ghrelin-immunoreactive cells were evaluated. The effect of exogenous ghrelin on the food intake after I/R was also examined. Food intake, the plasma ghrelin levels, the count of ghrelin-immunoreactive cells corrected by the percentage areas of the remaining mucosa, and the expression levels of preproghrelin mRNA in the stomach were significantly reduced at 12 h and 48 h after I/R compared with the levels in the sham-operated rats. Intraperitoneal administration of ghrelin significantly reversed the decrease of food intake after I/R. These data show that gastric I/R evoked anorexia with decreased plasma ghrelin levels and ghrelin production, which appears to be attributable to the I/R-induced gastric mucosal injuries. The decrease in the plasma ghrelin levels may have been responsible for the decreased food intake after gastric I/R.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachiko Mogami
- Div. of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Dept. of Internal Medicine, Keio Univ. School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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Rezaeian F, Wettstein R, Scheuer C, Bäumker K, Bächle A, Vollmar B, Menger MD, Harder Y. Ghrelin protects musculocutaneous tissue from ischemic necrosis by improving microvascular perfusion. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2012; 302:H603-10. [DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00390.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Persistent ischemia in musculocutaneous tissue may lead to wound breakdown and necrosis. The objective of this experimental study was to analyze, whether the gastric peptide ghrelin prevents musculocutaneous tissue from necrosis and to elucidate underlying mechanisms. Thirty-two C57BL/6 mice equipped with a dorsal skinfold chamber containing ischemic musculocutaneous tissue were allocated to four groups: 1) ghrelin; 2) Nω-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester (l-NAME); 3) ghrelin and l-NAME; and 4) control. Microcirculation, inflammation, angiogenesis, and tissue survival were assessed by fluorescence microscopy. Inducible and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (iNOS I and eNOS), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), as well as nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) were assessed by Western blot analysis. Ghrelin-treated animals showed an increased expression of iNOS and eNOS in critically perfused tissue compared with controls. This was associated with arteriolar dilation, increased arteriolar perfusion, and a sustained functional capillary density. Ghrelin further upregulated NF-κB and VEGF and induced angiogenesis. Finally, ghrelin reduced microvascular leukocyte-endothelial cell interactions, apoptosis, and overall tissue necrosis ( P < 0.05 vs. control). Inhibition of nitric oxide by l-NAME did not affect the anti-inflammatory and angiogenic action of ghrelin but completely blunted the ghrelin-induced tissue protection by abrogating the arteriolar dilation, the improved capillary perfusion, and the increased tissue survival. Ghrelin prevents critically perfused tissue from ischemic necrosis. Tissue protection is the result of a nitric oxide synthase-mediated improvement of the microcirculation but not due to induction of angiogenesis or attenuation of inflammation. This might represent a promising, noninvasive, and clinically applicable approach to protect musculocutaneous tissue from ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- F. Rezaeian
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Department of Plastic Surgery and Hand Surgery, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technische Universität, Munich
| | - R. Wettstein
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - C. Scheuer
- Institute for Clinical and Experimental Surgery, University of Saarland, Homburg/Saar; and
| | - K. Bäumker
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - A. Bächle
- Institute for Clinical and Experimental Surgery, University of Saarland, Homburg/Saar; and
| | - B. Vollmar
- Institute for Experimental Surgery, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - M. D. Menger
- Institute for Clinical and Experimental Surgery, University of Saarland, Homburg/Saar; and
| | - Y. Harder
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Department of Plastic Surgery and Hand Surgery, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technische Universität, Munich
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Wang L, Chen Q, Li G, Ke D. Ghrelin stimulates angiogenesis via GHSR1a-dependent MEK/ERK and PI3K/Akt signal pathways in rat cardiac microvascular endothelial cells. Peptides 2012; 33:92-100. [PMID: 22100225 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2011.