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Lymperopoulos A, Borges JI, Suster MS. Angiotensin II-dependent aldosterone production in the adrenal cortex. VITAMINS AND HORMONES 2023; 124:393-404. [PMID: 38408805 DOI: 10.1016/bs.vh.2023.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
The adrenal cortex is responsible for production of adrenal steroid hormones and is anatomically divided into three distinct zones: zona glomerulosa secreting mineralocorticoids (mainly aldosterone), zona fasciculata secreting glucocorticoids (cortisol), and zona reticularis producing androgens. Importantly, due to their high lipophilicity, no adrenal steroid hormone (including aldosterone) is stored in vesicles but rather gets synthesized and secreted instantly upon cell stimulation with specific stimuli. Aldosterone is the most potent mineralocorticoid hormone produced from the adrenal cortex in response to either angiotensin II (AngII) or elevated K+ levels in the blood (hyperkalemia). AngII, being a peptide, cannot cross cell membranes and thus, uses two distinct G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) types, AngII type 1 receptor (AT1R) and AT2R to exert its effects inside cells. In zona glomerulosa cells, AT1R activation by AngII results in aldosterone synthesis and secretion via two main pathways: (a) Gq/11 proteins that activate phospholipase C ultimately raising intracellular free calcium concentration; and (b) βarrestin1 and -2 (also known as Arrestin-2 and -3, respectively) that elicit sustained extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) activation. Both pathways induce upregulation and acute activation of StAR (steroidogenic acute regulatory) protein, the enzyme that catalyzes the rate-limiting step in aldosterone biosynthesis. This chapter describes these two salient pathways underlying AT1R-induced aldosterone production in zona glomerulosa cells. We also highlight some pharmacologically important notions pertaining to the efficacy of the currently available AT1R antagonists, also known as angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) or sartans at suppressing both pathways, i.e., their inverse agonism efficacy at G proteins and βarrestins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasios Lymperopoulos
- From the Laboratory for the Study of Neurohormonal Control of the Circulation, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Barry and Judy Silverman College of Pharmacy, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL, United States.
| | - Jordana I Borges
- From the Laboratory for the Study of Neurohormonal Control of the Circulation, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Barry and Judy Silverman College of Pharmacy, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL, United States
| | - Malka S Suster
- From the Laboratory for the Study of Neurohormonal Control of the Circulation, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Barry and Judy Silverman College of Pharmacy, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL, United States
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Lymperopoulos A, Borges JI, Carbone AM, Cora N, Sizova A. Cardiovascular angiotensin II type 1 receptor biased signaling: Focus on non-Gq-, non-βarrestin-dependent signaling. Pharmacol Res 2021; 174:105943. [PMID: 34662735 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2021.105943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The physiological and pathophysiological roles of the angiotensin II type 1 (AT1) receptor, a G protein-coupled receptor ubiquitously expressed throughout the cardiovascular system, have been the focus of intense investigations for decades. The success of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) and of angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs), which are AT1R-selective antagonists/inverse agonists, in the treatment of heart disease is a testament to the importance of this receptor for cardiovascular homeostasis. Given the pleiotropic signaling of the cardiovascular AT1R and, in an effort to develop yet better drugs for heart disease, the concept of biased signaling has been exploited to design and develop biased AT1R ligands that selectively activate β-arrestin transduction pathways over Gq protein-dependent pathways. However, by focusing solely on Gq or β-arrestins, studies on AT1R "biased" signaling & agonism tend to largely ignore other non-Gq-, non β-arrestin-dependent signaling modalities the very versatile AT1R employs in cardiovascular tissues, including two very important types of signal transducers/regulators: other G protein types (e.g., Gi/o, G12/13) & the Regulator of G protein Signaling (RGS) proteins. In this review, we provide a brief overview of the current state of cardiovascular AT1R biased signaling field with a special focus on the non-Gq-, non β-arrestin-dependent signaling avenues of this receptor in the cardiovascular system, which usually get left out of the conversation of "biased" AT1R signal transduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasios Lymperopoulos
- Laboratory for the Study of Neurohormonal Control of the Circulation, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33328-2018, USA.
