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Targeting Subviral Particles: A Critical Step in Achieving HBV Functional Cure but Where Are We with Current Agents in Clinical Development? Viruses 2022; 14:v14061193. [PMID: 35746664 PMCID: PMC9227515 DOI: 10.3390/v14061193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
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2
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Blindauer CA, Holý A, Sigel A, Operschall BP, Griesser R, Sigel H. Acid–base properties of an antivirally active acyclic nucleoside phosphonate: ( S)-9-[3-hydroxy-2-(phosphonomethoxy)propyl]adenine (HPMPA). NEW J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2nj00543c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Protonation equilibria for the parent compound of three highly potent antivirals have been studied by 1H NMR spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia A. Blindauer
- Department of Chemistry, Inorganic Chemistry, University of Basel, Spitalstrasse 51, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Antonín Holý
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Centre of Novel Antivirals and Antineoplastics, Academy of Sciences, 16610 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Astrid Sigel
- Department of Chemistry, Inorganic Chemistry, University of Basel, Spitalstrasse 51, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Bert P. Operschall
- Department of Chemistry, Inorganic Chemistry, University of Basel, Spitalstrasse 51, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Rolf Griesser
- Department of Chemistry, Inorganic Chemistry, University of Basel, Spitalstrasse 51, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Helmut Sigel
- Department of Chemistry, Inorganic Chemistry, University of Basel, Spitalstrasse 51, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
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Transaminase Elevations during Treatment of Chronic Hepatitis B Infection: Safety Considerations and Role in Achieving Functional Cure. Viruses 2021; 13:v13050745. [PMID: 33922828 PMCID: PMC8146791 DOI: 10.3390/v13050745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
While current therapies for chronic HBV infection work well to control viremia and stop the progression of liver disease, the preferred outcome of therapy is the restoration of immune control of HBV infection, allowing therapy to be removed while maintaining effective suppression of infection and reversal of liver damage. This “functional cure” of chronic HBV infection is characterized by the absence of detectable viremia (HBV DNA) and antigenemia (HBsAg) and normal liver function and is the goal of new therapies in development. Functional cure requires removal of the ability of infected cells in the liver to produce the hepatitis B surface antigen. The increased observation of transaminase elevations with new therapies makes understanding the safety and therapeutic impact of these flares an increasingly important issue. This review examines the factors driving the appearance of transaminase elevations during therapy of chronic HBV infection and the interplay of these factors in assessing the safety and beneficial nature of these flares.
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Blindauer CA, Holý A, Operschall BP, Sigel A, Song B, Sigel H. Metal Ion‐Coordinating Properties in Aqueous Solutions of the Antivirally Active Nucleotide Analogue (
S
)‐9‐[3‐Hydroxy‐2‐(phosphonomethoxy)propyl]adenine (HPMPA) – Quantification of Complex Isomeric Equilibria. Eur J Inorg Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201900620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Claudia A. Blindauer
- Department of Chemistry Inorganic Chemistry University of Basel Spitalstrasse 51 4056 Basel Switzerland
- Department of Chemistry Inorganic Chemistry University of Warwick Coventry CV4 7AL UK
| | - Antonín Holý
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry Centre of Novel Antivirals and Antineoplastics Academy of Sciences 16610 Prague Czech Republic
| | - Bert P. Operschall
- Department of Chemistry Inorganic Chemistry University of Basel Spitalstrasse 51 4056 Basel Switzerland
| | - Astrid Sigel
- Department of Chemistry Inorganic Chemistry University of Basel Spitalstrasse 51 4056 Basel Switzerland
| | - Bin Song
- Department of Chemistry Inorganic Chemistry University of Basel Spitalstrasse 51 4056 Basel Switzerland
- Centre of Novel Antivirals and Antineoplastics Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc. 02210 Boston MA USA
| | - Helmut Sigel
