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Castle ME, Flanigan ME. The role of brain serotonin signaling in excessive alcohol consumption and withdrawal: A call for more research in females. Neurobiol Stress 2024; 30:100618. [PMID: 38433994 PMCID: PMC10907856 DOI: 10.1016/j.ynstr.2024.100618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD) is a leading cause of death and disability worldwide, but current treatments are insufficient in fully addressing the symptoms that often lead to relapses in alcohol consumption. The brain's serotonin system has been implicated in AUD for decades and is a major regulator of stress-related behaviors associated with increased alcohol consumption. This review will discuss the current literature on the association between neurobiological adaptations in serotonin systems and AUD in humans as well as the effectiveness of serotonin receptor manipulations on alcohol-related behaviors like consumption and withdrawal. We will further discuss how these findings in humans relate to findings in animal models, including a comparison of systemic pharmacological manipulations modulating alcohol consumption. We next provide a detailed overview of brain region-specific roles for serotonin and serotonin receptor signaling in alcohol-related behaviors in preclinical animal models, highlighting the complexity of forming a cohesive model of serotonin function in AUD and providing possible avenues for more effective therapeutic intervention. Throughout the review, we discuss what is known about sex differences in the sequelae of AUD and the role of serotonin in these sequelae. We stress a critical need for additional studies in women and female animals so that we may build a clearer path to elucidating sex-specific serotonergic mechanisms and develop better treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan E. Castle
- Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Meghan E. Flanigan
- Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
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2
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Ataka K, Asakawa A, Iwai H, Kato I. Musclin prevents depression-like behavior in male mice by activating urocortin 2 signaling in the hypothalamus. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1288282. [PMID: 38116320 PMCID: PMC10728487 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1288282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Physical activity is recommended as an alternative treatment for depression. Myokines, which are secreted from skeletal muscles during physical activity, play an important role in the skeletal muscle-brain axis. Musclin, a newly discovered myokine, exerts physical endurance, however, the effects of musclin on emotional behaviors, such as depression, have not been evaluated. This study aimed to access the anti-depressive effect of musclin and clarify the connection between depression-like behavior and hypothalamic neuropeptides in mice. Methods We measured the immobility time in the forced swim (FS) test, the time spent in open arm in the elevated-plus maze (EPM) test, the mRNA levels of hypothalamic neuropeptides, and enumerated the c-Fos-positive cells in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN), arcuate nucleus (ARC), and nucleus tractus solitarii (NTS) in mice with the intraperitoneal (i.p.) administration of musclin. Next, we evaluated the effects of a selective corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) type 1 receptor antagonist, selective CRF type 2 receptor antagonist, melanocortin receptor (MCR) agonist, and selective melanocortin 4 receptor (MC4R) agonist on changes in behaviors induced by musclin. Finally we evaluated the antidepressant effect of musclin using mice exposed to repeated water immersion (WI) stress. Results We found that the i.p. and i.c.v. administration of musclin decreased the immobility time and relative time in the open arms (open %) in mice and increased urocortin 2 (Ucn 2) levels but decreased proopiomelanocortin levels in the hypothalamus. The numbers of c-Fos-positive cells were increased in the PVN and NTS but decreased in the ARC of mice with i.p. administration of musclin. The c-Fos-positive cells in the PVN were also found to be Ucn 2-positive. The antidepressant and anxiogenic effects of musclin were blocked by central administration of a CRF type 2 receptor antagonist and a melanocortin 4 receptor agonist, respectively. Peripheral administration of musclin also prevented depression-like behavior and the decrease in levels of hypothalamic Ucn 2 induced by repeated WI stress. Discussion These data identify the antidepressant effects of musclin through the activation of central Ucn 2 signaling and suggest that musclin and Ucn 2 can be new therapeutic targets and endogenous peptides mediating the muscle-brain axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Ataka
- Laboratory of Medical Biochemistry, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, Kobe, Japan
- Department of Psychosomatic Internal Medicine, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Akihiro Asakawa
- Department of Psychosomatic Internal Medicine, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Haruki Iwai
- Department of Oral Anatomy and Cell Biology, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Ikuo Kato
- Laboratory of Medical Biochemistry, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, Kobe, Japan
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Harris EP, Villalobos-Manriquez F, Melo TG, Clarke G, O'Leary OF. Stress during puberty exerts sex-specific effects on depressive-like behavior and monoamine neurotransmitters in adolescence and adulthood. Neurobiol Stress 2022; 21:100494. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ynstr.2022.100494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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Kupcova I, Danisovic L, Grgac I, Harsanyi S. Anxiety and Depression: What Do We Know of Neuropeptides? Behav Sci (Basel) 2022; 12:bs12080262. [PMID: 36004833 PMCID: PMC9405013 DOI: 10.3390/bs12080262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
In modern society, there has been a rising trend of depression and anxiety. This trend heavily impacts the population’s mental health and thus contributes significantly to morbidity and, in the worst case, to suicides. Modern medicine, with many antidepressants and anxiolytics at hand, is still unable to achieve remission in many patients. The pathophysiology of depression and anxiety is still only marginally understood, which encouraged researchers to focus on neuropeptides, as they are a vast group of signaling molecules in the nervous system. Neuropeptides are involved in the regulation of many physiological functions. Some act as neuromodulators and are often co-released with neurotransmitters that allow for reciprocal communication between the brain and the body. Most studied in the past were the antidepressant and anxiolytic effects of oxytocin, vasopressin or neuropeptide Y and S, or Substance P. However, in recent years, more and more novel neuropeptides have been added to the list, with implications for the research and development of new targets, diagnostic elements, and even therapies to treat anxiety and depressive disorders. In this review, we take a close look at all currently studied neuropeptides, their related pathways, their roles in stress adaptation, and the etiology of anxiety and depression in humans and animal models. We will focus on the latest research and information regarding these associated neuropeptides and thus picture their potential uses in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ida Kupcova
- Institute of Medical Biology, Genetics and Clinical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, Sasinkova 4, 811 08 Bratislava, Slovakia; (I.K.); (L.D.)
| | - Lubos Danisovic
- Institute of Medical Biology, Genetics and Clinical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, Sasinkova 4, 811 08 Bratislava, Slovakia; (I.K.); (L.D.)
| | - Ivan Grgac
- Institute of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, Sasinkova 4, 811 08 Bratislava, Slovakia;
| | - Stefan Harsanyi
- Institute of Medical Biology, Genetics and Clinical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, Sasinkova 4, 811 08 Bratislava, Slovakia; (I.K.); (L.D.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +421-2-59357-299
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Merino E, Raya-Salom D, Teruel-Martí V, Adell A, Cervera-Ferri A, Martínez-Ricós J. Effects of Acute Stress on the Oscillatory Activity of the Hippocampus-Amygdala-Prefrontal Cortex Network. Neuroscience 2021; 476:72-89. [PMID: 34543675 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2021.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Displaying a stress response to threatening stimuli is essential for survival. These reactions must be adjusted to be adaptive. Otherwise, even mental illnesses may develop. Describing the physiological stress response may contribute to distinguishing the abnormal responses that accompany the pathology, which may help to improve the development of both diagnoses and treatments. Recent advances have elucidated many of the processes and structures involved in stress response management; however, there is still much to unravel regarding this phenomenon. The main aim of the present research is to characterize the response of three brain areas deeply involved in the stress response (i.e., to an acute stressful experience). Specifically, the electrophysiological activity of the infralimbic division of the medial prefrontal cortex (IL), the basolateral nucleus of the amygdala (BLA), and the dorsal hippocampus (dHPC) was recorded after the infusion of 0.5 µl of corticosterone-releasing factor into the dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN), a procedure which has been validated as a paradigm to cause acute stress. This procedure induced a delayed reduction in slow waves in the three structures, and an increase in faster oscillations, such as those in theta, beta, and gamma bands. The mutual information at low theta frequencies between the BLA and the IL increased, and the delta and slow wave mutual information decreased. The low theta-mid gamma phase-amplitude coupling increased within BLA, as well as between BLA and IL. This electrical pattern may facilitate the activation of these structures, in response to the stressor, and memory consolidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esteban Merino
- Neuronal Circuits Laboratory, Department of Human Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine and Odontology, University of Valencia, Valencia 46010, Spain
| | - Danae Raya-Salom
- Neuronal Circuits Laboratory, Department of Human Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine and Odontology, University of Valencia, Valencia 46010, Spain
| | - Vicent Teruel-Martí
- Neuronal Circuits Laboratory, Department of Human Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine and Odontology, University of Valencia, Valencia 46010, Spain
| | - Albert Adell
- Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology of Cantabria, IBBTEC (CSIC, Universidad de Cantabria), Santander 39011, Spain; Biomedical Research Networking Centre for Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Santander, Spain
| | - Ana Cervera-Ferri
- Neuronal Circuits Laboratory, Department of Human Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine and Odontology, University of Valencia, Valencia 46010, Spain.
| | - Joana Martínez-Ricós
- Neuronal Circuits Laboratory, Department of Human Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine and Odontology, University of Valencia, Valencia 46010, Spain.
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Pomrenze MB, Walker LC, Giardino WJ. Gray areas: Neuropeptide circuits linking the Edinger-Westphal and Dorsal Raphe nuclei in addiction. Neuropharmacology 2021; 198:108769. [PMID: 34481834 PMCID: PMC8484048 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2021.108769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The circuitry of addiction comprises several neural networks including the midbrain - an expansive region critically involved in the control of motivated behaviors. Midbrain nuclei like the Edinger-Westphal (EW) and dorsal raphe (DR) contain unique populations of neurons that synthesize many understudied neuroactive molecules and are encircled by the periaqueductal gray (PAG). Despite the proximity of these special neuron classes to the ventral midbrain complex and surrounding PAG, functions of the EW and DR remain substantially underinvestigated by comparison. Spanning approximately -3.0 to -5.2 mm posterior from bregma in the mouse, these various cell groups form a continuum of neurons that we refer to collectively as the subaqueductal paramedian zone. Defining how these pathways modulate affective behavioral states presents a difficult, yet conquerable challenge for today's technological advances in neuroscience. In this review, we cover the known contributions of different neuronal subtypes of the subaqueductal paramedian zone. We catalogue these cell types based on their spatial, molecular, connectivity, and functional properties and integrate this information with the existing data on the EW and DR in addiction. We next discuss evidence that links the EW and DR anatomically and functionally, highlighting the potential contributions of an EW-DR circuit to addiction-related behaviors. Overall, we aim to derive an integrated framework that emphasizes the contributions of EW and DR nuclei to addictive states and describes how these cell groups function in individuals suffering from substance use disorders. This article is part of the special Issue on 'Neurocircuitry Modulating Drug and Alcohol Abuse'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew B Pomrenze
- Dept. of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305-5453, USA
| | - Leigh C Walker
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - William J Giardino
- Dept. of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305-5453, USA; Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305-5453, USA.