| | - Jordana I Borges
- Laboratory for the Study of Neurohormonal Control of the Circulation, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33328-2018, USA
| | - Alexandra M Carbone
- Laboratory for the Study of Neurohormonal Control of the Circulation, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33328-2018, USA
| | - Natalie Cora
- Laboratory for the Study of Neurohormonal Control of the Circulation, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33328-2018, USA
| | - Anastasiya Sizova
- Laboratory for the Study of Neurohormonal Control of the Circulation, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33328-2018, USA
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Ferraino KE, Cora N, Pollard CM, Sizova A, Maning J, Lymperopoulos A. Adrenal angiotensin II type 1 receptor biased signaling: The case for "biased" inverse agonism for effective aldosterone suppression. Cell Signal 2021; 82:109967. [PMID: 33640432 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2021.109967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Angiotensin II (AngII) uses two distinct G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) types, AT1R and AT2R, to exert a plethora of physiologic effects in the body and to significantly affect cardiovascular homeostasis. Although not much is known about the signaling of the AT2R, AT1R signaling is known to be quite pleiotropic, mobilizing a variety of signal transducers inside cells to produce a biological outcome. When the outcome in question is aldosterone production from the adrenal cortex, the main transducers activated specifically by the adrenocortical AT1R to signal toward that cellular effect are the Gq/11 protein alpha subunits and the β-arrestins (also known as Arrestin-2 and -3). The existence of various downstream pathways the AT1R signal can travel down on has led to the ever-expanding filed of GPCR pharmacology termed "biased" signaling, which refers to a ligand preferentially activating one signaling pathway over others downstream of the same receptor in the same cell. However, "biased" signaling or "biased" agonism is therapeutically desirable only when the downstream pathways lead to different or opposite cellular outcomes, so the pathway promoting the beneficial effect can be selectively activated over the pathway that leads to detrimental consequences. In the case of the adrenal AT1R, both Gq/11 proteins and β-arrestins mediate signaling to the same end-result: aldosterone synthesis and secretion. Therefore, both pathways need to remain inactive in the adrenal cortex to fully suppress the production of aldosterone, which is one of the culprit hormones elevated in chronic heart failure, hypertension, and various other cardiovascular diseases. Variations in the effectiveness of the AT1R antagonists, which constitute the angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB) class of drugs (also known as sartans), at the relative blockade of these two pathways downstream of the adrenal AT1R opens the door to the flip term "biased" inverse agonism at the AT1R. ARBs that are unbiased and equipotent inverse agonists for both G proteins and β-arrestins at this receptor, like candesartan and valsartan, are the most preferred agents with the best efficacy at reducing circulating aldosterone, thereby ameliorating heart failure. In the present review, the biased signaling of the adrenal AT1R, particularly in relation to aldosterone production, is examined and the term "biased" inverse agonism at the AT1R is introduced and explained, as a means of pharmacological categorization of the various agents within the ARB drug class.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krysten E Ferraino
- Laboratory for the Study of Neurohormonal Control of the Circulation, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33328-2018, USA
| | - Natalie Cora
- Laboratory for the Study of Neurohormonal Control of the Circulation, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33328-2018, USA
| | - Celina M Pollard
- Laboratory for the Study of Neurohormonal Control of the Circulation, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33328-2018, USA
| | - Anastasiya Sizova
- Laboratory for the Study of Neurohormonal Control of the Circulation, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33328-2018, USA
| | - Jennifer Maning
- Laboratory for the Study of Neurohormonal Control of the Circulation, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33328-2018, USA
| | - Anastasios Lymperopoulos
- Laboratory for the Study of Neurohormonal Control of the Circulation, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33328-2018, USA.
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Turu G, Balla A, Hunyady L. The Role of β-Arrestin Proteins in Organization of Signaling and Regulation of the AT1 Angiotensin Receptor. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2019; 10:519. [PMID: 31447777 PMCID: PMC6691095 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
AT1 angiotensin receptor plays important physiological and pathophysiological roles in the cardiovascular system. Renin-angiotensin system represents a target system for drugs acting at different levels. The main effects of ATR1 stimulation involve activation of Gq proteins and subsequent IP3, DAG, and calcium signaling. It has become evident in recent years that besides the well-known G protein pathways, AT1R also activates a parallel signaling pathway through β-arrestins. β-arrestins were originally described as proteins that desensitize G protein-coupled receptors, but they can also mediate receptor internalization and G protein-independent signaling. AT1R is one of the most studied receptors, which was used to unravel the newly recognized β-arrestin-mediated pathways. β-arrestin-mediated signaling has become one of the most studied topics in recent years in molecular pharmacology and the modulation of these pathways of the AT1R might offer new therapeutic opportunities in the near future. In this paper, we review the recent advances in the field of β-arrestin signaling of the AT1R, emphasizing its role in cardiovascular regulation and heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gábor Turu
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
- MTA-SE Laboratory of Molecular Physiology, Semmelweis University, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - András Balla
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
- MTA-SE Laboratory of Molecular Physiology, Semmelweis University, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - László Hunyady
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
- MTA-SE Laboratory of Molecular Physiology, Semmelweis University, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
- *Correspondence: László Hunyady
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Sanni SJ, Lyngsø C, Gammeltoft S, Hansen JL. [Sar1, Ile4, Ile8]-angiotensin II Potentiates Insulin Receptor Signalling and Glycogen Synthesis in Hepatocytes. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2017; 122:460-469. [DOI: 10.1111/bcpt.12937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Samra Joke Sanni
- Obesity Biology; Novo Nordisk A/S; Maalov Denmark