- Department of Chemistry Inorganic Chemistry University of Basel Spitalstrasse 51 4056 Basel Switzerland
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Česnek M, Skácel J, Jansa P, Dračínský M, Šmídková M, Mertlíková-Kaiserová H, Soto-Velasquez MP, Watts VJ, Janeba Z. Nucleobase Modified Adefovir (PMEA) Analogues as Potent and Selective Inhibitors of Adenylate Cyclases from Bordetella pertussis and Bacillus anthracis. ChemMedChem 2018; 13:1779-1796. [PMID: 29968968 PMCID: PMC6415679 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201800332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Revised: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
A series of 13 acyclic nucleoside phosphonates (ANPs) as bisamidate prodrugs was prepared. Five compounds were found to be non-cytotoxic and selective inhibitors of Bordetella pertussis adenylate cyclase toxin (ACT) in J774A.1 macrophage cell-based assays. The 8-aza-7-deazapurine derivative of adefovir (PMEA) was found to be the most potent ACT inhibitor in the series (IC50 =16 nm) with substantial selectivity over mammalian adenylate cyclases (mACs). AC inhibitory properties of the most potent analogues were confirmed by direct evaluation of the corresponding phosphonodiphosphates in cell-free assays and were found to be potent inhibitors of both ACT and edema factor (EF) from Bacillus anthracis (IC50 values ranging from 0.5 to 21 nm). Moreover, 7-halo-7-deazapurine analogues of PMEA were discovered to be potent and selective mammalian AC1 inhibitors (no inhibition of AC2 and AC5) with IC50 values ranging from 4.1 to 5.6 μm in HEK293 cell-based assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Česnek
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, 16610, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Skácel
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, 16610, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Jansa
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, 16610, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Dračínský
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, 16610, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Markéta Šmídková
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, 16610, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Helena Mertlíková-Kaiserová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, 16610, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Monica P Soto-Velasquez
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, 575 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Val J Watts
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, 575 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Zlatko Janeba
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, 16610, Prague 6, Czech Republic
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Břehová P, Šmídková M, Skácel J, Dračínský M, Mertlíková-Kaiserová H, Velasquez MPS, Watts VJ, Janeba Z. Design and Synthesis of Fluorescent Acyclic Nucleoside Phosphonates as Potent Inhibitors of Bacterial Adenylate Cyclases. ChemMedChem 2016; 11:2534-2546. [PMID: 27775243 PMCID: PMC5198786 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201600439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Revised: 10/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Bordetella pertussis adenylate cyclase toxin (ACT) and Bacillus anthracis edema factor (EF) are key virulence factors with adenylate cyclase (AC) activity that substantially contribute to the pathogenesis of whooping cough and anthrax, respectively. There is an urgent need to develop potent and selective inhibitors of bacterial ACs with prospects for the development of potential antibacterial therapeutics and to study their molecular interactions with the target enzymes. Novel fluorescent 5-chloroanthraniloyl-substituted acyclic nucleoside phosphonates (Cl-ANT-ANPs) were designed and synthesized in the form of their diphosphates (Cl-ANT-ANPpp) as competitive ACT and EF inhibitors with sub-micromolar potency (IC50 values: 11-622 nm). Fluorescence experiments indicated that Cl-ANT-ANPpp analogues bind to the ACT active site, and docking studies suggested that the Cl-ANT group interacts with Phe306 and Leu60. Interestingly, the increase in direct fluorescence with Cl-ANT-ANPpp having an ester linker was strictly calmodulin (CaM)-dependent, whereas Cl-ANT-ANPpp analogues with an amide linker, upon binding to ACT, increased the fluorescence even in the absence of CaM. Such a dependence of binding on structural modification could be exploited in the future design of potent inhibitors of bacterial ACs. Furthermore, one Cl-ANT-ANP in the form of a bisamidate prodrug was able to inhibit B. pertussis ACT activity in macrophage cells with IC50 =12 μm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Břehová
