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Fang J, Lin Y, Xie H, Farag MA, Feng S, Li J, Shao P. Dendrobium officinale leaf polysaccharides ameliorated hyperglycemia and promoted gut bacterial associated SCFAs to alleviate type 2 diabetes in adult mice. Food Chem X 2022; 13:100207. [PMID: 35498995 PMCID: PMC9039915 DOI: 10.1016/j.fochx.2022.100207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Fractions of LDOP show the hypoglycemic effect and can restore histological function of T2D mice. There is a difference in the anti-T2D effect between LDOP-A and LDOP-B. LDOP-A modulated the gut microbiota composition of T2D mice. LDOP-A promotes the formation of SCFAs in T2D mice, especially butyric acid. Compared with LDOP-B, LDOP-A shows greater potential to ameliorate T2D.
The present study aimed to explore the possible mechanisms underlying Dendrobium officinale leaf polysaccharides of different molecular weight to alleviate glycolipid metabolic abnormalities, organ dysfunction and gut microbiota dysbiosis of T2D mice. An ultrafiltration membrane was employed to separate two fractions from Dendrobium officinale leaf polysaccharide named LDOP-A and LDOP-B. Here, we present data supporting that oral administration of LDOP-A and LDOP-B ameliorated hyperglycemia, inhibited insulin resistance, reduced lipid concentration, improved β-cell function. LDOP-A with lower molecular weight exhibited improved effect on diabetes than LDOP-B, concurrent with increased levels of colonic short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) i.e., butyrate, decreased ratio of Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes phyla, and increased abundance of the gut beneficial bacteria i.e., Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium and Akkermansia. These results suggest that LDOP-A possesses a stronger effect in ameliorating T2D than LDOP-B which may be related to the distinct improved SCFAs levels produced by the change of intestinal flora microstructure.
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Key Words
- AUC, The area under the concentration–time curve
- Dendrobium officinale
- FBG, fasting blood glucose
- FT-IR, Fourier-transform infrared
- GLP-1, glucagon-like peptide-1
- GLUT4, glucose transporter type 4
- H&E, hematoxylin and eosin
- HDL-c, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol
- HFD, high-fat diet
- HOMA-IR, homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance
- HOMA-β, β-cell sensitivity
- IC, ion Chromatography
- IL-6, interleukin-6
- Intestinal microflora
- LDL-c, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol
- LDOP, Dendrobium officinale leaf polysaccharide
- Mw, molecular weight
- OGTT, oral glucose tolerance test
- OTUs, operational taxonomic units
- PAS, periodic acid-Schiff
- PYY, peptide YY
- Polysaccharide
- SCFAs, short chain fatty acids
- STZ, streptozotocin
- Short-chain fatty acids
- T2D, Type 2 Diabetic
- TG, triglycerides
- TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-alpha
- Type 2 Diabetes
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyu Fang
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Zhejiang, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Yang Lin
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Zhejiang, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Hualing Xie
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Zhejiang, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Mohamed A Farag
- Pharmacognosy Department, College of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El Aini St., Cairo, 11562, Egypt.,Department of Chemistry, School of Science & Engineering, The American University in Cairo, New Cairo 11835, Egypt
| | - Simin Feng
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Zhejiang, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Jinjun Li
- Institute of Food Science, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Ping Shao
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Zhejiang, Hangzhou 310014, China.,Key Laboratory of Food Macromolecular Resources Processing Technology Research, China National Light Industry, Hangzhou 310021, China
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Birkeland E, Gharagozlian S, Birkeland KI, Holm OKS, Thorsby PM, Aas AM. Effect of inulin-type fructans on appetite in patients with type 2 diabetes: a randomised controlled crossover trial. J Nutr Sci 2021; 10:e72. [PMID: 34589204 DOI: 10.1017/jns.2021.70] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of prebiotic fibres on appetite-regulating hormones, subjective feeling of appetite and energy intake in subjects with type 2 diabetes. Data presented are secondary outcomes of a study investigating the effect of prebiotics on glucagon-like peptide-1 and glycaemic regulation. We conducted a randomised and placebo-controlled crossover trial to evaluate the effects of 16 g/d of inulin-type fructans or a control supplement (maltodextrin) for 6 weeks in randomised order, with a 4-week washout period in-between, on appetite in thirty-five men and women with type 2 diabetes. Data were collected at visits before and after each treatment: plasma concentration of the satiety-related peptides ghrelin and peptide YY (PYY) were assessed during a standardised mixed meal. The subjective sensation of appetite was evaluated in response to an ad libitum lunch by rating the visual analogue scale. Twenty-nine individuals (twelve women) were included in the analyses. Compared to control treatment, the prebiotics did not affect ghrelin (P =0⋅71) or the ratings of hunger (P = 0⋅62), satiety (P = 0⋅56), fullness (P = 0⋅73) or prospective food consumption (P = 0⋅98). Energy intake also did not differ between the treatments. However, the response of PYY increased significantly after the control treatment with mean (sem) 11⋅1 (4⋅3) pg/ml when compared to the prebiotics -0⋅3 (4⋅3) pg/ml (P = 0⋅013). We observed no effect of inulin-type fructans on appetite hormones, subjective feeling of appetite or energy intake in patients with type 2 diabetes.