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Pereira G, Gillies H, Chanda S, Corbett M, Vernon SD, Milani T, Bateman L. Acute Corticotropin-Releasing Factor Receptor Type 2 Agonism Results in Sustained Symptom Improvement in Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome. Front Syst Neurosci 2021; 15:698240. [PMID: 34539356 PMCID: PMC8441022 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2021.698240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS) is a complex multi-symptom disease with widespread evidence of disrupted systems. The authors hypothesize that it is caused by the upregulation of the corticotropin-releasing factor receptor type 2 (CRFR2) in the raphé nuclei and limbic system, which impairs the ability to maintain homeostasis. The authors propose utilizing agonist-mediated receptor endocytosis to downregulate CRFR2. Materials and Methods This open-label trial tested the safety, tolerability and efficacy of an acute dose of CT38s (a short-lived, CRFR2-selective agonist, with no known off-target activity) in 14 ME/CFS patients. CT38s was subcutaneously-infused at one of four dose-levels (i.e., infusion rates of 0.01, 0.03, 0.06, and 0.20 μg/kg/h), for a maximum of 10.5 h. Effect was measured as the pre-/post-treatment change in the mean 28-day total daily symptom score (TDSS), which aggregated 13 individual patient-reported symptoms. Results ME/CFS patients were significantly more sensitive to the transient hemodynamic effects of CRFR2 stimulation than healthy subjects in a prior trial, supporting the hypothesized CRFR2 upregulation. Adverse events were generally mild, resolved without intervention, and difficult to distinguish from ME/CFS symptoms, supporting a CRFR2 role in the disease. The acute dose of CT38s was associated with an improvement in mean TDSS that was sustained (over at least 28 days post-treatment) and correlated with both total exposure and pre-treatment symptom severity. At an infusion rate of 0.03 μg/kg/h, mean TDSS improved by -7.5 ± 1.9 (or -25.7%, p = 0.009), with all monitored symptoms improving. Conclusion The trial supports the hypothesis that CRFR2 is upregulated in ME/CFS, and that acute CRFR2 agonism may be a viable treatment approach warranting further study. Clinical Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov, identifier NCT03613129.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Tina Milani
- Bateman Horne Center, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
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Novoa J, Rivero CJ, Pérez-Cardona EU, Freire-Arvelo JA, Zegers J, Yarur HE, Santiago-Marerro IG, Agosto-Rivera JL, González-Pérez JL, Gysling K, Segarra AC. Social isolation of adolescent male rats increases anxiety and K + -induced dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens: Role of CRF-R1. Eur J Neurosci 2021; 54:4888-4905. [PMID: 34097788 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.15345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Early life adversity can disrupt development leading to emotional and cognitive disorders. This study investigated the effects of social isolation after weaning on anxiety, body weight and locomotion, and on extracellular dopamine (DA) and glutamate (GLU) in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) and their modulation by corticotropin releasing factor receptor 1. On the day of weaning, male rats were housed singly or in groups for 10 consecutive days. Anxiety-like behaviors were assessed by an elevated plus maze (EPM) and an open field test (OF). Neurotransmitter levels were measured by in vivo microdialysis. Single-housed rats spent less time, and entered more, into the closed arms of an EPM than group-housed rats. They also spent less time in the center of an OF, weighed more and showed greater locomotion. In the NAc, no differences in CRF, or in basal extracellular DA or GLU between groups, were observed. A depolarizing stimulus increased DA release in both groups but to higher levels in isolated rats, whereas GLU increased only in single-housed rats. Blocking CRF-R1 receptors with CP-154,526 decreased DA release in single-housed but not in group-housed rats. The corticotropin releasing factor receptor type 1 receptor antagonist also decreased GLU in group-housed animals. These results show that isolating adolescent rats increases anxiety, body weight and ambulation, as well as the sensitivity of dopaminergic neurons to a depolarizing stimulus. This study provides further evidence of the detrimental effects of social isolation during early development and indicates that dysregulation of the CRF system in the NAc may contribute to the pathologies observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Novoa
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Carlos J Rivero
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - Enrique U Pérez-Cardona
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - Jaime A Freire-Arvelo
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - Juan Zegers
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Héctor E Yarur
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | | | | | - Jorge L González-Pérez
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - Katia Gysling
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Annabell C Segarra
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico
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CRF-5-HT interactions in the dorsal raphe nucleus and motivation for stress-induced opioid reinstatement. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2021; 238:29-40. [PMID: 33231727 PMCID: PMC7796902 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-020-05652-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE The serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) system plays an important role in stress-related psychiatric disorders and substance abuse. Our previous data show that stressors can inhibit 5-HT neuronal activity and release by stimulating the release of the stress neurohormone corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) within the serotonergic dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN). The inhibitory effects of CRF on 5-HT DRN neurons are indirect, mediated by CRF-R1 receptors located on GABAergic afferents. OBJECTIVES We tested the hypothesis that DRN CRF-R1 receptors contribute to stress-induced reinstatement of morphine-conditioned place preference (CPP). We also examined the role of this circuitry in stress-induced negative affective state with 22-kHz distress ultrasonic vocalizations (USVs), which are naturally emitted by rats in response to environmental challenges such as pain, stress, and drug withdrawal. METHODS First, we tested if activation of CRF-R1 receptors in the DRN with the CRF-R1-preferring agonist ovine CRF (oCRF) would reinstate morphine CPP and then if blockade of CRF-R1 receptors in the DRN with the CRF-R1 antagonist NBI 35965 would attenuate swim stress-induced reinstatement of morphine CPP. Second, we tested if intra-DRN pretreatment with NBI 35965 would attenuate foot shock stress-induced 22-kHz USVs. RESULTS Intra-DRN injection of oCRF reinstated morphine CPP, while intra-DRN injection of NBI 35965 attenuated swim stress-induced reinstatement. Moreover, intra-DRN pretreatment with NBI 35965 significantly reduced 22-kHz distress calls induced by foot shock. CONCLUSIONS These data provide evidence that stress-induced negative affective state is mediated by DRN CRF-R1 receptors and may contribute to reinstatement of morphine CPP.
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Steinberg LJ, Mann JJ. Abnormal stress responsiveness and suicidal behavior: A risk phenotype. Biomark Neuropsychiatry 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bionps.2020.100011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
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An IL-6 receptor antagonist attenuates postpartum anhedonia, but has no effect on anhedonia precipitated by subchronic stress in female rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2019; 236:2983-2995. [PMID: 30830260 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-019-05194-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Nearly 60-80% of women experience some form of sadness, anxiety, or anhedonia in the weeks following the birth of a child (Patel et al. 23(2):534-42, 2012; Degner 10: 359;j4692, 2017); however, the exact mechanisms that precipitate these changes in mood postpartum are still unknown. It is well-known that the function of the peripheral immune system is significantly altered during pregnancy in order to protect the developing fetus from being rejected by the maternal immune system (Fallon et al. 17(1):7-17, 2002), and we have recently found a dramatic change in the central immune system during and just after pregnancy in female rats (Sherer et al. 66:201-209, 2017). We observed anhedonia in Sprague-Dawley rat dams on the day of birth that is associated with an increase in interleukin (IL)-6 expression in the brain on the day of birth (Posillico and Schwarz 298(Pt B):218-28, 2016). OBJECTIVES The goal of the current experiments was to determine whether inhibiting the IL-6 receptor could prevent onset of this postpartum anhedonia, or anhedonia precipitated by subchronic stress in non-pregnant females. RESULTS Treatment with an IL-6 receptor antibody attenuated postpartum anhedonia as characterized by a decrease in sucrose preference. In contrast, this antibody had no effect on the decrease in sucrose preference induced following a week of forced swim stress in non-pregnant female rats. CONCLUSIONS The results of these studies suggest that the molecular mechanisms that underlie the onset of anhedonia following birth or mild stress in female rats may be distinct.
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Steinberg LJ, Rubin-Falcone H, Galfalvy HC, Kaufman J, Miller JM, Sublette ME, Cooper TB, Min E, Keilp JG, Stanley BH, Oquendo MA, Ogden RT, Mann JJ. Cortisol Stress Response and in Vivo PET Imaging of Human Brain Serotonin 1A Receptor Binding. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2019; 22:329-338. [PMID: 30927011 PMCID: PMC6499240 DOI: 10.1093/ijnp/pyz009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Revised: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Abnormalities in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, serotonergic system, and stress response have been linked to the pathogenesis of major depressive disorder. State-dependent hyper-reactivity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis is seen in major depressive disorder, and higher binding to the serotonin 1A receptor is observed as a trait in both currently depressed and remitted untreated major depressive disorder. Here, we sought to examine whether a relationship exists between cortisol secretion in response to a stressor and serotonin 1A receptor binding throughout the brain, both in healthy controls and participants with major depressive disorder. METHODS Research participants included 42 medication-free, depressed subjects and 31 healthy volunteers. Participants were exposed to either an acute, physical stressor (radial artery catheter insertion) or a psychological stressor (Trier Social Stress Test). Levels of serotonin 1A receptor binding on positron emission tomography with [11C]WAY-100635 were also obtained from all participants. The relationship between [11C]WAY-100635 binding and cortisol was examined using mixed linear effects models with group (major depressive disorder vs control), cortisol, brain region, and their interactions as fixed effects and subject as a random effect. RESULTS We found a positive correlation between post-stress cortisol measures and serotonin 1A receptor ligand binding levels across multiple cortical and subcortical regions, independent of diagnosis and with both types of stress. The relationship between [11C]WAY-100635 binding and cortisol was homogenous across all a priori brain regions. In contrast, resting cortisol levels were negatively correlated with serotonin 1A receptor ligand binding levels independently of diagnosis, except in the RN. There was no significant difference in cortisol between major depressive disorder participants and healthy volunteers with either stressor. Similarly, there was no correlation between cortisol and depression severity in either stressor group. CONCLUSIONS This study suggests that there may be a common underlying mechanism that links abnormalities in the serotonin system and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis hyper-reactivity to stress. Future studies need to determine how hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis dysfunction affects mood to increase the risk of suicide in major depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louisa J Steinberg
- Molecular Imaging and Neuropathology Division, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY,Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY,Correspondence: Louisa J. Steinberg, MD, PhD, 1051 Riverside Drive, New York, NY 10032 ()
| | - Harry Rubin-Falcone
- Molecular Imaging and Neuropathology Division, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY,Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY
| | - Hanga C Galfalvy
- Molecular Imaging and Neuropathology Division, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY,Department of Biostatistics, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - Joshua Kaufman
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY
| | - Jeffrey M Miller
- Molecular Imaging and Neuropathology Division, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY,Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY
| | - M Elizabeth Sublette
- Molecular Imaging and Neuropathology Division, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY,Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY
| | - Thomas B Cooper
- Molecular Imaging and Neuropathology Division, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY,Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY,Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, New York, NY
| | - Eli Min
- Molecular Imaging and Neuropathology Division, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY,Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY
| | - John G Keilp
- Molecular Imaging and Neuropathology Division, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY,Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY
| | - Barbara H Stanley
- Molecular Imaging and Neuropathology Division, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY,Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY
| | - Maria A Oquendo
- Psychiatry Department, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - R Todd Ogden
- Molecular Imaging and Neuropathology Division, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY,Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY,Department of Biostatistics, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - J John Mann
- Molecular Imaging and Neuropathology Division, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY,Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY,Department of Radiology, Columbia University, New York, NY
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13
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Dedic N, Chen A, Deussing JM. The CRF Family of Neuropeptides and their Receptors - Mediators of the Central Stress Response. Curr Mol Pharmacol 2018; 11:4-31. [PMID: 28260504 PMCID: PMC5930453 DOI: 10.2174/1874467210666170302104053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2015] [Revised: 11/26/2015] [Accepted: 08/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Background: Dysregulated stress neurocircuits, caused by genetic and/or environmental changes, underlie the development of many neuropsychiatric disorders. Corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) is the major physiological activator of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and conse-quently a primary regulator of the mammalian stress response. Together with its three family members, urocortins (UCNs) 1, 2, and 3, CRF integrates the neuroendocrine, autonomic, metabolic and behavioral responses to stress by activating its cognate receptors CRFR1 and CRFR2. Objective: Here we review the past and current state of the CRF/CRFR field, ranging from pharmacologi-cal studies to genetic mouse models and virus-mediated manipulations. Results: Although it is well established that CRF/CRFR1 signaling mediates aversive responses, includ-ing anxiety and depression-like behaviors, a number of recent studies have challenged this viewpoint by revealing anxiolytic and appetitive properties of specific CRF/CRFR1 circuits. In contrast, the UCN/CRFR2 system is less well understood and may possibly also exert divergent functions on physiol-ogy and behavior depending on the brain region, underlying circuit, and/or experienced stress conditions. Conclusion: A plethora of available genetic tools, including conventional and conditional mouse mutants targeting CRF system components, has greatly advanced our understanding about the endogenous mecha-nisms underlying HPA system regulation and CRF/UCN-related neuronal circuits involved in stress-related behaviors. Yet, the detailed pathways and molecular mechanisms by which the CRF/UCN-system translates negative or positive stimuli into the final, integrated biological response are not completely un-derstood. The utilization of future complementary methodologies, such as cell-type specific Cre-driver lines, viral and optogenetic tools will help to further dissect the function of genetically defined CRF/UCN neurocircuits in the context of adaptive and maladaptive stress responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Dedic
- Department of Stress Neurobiology and Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Kraepelinstr, 2-10, 80804 Munich. Germany
| | - Alon Chen
- Department of Stress Neurobiology and Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Kraepelinstr, 2-10, 80804 Munich. Germany
| | - Jan M Deussing
- Department of Stress Neurobiology and Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Kraepelinstr, 2-10, 80804 Munich. Germany
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Wright EC, Parks TV, Alexander JO, Supra R, Trainor BC. Activation of kappa opioid receptors in the dorsal raphe have sex dependent effects on social behavior in California mice. Behav Brain Res 2018; 351:83-92. [PMID: 29768187 PMCID: PMC6120584 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2018.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Revised: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 05/12/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Kappa opioid receptor activation has been linked to stress and anxiety behavior, thus leading to kappa antagonists being popularized in research as potential anxiolytics. However, while these findings may hold true in standard models, the neuromodulatory effects of social defeat may change the behavioral outcome of kappa opioid receptor activation. Previous research has shown that social defeat can lead to hyperactivity of serotonergic neurons in the dorsal raphe nucleus, and that inhibition of this increase blocks the social deficits caused by defeat. Kappa opioid receptor activation in the dorsal raphe nucleus works to decrease serotonergic activity. We injected the kappa opioid receptor U50,488 directly into the dorsal raphe nucleus of male and female, defeat and control adult California mice. Here we show evidence that U50,488 induces anxiety behavior in control male California mice, but helps relieve it in defeated males. Consistent with previous literature, we find little effect in females adding evidence that there are marked and important sex differences in the kappa opioid system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily C Wright
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Tiffany V Parks
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA; McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Rajesh Supra
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Brian C Trainor
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA.