- The Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, 166 10, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Markéta Šmídková
- The Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, 166 10, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Skácel
- The Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, 166 10, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Dračínský
- The Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, 166 10, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Helena Mertlíková-Kaiserová
- The Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, 166 10, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Monica P Soto Velasquez
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, 575 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Val J Watts
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, 575 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Zlatko Janeba
- The Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, 166 10, Prague 6, Czech Republic
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Česnek M, Jansa P, Šmídková M, Mertlíková-Kaiserová H, Dračínský M, Brust TF, Pávek P, Trejtnar F, Watts VJ, Janeba Z. Bisamidate Prodrugs of 2-Substituted 9-[2-(Phosphonomethoxy)ethyl]adenine (PMEA, adefovir) as Selective Inhibitors of Adenylate Cyclase Toxin from Bordetella pertussis. ChemMedChem 2015; 10:1351-64. [PMID: 26136378 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201500183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Novel small-molecule agents to treat Bordetella pertussis infections are highly desirable, as pertussis (whooping cough) remains a serious health threat worldwide. In this study, a series of 2-substituted derivatives of 9-[2-(phosphonomethoxy)ethyl]adenine (PMEA, adefovir), in their isopropyl ester bis(L-phenylalanine) prodrug form, were designed and synthesized as potent inhibitors of adenylate cyclase toxin (ACT) isolated from B. pertussis. The series consists of PMEA analogues bearing either a linear or branched aliphatic chain or a heteroatom at the C2 position of the purine moiety. Compounds with a small C2 substituent showed high potency against ACT without cytotoxic effects as well as good selectivity over human adenylate cyclase isoforms AC1, AC2, and AC5. The most potent ACT inhibitor was found to be the bisamidate prodrug of the 2-fluoro PMEA derivative (IC50 =0.145 μM). Although the bisamidate prodrugs reported herein exhibit overall lower activity than the bis(pivaloyloxymethyl) prodrug (adefovir dipivoxil), their toxicity and plasma stability profiles are superior. Furthermore, the bisamidate prodrug was shown to be more stable in plasma than in macrophage homogenate, indicating that the free phosphonate can be effectively distributed to target tissues, such as the lungs. Thus, ACT inhibitors based on acyclic nucleoside phosphonates may represent a new strategy to treat whooping cough.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Česnek
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic v.v.i. Flemingovo nám. 2, 166 10 Prague 6 (Czech Republic)
| | - Petr Jansa
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic v.v.i. Flemingovo nám. 2, 166 10 Prague 6 (Czech Republic)
| | - Markéta Šmídková
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic v.v.i. Flemingovo nám. 2, 166 10 Prague 6 (Czech Republic)
| | - Helena Mertlíková-Kaiserová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic v.v.i. Flemingovo nám. 2, 166 10 Prague 6 (Czech Republic)
| | - Martin Dračínský
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic v.v.i. Flemingovo nám. 2, 166 10 Prague 6 (Czech Republic)
| | - Tarsis F Brust
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, 575 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, IN, 47907 (USA)
| | - Petr Pávek
- Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Heyrovského 1203, 500 05 Hradec Králové (Czech Republic).,Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University Olomouc, Hněvotínská 5, 775 15 Olomouc (Czech Republic)
| | - František Trejtnar
- Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Heyrovského 1203, 500 05 Hradec Králové (Czech Republic)
| | - Val J Watts
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, 575 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, IN, 47907 (USA)
| | - Zlatko Janeba
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic v.v.i. Flemingovo nám. 2, 166 10 Prague 6 (Czech Republic).