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry; Glostrup Research Institute; Glostrup Hospital; Glostrup Denmark
| | - Christina Lyngsø
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry; Glostrup Research Institute; Glostrup Hospital; Glostrup Denmark
| | - Steen Gammeltoft
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry; Glostrup Research Institute; Glostrup Hospital; Glostrup Denmark
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Sanni SJ, Kulahin N, Jorgensen R, Lyngsø C, Gammeltoft S, Hansen JL. A bioluminescence resonance energy transfer 2 (BRET2) assay for monitoring seven transmembrane receptor and insulin receptor crosstalk. J Recept Signal Transduct Res 2017; 37:590-599. [DOI: 10.1080/10799893.2017.1369123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Samra Joke Sanni
- Department of Obesity and Liver Disease, Novo Nordisk A/S, Maalov, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Glostrup Research Institute, Glostrup Hospital, Glostrup, Denmark
| | - Nikolaj Kulahin
- Department of Obesity and Liver Disease, Novo Nordisk A/S, Maalov, Denmark
| | - Rasmus Jorgensen
- Department of Diabetes and Cardiovascular Disease, Novo Nordisk A/S, Maalov, Denmark
| | - Christina Lyngsø
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Glostrup Research Institute, Glostrup Hospital, Glostrup, Denmark
| | - Steen Gammeltoft
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Glostrup Research Institute, Glostrup Hospital, Glostrup, Denmark
| | - Jakob Lerche Hansen
- Department of Diabetes and Cardiovascular Disease, Novo Nordisk A/S, Maalov, Denmark
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Karnik SS, Unal H, Kemp JR, Tirupula KC, Eguchi S, Vanderheyden PML, Thomas WG. International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology. XCIX. Angiotensin Receptors: Interpreters of Pathophysiological Angiotensinergic Stimuli [corrected]. Pharmacol Rev 2015; 67:754-819. [PMID: 26315714 PMCID: PMC4630565 DOI: 10.1124/pr.114.010454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The renin angiotensin system (RAS) produced hormone peptides regulate many vital body functions. Dysfunctional signaling by receptors for RAS peptides leads to pathologic states. Nearly half of humanity today would likely benefit from modern drugs targeting these receptors. The receptors for RAS peptides consist of three G-protein-coupled receptors—the angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1 receptor), the angiotensin II type 2 receptor (AT2 receptor), the MAS receptor—and a type II trans-membrane zinc protein—the candidate angiotensin IV receptor (AngIV binding site). The prorenin receptor is a relatively new contender for consideration, but is not included here because the role of prorenin receptor as an independent endocrine mediator is presently unclear. The full spectrum of biologic characteristics of these receptors is still evolving, but there is evidence establishing unique roles of each receptor in cardiovascular, hemodynamic, neurologic, renal, and endothelial functions, as well as in cell proliferation, survival, matrix-cell interaction, and inflammation. Therapeutic agents targeted to these receptors are either in active use in clinical intervention of major common diseases or under evaluation for repurposing in many other disorders. Broad-spectrum influence these receptors produce in complex pathophysiological context in our body highlights their role as precise interpreters of distinctive angiotensinergic peptide cues. This review article summarizes findings published in the last 15 years on the structure, pharmacology, signaling, physiology, and disease states related to angiotensin receptors. We also discuss the challenges the pharmacologist presently faces in formally accepting newer members as established angiotensin receptors and emphasize necessary future developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadashiva S Karnik
- Department of Molecular Cardiology, Lerner Research Institute of Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio (S.S.K., H.U., J.R.K., K.C.T.); Cardiovascular Research Center, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (S.E.); Faculty of Sciences and Bioengineering Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium (P.M.L.V.); and Department of General Physiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia (W.G.T.)
| | - Hamiyet Unal
- Department of Molecular Cardiology, Lerner Research Institute of Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio (S.S.K., H.U., J.R.K., K.C.T.); Cardiovascular Research Center, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (S.E.); Faculty of Sciences and Bioengineering Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium (P.M.L.V.); and Department of General Physiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia (W.G.T.)
| | - Jacqueline R Kemp
- Department of Molecular Cardiology, Lerner Research Institute of Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio (S.S.K., H.U., J.R.K., K.C.T.); Cardiovascular Research Center, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (S.E.); Faculty of Sciences and Bioengineering Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium (P.M.L.V.); and Department of General Physiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia (W.G.T.)
| | - Kalyan C Tirupula
- Department of Molecular Cardiology, Lerner Research Institute of Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio (S.S.K., H.U., J.R.K., K.C.T.); Cardiovascular Research Center, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (S.E.); Faculty of Sciences and Bioengineering Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium (P.M.L.V.); and Department of General Physiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia (W.G.T.)
| | - Satoru Eguchi
- Department of Molecular Cardiology, Lerner Research Institute of Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio (S.S.K., H.U., J.R.K., K.C.T.); Cardiovascular Research Center, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (S.E.); Faculty of Sciences and Bioengineering Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium (P.M.L.V.); and Department of General Physiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia (W.G.T.)
| | - Patrick M L Vanderheyden
- Department of Molecular Cardiology, Lerner Research Institute of Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio (S.S.K., H.U., J.R.K., K.C.T.); Cardiovascular Research Center, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (S.E.); Faculty of Sciences and Bioengineering Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium (P.M.L.V.); and Department of General Physiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia (W.G.T.)
| | - Walter G Thomas
- Department of Molecular Cardiology, Lerner Research Institute of Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio (S.S.K., H.U., J.R.K., K.C.T.); Cardiovascular Research Center, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (S.E.); Faculty of Sciences and Bioengineering Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium (P.M.L.V.); and Department of General Physiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia (W.G.T.)