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Astina J, Sapwarobol S. Attenuation of glycaemic and insulin responses following tapioca resistant maltodextrin consumption in healthy subjects: a randomised cross-over controlled trial. J Nutr Sci 2020; 9:e29. [PMID: 32742646 DOI: 10.1017/jns.2020.22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Resistant maltodextrin (RMD) from various sources of starch has been extensively studied. However, studies which reported the effects of tapioca RMD (TRM) on glucose and insulin response are lacking. This study investigated the effect of TRM on postprandial plasma glucose and serum insulin in healthy subjects. Additionally, satiety and gastrointestinal tolerability were also evaluated. Sixteen healthy participants received five different treatments on five separate days. Participants received 50 g of either: glucose (GL), tapioca maltodextrin (TM), TRM, MIX15% (7⋅5 g TRM + 42⋅5 g TM) or MIX50% (25 g TRM + 25 g TM). Plasma glucose, serum insulin and subjective appetite responses were measured postprandially over 180 min. Gastrointestinal symptoms were evaluated by questionnaire before and after each test day. Results showed that at 30 min after treatment drinks, plasma glucose after TRM was significantly lowest (104⋅60 (sem 2⋅63 mg/dl) than after GL (135⋅87 (sem 4⋅88) mg/dl; P <0⋅001), TM (127⋅93 (sem 4⋅05) mg/dl; P = 0⋅001), MIX15% (124⋅67 (sem 5⋅73) mg/dl; P = 0⋅039) and MIX50% (129⋅33 (sem 5⋅23) mg/dl; P = 0⋅003) (1 mg/dl = 0⋅0555 mmol/l). In addition, TRM also significantly reduced serum insulin (13⋅01 (sem 2⋅12) μIU/ml) compared with GL (47⋅90 (sem 11⋅93) μIU/ml; P = 0⋅013), TM (52⋅96 (sem 17⋅68) μIU/ml; P = 0⋅002) and MIX50% (33⋅16 (sem 4⋅99) μIU/ml; P = 0⋅008). However, there were no significant differences in subjective appetite between treatments (P > 0⋅05). A single high dose of TRM (50 g) caused flatulence (P < 0⋅05). Tapioca resistant maltodextrin has low digestibility in the small intestine and, therefore, reduced incremental plasma glucose and serum insulin, without affecting satiety in healthy subjects over 180 min. Gastrointestinal tolerability of TRM should be considered when consumed in high doses.
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Key Words
- GI, gastrointestinal
- GL, glucose
- GLP-1, glucagon-like peptide-1
- Gastrointestinal tolerability
- MIX15%, 7⋅5 g tapioca resistant maltodextrin + 42⋅5 g tapioca maltodextrin
- MIX50%, 25 g tapioca resistant maltodextrin + 25 g tapioca maltodextrin
- PYY, peptide YY
- Plasma glucose
- RMD, resistant maltodextrin
- Satiety
- Serum insulin
- TM, tapioca maltodextrin
- TRM, tapioca resistant maltodextrin
- Tapioca resistant maltodextrin
- iAUC, incremental AUC
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Abstract
FFA2 and FFA3 are receptors for short-chain fatty acids which are produced in prodigious amounts by fermentation of poorly digested carbohydrates by gut bacteria. Understanding the roles of these receptors in regulating enteroendocrine, metabolic and immune functions has developed with the production and use of novel pharmacological tools and animal models. A complex (patho)physiological scenario is now emerging in which strategic expression of FFA2 and FFA3 in key cell types and selective modulation of their signalling might regulate body weight management, energy homoeostasis and inflammatory disorders.