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2011] [Revised: 11/01/2011] [Accepted: 11/01/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Ghrelin, an endogenous ligand of the growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHSR), is thought to exert a protective effect on the cardiovascular system, specifically by promoting vascular endothelial cell function such as cell proliferation, migration, survival and angiogenesis. However, the effect of ghrelin on angiogenesis and the corresponding mechanisms have not yet been extensively studied in cardiac microvascular endothelial cells (CMECs) isolated from left ventricular myocardium of adult Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats. In our study, we found that ghrelin and GHSR are constitutively expressed in CMECs. Ghrelin significantly increases CMECs proliferation, migration, and in vitro angiogenesis. The ghrelin-induced angiogenic process was accompanied by phosphorylation of ERK and Akt. MEK inhibitor PD98059 abolished ghrelin-induced phosphorylation of ERK, but had no effect on Akt phosphorylation. PI3K inhibitor LY294002 abolished ghrelin-induced phosphorylation of Akt, but had no effect on ERK phosphorylation. Ghrelin-induced angiogenesis was partially blocked by treatment with PD98059 or LY294002. In addition, this angiogenic effect was almost completely inhibited by PD98059+LY294002. Pretreatment with GHSR1a blocker [D-Lys3]-GHRP-6 abolished ghrelin-induced phosphorylation of ERK, Akt and in vitro angiogenesis. In conclusion, this is the first demonstration that ghrelin stimulates CMECs angiogenesis through GHSR1a-mediated MEK/ERK and PI3K/Akt signal pathways, indicating that two pathways are required for full angiogenic activity of ghrelin. This study suggests that ghrelin may play an important role in myocardial angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Wang
- Department of Geriatrics, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, China
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The effect of ghrelin pretreatment on epididymal sperm quality and tissue antioxidant enzyme activities after testicular ischemia/reperfusion in rats. J Physiol Biochem 2011; 68:91-7. [DOI: 10.1007/s13105-011-0122-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2011] [Accepted: 09/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Frago LM, Baquedano E, Argente J, Chowen JA. Neuroprotective actions of ghrelin and growth hormone secretagogues. Front Mol Neurosci 2011; 4:23. [PMID: 21994488 PMCID: PMC3182030 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2011.00023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2011] [Accepted: 08/29/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The brain incorporates and coordinates information based on the hormonal environment, receiving information from peripheral tissues through the circulation. Although it was initially thought that hormones only acted on the hypothalamus to perform endocrine functions, it is now known that they in fact exert diverse actions on many different brain regions including the hypothalamus. Ghrelin is a gastric hormone that stimulates growth hormone secretion and food intake to regulate energy homeostasis and body weight by binding to its receptor, growth hormone secretagogues–GH secretagogue-receptor, which is most highly expressed in the pituitary and hypothalamus. In addition, ghrelin has effects on learning and memory, reward and motivation, anxiety, and depression, and could be a potential therapeutic agent in neurodegenerative disorders where excitotoxic neuronal cell death and inflammatory processes are involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura M Frago
- Department of Pediatrics, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid Madrid, Spain
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Su J, Tang GD, Yang HY, Qin MB, Liang ZH. Role of ghrelin and NF-κB in the pathogenesis of acute necrotizing pancreatitis-associated liver injury. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2011; 19:568-574. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v19.i6.568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the expression of ghrelin in the liver of rats with acute necrotizing pancreatitis (ANP) with liver injury and to explore the role of ghrelin and NF-κB in the pathogenesis of ANP-associated liver injury and the mechanism underlying the therapeutic effects of melatonin against ANP.
METHODS: Seventy-two male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly and equally divided into control group, ANP group, and melatonin intervention group. Rats of the ANP group and melatonin intervention group were injected with 6% L-Arg (1.5 g/kg) intraperitoneally three times to induce ANP. Rats of the control group were injected with same volume of normal saline. The melatonin intervention group was given 1% melatonin (50 μg/kg) intraperitoneally 0.5 h before the first injection of L-Arg. Rats were sacrificed at 6, 12, and 24 h after the injection of melatonin. Pathological changes in the pancreatic and hepatic tissue were observed and graded under a microscope. The expression of ghrelin and NF-κB mRNAs was evaluated by RT-PCR, while the protein expression of NF-κB was detected by Western blot.
RESULTS: Pancreatic and hepatic pathological scores, serum amylase, and expression of NF-κB mRNA (6 h: 0.74 ± 0.04 vs 0.40 ± 0.05; 12 h: 0.77 ± 0.03 vs 0.40 ± 0.02; 24 h: 0.82 ± 0.04 vs 0.40 ± 0.03, all P = 0.001) and protein in the liver at all time points were significantly higher (24 h: 0.48 ± 0.07 vs 0.6 ± 0.04, P < 0.05), and ghrelin mRNA expression was significantly lower in the ANP group than in the control group (6 h: 0.39 ± 0.04 vs 0.66 ± 0.03; 12 h: 0.14 ± 0.37 vs 0.30 ± 0.05; 24 h: 0.22 ± 0.02 vs 0.59 ± 0.05, all P < 0.05). Pancreatic pathological scores, hepatic pathological scores, serum amylase, and expression of NF-κB mRNA(6 h: 0.50 ± 0.05 vs 0.74 ± 0.04, 12 h: 0.54 ± 0.04 vs 0.77 ± 0.03, 24 h: 0.57 ± 0.03 vs 0.82 ± 0.04, all P < 0.05) and protein were decreased (24 h: 0.32 ± 0.04 vs 0.48 ± 0.07, P < 0.05), and ghrelin mRNA expression was elevated (6 h: 0.54 ± 0.03 vs 0.39 ± 0.04, 12 h: 0.40 ± 0.09 vs 0.30 ± 0.05, 24 h: 0.39 ± 0.04 vs 0.22 ± 0.02, all P < 0.05) in the melatonin intervention group compared with in the ANP group.