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Abstract
Since the licensing of lamivudine in 1999, the treatment of chronic hepatitis B has been revolutionized by the introduction of oral nucleoside and nucleotide analogues (NAs), which act as inhibitors of the HBV polymerase. The effectiveness of the first of these substances was limited by incomplete response and resistance development in many patients, but today, highly potent substances are available that make a reliable and durable suppression of HBV replication, a reduction of necroinflammatory activity in the liver, and even a reversion of liver fibrosis achievable for almost all patients. Beyond that, NA treatment can prevent the development of hepatocellular carcinoma in many patients. HBeAg seroconversion appears in approximately 50% of all HBeAg-positive patients during NA treatment. However, the ideal treatment endpoint, the serologic loss of HBsAg, remains a rare event almost exclusively achievable for HBeAg-positive patients. After cessation of the treatment, HBV replication tends to relapse in most patients, which is why the duration of NA treatment is indefinite. Future treatment strategies should aim at tailoring individual NA treatment regimens to increase HBs loss rates and optimize treatment duration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian van Bömmel
- Hepatology Section, Department for Gastroenterology and Rheumatology, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
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Šolínová V, Kaiser MM, Lukáč M, Janeba Z, Kašička V. Enantiopurity analysis of new types of acyclic nucleoside phosphonates by capillary electrophoresis with cyclodextrins as chiral selectors. J Sep Sci 2013; 37:295-303. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201301092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2013] [Revised: 11/08/2013] [Accepted: 11/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Šolínová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry; Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic; Prague Czech Republic
| | - Martin Maxmilián Kaiser
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry; Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic; Prague Czech Republic
| | - Miloš Lukáč
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry; Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic; Prague Czech Republic
| | - Zlatko Janeba
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry; Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic; Prague Czech Republic
| | - Václav Kašička
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry; Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic; Prague Czech Republic
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Kaiser MM, Jansa P, Dračínský M, Janeba Z. A novel type of acyclic nucleoside phosphonates derived from 2-(phosphonomethoxy)propanoic acid. Tetrahedron 2012; 68:4003-4012. [PMID: 32287422 PMCID: PMC7111817 DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2012.03.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2011] [Revised: 02/27/2012] [Accepted: 03/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A convenient and efficient synthesis of a novel class of acyclic nucleoside phosphonates derived from 2-(phosphonomethoxy)propanoic acid has been developed. The key step of the synthesis is the optimized oxidation of the 3-hydroxy-2-(phosphonomethoxy)propyl (HPMP) analogues to the corresponding 2'-carboxy-PME (CPME) derivatives using the TEMPO/NaClO2/NaClO oxidizing system. Although (S)-3-(adenin-9-yl)-2-(phosphonomethoxy)propanoic acid ((S)-CPMEA) has been designed as a compound with potential anti-HIV activity, none of the newly prepared CPME analogues exhibited any antiviral activity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Zlatko Janeba
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., Flemingovo nám. 2, CZ-16610 Prague 6, Czech Republic
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Differential effects of acyclic nucleoside phosphonates on nitric oxide and cytokines in rat hepatocytes and macrophages. Int Immunopharmacol 2011; 12:342-9. [PMID: 22198073 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2011.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2011] [Revised: 11/29/2011] [Accepted: 12/05/2011] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Acyclic nucleoside phosphonates (ANP) are virostatics effective against viruses like hepatitis B virus and human immunodeficiency virus. Our previous reports indicated immunomodulatory activities of ANP in mouse and human innate immune cells. Recently, evidence has increased that hepatocytes may play an active role in immune regulation of the liver homeostasis or injury. In this study we investigated possible immunomodulatory effects of ANP on rat hepatocytes and macrophages. Nitric oxide (NO) production and secretion of cytokines (IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, IL-13, IL-18, IFN-γ, TNF-α and GM-CSF) were analyzed under in vitro conditions. Test compounds included: 9-[2-(phosphonomethoxy)ethyl]adenine (PMEA; adefovir); 9-[2-(phosphonomethoxy)ethyl]-2,6-diaminopurine (PMEDAP); (R)- and (S)-enantiomers of 9-[2-(phosphonomethoxy)propyl]adenine [(R)-PMPA; tenofovir] and [(S)-PMPA]; 9-[2-(phosphonomethoxy)propyl]-2,6-diaminopurine [(R)-PMPDAP] and [(S)-PMPDAP]. The group of test compounds also included their N(6)-substituted derivatives. Some of ANP which are able to induce NO production and cytokine secretion in cultured macrophages possess the same immunobiological activity in isolated hepatocytes. The extent of responses is in range of LPS/IFN-γ stimulation in both types of cells. The effects of active ANP on NO expression and cytokine secretion are dose- and time-dependent. Interestingly, the spectrum of detected cytokines induced by ANP is broader in hepatocytes. The results also confirm immunomodulatory effects of some ANP on rodent macrophages. Moreover, we demonstrate for the first time immunobiological reactivity of primary rat hepatocytes induced by exogenous ANP compounds. The potential of hepatocytes to synthesize cytokines can contribute to better understanding of liver immune function and can serve for pharmacological intervention in liver diseases.