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Key Words
- ALDH1A2, aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 family member
- BAFF, B-cell activating factor
- CMTB, 4-chloro-α-(1-methylethyl)-N-2-thiazolylbenzeneacetamide
- DREADD, Designer Receptor Exclusively Activated by Designer Drug
- Enteroendocrine
- FFA2
- FFA3
- G protein–coupled receptors
- GLP-1, glucagon-like peptide 1
- GSIS, glucose-stimulated insulin secretion
- GTT, glucose tolerance test
- HFD, high-fat diet
- ILC3, type 3 innate lymphoid cell
- IgA, immunoglobulin A
- IgG, immunoglobulin G
- Immune cells
- KO, knock-out
- PA, (S)-2-(4-chlorophenyl)-3,3-dimethyl-N-(5-phenylthiazol-2-yl)butanamide
- PNS, peripheral nervous system
- PYY, peptide YY
- Pancreas
- SCA, small carboxylic acid
- SCFA, short-chain fatty acid
- SCG, superior cervical ganglion
- Short-chain fatty acids
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Bolognini
- Centre for Translational Pharmacology, Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Domonkos Dedeo
- Centre for Translational Pharmacology, Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Graeme Milligan
- Centre for Translational Pharmacology, Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom
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Hansen TT, Mead BR, García-Gavilán JF, Korndal SK, Harrold JA, Camacho-Barcía L, Ritz C, Christiansen P, Salas-Salvadó J, Hjorth MF, Blundell J, Bulló M, Halford JCG, Sjödin A. Is reduction in appetite beneficial for body weight management in the context of overweight and obesity? Yes, according to the SATIN (Satiety Innovation) study. J Nutr Sci 2019; 8:e39. [PMID: 32042406 DOI: 10.1017/jns.2019.36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
New dietary-based concepts are needed for treatment and effective prevention of overweight and obesity. The primary objective was to investigate if reduction in appetite is associated with improved weight loss maintenance. This cohort study was nested within the European Commission project Satiety Innovation (SATIN). Participants achieving ≥8% weight loss during an initial 8-week low-energy formula diet were included in a 12-week randomised double-blind parallel weight loss maintenance intervention. The intervention included food products designed to reduce appetite or matching controls along with instructions to follow national dietary guidelines. Appetite was assessed by ad libitum energy intake and self-reported appetite evaluations using visual analogue scales during standardised appetite probe days. These were evaluated at the first day of the maintenance period compared with baseline (acute effects after a single exposure of intervention products) and post-maintenance compared with baseline (sustained effects after repeated exposures of intervention products) regardless of randomisation. A total of 181 participants (forty-seven men and 134 women) completed the study. Sustained reduction in 24-h energy intake was associated with improved weight loss maintenance (R 0·37; P = 0·001), whereas the association was not found acutely (P = 0·91). Suppression in self-reported appetite was associated with improved weight loss maintenance both acutely (R −0·32; P = 0·033) and sustained (R −0·33; P = 0·042). Reduction in appetite seems to be associated with improved body weight management, making appetite-reducing food products an interesting strategy for dietary-based concepts.