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15
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Negative consequences of early-life adversity on substance use as mediated by corticotropin-releasing factor modulation of serotonin activity. Neurobiol Stress 2018; 9:29-39. [PMID: 30151419 PMCID: PMC6108067 DOI: 10.1016/j.ynstr.2018.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2018] [Revised: 07/11/2018] [Accepted: 08/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Early-life adversity is associated with increased risk for substance abuse in later life, with women more likely to report past and current stress as a mediating factor in their substance use and relapse as compared to men. Preclinical models of neonatal and peri-adolescent (early through late adolescence) stress all support a direct relationship between experiences of early-life adversity and adult substance-related behaviors, and provide valuable information regarding the underlying neurobiology. This review will provide an overview of these animal models and how these paradigms alter drug and alcohol consumption and/or seeking in male and female adults. An introduction to the corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) and serotonin systems, their development and their interactions at the level of the dorsal raphe will be provided, illustrating how this particular stress system is sexually dimorphic, and is well positioned to be affected by stressors early in development and throughout maturation. A model for CRF-serotonin interactions in the dorsal raphe and how these influence dopaminergic activity within the nucleus accumbens and subsequent reward-associated behaviors will be provided, and alterations to the activity of this system following early-life adversity will be identified. Overall, converging findings suggest that early-life adversity has long-term effects on the functioning of the CRF-serotonin system, highlighting a potentially important and targetable mediator linking stress to addiction. Future work should focus on identifying the exact mechanisms that promote long-term changes to the expression and activity of CRF receptors in the dorsal raphe. Moreover, it is important to clarify whether similar neurobiological mechanisms exist for males and females, given the sexual dimorphism both in CRF receptors and serotonin indices in the dorsal raphe and in the behavioral outcomes of early-life adversity. Early life stress increases risk for substance abuse in adulthood. Stress and drugs increase CRF which alters serotonin release in the brain. CRF2 receptor expression in the dorsal raphe is altered by early life stress. Resultant changes to serotonin output facilitates dopamine in the accumbens. CRF2-sertotonin-dopamine interactions may link early life stress with substance abuse.
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Key Words
- 5-HIAA, 5–Hydroxyindoleacetic Acid
- BNST, Bed Nucleus of the Stria Terminalis
- CRF, Corticotropin-Releasing Factor
- CRF-BP, Corticotropin-Releasing Factor Binding Protein
- CeA, Central Nucleus of the Amygdala
- Corticotropin-releasing factor
- Dorsal raphe nucleus
- Drug reward
- Early-life stress
- LC, Locus Coeruleus
- MDMA, 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine
- NAc, Nucleus Accumbens
- NMDA, N-methyl-d-aspartate
- PND, Postnatal Day
- Serotonin
- Sex differences
- TPH2, Tryptophan Hydroxylase 2
- VTA, Ventral Tegmental Area
- dRN, Dorsal Raphe Nucleus
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16
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MicroRNA-34 Contributes to the Stress-related Behavior and Affects 5-HT Prefrontal/GABA Amygdalar System through Regulation of Corticotropin-releasing Factor Receptor 1. Mol Neurobiol 2018; 55:7401-7412. [PMID: 29417477 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-018-0925-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies show that microRNA-34 (miR-34) family is critical in the regulation of stress response also suggesting that it may contribute to the individual responsiveness to stress. We have recently demonstrated that mice carrying a genetic deletion of all miR-34 isoforms (triple knockout, TKO) lack the stress-induced serotonin (5-HT) and GABA release in the medial prefrontal cortex (mpFC) and basolateral amygdala (BLA), respectively. Here, we evaluated if the absence of miR-34 was also able to modify the stress-coping strategy in the forced swimming test. We found that the blunted neurochemical response to stress was associated with lower levels of immobility (index of active coping behavior) in TKO compared to WT mice. Interestingly, among the brain regions mostly involved in the stress-related behaviors, the miR-34 displayed the strongest expression in the dorsal raphe nuclei (DRN) of wild-type (WT) mice. In the DRN, the corticotropin-releasing factor receptors (CRFR) 1 and 2, contribute to determine the stress-coping style and the CRFR1 is a target of miR-34. Thus, we hypothesized that the miR-34-dependent modulation of CRFR1 expression may be involved in the DRN regulation of stress-coping strategies. In line with this hypothesis, we found increased CRFR1 levels in the DNR of TKO compared to WT mice. Moreover, infusion of CRFR1 antagonist in the DRN of TKO mice reverted their behavioral and neurochemical phenotype. We propose that miR-34 modulate the mpFC 5-HT/BLA GABA response to stress acting on CRFR1 in the DRN and that this mechanism could contribute to determine individual stress-coping strategy.
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17
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Adolescence and Reward: Making Sense of Neural and Behavioral Changes Amid the Chaos. J Neurosci 2017; 37:10855-10866. [PMID: 29118215 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1834-17.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2017] [Revised: 09/28/2017] [Accepted: 09/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Adolescence is a time of significant neural and behavioral change with remarkable development in social, emotional, and cognitive skills. It is also a time of increased exploration and risk-taking (e.g., drug use). Many of these changes are thought to be the result of increased reward-value coupled with an underdeveloped inhibitory control, and thus a hypersensitivity to reward. Perturbations during adolescence can alter the developmental trajectory of the brain, resulting in long-term alterations in reward-associated behaviors. This review highlights recent developments in our understanding of how neural circuits, pubertal hormones, and environmental factors contribute to adolescent-typical reward-associated behaviors with a particular focus on sex differences, the medial prefrontal cortex, social reward, social isolation, and drug use. We then introduce a new approach that makes use of natural adaptations of seasonally breeding species to investigate the role of pubertal hormones in adolescent development. This research has only begun to parse out contributions of the many neural, endocrine, and environmental changes to the heightened reward sensitivity and increased vulnerability to mental health disorders that characterize this life stage.
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18
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Tokunaga R, Shimoju R, Shibata H, Kurosawa M. Somatosensory regulation of serotonin release in the central nucleus of the amygdala is mediated via corticotropin releasing factor and gamma-aminobutyric acid in the dorsal raphe nucleus. J Physiol Sci 2017; 67:689-698. [PMID: 27744641 PMCID: PMC10718013 DOI: 10.1007/s12576-016-0498-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 10/06/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Noxious cutaneous stimulation increases, whereas innocuous cutaneous stimulation decreases serotonin (5-HT) release in the central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA) in anesthetized rats. In the present study, we investigated the contribution of corticotropin releasing factor (CRF) receptors and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptors in the dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN) to those responses. Release of 5-HT in the CeA was monitored by microdialysis before and after 10-min stimulation by pinching or stroking. Increased 5-HT release in the CeA in response to pinching was abolished by CRF2 receptor antagonism in the DRN. Decreased 5-HT release in the CeA in response to stroking was abolished by either CRF1 receptor antagonism or GABAA receptor antagonism in the DRN. These results suggest that opposite responses of 5-HT release in the CeA to noxious versus innocuous stimulation of the skin are due to separate contributions of CRF2, CRF1 and GABAA receptors in the DRN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryota Tokunaga
- Center for Medical Science, International University of Health and Welfare, 2600-1 Kitakanemaru, Otawara, Tochigi, 324-8501, Japan
| | - Rie Shimoju
- Division of Physical Therapy, Graduate School of Health and Welfare Sciences, International University of Health and Welfare, Otawara, Tochigi, 324-8501, Japan
| | - Hideshi Shibata
- Laboratory of Veterinary Anatomy, Institute of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan
| | - Mieko Kurosawa
- Center for Medical Science, International University of Health and Welfare, 2600-1 Kitakanemaru, Otawara, Tochigi, 324-8501, Japan.
- Division of Physical Therapy, Graduate School of Health and Welfare Sciences, International University of Health and Welfare, Otawara, Tochigi, 324-8501, Japan.
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, International University of Health and Welfare, Otawara, Tochigi, 324-8501, Japan.