CONCLUSION: The expression of ghrelin may be related to the severity of ANP with liver injury. NF-κB may also be involved in the pathogenesis of ANP with liver injury. Exogenous melatonin can reduce ANP possibly by up-regulating ghrelin expression and down-regulating NF-κB expression.
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Golestan Jahromi M, Nabavizadeh F, Vahedian J, Nahrevanian H, Dehpour AR, Zare-Mehrjardi A. Protective effect of ghrelin on acetaminophen-induced liver injury in rat. Peptides 2010; 31:2114-7. [PMID: 20727930 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2010.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2010] [Revised: 08/11/2010] [Accepted: 08/12/2010] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Ghrelin is a peptide that has protective effects on many tissues of the body. It has anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant effects. Acetaminophen, a commonly used analgesic-antipyretic drug, has hepatotoxic side effects. The aim of this study was to evaluate the protective role of ghrelin in liver toxicity due to acetaminophen overdose. Thirty male rats were used in this study and divided into five groups. They were control, propylene-glycol (as a solvent of acetaminophen), acetaminophen, acetaminophen and NAC, acetaminophen and ghrelin groups. Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), and hepatic enzymes, AST (aspartate aminotransferase) and ALT (alanine aminotransferase), were assessed and histologic study of liver were performed as indicators of liver damage following acetaminophen toxicity. Results showed that Ghrelin decreased ALT and AST to the normal level, and also reduced TNF-α. Although NAC (the standard antidote of acetaminophen toxicity) also reduced ALT, AST and TNF-α levels, our results show that ghrelin is more potent than NAC in protecting the liver from acetaminophen-induced liver injury.
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Gemici B, Tan R, Öngüt G, Nimet İzgüt-Uysal V. Expressions of Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase and Cyclooxygenase-2 in Gastric Ischemia-Reperfusion: Role of Angiotensin II. J Surg Res 2010; 161:126-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2009.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2008] [Revised: 07/09/2009] [Accepted: 07/12/2009] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Khalefa AA, Abd-Alaleem DI, Attiaa KI. The protective effects of ghrelin and leptin against stress-induced gastric ulcer in rats. Arab J Gastroenterol 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ajg.2010.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Veldhuis JD, Bowers CY. Integrating GHS into the Ghrelin System. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PEPTIDES 2010; 2010:879503. [PMID: 20798846 PMCID: PMC2925380 DOI: 10.1155/2010/879503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2009] [Accepted: 12/30/2009] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Oligopeptide derivatives of metenkephalin were found to stimulate growth-hormone (GH) release directly by pituitary somatotrope cells in vitro in 1977. Members of this class of peptides and nonpeptidyl mimetics are referred to as GH secretagogues (GHSs). A specific guanosine triphosphatate-binding protein-associated heptahelical transmembrane receptor for GHS was cloned in 1996. An endogenous ligand for the GHS receptor, acylghrelin, was identified in 1999. Expression of ghrelin and homonymous receptor occurs in the brain, pituitary gland, stomach, endothelium/vascular smooth muscle, pancreas, placenta, intestine, heart, bone, and other tissues. Principal actions of this peptidergic system include stimulation of GH release via combined hypothalamopituitary mechanisms, orexigenesis (appetitive enhancement), insulinostasis (inhibition of insulin secretion), cardiovascular effects (decreased mean arterial pressure and vasodilation), stimulation of gastric motility and acid secretion, adipogenesis with repression of fat oxidation, and antiapoptosis (antagonism of endothelial, neuronal, and cardiomyocyte death). The array of known and proposed interactions of ghrelin with key metabolic signals makes ghrelin and its receptor prime targets for drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes D. Veldhuis