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Sedláček O, Břehová P, Pohl R, Holý A, Janeba Z. The synthesis of the 8-C-substituted 2,6-diamino-9-[2-(phosphonomethoxy)ethyl]purine (PMEDAP) derivatives by diverse cross-coupling reactions. CAN J CHEM 2011. [DOI: 10.1139/v11-001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Diisopropyl 8-bromo-2,6-diamino-9-[2-(phosphonomethoxy)ethyl]purine was used as a starting material for the synthesis of the 8-C-substituted 2,6-diamino-9-[2-(phosphonomethoxy)ethyl]purine (PMEDAP) analogues. A systematic screening of diverse cross-coupling reactions was carried out. Stille, Suzuki–Miyaura, Negishi, and Sonogashira cross-couplings, as well as Pd-catalysed reactions with trialkylaluminiums, were employed for the introduction of various alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, and hetaryl substituents to the C-8 position of the 2,6-diaminopurine moiety. In contrast to the potent parent compound PMEDAP, which exhibits potent antiretroviral and antitumor activity, none of the sixteen newly synthesized 8-C-substituted analogues of PMEDAP showed any specific antiviral activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ondřej Sedláček
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Flemingovo nám. 2, CZ-166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Petra Břehová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Flemingovo nám. 2, CZ-166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Radek Pohl
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Flemingovo nám. 2, CZ-166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Antonín Holý
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Flemingovo nám. 2, CZ-166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Zlatko Janeba
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Flemingovo nám. 2, CZ-166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic
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Baszczyňski O, Jansa P, Dračínský M, Klepetářová B, Holý A, Votruba I, de Clercq E, Balzarini J, Janeba Z. Synthesis and antiviral activity of N9-[3-fluoro-2-(phosphonomethoxy)propyl] analogues derived from N6-substituted adenines and 2,6-diaminopurines. Bioorg Med Chem 2011; 19:2114-24. [PMID: 21429755 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2011.02.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2010] [Revised: 02/23/2011] [Accepted: 02/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
An efficient method for the synthesis of N(9)-[3-fluoro-2-(phosphonomethoxy)propyl] (FPMP) derivatives of purine bases has been developed. Both (R)- and (S)-enantiomers of the N(6)-substituted FPMP derivatives of adenine and 2,6-diaminopurine were prepared and their anti-human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and anti-Moloney murine sarcoma virus (MSV) activity was evaluated. Whereas none of the 6-substituted FPMPA derivatives showed any antiviral activity, several FPMPDAP derivatives had a moderate antiretroviral activity. Moreover, the data obtained from the study of the substrate activity of the active derivatives towards N(6)-methyl-AMP aminohydrolase support the notion that the studied N(6)-substituted FPMPDAP derivatives act as prodrugs of the antiretroviral FPMPG analogues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ondřej Baszczyňski
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i. Flemingovo nám. 2, 16610 Prague 6, Czech Republic
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Solínová V, Kasicka V, Sázelová P, Holý A. Chiral analysis of anti-acquired immunodeficiency syndrome drug, 9-(R)-[2-(phosphonomethoxy)propyl]adenine (tenofovir), and related antiviral acyclic nucleoside phosphonates by CE using beta-CD as chiral selector. Electrophoresis 2009; 30:2245-54. [PMID: 19544492 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200800790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
A new CZE method has been developed for chiral analysis of an important anti-acquired immunodeficiency syndrome drug, 9-(R)-[2-(phosphonomethoxy)propyl]adenine ((R)-PMPA, tenofovir), and six related antiviral acyclic nucleoside phosphonates using beta-CD as a chiral selector. The influence of the composition, concentration and pH of the BGE and the type and concentration of chiral selector on enantiomer resolution was investigated. Complete separations of (R,S)-enantiomers of PMPA with very good resolution (R(s)=1.50-3.64) were achieved within a short time (4-15 min) in 20-50 mM sodium borate or sodium tetraborate BGEs, pH 10.0, at 20 mg/mL concentration of beta-CD. (R,S)-enantiomers of five similar PMPA analogs containing purine bases (adenine, diaminopurine or guanine) and hydroxyl or fluor substituents at C3 carbon atom of propyl chain were baseline separated within 10-17 min in 35 mM sodium tetraborate BGE, pH 10.0, at 20 mg/mL beta-CD concentration. Another important antiviral used by acquired immunodeficiency syndrome patients, derived from pyrimidine base cytosine, 1-(S)-[3-hydroxy-2-(phosphonomethoxy)propyl]cytosine (cidofovir), and the (R)-enantiomer of this drug were successfully separated in 50 mM sodium tetraborate BGE, pH 10.5, at 20 mg/mL beta-CD concentration within 45 min. Using the UV-absorption detection at 206 nm, the concentration detection limits of the analyzed acyclic nucleoside phosphonates were determined in the submicromolar to micromolar range (0.15-2.51 microg/mL level).