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19
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Higuchi Y, Soga T, Parhar IS. Regulatory Pathways of Monoamine Oxidase A during Social Stress. Front Neurosci 2017; 11:604. [PMID: 29163009 PMCID: PMC5671571 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2017.00604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Social stress has a high impact on many biological systems in the brain, including serotonergic (5-HT) system-a major drug target in the current treatment for depression. Hyperactivity of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and monoamine oxidase A (MAO-A) are well-known stress responses, which are involved in the central 5-HT system. Although, many MAO-A inhibitors have been developed and used in the therapeutics of depression, effective management of depression by modulating the activity of MAO-A has not been achieved. Identifying the molecular pathways that regulate the activity of MAO-A in the brain is crucial for developing new drug targets for precise control of MAO-A activity. Over the last few decades, several regulatory pathways of MAO-A consisting of Kruppel like factor 11 (KLF11), Sirtuin1, Ring finger protein in neural stem cells (RINES), and Cell division cycle associated 7-like protein (R1) have been identified, and the influence of social stress on these regulatory factors evaluated. This review explores various aspects of these pathways to expand our understanding of the roles of the HPA axis and MAO-A regulatory pathways during social stress. The first part of this review introduces some components of the HPA axis, explains how stress affects them and how they interact with the 5-HT system in the brain. The second part summarizes the novel regulatory pathways of MAO-A, which have high potential as novel therapeutic targets for depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Higuchi
- Brain Research Institute, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Malaysia
| | - Tomoko Soga
- Brain Research Institute, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Malaysia
| | - Ishwar S Parhar
- Brain Research Institute, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Malaysia
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20
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Burke AR, McCormick CM, Pellis SM, Lukkes JL. Impact of adolescent social experiences on behavior and neural circuits implicated in mental illnesses. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2017; 76:280-300. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Revised: 11/11/2016] [Accepted: 01/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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21
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Henckens MJAG, Deussing JM, Chen A. Region-specific roles of the corticotropin-releasing factor-urocortin system in stress. Nat Rev Neurosci 2016; 17:636-51. [PMID: 27586075 DOI: 10.1038/nrn.2016.94] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Dysregulation of the corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF)-urocortin (UCN) system has been implicated in stress-related psychopathologies such as depression and anxiety. It has been proposed that CRF-CRF receptor type 1 (CRFR1) signalling promotes the stress response and anxiety-like behaviour, whereas UCNs and CRFR2 activation mediate stress recovery and the restoration of homeostasis. Recent findings, however, provide clear evidence that this view is overly simplistic. Instead, a more complex picture has emerged that suggests that there are brain region- and cell type-specific effects of CRFR signalling that are influenced by the individual's prior experience and that shape molecular, cellular and ultimately behavioural responses to stressful challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marloes J A G Henckens
- Department of Neurobiology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel.,Department of Stress Neurobiology and Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, 80804 Munich, Germany.,Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jan M Deussing
- Department of Stress Neurobiology and Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, 80804 Munich, Germany
| | - Alon Chen
- Department of Neurobiology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel.,Department of Stress Neurobiology and Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, 80804 Munich, Germany
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22
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Barra de la Tremblaye P, Plamondon H. Alterations in the corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) neurocircuitry: Insights into post stroke functional impairments. Front Neuroendocrinol 2016; 42:53-75. [PMID: 27455847 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2016.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2016] [Revised: 07/04/2016] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Although it is well accepted that changes in the regulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis may increase susceptibility to affective disorders in the general population, this link has been less examined in stroke patients. Yet, the bidirectional association between depression and cardiovascular disease is strong, and stress increases vulnerability to stroke. Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) is the central stress hormone of the HPA axis pathway and acts by binding to CRH receptors (CRHR) 1 and 2, which are located in several stress-related brain regions. Evidence from clinical and animal studies suggests a role for CRH in the neurobiological basis of depression and ischemic brain injury. Given its importance in the regulation of the neuroendocrine, autonomic, and behavioral correlates of adaptation and maladaptation to stress, CRH is likely associated in the pathophysiology of post stroke emotional impairments. The goals of this review article are to examine the clinical and experimental data describing (1) that CRH regulates the molecular signaling brain circuit underlying anxiety- and depression-like behaviors, (2) the influence of CRH and other stress markers in the pathophysiology of post stroke emotional and cognitive impairments, and (3) context and site specific interactions of CRH and BDNF as a basis for the development of novel therapeutic targets. This review addresses how the production and release of the neuropeptide CRH within the various regions of the mesocorticolimbic system influences emotional and cognitive behaviors with a look into its role in psychiatric disorders post stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Barra de la Tremblaye
- School of Psychology, Behavioral Neuroscience Program, University of Ottawa, 136 Jean-Jacques Lussier, Vanier Building, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - H Plamondon
- School of Psychology, Behavioral Neuroscience Program, University of Ottawa, 136 Jean-Jacques Lussier, Vanier Building, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada.
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23
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Belmer A, Patkar OL, Pitman KM, Bartlett SE. Serotonergic Neuroplasticity in Alcohol Addiction. Brain Plast 2016; 1:177-206. [PMID: 29765841 PMCID: PMC5928559 DOI: 10.3233/bpl-150022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Alcohol addiction is a debilitating disorder producing maladaptive changes in the brain, leading drinkers to become more sensitive to stress and anxiety. These changes are key factors contributing to alcohol craving and maintaining a persistent vulnerability to relapse. Serotonin (5-Hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) is a monoamine neurotransmitter widely expressed in the central nervous system where it plays an important role in the regulation of mood. The serotonin system has been extensively implicated in the regulation of stress and anxiety, as well as the reinforcing properties of all of the major classes of drugs of abuse, including alcohol. Dysregulation within the 5-HT system has been postulated to underlie the negative mood states associated with alcohol use disorders. This review will describe the serotonergic (5-HTergic) neuroplastic changes observed in animal models throughout the alcohol addiction cycle, from prenatal to adulthood exposure. The first section will focus on alcohol-induced 5-HTergic neuroadaptations in offspring prenatally exposed to alcohol and the consequences on the regulation of stress/anxiety. The second section will compare alterations in 5-HT signalling induced by acute or chronic alcohol exposure during adulthood and following alcohol withdrawal, highlighting the impact on the regulation of stress/anxiety signalling pathways. The third section will outline 5-HTergic neuroadaptations observed in various genetically-selected ethanol preferring rat lines. Finally, we will discuss the pharmacological manipulation of the 5-HTergic system on ethanol- and anxiety/stress-related behaviours demonstrated by clinical trials, with an emphasis on current and potential treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnauld Belmer
- Translational Research Institute, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia.,Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation (IHBI), Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Omkar L Patkar
- Translational Research Institute, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia.,Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation (IHBI), Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Kim M Pitman
- Translational Research Institute, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia.,Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation (IHBI), Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Selena E Bartlett
- Translational Research Institute, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia.,Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation (IHBI), Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
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24
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Lukkes JL, Norman KJ, Meda S, Andersen SL. Sex differences in the ontogeny of CRF receptors during adolescent development in the dorsal raphe nucleus and ventral tegmental area. Synapse 2016; 70:125-32. [DOI: 10.1002/syn.21882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Revised: 11/29/2015] [Accepted: 12/15/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jodi L. Lukkes
- Laboratory for Developmental Neuropharmacology; McLean Hospital; Belmont Massachusetts
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School; Belmont Massachusetts
| | - Kevin J. Norman
- Laboratory for Developmental Neuropharmacology; McLean Hospital; Belmont Massachusetts
| | - Shirisha Meda
- Laboratory for Developmental Neuropharmacology; McLean Hospital; Belmont Massachusetts
| | - Susan L. Andersen
- Laboratory for Developmental Neuropharmacology; McLean Hospital; Belmont Massachusetts
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School; Belmont Massachusetts
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25
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Donner NC, Siebler PH, Johnson DT, Villarreal MD, Mani S, Matti AJ, Lowry CA. Serotonergic systems in the balance: CRHR1 and CRHR2 differentially control stress-induced serotonin synthesis. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2016; 63:178-90. [PMID: 26454419 PMCID: PMC4695240 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2015.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2015] [Revised: 09/21/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Anxiety and affective disorders are often associated with hypercortisolism and dysfunctional serotonergic systems, including increased expression of TPH2, the gene encoding the rate-limiting enzyme of neuronal serotonin synthesis. We previously reported that chronic glucocorticoid exposure is anxiogenic and increases rat Tph2 mRNA expression, but it was still unclear if this also translates to increased TPH2 protein levels and in vivo activity of the enzyme. Here, we found that adult male rats treated with corticosterone (CORT, 100 μg/ml) via the drinking water for 21 days indeed show increased TPH2 protein expression in the dorsal and ventral part of the dorsal raphe nucleus (DRD, DRV) during the light phase, abolishing the enzyme's diurnal rhythm. In a second study, we systemically blocked the conversion of 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) to serotonin immediately before rats treated with CORT or vehicle were either exposed to 30 min acoustic startle stress or home cage control conditions. This allowed us to measure 5-HTP accumulation as a direct readout of basal versus stress-induced in vivo TPH2 activity. As expected, basal TPH2 activity was elevated in the DRD, DRV and MnR of CORT-treated rats. In response to stress, a multitude of serotonergic systems reacted with increased TPH2 activity, but the stress-, anxiety-, and learned helplessness-related dorsal and caudal DR (DRD/DRC) displayed stress-induced increases in TPH2 activity only after chronic CORT-treatment. To address the mechanisms underlying this region-specific CORT-dependent sensitization, we stereotaxically implanted CORT-treated rats with cannulae targeting the DR, and pharmacologically blocked either corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor type 1 (CRHR1) or type 2 (CRHR2) 10 min prior to acoustic startle stress. CRHR2 blockade prevented stress-induced increases of TPH2 activity within the DRD/DRC, while blockade of CRHR1 potentiated stress-induced TPH2 activity in the entire DR. Stress-induced TPH2 activity in the DRD/DRC furthermore predicted TPH2 activity in the amygdala and in the caudal pontine reticular nucleus (PnC), while serotonin synthesis in the PnC was strongly correlated with the maximum startle response. Our data demonstrate that chronically elevated glucocorticoids sensitize stress- and anxiety-related serotonergic systems, and for the first time reveal competing roles of CRHR1 and CRHR2 on stress-induced in vivo serotonin synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina C. Donner
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, 1725 Pleasant Street, 114 Clare Small, UCB 354, 80309 Boulder, CO, USA,Department of Stress Neurobiology and Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Kraepelinstr. 2-10, 80804 Munich, Germany,Corresponding author at: Nina C. Donner, Department of Stress Neurobiology and Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Kraepelinstr. 2-10, 80804 Munich, Germany. Tel.: +49 (0)89 30622 554
| | - Philip H. Siebler
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, 1725 Pleasant Street, 114 Clare Small, UCB 354, 80309 Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Danté T. Johnson
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, 1725 Pleasant Street, 114 Clare Small, UCB 354, 80309 Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Marcos D. Villarreal
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, 1725 Pleasant Street, 114 Clare Small, UCB 354, 80309 Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Sofia Mani
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, 1725 Pleasant Street, 114 Clare Small, UCB 354, 80309 Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Allison J. Matti
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, 1725 Pleasant Street, 114 Clare Small, UCB 354, 80309 Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Christopher A. Lowry
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, 1725 Pleasant Street, 114 Clare Small, UCB 354, 80309 Boulder, CO, USA
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Rajkumar R, Wu Y, Farooq U, Tan WH, Dawe GS. Stress activates the nucleus incertus and modulates plasticity in the hippocampo-medial prefrontal cortical pathway. Brain Res Bull 2016; 120:83-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2015.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2015] [Revised: 10/20/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Snyder KP, Hill-Smith TE, Lucki I, Valentino RJ. Corticotropin-releasing Factor in the Rat Dorsal Raphe Nucleus Promotes Different Forms of Behavioral Flexibility Depending on Social Stress History. Neuropsychopharmacology 2015; 40:2517-25. [PMID: 25865931 PMCID: PMC4569959 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2015.98] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2014] [Revised: 02/06/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The stress-related neuropeptide, corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) regulates the dorsal raphe nucleus-serotonin (DRN-5-HT) system during stress and this may underlie affective and cognitive dysfunctions that characterize stress-related psychiatric disorders. CRF acts on both CRF1 and CRF2 receptor subtypes in the DRN that exert opposing inhibitory and excitatory effects on DRN-5-HT neuronal activity and 5-HT forebrain release, respectively. The current study first assessed the cognitive effects of intra-DRN microinfusion of CRF or the selective CRF2 agonist, urocortin II in stress-naive rats on performance of an operant strategy set-shifting task that is mediated by the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC). CRF (30 ng) facilitated strategy set-shifting performance, whereas higher doses of CRF and urocortin II that would interact with CRF2 were without effect, consistent with a CRF1-mediated action. This dose decreased 5-HT extracellular levels in the mPFC, further supporting a role for CRF1. The effects of CRF were then assessed in rats exposed to repeated social stress using the resident-intruder model. Repeated social stress shifted the CRF effect from facilitation of strategy set shifting to facilitation of reversal learning and this was most prominent in a subpopulation of rats that resist defeat. Notably, in this subpopulation of rats 5-HT neuronal responses to CRF have been demonstrated to shift from CRF1-mediated inhibition to CRF2-mediated excitation. Because 5-HT facilitates reversal learning, the present results suggest that stress-induced changes in the cellular effects of CRF in the DRN translate to changes in cognitive effects of CRF. Together, the results underscore the potential for stress history to shift cognitive processing through changes in CRF neurotransmission in the DRN and the association of this effect with coping strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin P Snyder
- Neuroscience Graduate Group, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | - Irwin Lucki
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA,Department of Pharmacology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Rita J Valentino
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA,Department of Anesthesiology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, 402D Abramson Pediatric Research Center, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA, Tel: +1 215 590 0650, Fax: +1 215 590 3364, E-mail:
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Wu YH, Song SY, Liu H, Xing D, Wang X, Fei Y, Li GL, Zhang C, Li Y, Zhang LC. Role of adrenomedullin in the cerebrospinal fluid-contacting nucleus in the modulation of immobilization stress. Neuropeptides 2015; 51:43-54. [PMID: 25911494 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2015.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2014] [Revised: 03/07/2015] [Accepted: 03/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The contribution of the cerebrospinal fluid-contacting nucleus (CSF-contacting nucleus) and adrenomedullin (ADM) to the developmental modulation of stressful events remains controversial. This study explored the effects of endogenous ADM in the CSF-contacting nucleus on immobilization of stress-induced physiological parameter disorders and glucocorticoid hormone releasing hormone (CRH), rat plasma corticosterone expression, and verification of such effects by artificially lowering ADM expression in the CSF-contacting nucleus by targeted ablation of the nucleus. Immunohistochemical experiments showed that ADM-like immunoreactivity and the calcitonin receptor-like receptor (CRLR) marker were localized in the CSF-contacting nucleus. After 7 continuous days of chronic immobilization stress (CIS), animals exhibited anxiety-like behavior. Also, an increase in serum corticosterone, and enhanced expression of ADM in the CSF-contacting nucleus were observed, following activation by CIS. The intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) administration of the ADM receptor antagonist AM22-52 significantly reduced ADM in the CSF-contacting nucleus, additionally, blocked the effects of ADM, meaning the expression of CRH in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (Pa) and serum corticosterone level were increased, and the physiological parameters of the rats became correspondingly deteriorated. Additionally, the i.c.v. administration of cholera toxin subunit B-saporin (CB-SAP), a cytotoxin coupled to a cholera toxin subunit, completely eliminated the CSF-contacting nucleus, worsening the reaction of the body to CIS. The collective results demonstrated that ADM acted as a stress-related peptide in the CSF-contacting nucleus, and its lower expression and blocked effects in the nucleus contributed to the deterioration of stress-induced physiologic parameter disorders as well as the excessive expressions of stress-related hormones which were part of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue-Hong Wu
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology, Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesia and Analgesia Application Technology, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou 221004, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Si-Yuan Song
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology, Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesia and Analgesia Application Technology, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou 221004, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - He Liu
- Xuzhou Medical College Affiliated Hospital, Xuzhou 221004, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Dan Xing
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology, Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesia and Analgesia Application Technology, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou 221004, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology, Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesia and Analgesia Application Technology, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou 221004, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yan Fei
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology, Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesia and Analgesia Application Technology, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou 221004, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Guang-Ling Li
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology, Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesia and Analgesia Application Technology, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou 221004, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Chao Zhang
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology, Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesia and Analgesia Application Technology, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou 221004, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Ying Li
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology, Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesia and Analgesia Application Technology, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou 221004, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Li-Cai Zhang
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology, Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesia and Analgesia Application Technology, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou 221004, Jiangsu Province, China.