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Szakadáti G, Tóth AD, Oláh I, Erdélyi LS, Balla T, Várnai P, Hunyady L, Balla A. Investigation of the fate of type I angiotensin receptor after biased activation. Mol Pharmacol 2015; 87:972-81. [PMID: 25804845 DOI: 10.1124/mol.114.097030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2014] [Accepted: 03/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Biased agonism on the type I angiotensin receptor (AT1-R) can achieve different outcomes via activation of G protein-dependent and -independent cellular responses. In this study, we investigated whether the biased activation of AT1-R can lead to different regulation and intracellular processing of the receptor. We analyzed β-arrestin binding, endocytosis, and subsequent trafficking steps, such as early and late phases of recycling of AT1-R in human embryonic kidney 293 cells expressing wild-type or biased mutant receptors in response to different ligands. We used Renilla luciferase-tagged receptors and yellow fluorescent protein-tagged β-arrestin2, Rab5, Rab7, and Rab11 proteins in bioluminescence resonance energy transfer measurements to follow the fate of the receptor after stimulation. We found that not only is the signaling of the receptor different upon using selective ligands, but the fate within the cells is also determined by the type of the stimulation. β-arrestin binding and the internalization kinetics of the angiotensin II-stimulated AT1-R differed from those stimulated by the biased agonists. Similarly, angiotensin II-stimulated wild-type AT1-R showed differences compared with a biased mutant AT1-R (DRY/AAY AT1-R) with regards to β-arrestin binding and endocytosis. We found that the differences in the internalization kinetics of the receptor in response to biased agonist stimulation are due to the differences in plasma membrane phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate depletion. Moreover, the stability of the β-arrestin binding is a major determinant of the later fate of the internalized AT1-R receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gyöngyi Szakadáti
- Department of Physiology, Semmelweis University, Faculty of Medicine, Budapest, Hungary (G.S., A.D.T., I.O., L.S.E., P.V., L.H., A.B.), Magyar Tudományos Akadémia-Semmelweis Egyetem Laboratory of Molecular Physiology, Hungarian Academy of Sciences and Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary (L.S.E., P.V., L.H., A.B.); and Section on Molecular Signal Transduction, Program for Developmental Neuroscience, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland (T.B.)
| | - András D Tóth
- Department of Physiology, Semmelweis University, Faculty of Medicine, Budapest, Hungary (G.S., A.D.T., I.O., L.S.E., P.V., L.H., A.B.), Magyar Tudományos Akadémia-Semmelweis Egyetem Laboratory of Molecular Physiology, Hungarian Academy of Sciences and Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary (L.S.E., P.V., L.H., A.B.); and Section on Molecular Signal Transduction, Program for Developmental Neuroscience, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland (T.B.)
| | - Ilona Oláh
- Department of Physiology, Semmelweis University, Faculty of Medicine, Budapest, Hungary (G.S., A.D.T., I.O., L.S.E., P.V., L.H., A.B.), Magyar Tudományos Akadémia-Semmelweis Egyetem Laboratory of Molecular Physiology, Hungarian Academy of Sciences and Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary (L.S.E., P.V., L.H., A.B.); and Section on Molecular Signal Transduction, Program for Developmental Neuroscience, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland (T.B.)
| | - László Sándor Erdélyi
- Department of Physiology, Semmelweis University, Faculty of Medicine, Budapest, Hungary (G.S., A.D.T., I.O., L.S.E., P.V., L.H., A.B.), Magyar Tudományos Akadémia-Semmelweis Egyetem Laboratory of Molecular Physiology, Hungarian Academy of Sciences and Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary (L.S.E., P.V., L.H., A.B.); and Section on Molecular Signal Transduction, Program for Developmental Neuroscience, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland (T.B.)
| | - Tamas Balla
- Department of Physiology, Semmelweis University, Faculty of Medicine, Budapest, Hungary (G.S., A.D.T., I.O., L.S.E., P.V., L.H., A.B.), Magyar Tudományos Akadémia-Semmelweis Egyetem Laboratory of Molecular Physiology, Hungarian Academy of Sciences and Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary (L.S.E., P.V., L.H., A.B.); and Section on Molecular Signal Transduction, Program for Developmental Neuroscience, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland (T.B.)
| | - Péter Várnai
- Department of Physiology, Semmelweis University, Faculty of Medicine, Budapest, Hungary (G.S., A.D.T., I.O., L.S.E., P.V., L.H., A.B.), Magyar Tudományos Akadémia-Semmelweis Egyetem Laboratory of Molecular Physiology, Hungarian Academy of Sciences and Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary (L.S.E., P.V., L.H., A.B.); and Section on Molecular Signal Transduction, Program for Developmental Neuroscience, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland (T.B.)
| | - László Hunyady
- Department of Physiology, Semmelweis University, Faculty of Medicine, Budapest, Hungary (G.S., A.D.T., I.O., L.S.E., P.V., L.H., A.B.), Magyar Tudományos Akadémia-Semmelweis Egyetem Laboratory of Molecular Physiology, Hungarian Academy of Sciences and Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary (L.S.E., P.V., L.H., A.B.); and Section on Molecular Signal Transduction, Program for Developmental Neuroscience, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland (T.B.)
| | - András Balla
- Department of Physiology, Semmelweis University, Faculty of Medicine, Budapest, Hungary (G.S., A.D.T., I.O., L.S.E., P.V., L.H., A.B.), Magyar Tudományos Akadémia-Semmelweis Egyetem Laboratory of Molecular Physiology, Hungarian Academy of Sciences and Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary (L.S.E., P.V., L.H., A.B.); and Section on Molecular Signal Transduction, Program for Developmental Neuroscience, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland (T.B.)