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Vitaglione P, Mazzone G, Lembo V, D'Argenio G, Rossi A, Guido M, Savoia M, Salomone F, Mennella I, De Filippis F, Ercolini D, Caporaso N, Morisco F. Coffee prevents fatty liver disease induced by a high-fat diet by modulating pathways of the gut-liver axis. J Nutr Sci 2019; 8:e15. [PMID: 31037218 DOI: 10.1017/jns.2019.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2018] [Revised: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Coffee consumption is inversely associated with the risk of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). A gap in the literature still exists concerning the intestinal mechanisms that are involved in the protective effect of coffee consumption towards NAFLD. In this study, twenty-four C57BL/6J mice were divided into three groups each receiving a standard diet, a high-fat diet (HFD) or an HFD plus decaffeinated coffee (HFD+COFFEE) for 12 weeks. Coffee supplementation reduced HFD-induced liver macrovesicular steatosis (P < 0·01) and serum cholesterol (P < 0·001), alanine aminotransferase and glucose (P < 0·05). Accordingly, liver PPAR- α (P < 0·05) and acyl-CoA oxidase-1 (P < 0·05) as well as duodenal ATP-binding cassette (ABC) subfamily A1 (ABCA1) and subfamily G1 (ABCG1) (P < 0·05) mRNA expressions increased with coffee consumption. Compared with HFD animals, HFD+COFFEE mice had more undigested lipids in the caecal content and higher free fatty acid receptor-1 mRNA expression in the duodenum and colon. Furthermore, they showed an up-regulation of duodenal and colonic zonulin-1 (P < 0·05), duodenal claudin (P < 0·05) and duodenal peptide YY (P < 0·05) mRNA as well as a higher abundance of Alcaligenaceae in the faeces (P < 0·05). HFD+COFFEE mice had an energy intake comparable with HFD-fed mice but starting from the eighth intervention week they gained significantly less weight over time. Data altogether showed that coffee supplementation prevented HFD-induced NAFLD in mice by reducing hepatic fat deposition and metabolic derangement through modification of pathways underpinning liver fat oxidation, intestinal cholesterol efflux, energy metabolism and gut permeability. The hepatic and metabolic benefits induced by coffee were accompanied by changes in the gut microbiota.
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Key Words
- ABCA1, ATP-binding cassette subfamily A1
- ABCG1, ATP-binding cassette subfamily G1
- ACOX1, acyl-CoA oxidase 1
- ALT, alanine aminotransferase
- FFAR, free fatty acid receptor
- Gut microbiota
- Gut permeability
- HFD+COFFEE, HFD plus decaffeinated coffee
- HFD, high-fat diet
- LXR-α, liver X receptor-α
- Metabolic syndrome
- NAFLD, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
- Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis
- PYY, peptide YY
- Polyphenols
- SD, standard diet
- ZO-1, zonulin-1
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Abstract
Background Like all healthy ecosystems, richness of microbiota species characterizes the GI microbiome in healthy individuals. Conversely, a loss in species diversity is a common finding in several disease states. This biome is flooded with energy in the form of undigested and partially digested foods, and in some cases drugs and dietary supplements. Each microbiotic species in the biome transforms that energy into new molecules, which may signal messages to physiological systems of the host. Scope of review Dietary choices select substrates for species, providing a competitive advantage over other GI microbiota. The more diverse the diet, the more diverse the microbiome and the more adaptable it will be to perturbations. Unfortunately, dietary diversity has been lost during the past 50 years and dietary choices that exclude food products from animals or plants will narrow the GI microbiome further. Major conclusion Additional research into expanding gut microbial richness by dietary diversity is likely to expand concepts in healthy nutrition, stimulate discovery of new diagnostics, and open up novel therapeutic possibilities.
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Key Words
- Agrobiodiversity
- Dietary diversity
- FDA, Food and Drug Administration
- FODMAP, fermentable oligo-, di-, monosaccharides and polyols
- FXR, farnesoid X receptor
- GI, gastrointestinal
- GIMM, GI microbiome modulator
- GLP-I, glucagon-like peptide-1
- GLUT, glucose transporter
- Gastrointestinal
- HMP, Human Microbiome Project
- MCFA, medium chain fatty acids
- MetaHIT, Metagenomics project of the Human Intestinal Tract
- Microbiome
- Microbiota
- Microbiota richness
- NIH, National Institutes of Health
- PYY, peptide YY
- RYGB, Roux-en-Y gastric bypass
- SCFA, short chain fatty acid
- SGLTs, sodium–glucose cotransporter
- TMA, trimethylamine
- TMAO, trimethylamine-N-oxide
- VSG, vertical sleeve gastrectomy
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark L Heiman
- MicroBiome Therapeutics, 1316 Jefferson Avenue, New Orleans, LA 70115, USA.