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29
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Zhao-Shea R, DeGroot SR, Liu L, Vallaster M, Pang X, Su Q, Gao G, Rando OJ, Martin GE, George O, Gardner PD, Tapper AR. Increased CRF signalling in a ventral tegmental area-interpeduncular nucleus-medial habenula circuit induces anxiety during nicotine withdrawal. Nat Commun 2015; 6:6770. [PMID: 25898242 PMCID: PMC4405813 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms7770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2014] [Accepted: 02/25/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Increased anxiety is a prominent withdrawal symptom in abstinent smokers, yet the neuroanatomical and molecular bases underlying it are unclear. Here we show that withdrawal-induced anxiety increases activity of neurons in the interpeduncular intermediate (IPI), a subregion of the interpeduncular nucleus (IPN). IPI activation during nicotine withdrawal was mediated by increased corticotropin releasing factor (CRF) receptor-1 expression and signalling, which modulated glutamatergic input from the medial habenula (MHb). Pharmacological blockade of IPN CRF1 receptors or optogenetic silencing of MHb input reduced IPI activation and alleviated withdrawal-induced anxiety; whereas IPN CRF infusion in mice increased anxiety. We identified a mesointerpeduncular circuit, consisting of ventral tegmental area (VTA) dopaminergic neurons projecting to the IPN, as a potential source of CRF. Knockdown of CRF synthesis in the VTA prevented IPI activation and anxiety during nicotine withdrawal. These data indicate that increased CRF receptor signalling within a VTA-IPN-MHb circuit triggers anxiety during nicotine withdrawal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rubing Zhao-Shea
- Brudnick Neuropsychiatric Research Institute, Department of Psychiatry, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01604, USA
| | - Steven R. DeGroot
- Brudnick Neuropsychiatric Research Institute, Department of Psychiatry, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01604, USA
| | - Liwang Liu
- Brudnick Neuropsychiatric Research Institute, Department of Psychiatry, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01604, USA
| | - Markus Vallaster
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01604, USA
| | - Xueyan Pang
- Brudnick Neuropsychiatric Research Institute, Department of Psychiatry, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01604, USA
| | - Qin Su
- Gene Therapy Center and Department of Microbiology and Physiology Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01604, USA
| | - Guangping Gao
- Gene Therapy Center and Department of Microbiology and Physiology Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01604, USA
| | - Oliver J. Rando
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01604, USA
| | - Gilles E. Martin
- Brudnick Neuropsychiatric Research Institute, Department of Psychiatry, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01604, USA
| | - Olivier George
- Committee on the Neurobiology of Addictive Disorders, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, 92037
| | - Paul D. Gardner
- Brudnick Neuropsychiatric Research Institute, Department of Psychiatry, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01604, USA
| | - Andrew R. Tapper
- Brudnick Neuropsychiatric Research Institute, Department of Psychiatry, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01604, USA
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30
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Bethea CL, Reddy AP, Flowers M, Shapiro RA, Colman RJ, Abbott DH, Levine JE. High fat diet decreases beneficial effects of estrogen on serotonin-related gene expression in marmosets. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2015; 58:71-80. [PMID: 25542371 PMCID: PMC4339406 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2014.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2014] [Revised: 10/27/2014] [Accepted: 11/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The administration of estradiol-17β (E) to animal models after loss of ovarian steroid production has many beneficial effects on neural functions, particularly in the serotonin system in nonhuman primates (NHPs). E also has anorexic effects, although the mechanism of action is not well defined. In the US, obesity has reached epidemic proportions, and blame is partially directed at the Western style diet, which is high in fat and sugar. This study examined the interaction of E and diet in surgically menopausal nonhuman primates with a 2×2 block design. Marmosets (Callithrix jacchus; n=4/group) were placed on control-low fat diet (LFD; 14%kcal from fat) or high fat diet (HFD; 28%kcal from fat) 1month prior to ovariectomy (Ovx). Empty (placebo) or E-filled Silastic capsules were implanted immediately following Ovx surgery. Treatments extended 6months. The established groups were: placebo+LFD, E+LFD, placebo+HFD, or E+HFD. At necropsy, the brain was flushed with saline and harvested. The midbrain was dissected and a small block containing the dorsal raphe nucleus was processed for qRT-PCR using Evagreen (Biotinum). Genes previously found to impact serotonin neural functions were examined. Results were compared with 2-way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni post-hoc tests or Cohen's D analysis. There was a significant effect of treatment on tryptophan hydroxylase 2 (TPH2) across the groups (p=0.019). E stimulated TPH2 expression and HFD prevented E-stimulated TPH2 expression (p<0.01). Treatment differentially affected monoamine oxidase B (MAO-B) across the groups (p=0.05). E increased MAO-B with LFD, and this stimulatory effect was prevented by HFD (p<0.05). There was a significant difference between treatments in corticotrophin releasing factor-receptor 2 (CRF-R2) expression (p=0.012). E increased CRF-R2 and this stimulatory effect was blocked by HFD (p<0.01). Regardless of diet, E increased Fev mRNA (p=0.028) and decreased CRF-receptor 1 (CRF-R1) mRNA (p=0.04). HFD suppressed urocortin 1 (UCN1; stresscopin) expression (p=0.045) but E treatment had no effect. Monoamine oxidase A (MAO-A) was different due to treatment across the groups (p=0.028). MAO-A was increased in the E+HFD group (p<0.01) whereas previous studies showed E suppressed MAO-A in macaques. The serotonin reuptake transporter (SERT), the serotonin 1A receptor (5HT1A), estrogen receptor beta (ERβ) and progestin receptor (PR) expressions were not different between groups. Estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) was undetectable. In summary, the data indicate that important actions of hormone therapy in the serotonin system may be lost in the context of a HFD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia L Bethea
- Division of Reproductive and Developmental Sciences, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA; Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97201, USA.
| | - Arubala P Reddy
- Division of Reproductive and Developmental Sciences, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, OR 97006
| | - Matthew Flowers
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI,Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, Madison, WI
| | - Robert A. Shapiro
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI,Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, Madison, WI
| | | | - David H Abbott
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI,Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, Madison, WI
| | - Jon E Levine
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI,Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, Madison, WI
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31
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Prevention of alcohol-heightened aggression by CRF-R1 antagonists in mice: critical role for DRN-PFC serotonin pathway. Neuropsychopharmacology 2014; 39:2874-83. [PMID: 24917195 PMCID: PMC4200498 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2014.139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2014] [Revised: 06/03/2014] [Accepted: 06/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Alcohol can escalate aggressive behavior in a significant subgroup of rodents, humans, and nonhuman primates. The present study investigated whether blockade of corticotropin-releasing factor receptor type 1 (CRF-R1) could prevent the emergence of alcohol-heightened aggression in mice. The serotonin (5-HT) pathway from the dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN) to the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) by CRF-R1 was investigated as a possible target for the prevention of alcohol-heightened aggressive behavior. Male CFW mice that reliably exhibited aggressive behaviors after consuming 1 g/kg of alcohol received systemic or intra-DRN administration of CRF-R1 antagonists, CP-154,526 or MTIP, before a confrontation with a male conspecific. Blockade of DRN CRF-R1 receptors with both antagonists significantly reduced only alcohol-heightened aggression, whereas systemic administration reduced both alcohol-heightened and species-typical aggression. Next, a 5-HT1A agonist, 8-OH-DPAT, was coadministered with CP-154,526 into the DRN to temporarily disrupt 5-HT activity. This manipulation abolished the antiaggressive effects of intra-DRN CP-154,526. In the mPFC, in vivo microdialysis revealed that extracellular 5-HT levels were increased in mice that consumed alcohol and were then injected with CP-154,526, both systemically or intra-DRN. Neither alcohol nor CP-154,526 alone affected 5-HT release in the mPFC. The present results suggest the DRN as a critical site for CRF-R1 to modulate alcohol-heightened aggression via action on the serotonergic DRN-PFC pathway.
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32
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Paul ED, Johnson PL, Shekhar A, Lowry CA. The Deakin/Graeff hypothesis: focus on serotonergic inhibition of panic. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2014; 46 Pt 3:379-96. [PMID: 24661986 PMCID: PMC4170046 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2014.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2013] [Revised: 02/15/2014] [Accepted: 03/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The Deakin/Graeff hypothesis proposes that different subpopulations of serotonergic neurons through topographically organized projections to forebrain and brainstem structures modulate the response to acute and chronic stressors, and that dysfunction of these neurons increases vulnerability to affective and anxiety disorders, including panic disorder. We outline evidence supporting the existence of a serotonergic system originally discussed by Deakin/Graeff that is implicated in the inhibition of panic-like behavioral and physiological responses. Evidence supporting this panic inhibition system comes from the following observations: (1) serotonergic neurons located in the 'ventrolateral dorsal raphe nucleus' (DRVL) as well as the ventrolateral periaqueductal gray (VLPAG) inhibit dorsal periaqueductal gray-elicited panic-like responses; (2) chronic, but not acute, antidepressant treatment potentiates serotonin's panicolytic effect; (3) contextual fear activates a central nucleus of the amygdala-DRVL/VLPAG circuit implicated in mediating freezing and inhibiting panic-like escape behaviors; (4) DRVL/VLPAG serotonergic neurons are central chemoreceptors and modulate the behavioral and cardiorespiratory response to panicogenic agents such as sodium lactate and CO2. Implications of the panic inhibition system are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan D Paul
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309-0354, USA.
| | - Philip L Johnson
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309-0354, USA.
| | - Anantha Shekhar
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309-0354, USA.
| | - Christopher A Lowry
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309-0354, USA.