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Solínová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
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15
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Česnek M, Holý A, Masojídková M, Kmoníčková E, Zídek Z. Synthesis of guanidino analogues of PMPDAP and their immunobiological activity. Bioorg Med Chem 2008; 16:965-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2007.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2007] [Accepted: 10/04/2007] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Kmonícková E, Melkusová P, Farghali H, Holý A, Zídek Z. Nitric oxide production in mouse and rat macrophages: A rapid and efficient assay for screening of drugs immunostimulatory effects in human cells. Nitric Oxide 2007; 17:160-9. [PMID: 17723311 DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2007.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2007] [Revised: 06/21/2007] [Accepted: 06/22/2007] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Activation of inducible nitric oxide (NO) synthase (iNOS) and resulting high-output NO release is known to depend on the action of cytokines. We investigated in vitro production of NO by resident peritoneal macrophages from mice and rats, and secretion of cytokines by these cells as well as by human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). The cells were cultured in the presence of a selected group of acyclic nucleoside phosphonates that have previously been shown to possess immunobiological potential. Several of the compounds enhanced production of NO in animal macrophages. This activity was associated with stimulatory effects on secretion of cytokines such as TNF-alpha in all mouse and rat macrophages and human PBMC, and IL-10 in mouse and human cells. Statistically highly significant correlation between the range of NO biosynthesis in rodent cells and extent of cytokine stimulation in human PBMC has been observed. It is suggested that the NO assay may be regarded as an efficient, economical and relatively reliable tool in primary screening for intrinsic immunostimulatory activity of compounds in human cell system, at least from the point of view of cytokine secretion.
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MESH Headings
- Adenine/pharmacology
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/pharmacology
- Animals
- Cells, Cultured
- Drug Evaluation, Preclinical/methods
- Female
- Humans
- Interferon-gamma/metabolism
- Interferon-gamma/pharmacology
- Interleukin-10/metabolism
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/cytology
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/drug effects
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/metabolism
- Lipopolysaccharides/pharmacology
- Macrophages, Peritoneal/cytology
- Macrophages, Peritoneal/drug effects
- Macrophages, Peritoneal/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Nitric Oxide/metabolism
- Nitrites/metabolism
- Organophosphonates/pharmacology
- Rats
- Rats, Inbred Lew
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Kmonícková
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Academy of Sciences, v.v.i., Vídenská 1083, 142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic
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Zídek Z, Kmonícková E, Holý A. Secretion of antiretroviral chemokines by human cells cultured with acyclic nucleoside phosphonates. Eur J Pharmacol 2007; 574:77-84. [PMID: 17716649 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2007.