- Department of Medicine, Endocrine Research Unit, Mayo School of Graduate Medical Education, Clinical Translational Science Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Cyril Y. Bowers
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
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Chen CY, Asakawa A, Fujimiya M, Lee SD, Inui A. Ghrelin gene products and the regulation of food intake and gut motility. Pharmacol Rev 2010; 61:430-81. [PMID: 20038570 DOI: 10.1124/pr.109.001958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A breakthrough using "reverse pharmacology" identified and characterized acyl ghrelin from the stomach as the endogenous cognate ligand for the growth hormone (GH) secretagogue receptor (GHS-R) 1a. The unique post-translational modification of O-n-octanoylation at serine 3 is the first in peptide discovery history and is essential for GH-releasing ability. Des-acyl ghrelin, lacking O-n-octanoylation at serine 3, is also produced in the stomach and remains the major molecular form secreted into the circulation. The third ghrelin gene product, obestatin, a novel 23-amino acid peptide identified from rat stomach, was found by comparative genomic analysis. Three ghrelin gene products actively participate in modulating appetite, adipogenesis, gut motility, glucose metabolism, cell proliferation, immune, sleep, memory, anxiety, cognition, and stress. Knockdown or knockout of acyl ghrelin and/or GHS-R1a, and overexpression of des-acyl ghrelin show benefits in the therapy of obesity and metabolic syndrome. By contrast, agonism of acyl ghrelin and/or GHS-R1a could combat human anorexia-cachexia, including anorexia nervosa, chronic heart failure, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, liver cirrhosis, chronic kidney disease, burn, and postsurgery recovery, as well as restore gut dysmotility, such as diabetic or neurogenic gastroparesis, and postoperative ileus. The ghrelin acyl-modifying enzyme, ghrelin O-Acyltransferase (GOAT), which attaches octanoate to serine-3 of ghrelin, has been identified and characterized also from the stomach. To date, ghrelin is the only protein to be octanylated, and inhibition of GOAT may have effects only on the stomach and is unlikely to affect the synthesis of other proteins. GOAT may provide a critical molecular target in developing novel therapeutics for obesity and type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Yen Chen
- Faculty of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University School of Medicine, Taipei, Japan
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Stec-Michalska K, Malicki S, Michalski B, Peczek L, Wisniewska-Jarosinska M, Nawrot B. Gastric ghrelin in relation to gender, stomach topography and Helicobacter pylori in dyspeptic patients. World J Gastroenterol 2009; 15:5409-17. [PMID: 19916170 PMCID: PMC2778096 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.15.5409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the level of gastric ghrelin in stomach mucosa of dyspeptic patients in relation to Helicobacter pylori (H pylori) infection, bacterial cytotoxicity, topography and gender.
METHODS: The study comprised 40 premenopausal women (19 H pylori positive) and 48 men (17 H pylori positive) with functional dyspepsia. All gastric biopsy specimens revealed normal mucosa or non-atrophic gastritis. Gastric ghrelin concentration was determined by Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay. The cagA and vacA strains of bacterial DNA were identified by multiplex polymerase chain reaction.
RESULTS: In general, infection with H pylori caused an increase in gastric ghrelin level regardless of gender and stomach topography. Significantly more hormone was present in both, non-infected and H pylori positive female samples, as compared to males. The distribution of bacterial strains showed cagA(+) vacA s1m1 and cagA(-) vacA s2m2 genotypes as the most common infections in the studied population. A tendency to higher ghrelin levels was observed in less cytotoxic (cagA negative) strain-containing specimens from the antrum and corpus of both gender groups (without statistical significance).
CONCLUSION: An increase in gastric ghrelin levels at the stage of non-atrophic gastritis in H pylori positive patients, especially in those infected with cagA(-) strains, can exert a gastroprotective effect.