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Filaferro M, Ruggieri V, Novi C, Calò G, Cifani C, Micioni Di Bonaventura MV, Sandrini M, Vitale G. Functional antagonism between nociceptin/orphanin FQ and corticotropin-releasing factor in rat anxiety-related behaviors: involvement of the serotonergic system. Neuropeptides 2014; 48:189-97. [PMID: 24894718 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2014.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2013] [Revised: 05/05/2014] [Accepted: 05/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Nociceptin/orphanin FQ (N/OFQ) acts as an anxiolytic-like agent in the rat and behaves as a functional antagonist of corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) due to its ability to oppose CRF biological actions. In response to stress, CRF triggers changes in neurotransmitter systems including serotonin (5-HT). The role of 5-HT1A receptor in anxiety has been supported by preclinical and clinical studies. The present study investigated the possible functional antagonism between N/OFQ (1nmol/rat) and CRF (0.2nmol/rat) in anxiety-related conditions in rats, using elevated plus maze and defensive burying tests, in order to confirm previous literature results. Moreover, possible changes in the serotonergic system were studied in areas rich of serotonergic neurons: frontal cortex and pons. In both tests N/OFQ showed anxiolytic-like effects while CRF displayed anxiogenic-like effects. N/OFQ before CRF treatment counteracted the anxiogenic-like effects evoked by CRF. In frontal cortex, N/OFQ significantly decreased 5-HT levels but did not modify the hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) ones; CRF modified neither 5-HT nor 5-HIAA content but counteracted changes induced by N/OFQ alone. In pons, N/OFQ induced no change in serotonergic activity while CRF significantly decreased 5-HT levels and increased 5-HIAA content. The two peptides' combination reinstated serotonergic parameters to controls. In frontal cortex, N/OFQ increased the 5HT1A receptor density but reduced its affinity, while CRF alone did not induce any change. In pons, CRF decreased 5HT1ABmax and KD whereas N/OFQ was ineffective. All biochemical modifications were reverted by N/OFQ plus CRF treatment. The present study confirms that N/OFQ counteracts CRF anxiogenic-like effects in the behavioral tests evaluated. These effects may involve central serotonergic mechanisms since N/OFQ plus CRF induces a reversion of serotonergic changes provoked by single peptide. Our data support the hypothesis that N/OFQ may behave as functional CRF antagonist, this action being of interest for the treatment of anxiety disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Filaferro
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic Sciences and Neurosciences, Section of Pharmacology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via G. Campi 287, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - V Ruggieri
- Department of Life Sciences, Section of Pharmacology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via G. Campi 287, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - C Novi
- Department of Life Sciences, Section of Pharmacology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via G. Campi 287, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - G Calò
- Department of Medical Sciences, Section of Pharmacology, and National Institute of Neuroscience, University of Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara 19, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - C Cifani
- School of Pharmacy, Pharmacology Unit, University of Camerino, Via Madonna delle Carceri 9, 62032 Camerino, Macerata, Italy
| | - M V Micioni Di Bonaventura
- School of Pharmacy, Pharmacology Unit, University of Camerino, Via Madonna delle Carceri 9, 62032 Camerino, Macerata, Italy
| | - M Sandrini
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic Sciences and Neurosciences, Section of Pharmacology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via G. Campi 287, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - G Vitale
- Department of Life Sciences, Section of Pharmacology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via G. Campi 287, 41125 Modena, Italy.
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Silva MSCF, Pereira BA, Céspedes IC, Nascimento JOG, Bittencourt JC, Viana MB. Dorsomedial hypothalamus CRF type 1 receptors selectively modulate inhibitory avoidance responses in the elevated T-maze. Behav Brain Res 2014; 271:249-57. [PMID: 24937051 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2014.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2014] [Revised: 06/04/2014] [Accepted: 06/08/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) plays a critical role in the mediation of physiological and behavioral responses to stressors. In the present study, we investigated the role played by the CRF system within the dorsomedial hypothalamus (DMH) in the modulation of anxiety- and panic-related responses. Male Wistar rats were administered into the DMH with CRF (125 and 250 ng/0.2 μl, experiment 1) or with the CRFR1 antagonist antalarmin (25 ng/0.2 μl, experiment 2) and 10 min later tested in the elevated T-maze (ETM) for inhibitory avoidance and escape measurements. In clinical terms, these responses have been respectively related to generalized anxiety and panic disorder. To further verify if the anxiogenic effects of CRF were mediated by CRFR1 activation, we also investigated the effects of the combined treatment with CRF (250 ng/0.2 μl) and antalarmin (25 ng/0.2 μl) (experiment 3). All animals were tested in an open field, immediately after the ETM, for locomotor activity assessment. Results showed that 250 ng/0.2μl of CRF facilitated ETM avoidance, an anxiogenic response. Antalarmin significantly decreased avoidance latencies, an anxiolytic effect, and was able to counteract the anxiogenic effects of CRF. None of the compounds administered altered escape responses or locomotor activity measurements. These results suggest that CRF in the DMH exerts anxiogenic effects by activating type 1 receptors, which might be of relevance to the physiopathology of generalized anxiety disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana S C F Silva
- Departamento de Biociências, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, 11060-001 Santos, SP Brazil
| | - Bruno A Pereira
- Departamento de Biociências, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, 11060-001 Santos, SP Brazil
| | - Isabel C Céspedes
- Departamento de Biociências, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, 11060-001 Santos, SP Brazil
| | - Juliana O G Nascimento
- Departamento de Psiquiatria e Psicologia Médica, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, 04038-020 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Jackson C Bittencourt
- Departamento de Anatomia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-000, SP, Brazil
| | - Milena B Viana
- Departamento de Biociências, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, 11060-001 Santos, SP Brazil.
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35
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Howerton AR, Roland AV, Fluharty JM, Marshall A, Chen A, Daniels D, Beck SG, Bale TL. Sex differences in corticotropin-releasing factor receptor-1 action within the dorsal raphe nucleus in stress responsivity. Biol Psychiatry 2014; 75:873-83. [PMID: 24289884 PMCID: PMC3997756 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2013.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2013] [Revised: 09/26/2013] [Accepted: 10/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Women are twice as likely as men to suffer from stress-related affective disorders. Corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) is an important link between stress and mood, in part through its signaling in the serotonergic dorsal raphe (DR). Development of CRF receptor-1 (CRFr1) antagonists has been a focus of numerous clinical trials but has not yet been proven efficacious. We hypothesized that sex differences in CRFr1 modulation of DR circuits might be key determinants in predicting therapeutic responses and affective disorder vulnerability. METHODS Male and female mice received DR infusions of the CRFr1 antagonist, NBI 35965, or CRF and were evaluated for stress responsivity. Sex differences in indices of neural activation (cFos) and colocalization of CRFr1 throughout the DR were examined. Whole-cell patch-clamp electrophysiology assessed sex differences in serotonin neuron membrane characteristics and responsivity to CRF. RESULTS Males showed robust behavioral and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis responses to DR infusion of NBI 35965 and CRF, whereas females were minimally responsive. Sex differences were also found for both CRF-induced DR cFos and CRFr1 co-localization throughout the DR. Electrophysiologically, female serotonergic neurons showed blunted membrane excitability and divergent inhibitory postsynaptic current responses to CRF application. CONCLUSIONS These studies demonstrate convincing sex differences in CRFr1 activity in the DR, where blunted female responses to NBI 35965 and CRF suggest unique stress modulation of the DR. These sex differences might underlie affective disorder vulnerability and differential sensitivity to pharmacologic treatments developed to target the CRF system, thereby contributing to a current lack of CRFr1 antagonist efficacy in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis R Howerton
- Department of Animal Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Alison V Roland
- Department of Animal Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Jessica M Fluharty
- Department of Animal Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Anikò Marshall
- Department of Psychology, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, New York
| | - Alon Chen
- Department of Neurobiology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Derek Daniels
- Department of Psychology, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, New York
| | - Sheryl G Beck
- Department of Anesthesia, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Tracy L Bale
- Department of Animal Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
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Wood SK. Individual differences in the neurobiology of social stress: implications for depression-cardiovascular disease comorbidity. Curr Neuropharmacol 2014; 12:205-11. [PMID: 24669213 PMCID: PMC3964750 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x11666131120224413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2013] [Revised: 09/02/2013] [Accepted: 11/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Stress initiates a cascade of complex neural and peripheral changes that promote healthy adaption to stress, but when unabated, leads to pathology. Fascinating individual differences arise in the ability to cope with a stressor, rendering an individual more or less likely to develop stress-induced pathologies such as depression, anxiety, and cardiovascular disease. In this review we evaluate recent findings that investigate the neural underpinnings of adopting a passive or active coping response during social defeat stress. Because passive coping is associated with vulnerability to stress-related pathologies and active coping confers resiliency, understanding neurobiological adaptations associated with these diverse coping strategies may reveal biomarkers or targets impacting stress susceptibility. The co-occurrence of stress-induced depression and cardiovascular disease is becoming increasingly clear. Therefore this review focuses on the central mechanisms capable of contributing to psychopathology and cardiovascular disease such as corticotropin releasing factor, neuropeptide Y, monoamines, cytokines and oxidative stress. The impetus for this review is to highlight neurobiological systems that warrant further evaluation for their contribution to the pathophysiology of depression-cardiovascular disease comorbidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan K Wood
- University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Neuroscience
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Vicentini JE, Céspedes IC, Nascimento JOG, Bittencourt JC, Viana MB. CRF type 1 receptors of the medial amygdala modulate inhibitory avoidance responses in the elevated T-maze. Horm Behav 2014; 65:195-202. [PMID: 24472740 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2014.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2013] [Revised: 01/09/2014] [Accepted: 01/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) plays a critical role in the mediation of physiological and behavioral responses to stressors. In the present study, we investigated the role played by the CRF system within the medial amygdala (MeA) in the modulation of anxiety and fear-related responses. Male Wistar rats were bilaterally administered into the MeA with CRF (125 and 250 ng/0.2μl, experiment 1) or with the CRFR1 antagonist antalarmin (25 ng/0.2 μl, experiment 2) and 10 min later tested in the elevated T-maze (ETM) for inhibitory avoidance and escape measurements. In clinical terms, these responses have been respectively related to generalized anxiety and panic disorder. To further verify if the anxiogenic effects of CRF were mediated by CRFR1 activation, we also investigated the effects of the combined treatment with CRF (250 ng/0.2 μl) and antalarmin (25 ng/0.2 μl) (experiment 3). All animals were tested in an open field, immediately after the ETM, for locomotor activity assessment. Results showed that CRF, in the two doses administered, facilitated ETM avoidance, an anxiogenic response. Antalarmin significantly decreased avoidance latencies, an anxiolytic effect, and was able to counteract the anxiogenic effects of CRF. None of the compounds administered altered escape responses or locomotor activity measurements. These results suggest that CRF in the MeA exerts anxiogenic effects by activating type 1 receptors, which might be of relevance to the physiopathology of generalized anxiety disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jéssica E Vicentini
- Departamento de Biociências, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, 11060-001, Santos, Brazil
| | - Isabel C Céspedes
- Departamento de Biociências, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, 11060-001, Santos, Brazil
| | - Juliana O G Nascimento
- Departamento de Psiquiatria e Psicologia Médica, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, 04038-020, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jackson C Bittencourt
- Departamento de Anatomia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Milena B Viana
- Departamento de Biociências, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, 11060-001, Santos, Brazil.