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Angiotensin II regulates microRNA-132/-212 in hypertensive rats and humans. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:11190-207. [PMID: 23712358 PMCID: PMC3709727 DOI: 10.3390/ijms140611190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2013] [Revised: 04/25/2013] [Accepted: 05/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs), a group of small non-coding RNAs that fine tune translation of multiple target mRNAs, are emerging as key regulators in cardiovascular development and disease. MiRNAs are involved in cardiac hypertrophy, heart failure and remodeling following cardiac infarction; however, miRNAs involved in hypertension have not been thoroughly investigated. We have recently reported that specific miRNAs play an integral role in Angiotensin II receptor (AT1R) signaling, especially after activation of the Gαq signaling pathway. Since AT1R blockers are widely used to treat hypertension, we undertook a detailed analysis of potential miRNAs involved in Angiotensin II (AngII) mediated hypertension in rats and hypertensive patients, using miRNA microarray and qPCR analysis. The miR-132 and miR-212 are highly increased in the heart, aortic wall and kidney of rats with hypertension (159 ± 12 mm Hg) and cardiac hypertrophy following chronic AngII infusion. In addition, activation of the endothelin receptor, another Gαq coupled receptor, also increased miR-132 and miR-212. We sought to extend these observations using human samples by reasoning that AT1R blockers may decrease miR-132 and miR-212. We analyzed tissue samples of mammary artery obtained from surplus arterial tissue after coronary bypass operations. Indeed, we found a decrease in expression levels of miR-132 and miR-212 in human arteries from bypass-operated patients treated with AT1R blockers, whereas treatment with β-blockers had no effect. Taken together, these data suggest that miR-132 and miR-212 are involved in AngII induced hypertension, providing a new perspective in hypertensive disease mechanisms.
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Hansen JT, Lyngsø C, Speerschneider T, Hansen PBL, Galés C, Weiner DM, Sheikh SP, Burstein ES, Hansen JL. Functional enhancement of AT1R potency in the presence of the TPαR is revealed by a comprehensive 7TM receptor co-expression screen. PLoS One 2013; 8:e58890. [PMID: 23516570 PMCID: PMC3597553 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0058890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2012] [Accepted: 02/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Functional cross-talk between seven transmembrane (7TM) receptors can dramatically alter their pharmacological properties, both in vitro and in vivo. This represents an opportunity for the development of novel therapeutics that potentially target more specific biological effects while causing fewer adverse events. Although several studies convincingly have established the existence of 7TM receptor cross-talk, little is known about the frequencey and biological significance of this phenomenon. Methodology/Principal Findings To evaluate the extent of synergism in 7TM receptor signaling, we took a comprehensive approach and co-expressed 123 different 7TM receptors together with the angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1R) and analyzed how each receptor affected the angiotensin II (AngII) response. To monitor the effect we used integrative receptor activation/signaling assay called Receptor Selection and Amplification Technology (R-SAT). In this screen the thromboxane A2α receptor (TPαR) was the only receptor which significantly enhanced the AngII-mediated response. The TPαR-mediated enhancement of AngII signaling was significantly reduced when a signaling deficient receptor mutant (TPαR R130V) was co-expressed instead of the wild-type TPαR, and was completely blocked both by TPαR antagonists and COX inhibitors inhibiting formation of thromboxane A2 (TXA2). Conclusions/Significance We found a functional enhancement of AT1R only when co-expressed with TPαR, but not with 122 other 7TM receptors. In addition, the TPαR must be functionally active, indicating the AT1R enhancement is mediated by a paracrine mechanism. Since we only found one receptor enhancing AT1R potency, our results suggest that functional augmentation through 7TM receptor cross-talk is a rare event that may require specific conditions to occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Tind Hansen
- Laboratory for Molecular Cardiology, Department of Biomedical Sciences and The Danish National Research Foundation Centre for Cardiac Arrhythmia, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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11
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Denis C, Saulière A, Galandrin S, Sénard JM, Galés C. Probing heterotrimeric G protein activation: applications to biased ligands. Curr Pharm Des 2012; 18:128-44. [PMID: 22229559 DOI: 10.2174/138161212799040466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2011] [Accepted: 11/09/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Cell surface G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) drive numerous signaling pathways involved in the regulation of a broad range of physiologic processes. Today, they represent the largest target for modern drugs development with potential application in all clinical fields. Recently, the concept of "ligand-directed trafficking" has led to a conceptual revolution in pharmacological theory, thus opening new avenues for drug discovery. Accordingly, GPCRs do not function as simple on-off switch but rather as filters capable of selecting the activation of specific signals and thus generating texture responses to ligands, a phenomenon often referred to as ligand-biased signaling. Also, one challenging task today remains optimization of pharmacological assays with increased sensitivity so to better appreciate the inherent texture of ligands. However, considering that a single receptor has pleiotropic signaling properties and that each signal can crosstalk at different levels, biased activity remains thus difficult to evaluate. One strategy to overcome these limitations would be examining the initial steps following receptor activation. Even, if some G protein independent functions have been recently described, heterotrimeric G protein activation remains a general hallmark for all GPCRs families and the first cellular event subsequent to agonist binding to the receptor. Herein, we review the different methodologies classically used or recently developed to monitor G protein activation and discussed them in the context of G protein biased-ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colette Denis
- Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, Université Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse, France.