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Protective Effect of Dermorphin Analogue Sedatin on Indomethacin-Induced Injury to the Gastric Mucosa. Bull Exp Biol Med 2009; 148:60-3. [DOI: 10.1007/s10517-009-0621-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Liu Y, Chen L, Xu X, Vicaut E, Sercombe R. Both ischemic preconditioning and ghrelin administration protect hippocampus from ischemia/reperfusion and upregulate uncoupling protein-2. BMC PHYSIOLOGY 2009; 9:17. [PMID: 19772611 PMCID: PMC2754976 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6793-9-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2009] [Accepted: 09/22/2009] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A major endogenous protective mechanism in many organs against ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury is ischemic preconditioning (IPC). By moderately uncoupling the mitochondrial respiratory chain and decreasing production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), IPC reduces apoptosis induced by I/R by reducing cytochrome c release from the mitochondria. One element believed to contribute to reduce ROS production is the uncoupling protein UCP2 (and UCP3 in the heart). Although its implication in IPC in the brain has been shown in vitro, no in vivo study of protein has shown its upregulation. Our first goal was to determine in rat hippocampus whether UCP2 protein upregulation was associated with IPC-induced protection and increased ROS production. The second goal was to determine whether the peptide ghrelin, which possesses anti-oxidant and protective properties, alters UCP2 mRNA levels in the same way as IPC during protection. RESULTS After global forebrain ischemia (15 min) with 72 h reperfusion (I/R group), we found important neuronal lesion in the rat hippocampal CA1 region, which was reduced by a preceding 3-min preconditioning ischemia (IPC+I/R group), whereas the preconditioning stimulus alone (IPC group) had no effect. Compared to control, UCP2 protein labelling increased moderately in the I/R (+39%, NS) and IPC+I/R (+28%, NS) groups, and substantially in the IPC group (+339%, P < 0.05). Treatment with superoxide dismutase (10000 U/kg ip) at the time of a preconditioning ischemia greatly attenuated (-73%, P < 0.001) the increase in UCP2 staining at 72 h, implying a role of oxygen radicals in UCP2 induction.Hippocampal UCP2 mRNA showed a moderate increase in I/R (+33%, P < 0.05) and IPC+I/R (+40%, P < 0.05) groups versus control, and a large increase in the IPC group (+333%, P < 0.001). In ghrelin experiments, the I/R+ghrelin group (3 daily administrations) showed considerable protection of CA1 neurons versus I/R animals, and increased hippocampal UCP2 mRNA (+151%, P < 0.001). CONCLUSION We confirm that IPC causes increased expression of UCP2 protein in vivo, at a moment appropriate for protection against I/R in the hippocampus. The two dissimilar protective strategies, IPC and ghrelin administration, were both associated with upregulated UCP2, suggesting that UCP2 may often represent a final common pathway in protection from I/R.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajun Liu
- Institute of Physiology, School of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, Shandong, PR China.
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Slomiany BL, Slomiany A. Involvement of constitutive nitric oxide synthase in ghrelin-induced cytosolic phospholipase A(2) activation in gastric mucosal cell protection against ethanol cytotoxicity. Inflammopharmacology 2009; 17:245-53. [PMID: 19757089 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-009-0013-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2009] [Accepted: 08/03/2009] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Ghrelin, an endogenous ligand for the growth hormone secretagogue receptor, is an important regulator of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) and cyclooxygenase (COX) enzyme systems, the products of which are of major significance to the processes of gastric mucosal defense and repair. Here, using primary culture of rat gastric mucosal cells, we report on the mechanism of ghrelin protection against ethanol cytotoxicity. We show that the protective effect of ghrelin was associated with the increase in NO and PGE2 production, and characterized by a marked up-regulation in cytosolic phospholipase A(2) (cPLA(2)) activity and arachidonic acid (AA) release. The loss in countering effect of ghrelin on the ethanol cytotoxicity was attained with constitutive NOS (cNOS) inhibitor, L-NAME, as well as indomethacin and a specific COX-1 inhibitor, SC-560, while specific COX-2 inhibitor, NS-398, and a selective inducible NOS (iNOS) inhibitor, 1400W, had no effect. The effect of L-NAME was reflected in the inhibition of ghrelin-induced mucosal cell capacity for NO production, cPLA(2) activation, and PGE2 generation, whereas indomethacin caused only the inhibition in PGE2 generation. Moreover, the ghrelin-induced up-regulation in AA release was reflected in the cPLA(2) enzyme protein phosphorylation and S-nitrosylation. Preincubation with L-NAME resulted in the inhibition of the ghrelin-induced S-nitrosylation, whereas the ERK inhibitor, PD98059, caused the blockage in cPLA(2) protein phosphorylation as well as S-nitrosylation. The findings demonstrate that ghrelin protection of gastric mucosa against ethanol cytotoxicity involves cNOS-derived NO induction of cPLA(2) activation for the increase in PGE2 synthesis. This activation process apparently includes the cPLA(2) phosphorylation followed by S-nitrosylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- B L Slomiany
- Research Center, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Newark, 07103-2400, USA.
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De Smet B, Mitselos A, Depoortere I. Motilin and ghrelin as prokinetic drug targets. Pharmacol Ther 2009; 123:207-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2009.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2009] [Accepted: 04/09/2009] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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