| | - Frank L Greenway
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, 6400 Perkins Road, Baton Rouge, LA 70808, USA
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Aranias T, Grosfeld A, Poitou C, Omar AA, Le Gall M, Miquel S, Garbin K, Ribeiro A, Bouillot JL, Bado A, Brot-Laroche E, Clément K, Leturque A, Guilmeau S, Serradas P. Lipid-rich diet enhances L-cell density in obese subjects and in mice through improved L-cell differentiation. J Nutr Sci 2015; 4:e22. [PMID: 26157580 DOI: 10.1017/jns.2015.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2014] [Revised: 10/10/2014] [Accepted: 02/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The enterohormone glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is required to amplify glucose-induced
insulin secretion that facilitates peripheral glucose utilisation. Alteration in GLP-1
secretion during obesity has been reported but is still controversial. Due to the high
adaptability of intestinal cells to environmental changes, we hypothesised that the
density of GLP-1-producing cells could be modified by nutritional factors to prevent the
deterioration of metabolic condition in obesity. We quantified L-cell density in jejunum
samples collected during Roux-en-Y gastric bypass in forty-nine severely obese subjects
analysed according to their fat consumption. In mice, we deciphered the mechanisms by
which a high-fat diet (HFD) makes an impact on enteroendocrine cell density and function.
L-cell density in the jejunum was higher in obese subjects consuming >30 % fat
compared with low fat eaters. Mice fed a HFD for 8 weeks displayed an increase in
GLP-1-positive cells in the jejunum and colon accordingly to GLP-1 secretion. The
regulation by the HFD appears specific to GLP-1-producing cells, as the number of PYY
(peptide YY)-positive cells remained unchanged. Moreover, genetically obese
ob/ob mice did not show alteration of GLP-1-positive cell density in the
jejunum or colon, suggesting that obesity per se is not sufficient to
trigger the mechanism. The higher L-cell density in HFD-fed mice involved a rise in L-cell
terminal differentiation as witnessed by the increased expression of transcription factors
downstream of neurogenin3 (Ngn3). We suggest that the observed increase
in GLP-1-positive cell density triggered by high fat consumption in humans and mice might
favour insulin secretion and therefore constitute an adaptive response of the intestine to
balance diet-induced insulin resistance.
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Key Words
- BrdU, bromodeoxyuridine
- CD, control diet
- Enteroendocrine cells
- GIP, glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide
- GLP-1, glucagon-like peptide-1
- Gut hormones
- HFD, high-fat diet
- High-fat diet
- Intestine
- PYY, peptide YY
- foxa1, forkhead box protein A1
- foxa2, forkhead box protein A2
- isl1, insulin gene enhancer protein-1
- ngn3, neurogenin3
- pax6, paired box protein-6
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Engelstoft MS, Park WM, Sakata I, Kristensen LV, Husted AS, Osborne-Lawrence S, Piper PK, Walker AK, Pedersen MH, Nøhr MK, Pan J, Sinz CJ, Carrington PE, Akiyama TE, Jones RM, Tang C, Ahmed K, Offermanns S, Egerod KL, Zigman JM, Schwartz TW. Seven transmembrane G protein-coupled receptor repertoire of gastric ghrelin cells. Mol Metab 2013; 2:376-92. [PMID: 24327954 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2013.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 228] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2013] [Accepted: 08/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The molecular mechanisms regulating secretion of the orexigenic-glucoregulatory hormone ghrelin remain unclear. Based on qPCR analysis of FACS-purified gastric ghrelin cells, highly expressed and enriched 7TM receptors were comprehensively identified and functionally characterized using in vitro, ex vivo and in vivo methods. Five Gαs-coupled receptors efficiently stimulated ghrelin secretion: as expected the β1-adrenergic, the GIP and the secretin receptors but surprisingly also the composite receptor for the sensory neuropeptide CGRP and the melanocortin 4 receptor. A number of Gαi/o-coupled receptors inhibited ghrelin secretion including somatostatin receptors SSTR1, SSTR2 and SSTR3 and unexpectedly the highly enriched lactate receptor, GPR81. Three other metabolite receptors known to be both Gαi/o- and Gαq/11-coupled all inhibited ghrelin secretion through a pertussis toxin-sensitive Gαi/o pathway: FFAR2 (short chain fatty acid receptor; GPR43), FFAR4 (long chain fatty acid receptor; GPR120) and CasR (calcium sensing receptor). In addition to the common Gα subunits three non-common Gαi/o subunits were highly enriched in ghrelin cells: GαoA, GαoB and Gαz. Inhibition of Gαi/o signaling via ghrelin cell-selective pertussis toxin expression markedly enhanced circulating ghrelin. These 7TM receptors and associated Gα subunits constitute a major part of the molecular machinery directly mediating neuronal and endocrine stimulation versus metabolite and somatostatin inhibition of ghrelin secretion including a series of novel receptor targets not previously identified on the ghrelin cell.