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12
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Christensen GL, Aplin M, Hansen JL. Therapeutic potential of functional selectivity in the treatment of heart failure. Trends Cardiovasc Med 2012; 20:221-7. [PMID: 22293022 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcm.2011.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Adrenergic and angiotensin receptors are prominent targets in pharmacological alleviation of cardiac remodeling and heart failure, but their use is associated with cardiodepressant side effects. Recent advances in our understanding of seven transmembrane receptor signaling show that it is possible to design ligands with "functional selectivity," acting as agonists on certain signaling pathways while antagonizing others. This represents a major pharmaceutical opportunity to separate desired from adverse effects governed by the same receptor. Accordingly, functionally selective ligands are currently pursued as next-generation drugs for superior treatment of heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gitte Lund Christensen
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Glostrup Research Institute, Glostrup Hospital, DK-2600 Glostrup, Denmark
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13
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Saulière A, Bellot M, Paris H, Denis C, Finana F, Hansen JT, Altié MF, Seguelas MH, Pathak A, Hansen JL, Sénard JM, Galés C. Deciphering biased-agonism complexity reveals a new active AT1 receptor entity. Nat Chem Biol 2012; 8:622-30. [PMID: 22634635 DOI: 10.1038/nchembio.961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2011] [Accepted: 02/28/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Functional selectivity of G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) ligands toward different downstream signals has recently emerged as a general hallmark of this receptor class. However, pleiotropic and crosstalk signaling of GPCRs makes functional selectivity difficult to decode. To look from the initial active receptor point of view, we developed new, highly sensitive and direct bioluminescence resonance energy transfer-based G protein activation probes specific for all G protein isoforms, and we used them to evaluate the G protein-coupling activity of [(1)Sar(4)Ile(8)Ile]-angiotensin II (SII), previously described as an angiotensin II type 1 (AT(1)) receptor-biased agonist that is G protein independent but β-arrestin selective. By multiplexing assays sensing sequential signaling events, from receptor conformations to downstream signaling, we decoded SII as an agonist stabilizing a G protein-dependent AT(1A) receptor signaling module different from that of the physiological agonist angiotensin II, both in recombinant and primary cells. Thus, a biased agonist does not necessarily select effects from the physiological agonist but may instead stabilize and create a new distinct active pharmacological receptor entity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aude Saulière
- Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Université Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
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14
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Beta-arrestin-biased ligands at the AT1R: a novel approach to the treatment of acute heart failure. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ddstr.2014.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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15
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Christensen GL, Knudsen S, Schneider M, Aplin M, Gammeltoft S, Sheikh SP, Hansen JL. AT(1) receptor Gαq protein-independent signalling transcriptionally activates only a few genes directly, but robustly potentiates gene regulation from the β2-adrenergic receptor. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2011; 331:49-56. [PMID: 20708651 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2010.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2010] [Revised: 07/22/2010] [Accepted: 08/04/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT(1)R) is known to signal through heterotrimeric G proteins, and Gαq protein-independent signalling has only recently gained appreciation for profound impact on a diverse range of biological functions. β-Arrestins, among other central mediators of Gαq protein-independent signalling from the AT(1)R interact with transcriptional regulators and promote phosphorylation of nuclear proteins. However, the relative contribution of Gαq protein-independent signalling in AT(1)R mediated transcriptional regulation remains elusive. We here present a comprehensive comparative analysis of Gαq protein-dependent and -independent regulation of AT(1)R mediated gene expression. We found angiotensin II to regulate 212 genes, whereas Gαq-independent signalling obtained with the biased agonist, SII angiotensin II only regulated few genes. Interestingly, SII angiotensin II, like Ang II vastly potentiated β2-adrenergic receptor-stimulated gene expression. These novel findings indicate that the Gαq protein-independent signalling mainly modifies the transcriptional response governed by other signalling pathways, while direct induction of gene expression by the AT(1)R is dependent on classical Gαq protein activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gitte L Christensen
- Laboratory for Molecular Cardiology, Danish National Research Foundation Centre for Cardiac Arrhythmia, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3b, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
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16
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Whalen EJ, Rajagopal S, Lefkowitz RJ. Therapeutic potential of β-arrestin- and G protein-biased agonists. Trends Mol Med 2010; 17:126-39. [PMID: 21183406 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2010.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 418] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2010] [Revised: 11/13/2010] [Accepted: 11/17/2010] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Members of the seven-transmembrane receptor (7TMR), or G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR), superfamily represent some of the most successful targets of modern drug therapy, with proven efficacy in the treatment of a broad range of human conditions and disease processes. It is now appreciated that β-arrestins, once viewed simply as negative regulators of traditional 7TMR-stimulated G protein signaling, act as multifunctional adapter proteins that regulate 7TMR desensitization and trafficking and promote distinct intracellular signals in their own right. Moreover, several 7TMR biased agonists, which selectively activate these divergent signaling pathways, have been identified. Here we highlight the diversity of G protein- and β-arrestin-mediated functions and the therapeutic potential of selective targeting of these in disease states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin J Whalen