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2007] [Revised: 07/13/2007] [Accepted: 07/16/2007] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Acyclic nucleoside phosphonates are novel class of clinically broadly used antivirotics effective against replication of both DNA viruses and retroviruses including human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). We have investigated their in vitro effects on immune defence mechanisms in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells, with the main emphasis on expression of cytokines which are able to suppress the entry of HIV in cells. Included in the study were prototype acyclic nucleoside phosphonates, i.e. 9-[2-(phosphonomethoxy)ethyl]adenine (PMEA; adefovir), 9-[2-(phosphonomethoxy)ethyl]-2,6-diaminopurine (PMEDAP), (R)-and (S)-enantiomers of 9-[2-(phosphonomethoxy)propyl]adenine [(R)-PMPA; tenofovir] and [(S)-PMPA], and of 9-[2-(phosphonomethoxy)propyl]-2,6-diaminopurine [(R)-PMPDAP] and [(S)-PMPDAP], and their N(6)-substituted derivatives. Some of the compounds were found to substantially enhance secretion of chemokines such as macrophage inflammatory protein-1alpha (MIP-alpha/CCL3), and "regulated on activation of normal T cell expressed and secreted" (RANTES/CCL5). Secretion of MIP-1beta/CCL4 was only marginally increased, whereas production of interleukin-16 (IL-16) and interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) remained uninfluenced. The most effective proved to be the N(6)-cyclooctyl-PMEDAP, N(6)-isobutyl-PMEDAP, N(6)-pyrrolidino-PMEDAP, N(6)-cyclopropyl-(R)-PMPDAP, and N(6)-cyclopentyl-(R)-PMPDAP derivatives. Remarkably enhanced secretion of chemokines was reached within 2-4 h of the cell culture, and was observed at concentration of 2-5 microM. It may be suggested that acyclic nucleoside phosphonates represent a new generation of antivirotics with combined antimetabolic and therapeutically prospective immunostimulatory properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zdenĕk Zídek
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague 4, Czech Republic.
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Potmesil P, Holý A, Kmonícková E, Krízková J, Zídek Z. Acyclic nucleoside phosphonate antivirals activate gene expression of monocyte chemotactic protein 1 and 3. J Biomed Sci 2006; 14:59-66. [PMID: 17033877 DOI: 10.1007/s11373-006-9116-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2006] [Accepted: 09/06/2006] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Acyclic nucleoside phosphonates are potent antiviral agents effective against replication of DNA viruses and retroviruses including human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). In addition to their antimetabolic mode of antiviral action, acyclic nucleoside phosphonates also possess immunomodulatory properties. We have shown recently that a number of them stimulate secretion of cytokines including chemokines RANTES/CCL5 ("regulated upon activation, normal T cell expressed and secreted") and MIP-1 alpha/CCL3 (macrophage inflammatory protein-1 alpha) that may inhibit entry of HIV in cells. In present experiments we analyzed effects of acyclic nucleoside phosphonates on gene expression of other members of the beta family of chemokines, monocyte chemotactic proteins (MCPs), which have also been implicated in the control of HIV infection. The following compounds differing at the type of heterocyclic base, i.e. adenine (A), or 2,6-diaminopurine (DAP), at the 6-amino group of the base, and at the N ( 9 )-side chain represented by 9-[2-(phosphonomethoxy)ethyl] (PME) and 9-[2-(phosphonomethoxy)propyl] (PMP) moieties were included in the study: (1) (R)-PMPA, ie. tenofovir, (2) N ( 6 )-cyclopropyl-(R)-PMPDAP, (3) N ( 6 )-cyclopentyl-(R)-PMPDAP, (4) N ( 6 )-dimethylaminoethyl-(R)-PMPDAP, (5) N ( 6 )-cyclopentyl-PMEDAP, (6) N ( 6 )-isobutyl-PMEDAP, (7) N ( 6 ) -cyclohexylmetyl-PMEDAP, and (8) N ( 6 ) -cyclooctyl-PMEDAP. These compounds are able to activate production of MCP-1 and MCP-3, and none of them influences gene expression of MCP-2, and MCP-5. Enhancement of monocyte chemotactic protein expression was found to be mediated by transcriptional factor nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB).
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Affiliation(s)
- Petr Potmesil
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Department of Immunopharmacology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Centre for New Antivirals and Antineoplastics, Prague 4, Czech Republic.
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