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Key Words
- 7TM, seven transmembrane segment
- BAC, bacterial artificial chromosome
- CCK, cholecystokinin
- CFMB, (S)-2-(4-chlorophenyl)-3,3-dimethyl-N-(5-phenylthiazol-2-yl)butamide
- CGRP, calcitonin gene-related peptide
- CHBA, 3-chloro-5-hydroxybenzoic acid
- Enteroendocrine
- G protein signaling
- GIP, glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide
- GLP-1, glucagon-like peptide 1
- GPCR
- Ghrelin
- Metabolites
- PTx, Bordetella pertussis toxin
- PYY, peptide YY
- Secretion
- hrGFP, humanized Renilla reniformis green fluorescent protein
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Affiliation(s)
- Maja S Engelstoft
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section for Metabolic Receptology and Enteroendocrinology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark ; Laboratory for Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
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Ebihara K, Tachibe M, Kaneko N, Kishida T. Hydroxypropylation of high-amylose maize starch changes digestion and fermentation-dependent parameters in rats. J Nutr Sci 2013; 2:e17. [PMID: 25191565 PMCID: PMC4153341 DOI: 10.1017/jns.2013.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2012] [Revised: 01/03/2013] [Accepted: 01/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
It was examined whether the physiological effects of high-amylose maize starch (HAMS) are influenced by hydroxypropylation. Rats were fed one of the following three diets: an AIN-93-based diet with waxy maize starch (WMS) as a starch source, or this diet with 150 g of WMS replaced by either HAMS or hydroxypropylated HAMS (HP-HAMS). The activities of amylase in bile-pancreatic juice and sucrose, maltase and isomaltase of the jejunum and ileum were not affected by diet, but the digestibility of HAMS was decreased by hydroxypropylation. The amounts of SCFA in caecal content and H2 excreted in the breath and flatus for HAMS were decreased by hydroxypropylation. Plasma glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), glucose and insulin concentrations were not affected by diet. On the basis of PCR-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) profiles, the similarity in caecal bacteria population of the HP-HAMS group and HAMS group was low, but that of the HP-HAMS and WMS groups was high. The amount of caecal IgA was not affected by hydroxypropylation, but those in the HAMS and HP-HAMS groups were greater than that in the WMS group. Plasma and liver concentrations of TAG and cholesterol for HAMS were not affected by hydroxypropylation. These results show that the small intestinal digestibility and fermentation-dependent parameters such as caecal SCFA and H2 productions and caecal bacterial profile of HAMS were affected by hydroxypropylation, but parameters of glucose metabolism such as GLP-1 and insulin, those of lipid metabolism such as plasma TAG and cholesterol and the amount of caecal IgA were not.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiyoshi Ebihara
- Department of Biological Resources, Faculty of
Agriculture, Ehime University, 3-5-7
Tarumi, Matsuyama 790-8566, Japan
| | - Makoto Tachibe
- Matsutani Chemical Industry Co.,
Ltd., Research Laboratory, 5-3 Kitaitami, Itami
664-8508, Japan
| | - Natsumi Kaneko
- Department of Biological Resources, Faculty of
Agriculture, Ehime University, 3-5-7
Tarumi, Matsuyama 790-8566, Japan
| | - Taro Kishida
- Department of Biological Resources, Faculty of
Agriculture, Ehime University, 3-5-7
Tarumi, Matsuyama 790-8566, Japan
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