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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17
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Bonde MM, Hansen JT, Sanni SJ, Haunsø S, Gammeltoft S, Lyngsø C, Hansen JL. Biased signaling of the angiotensin II type 1 receptor can be mediated through distinct mechanisms. PLoS One 2010; 5:e14135. [PMID: 21152433 PMCID: PMC2994726 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0014135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2010] [Accepted: 10/29/2010] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Seven transmembrane receptors (7TMRs) can adopt different active conformations facilitating a selective activation of either G protein or β-arrestin-dependent signaling pathways. This represents an opportunity for development of novel therapeutics targeting selective biological effects of a given receptor. Several studies on pathway separation have been performed, many of these on the Angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1R). It has been shown that certain ligands or mutations facilitate internalization and/or recruitment of β-arrestins without activation of G proteins. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms remain largely unresolved. For instance, it is unclear whether such selective G protein-uncoupling is caused by a lack of ability to interact with G proteins or rather by an increased ability of the receptor to recruit β-arrestins. Since uncoupling of G proteins by increased ability to recruit β-arrestins could lead to different cellular or in vivo outcomes than lack of ability to interact with G proteins, it is essential to distinguish between these two mechanisms. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We studied five AT1R mutants previously published to display pathway separation: D74N, DRY/AAY, Y292F, N298A, and Y302F (Ballesteros-Weinstein numbering: 2.50, 3.49-3.51, 7.43, 7.49, and 7.53). We find that D74N, DRY/AAY, and N298A mutants are more prone to β-arrestin recruitment than WT. In contrast, receptor mutants Y292F and Y302F showed impaired ability to recruit β-arrestin in response to Sar1-Ile4-Ile8 (SII) Ang II, a ligand solely activating the β-arrestin pathway. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Our analysis reveals that the underlying conformations induced by these AT1R mutants most likely represent principally different mechanisms of uncoupling the G protein, which for some mutants may be due to their increased ability to recruit β-arrestin2. Hereby, these findings have important implications for drug discovery and 7TMR biology and illustrate the necessity of uncovering the exact molecular determinants for G protein-coupling and β-arrestin recruitment, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Mi Bonde
- Laboratory for Molecular Cardiology, The Danish National Research Foundation Centre for Cardiac Arrhythmia, The Heart Centre, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and The Danish National Research Foundation Centre for Cardiac Arrhythmia, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jonas Tind Hansen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and The Danish National Research Foundation Centre for Cardiac Arrhythmia, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Glostrup Hospital, Glostrup, Denmark
| | - Samra Joke Sanni
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Glostrup Hospital, Glostrup, Denmark
| | - Stig Haunsø
- Laboratory for Molecular Cardiology, The Danish National Research Foundation Centre for Cardiac Arrhythmia, The Heart Centre, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Steen Gammeltoft
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Glostrup Hospital, Glostrup, Denmark
| | - Christina Lyngsø
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and The Danish National Research Foundation Centre for Cardiac Arrhythmia, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Glostrup Hospital, Glostrup, Denmark
| | - Jakob Lerche Hansen
- Laboratory for Molecular Cardiology, The Danish National Research Foundation Centre for Cardiac Arrhythmia, The Heart Centre, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and The Danish National Research Foundation Centre for Cardiac Arrhythmia, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- * E-mail:
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18
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Sanni SJ, Hansen JT, Bonde MM, Speerschneider T, Christensen GL, Munk S, Gammeltoft S, Hansen JL. beta-Arrestin 1 and 2 stabilize the angiotensin II type I receptor in distinct high-affinity conformations. Br J Pharmacol 2010; 161:150-61. [PMID: 20718747 PMCID: PMC2962824 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2010.00875.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2009] [Revised: 03/23/2010] [Accepted: 04/11/2010] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The angiotensin II type 1 (AT(1)) receptor belongs to family A of 7 transmembrane (7TM) receptors. The receptor has important roles in the cardiovascular system and is commonly used as a drug target in cardiovascular diseases. Interaction of 7TM receptors with G proteins or beta-arrestins often induces higher binding affinity for agonists. Here, we examined interactions between AT(1A) receptors and beta-arrestins to look for differences between the AT(1A) receptor interaction with beta-arrestin1 and beta-arrestin2. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Ligand-induced interaction between AT(1A) receptors and beta-arrestins was measured by Bioluminescence Resonance Energy Transfer 2. AT(1A)-beta-arrestin1 and AT(1A)-beta-arrestin2 fusion proteins were cloned and tested for differences using immunocytochemistry, inositol phosphate hydrolysis and competition radioligand binding. KEY RESULTS Bioluminescence Resonance Energy Transfer 2 analysis showed that beta-arrestin1 and 2 were recruited to AT(1A) receptors with similar ligand potencies and efficacies. The AT(1A)-beta-arrestin fusion proteins showed attenuated G protein signalling and increased agonist binding affinity, while antagonist affinity was unchanged. Importantly, larger agonist affinity shifts were observed for AT(1A)-beta-arrestin2 than for AT(1A)-beta-arrestin1. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS beta-Arrestin1 and 2 are recruited to AT(1A) receptors with similar ligand pharmacology and stabilize AT(1A) receptors in distinct high-affinity conformations. However, beta-arrestin2 induces a receptor conformation with a higher agonist-binding affinity than beta-arrestin1. Thus, this study demonstrates that beta-arrestins interact with AT(1A) receptors in different ways and suggest that AT(1) receptor biased agonists with the ability to recruit either of the beta-arrestins selectively, would be possible to design.