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Issler O, Carter RN, Paul ED, Kelly PA, Olverman HJ, Neufeld-Cohen A, Kuperman Y, Lowry CA, Seckl JR, Chen A, Jamieson PM. Increased anxiety in corticotropin-releasing factor type 2 receptor-null mice requires recent acute stress exposure and is associated with dysregulated serotonergic activity in limbic brain areas. BIOLOGY OF MOOD & ANXIETY DISORDERS 2014; 4:1. [PMID: 24447313 PMCID: PMC4029322 DOI: 10.1186/2045-5380-4-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2013] [Accepted: 12/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Background Corticotropin-releasing factor type 2 receptors (CRFR2) are suggested to facilitate successful recovery from stress to maintain mental health. They are abundant in the midbrain raphe nuclei, where they regulate serotonergic neuronal activity and have been demonstrated to mediate behavioural consequences of stress. Here, we describe behavioural and serotonergic responses consistent with maladaptive recovery from stressful challenge in CRFR2-null mice. Results CRFR2-null mice showed similar anxiety levels to control mice before and immediately after acute restraint stress, and also after cessation of chronic stress. However, they showed increased anxiety by 24 hours after restraint, whether or not they had been chronically stressed. Serotonin (5-HT) and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) contents were quantified and the level of 5-HIAA in the caudal dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN) was increased under basal conditions in CRFR2-null mice, indicating increased 5-HT turnover. Twenty-four hours following restraint, 5-HIAA was decreased only in CRFR2-null mice, suggesting that they had not fully recovered from the challenge. In efferent limbic structures, CRFR2-null mice showed lower levels of basal 5-HT in the lateral septum and subiculum, and again showed a differential response to restraint stress from controls. Local cerebral glucose utilization (LCMRglu) revealed decreased neuronal activity in the DRN of CRFR2-null mice under basal conditions. Following 5-HT receptor agonist challenge, LCMRglu responses indicated that 5-HT1A receptor responses in the DRN were attenuated in CRFR2-null mice. However, postsynaptic 5-HT receptor responses in forebrain regions were intact. Conclusions These results suggest that CRFR2 are required for proper functionality of 5-HT1A receptors in the raphe nuclei, and are key to successful recovery from stress. This disrupted serotonergic function in CRFR2-null mice likely contributes to their stress-sensitive phenotype. The 5-HT content in lateral septum and subiculum was notably altered. These areas are important for anxiety, and are also implicated in reward and the pathophysiology of addiction. The role of CRFR2 in stress-related psychopathologies deserves further consideration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Pauline M Jamieson
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queens Medical Research Institute, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK.
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Fox JH, Lowry CA. Corticotropin-releasing factor-related peptides, serotonergic systems, and emotional behavior. Front Neurosci 2013; 7:169. [PMID: 24065880 PMCID: PMC3778254 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2013.00169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2013] [Accepted: 08/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) is a 41-amino acid neuropeptide that is involved in stress-related physiology and behavior, including control of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. Members of the CRF family of neuropeptides, including urocortin 1 (UCN 1), UCN 2, and UCN 3, bind to the G protein-coupled receptors, CRF type 1 (CRF1) and CRF2 receptors. In addition, CRF binding protein (CRFBP) binds both CRF and UCN 1 and can modulate their activities. There are multiple mechanisms through which CRF-related peptides may influence emotional behavior, one of which is through altering the activity of brainstem neuromodulatory systems, including serotonergic systems. CRF and CRF-related peptides act within the dorsal raphe nucleus (DR), the major source for serotonin (5-HT) in the brain, to alter the neuronal activity of specific subsets of serotonergic neurons and to influence stress-related behavior. CRF-containing axonal fibers innervate the DR in a topographically organized manner, which may contribute to the ability of CRF to alter the activity of specific subsets of serotonergic neurons. CRF and CRF-related peptides can either increase or decrease serotonergic neuronal firing rates and serotonin release, depending on their concentrations and on the specific CRF receptor subtype(s) involved. This review aims to describe the interactions between CRF-related peptides and serotonergic systems, the consequences for stress-related behavior, and implications for vulnerability to anxiety and affective disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- James H Fox
- Behavioral Neuroendocrinology Laboratory, Department of Integrative Physiology and Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder Boulder, CO, USA
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Zorrilla EP, Roberts AJ, Rivier JE, Koob GF. Anxiolytic-like effects of antisauvagine-30 in mice are not mediated by CRF2 receptors. PLoS One 2013; 8:e63942. [PMID: 24015170 PMCID: PMC3756045 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0063942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2012] [Accepted: 04/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of brain corticotropin-releasing factor type 2 (CRF2) receptors in behavioral stress responses remains controversial. Conflicting findings suggest pro-stress, anti-stress or no effects of impeding CRF2 signaling. Previous studies have used antisauvagine-30 as a selective CRF2 antagonist. The present study tested the hypotheses that 1) potential anxiolytic-like actions of intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) administration of antisauvagine-30 also are present in mice lacking CRF2 receptors and 2) potential anxiolytic-like effects of antisauvagine-30 are not shared by the more selective CRF2 antagonist astressin2-B. Cannulated, male CRF2 receptor knockout (n = 22) and wildtype littermate mice (n = 21) backcrossed onto a C57BL/6J genetic background were tested in the marble burying, elevated plus-maze, and shock-induced freezing tests following pretreatment (i.c.v.) with vehicle, antisauvagine-30 or astressin2-B. Antisauvagine-30 reduced shock-induced freezing equally in wildtype and CRF2 knockout mice. In contrast, neither astressin2-B nor CRF2 genotype influenced shock-induced freezing. Neither CRF antagonist nor CRF2 genotype influenced anxiety-like behavior in the plus-maze or marble burying tests. A literature review showed that the typical antisauvagine-30 concentration infused in previous intracranial studies (∼1 mM) was 3 orders greater than its IC50 to block CRF1-mediated cAMP responses and 4 orders greater than its binding constants (Kd, Ki) for CRF1 receptors. Thus, increasing, previously used doses of antisauvagine-30 also exert non-CRF2-mediated effects, perhaps via CRF1. The results do not support the hypothesis that brain CRF2 receptors tonically promote anxiogenic-like behavior. Utilization of CRF2 antagonists, such as astressin2-B, at doses that are more subtype-selective, can better clarify the significance of brain CRF2 systems in stress-related behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric P. Zorrilla
- Committee on the Neurobiology of Addictive Disorders, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- * E-mail: (EPZ); (GFK)
| | - Amanda J. Roberts
- Molecular and Integrative Neurosciences Department, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Jean E. Rivier
- The Clayton Foundation Laboratories for Peptide Biology and Structural Biology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - George F. Koob
- Committee on the Neurobiology of Addictive Disorders, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- * E-mail: (EPZ); (GFK)
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Bethea CL, Phu K, Reddy AP, Cameron JL. The effect of short moderate stress on the midbrain corticotropin-releasing factor system in a macaque model of functional hypothalamic amenorrhea. Fertil Steril 2013; 100:1111-21. [PMID: 23849846 DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2013.05.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2013] [Revised: 05/31/2013] [Accepted: 05/31/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study the effect of moderate stress on corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) components in the serotonergic midbrain region in a monkey model of functional hypothalamic amenorrhea. DESIGN After characterization of stress sensitivity, monkeys were moved to a novel room and given 20% less chow for 5 days before euthanasia. SETTING Primate research center. ANIMAL(S) Female cynomolgus macaques (Macaca fascicularis) characterized as highly stress resilient (HSR, n = 5), medium stress resilient (n = 4), or stress sensitive (SS, n = 4). INTERVENTION(S) Five days of diet in a novel room with unfamiliar conspecifics. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) Density of CRF axons in the serotonergic dorsal raphe nucleus; the number of urocortin 1 (UCN1) cells; the density of UCN1 axons; the expression of CRF receptor 1 (CRF-R1) and CRF-R2 in the dorsal raphe nucleus. RESULT(S) The CRF innervation was higher in HSR than in SS animals; UCN1 cell number was higher in HSR than in SS animals and UCN1 axon bouton density was not different; all opposite of nonstressed animals. The CRF-R1 was not different between the sensitivity groups, but CRF-R2 was higher in HSR than in SS animals. The relative expression of CRF-R1 and CRF-R2 was similar to nonstressed animals. CONCLUSION(S) The HSR animals respond to stress with an increase in CRF delivery to serotonin neurons. With stress, UCN1 transport decreases in HSR animals. The CRF receptor expression was similar with or without stress. These changes may contribute to resilience in HSR animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia L Bethea
- Division of Reproductive Sciences, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, Oregon; Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, Portland, Oregon; Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon.
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Wood SK, Zhang XY, Reyes BA, Lee CS, Van Bockstaele EJ, Valentino RJ. Cellular adaptations of dorsal raphe serotonin neurons associated with the development of active coping in response to social stress. Biol Psychiatry 2013; 73:1087-94. [PMID: 23452664 PMCID: PMC3648616 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2013.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2012] [Revised: 01/23/2013] [Accepted: 01/24/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Social stress is a risk factor for affective disorders for certain vulnerable individuals. Stress and depression are linked in part through regulation of the dorsal raphe (DR)-serotonin (5-HT) system by the stress-related neuropeptide, corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF). We used a rat social stress model that shows individual differences in coping strategies to determine whether differences in CRF-5-HT interactions underlie individual differences in the vulnerability to social stress. METHODS Rats were exposed to the resident-intruder model of social stress for 5 days. In vivo single-unit recordings assessed DR-5-HT neuronal responses to CRF and immunoelectron microscopy assessed CRF1 and CRF2 cellular localization 24 hours after the last stress. RESULTS Rats responded to social stress passively, assuming defeat with short latencies (48%), or actively, with proactive behaviors and longer defeat latencies (LL, 52%). Whereas CRF (30 ng, intra-DR) inhibited 5-HT neuronal activity of control and SL rats, it activated 5-HT neurons of LL rats, an effect that was CRF2-mediated. Consistent with this, social stress promoted CRF1 internalization together with CRF2 recruitment to the plasma membrane of DR neurons selectively in LL rats. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that a proactive coping strategy toward social stress is associated with a redistribution of CRF1 and CRF2 in DR-5-HT neurons that primes the system to be activated by subsequent stress. The lack of this adaptation in passive coping rats may contribute to their depressive-like phenotype. These studies provide a cellular mechanism for individual differences in stress responses and consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan K. Wood
- Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Stress Neurobiology, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Civic Center Blvd., Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Xiao-Yan Zhang
- Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Stress Neurobiology, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Civic Center Blvd., Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Beverly A.S. Reyes
- Department of Neuroscience, Thomas Jefferson University, Farber Institute for Neurosciences, Philadelphia, PA 19107
| | - Catherine S. Lee
- Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Stress Neurobiology, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Civic Center Blvd., Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Elisabeth J. Van Bockstaele
- Department of Neuroscience, Thomas Jefferson University, Farber Institute for Neurosciences, Philadelphia, PA 19107
| | - Rita J. Valentino
- Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Stress Neurobiology, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Civic Center Blvd., Philadelphia, PA 19104
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Donner NC, Lowry CA. Sex differences in anxiety and emotional behavior. Pflugers Arch 2013; 465:601-26. [PMID: 23588380 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-013-1271-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 224] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2013] [Revised: 03/13/2013] [Accepted: 03/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Research has elucidated causal links between stress exposure and the development of anxiety disorders, but due to the limited use of female or sex-comparative animal models, little is known about the mechanisms underlying sex differences in those disorders. This is despite an overwhelming wealth of evidence from the clinical literature that the prevalence of anxiety disorders is about twice as high in women compared to men, in addition to gender differences in severity and treatment efficacy. We here review human gender differences in generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder and anxiety-relevant biological functions, discuss the limitations of classic conflict anxiety tests to measure naturally occurring sex differences in anxiety-like behaviors, describe sex-dependent manifestation of anxiety states after gestational, neonatal, or adolescent stressors, and present animal models of chronic anxiety states induced by acute or chronic stressors during adulthood. Potential mechanisms underlying sex differences in stress-related anxiety states include emerging evidence supporting the existence of two anatomically and functionally distinct serotonergic circuits that are related to the modulation of conflict anxiety and panic-like anxiety, respectively. We discuss how these serotonergic circuits may be controlled by reproductive steroid hormone-dependent modulation of crfr1 and crfr2 expression in the midbrain dorsal raphe nucleus and by estrous stage-dependent alterations of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABAergic) neurotransmission in the periaqueductal gray, ultimately leading to sex differences in emotional behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina C Donner
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, 1725 Pleasant Street, 114 Clare Small, Boulder, CO 80309-0354, USA.
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Burke AR, Forster GL, Novick AM, Roberts CL, Watt MJ. Effects of adolescent social defeat on adult amphetamine-induced locomotion and corticoaccumbal dopamine release in male rats. Neuropharmacology 2013; 67:359-69. [PMID: 23220295 PMCID: PMC3562400 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2012.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2012] [Revised: 11/14/2012] [Accepted: 11/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Maturation of mesocorticolimbic dopamine systems occurs during adolescence, and exposure to social stress during this period results in behavioral dysfunction including substance abuse disorders. Adult male rats exposed to repeated social defeat in adolescence exhibit reduced basal dopamine tissue content in the medial prefrontal cortex, altered dopamine tissue content in corticoaccumbal dopamine regions following acute amphetamine, and increased amphetamine conditioned place preference following repeated amphetamine treatment. Such changes may reflect altered amphetamine-induced extracellular dopamine release in the corticoaccumbal regions. Therefore, we used in vivo microdialysis to measure extracellular dopamine simultaneously within the medial prefrontal cortex and nucleus accumbens core of previously defeated rats and controls, in response to either acute or repeated (7 daily injections) of amphetamine (1.0 mg/kg). Locomotion responses to acute/repeated amphetamine were also assessed the day prior to taking dopamine measurements. Adolescent defeat potentiated adult locomotion responses to acute amphetamine, which was negatively correlated with attenuated amphetamine-induced dopamine release in the medial prefrontal cortex, but there was no difference in amphetamine-induced accumbal dopamine release. However, both locomotion and corticoaccumbal dopamine responses to repeated amphetamine were equivalent between previously defeated rats and controls. These data suggest adolescent defeat enhances behavioral responses to initial amphetamine exposure as a function of diminished prefrontal cortex dopamine activity, which may be sufficient to promote subsequently enhanced seeking of drug-associated cues. Interestingly, repeated amphetamine treatment appears to normalize amphetamine-elicited locomotion and cortical dopamine responses observed in adult rats exposed to adolescent social defeat, providing implications for treating stress-induced dopamine dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew R. Burke
- Neuroscience Group, Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine University of South Dakota, 414 East Clark St., Vermillion, SD, USA 57069
- Department of Psychology, Tufts University, 530 Boston Avenue, Medford, MA, USA 02155
| | - Gina L. Forster
- Neuroscience Group, Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine University of South Dakota, 414 East Clark St., Vermillion, SD, USA 57069
| | - Andrew M. Novick
- Neuroscience Group, Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine University of South Dakota, 414 East Clark St., Vermillion, SD, USA 57069
| | - Christina L. Roberts
- Neuroscience Group, Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine University of South Dakota, 414 East Clark St., Vermillion, SD, USA 57069
| | - Michael J. Watt
- Neuroscience Group, Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine University of South Dakota, 414 East Clark St., Vermillion, SD, USA 57069
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Sheng H, Xu Y, Chen Y, Zhang Y, Ni X. Corticotropin-releasing hormone stimulates mitotic kinesin-like protein 1 expression via a PLC/PKC-dependent signaling pathway in hippocampal neurons. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2012; 362:157-64. [PMID: 22698524 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2012.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2012] [Revised: 06/04/2012] [Accepted: 06/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) has been shown to modulate dendritic development in hippocampus. Mitotic kinesin-like protein 1 (MKLP1) plays key roles in dendritic differentiation. In the present study, we examined the effects of CRH on MKLP1 expression in cultured hippocampal neurons and determine subsequent signaling pathways involved. CRH dose-dependently increased MKLP1 mRNA and protein expression. This effect can be reversed by CRHR1 antagonist but not by CRHR2 antagonist. CRHR1 knockdown impaired this effect of CRH. CRH stimulated GTP-bound Gαs protein and phosphorylated phospholipase C (PLC)-β3 expression, which were blocked by CRHR1 antagonist. Transfection of GP antagonist-2A, an inhibitory peptide of Gαq protein, blocked CRH-induced phosphorylated PLC-β3 expression. PLC and PKC inhibitors completely blocked whereas adenylyl cyclase (AC) and PKA inhibitors did not affect CRH-induced MKLP1 expression. Our results indicate that CRH act on CRHR1 to induce MKLP1 expression via PLC/PKC signaling pathway. CRH may regulate MKLP1 expression, thereby modulating dendritic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Sheng
- Department of Physiology and The Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology of Ministry of Education, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, PR China
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Function and innervation of the locus ceruleus in a macaque model of Functional Hypothalamic Amenorrhea. Neurobiol Dis 2012; 50:96-106. [PMID: 23069677 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2012.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2012] [Revised: 08/30/2012] [Accepted: 10/03/2012] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
A body of knowledge implicates an increase in output from the locus ceruleus (LC) during stress. We questioned the innervation and function of the LC in our macaque model of Functional Hypothalamic Amenorrhea, also known as Stress-Induced Amenorrhea. Cohorts of macaques were initially characterized as highly stress resilient (HSR) or stress-sensitive (SS) based upon the presence or absence of ovulation during a protocol involving 2 menstrual cycles with psychosocial and metabolic stress. Afterwards, the animals were rested until normal menstrual cycles resumed and then euthanized on day 5 of a new menstrual cycle [a] in the absence of further stress; or [b] after 5 days of resumed psychosocial and metabolic stress. In this study, parameters of the LC were examined in HSR and SS animals in the presence and absence of stress (2×2 block design) using ICC and image analysis. Tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) is the rate-limiting enzyme for the synthesis of catecholamines; and the TH level was used to assess by inference, NE output. The pixel area of TH-positive dendrites extending outside the medial border of the LC was significantly increased by stress to a similar degree in both HSR and SS animals (p<0.0001). There is a significant CRF innervation of the LC. The positive pixel area of CRF boutons, lateral to the LC, was higher in SS than HSR animals in the absence of stress. Five days of moderate stress significantly increased the CRF-positive bouton pixel area in the HSR group (p<0.02), but not in the SS group. There is also a significant serotonin innervation of the LC. A marked increase in medial serotonin dendrite swelling and beading was observed in the SS+stress group, which may be a consequence of excitotoxicity. The dendrite beading interfered with analysis of axonal boutons. However, at one anatomical level, the serotonin-positive bouton area was obtained between the LC and the superior cerebellar peduncle. Serotonin-positive bouton pixel area was significantly higher in HSR than SS animals (p<0.04). There was no change in either group after 5 days of moderate stress. The ratio of serotonin/TH correlates with ovarian estrogen production with a sensitivity×stress interaction. Therefore, it appears that the serotonin system determines stress sensitivity and the NE system responds to stress. We hypothesize that elevated NE with low serotonin functionality ultimately leads to stress-induced infertility. In contrast, high serotonin functionality maintains ovulation in the presence of stress even with elevated NE.
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Schank JR, Ryabinin AE, Giardino WJ, Ciccocioppo R, Heilig M. Stress-related neuropeptides and addictive behaviors: beyond the usual suspects. Neuron 2012; 76:192-208. [PMID: 23040815 PMCID: PMC3495179 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2012.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Addictive disorders are chronic, relapsing conditions that cause extensive disease burden. Genetic factors partly account for susceptibility to addiction, but environmental factors such as stressful experiences and prolonged exposure of the brain to addictive drugs promote its development. Progression to addiction involves neuroadaptations within neurocircuitry that mediates stress responses and is influenced by several peptidergic neuromodulators. While corticotrophin releasing factor is the prototypic member of this class, recent work has identified several additional stress-related neuropeptides that play an important role in regulation of drug intake and relapse, including the urocortins, nociceptin, substance P, and neuropeptide S. Here, we review this emerging literature, discussing to what extent the properties of these neuromodulators are shared or distinct and considering their potential as drug targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse R. Schank
- Laboratory of Clinical and Translational Studies, National Inst. on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Andrey E. Ryabinin
- Dept. of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239-3098
| | - William J. Giardino
- Dept. of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239-3098
| | - Roberto Ciccocioppo
- Dept. of Experimental Medicine and Public Health, Camerino University, Italy
| | - Markus Heilig
- Laboratory of Clinical and Translational Studies, National Inst. on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
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Chronic activation of corticotropin-releasing factor type 2 receptors reveals a key role for 5-HT1A receptor responsiveness in mediating behavioral and serotonergic responses to stressful challenge. Biol Psychiatry 2012; 72:437-47. [PMID: 22704666 PMCID: PMC3430862 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2012.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2012] [Revised: 04/20/2012] [Accepted: 05/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The corticotropin-releasing factor type 2 receptor (CRFR2) is suggested to play an important role in aiding recovery from acute stress, but any chronic effects of CRFR2 activation are unknown. CRFR2 in the midbrain raphé nuclei modulate serotonergic activity of this key source of serotonin (5-HT) forebrain innervation. METHODS Transgenic mice overexpressing the highly specific CRFR2 ligand urocortin 3 (UCN3OE) were analyzed for stress-related behaviors and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis responses. Responses to 5-HT receptor agonist challenge were assessed by local cerebral glucose utilization, while 5-HT and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid content were quantified in limbic brain regions. RESULTS Mice overexpressing urocortin 3 exhibited increased stress-related behaviors under basal conditions and impaired retention of spatial memory compared with control mice. Following acute stress, unlike control mice, they exhibited no further increase in these stress-related behaviors and showed an attenuated adrenocorticotropic hormone response. 5-HT and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid content of limbic nuclei were differentially regulated by stress in UCN3OE mice as compared with control mice. Responses to 5-HT type 1A receptor challenge were significantly and specifically reduced in UCN3OE mice. The distribution pattern of local cerebral glucose utilization and 5-HT type 1A receptor messenger RNA expression levels suggested this effect was mediated in the raphé nuclei. CONCLUSIONS Chronic activation of CRFR2 promotes an anxiety-like state, yet with attenuated behavioral and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis responses to stress. This is reminiscent of stress-related atypical psychiatric syndromes such as posttraumatic stress disorder, chronic fatigue, and chronic pain states. This new understanding indicates CRFR2 antagonism as a potential novel therapeutic target for such disorders.
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Abstract
Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a common gastrointestinal disorder with an estimated prevalence of 10–20%. Current understanding of the pathophysiology of IBS is incomplete due to the lack of a clearly identified pathological abnormality and due to the lack of reliable biomarkers. Possible mechanisms believed to contribute to IBS development and IBS like symptoms include physical stressors, such as infection or inflammation, psychological, and environmental factors, like anxiety, depression, and significant negative life events. Some of these mechanisms may involve the brain-gut axis (BGA). In this article we review the current knowledge on the possible involvement of the BGA in IBS and discuss new directions for potential future therapies of IBS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Fichna
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Lodz Lodz, Poland
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Tao R, Ma Z. Neural Circuit in the Dorsal Raphe Nucleus Responsible for Cannabinoid-Mediated Increases in 5-HT Efflux in the Nucleus Accumbens of the Rat Brain. ISRN PHARMACOLOGY 2012; 2012:276902. [PMID: 22830043 PMCID: PMC3399462 DOI: 10.5402/2012/276902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2012] [Accepted: 05/29/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
In vivo microdialysis was used in this study to reveal the role of cannabinoids in regulating serotonin (5-HT) efflux in the nucleus accumbens (NAcc) and dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN). The cannabinoid CB1 receptor agonists WIN55212-2 and CP55940 systematically administered to rats caused significant increases in 5-HT efflux in the NAcc but failed to have an effect in the DRN. To reveal mechanisms underlying regionally selective responses, we tested the hypothesis that cannabinoids have both direct and indirect effects on 5-HT efflux, depending on the location of CB1 receptors in the neural circuit between DRN and NAcc. We showed that the direct effect of cannabinoids caused a reduction in 5-HT efflux whereas the indirect effect resulted in an increase. Furthermore, the indirect effect was blocked by the GABAA receptor antagonist bicuculline in the DRN, suggesting that the action is likely due to a presynaptic inhibition on GABAergic activity that exerts a tonic influence on neuronal circuits regulating 5-HT efflux. Involvement of GABAergic neurons was confirmed by measuring changes in GABA efflux. Taken together, our study suggests that cannabinoids may have direct and indirect effects on the 5-HT regulatory circuits, resulting in regionally selective changes of 5-HT efflux in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Tao
- Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL 33431, USA
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