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Affiliation(s)
- SJ Sanni
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Glostrup HospitalGlostrup, Denmark
- Laboratory for Molecular Cardiology, The Danish National Research Foundation Centre for Cardiac Arrhythmia, The Heart Centre, Copenhagen University HospitalRigshospitalet, Denmark and the Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of CopenhagenCopenhagen, Denmark
| | - JT Hansen
- Laboratory for Molecular Cardiology, The Danish National Research Foundation Centre for Cardiac Arrhythmia, The Heart Centre, Copenhagen University HospitalRigshospitalet, Denmark and the Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of CopenhagenCopenhagen, Denmark
| | - MM Bonde
- Laboratory for Molecular Cardiology, The Danish National Research Foundation Centre for Cardiac Arrhythmia, The Heart Centre, Copenhagen University HospitalRigshospitalet, Denmark and the Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of CopenhagenCopenhagen, Denmark
| | - T Speerschneider
- Laboratory for Molecular Cardiology, The Danish National Research Foundation Centre for Cardiac Arrhythmia, The Heart Centre, Copenhagen University HospitalRigshospitalet, Denmark and the Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of CopenhagenCopenhagen, Denmark
| | - GL Christensen
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Glostrup HospitalGlostrup, Denmark
- Laboratory for Molecular Cardiology, The Danish National Research Foundation Centre for Cardiac Arrhythmia, The Heart Centre, Copenhagen University HospitalRigshospitalet, Denmark and the Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of CopenhagenCopenhagen, Denmark
| | - S Munk
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Glostrup HospitalGlostrup, Denmark
- Laboratory for Molecular Cardiology, The Danish National Research Foundation Centre for Cardiac Arrhythmia, The Heart Centre, Copenhagen University HospitalRigshospitalet, Denmark and the Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of CopenhagenCopenhagen, Denmark
| | - S Gammeltoft
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Glostrup HospitalGlostrup, Denmark
| | - JL Hansen
- Laboratory for Molecular Cardiology, The Danish National Research Foundation Centre for Cardiac Arrhythmia, The Heart Centre, Copenhagen University HospitalRigshospitalet, Denmark and the Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of CopenhagenCopenhagen, Denmark
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19
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Christensen GL, Kelstrup CD, Lyngsø C, Sarwar U, Bøgebo R, Sheikh SP, Gammeltoft S, Olsen JV, Hansen JL. Quantitative phosphoproteomics dissection of seven-transmembrane receptor signaling using full and biased agonists. Mol Cell Proteomics 2010; 9:1540-53. [PMID: 20363803 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m900550-mcp200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Seven-transmembrane receptors (7TMRs) signal through the well described heterotrimeric G proteins but can also activate G protein-independent signaling pathways of which the impact and complexity are less understood. The angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT(1)R) is a prototypical 7TMR and an important drug target in cardiovascular diseases. "Biased agonists" with intrinsic "functional selectivity" that simultaneously blocks Galpha(q) protein activity and activates G protein-independent pathways of the AT(1)R confer important perspectives in treatment of cardiovascular diseases. In this study, we performed a global quantitative phosphoproteomics analysis of the AT(1)R signaling network. We analyzed ligand-stimulated SILAC (stable isotope labeling by amino acids in cell culture) cells by high resolution (LTQ-Orbitrap) MS and compared the phosphoproteomes of the AT(1)R agonist angiotensin II and the biased agonist [Sar(1),Ile(4),Ile(8)]angiotensin II (SII angiotensin II), which only activates the Galpha(q) protein-independent signaling. We quantified more than 10,000 phosphorylation sites of which 1183 were regulated by angiotensin II or its analogue SII angiotensin II. 36% of the AT(1)R-regulated phosphorylations were regulated by SII angiotensin II. Analysis of phosphorylation site patterns showed a striking distinction between protein kinases activated by Galpha(q) protein-dependent and -independent mechanisms, and we now place protein kinase D as a key protein involved in both Galpha(q)-dependent and -independent AT(1)R signaling. This study provides substantial novel insight into angiotensin II signal transduction and is the first study dissecting the differences between a full agonist and a biased agonist from a 7TMR on a systems-wide scale. Importantly, it reveals a previously unappreciated diversity and quantity of Galpha(q) protein-independent signaling and uncovers novel signaling pathways. We foresee that the amount and diversity of G protein-independent signaling may be more pronounced than previously recognized for other 7TMRs as well. Quantitative mass spectrometry is a promising tool for evaluation of the signaling properties of biased agonists to other receptors in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gitte L Christensen
- Laboratory for Molecular Cardiology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Danish National Research Foundation Centre for Cardiac Arrhythmia, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3b, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
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20
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Bonde MM, Yao R, Ma JN, Madabushi S, Haunsø S, Burstein ES, Whistler JL, Sheikh SP, Lichtarge O, Hansen JL. An angiotensin II type 1 receptor activation switch patch revealed through evolutionary trace analysis. Biochem Pharmacol 2010; 80:86-94. [PMID: 20227396 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2010.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2009] [Revised: 02/08/2010] [Accepted: 03/04/2010] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Seven transmembrane (7TM) or G protein-coupled receptors constitute a large superfamily of cell surface receptors sharing a structural motif of seven transmembrane spanning alpha helices. Their activation mechanism most likely involves concerted movements of the transmembrane helices, but remains to be completely resolved. Evolutionary Trace (ET) analysis is a computational method, which identifies clusters of functionally important residues by integrating information on evolutionary important residue variations with receptor structure. Combined with known mutational data, ET predicted a patch of residues in the cytoplasmic parts of TM2, TM3, and TM6 to form an activation switch that is common to all family A 7TM receptors. We tested this hypothesis in the rat Angiotensin II (Ang II) type 1a (AT1a) receptor. The receptor has important roles in the cardiovascular system, but has also frequently been applied as a model for 7TM receptor activation and signaling. Six mutations: F66A, L67R, L70R, L119R, D125A, and I245F were targeted to the putative switch and assayed for changes in activation state by their ligand binding, signaling, and trafficking properties. All but one receptor mutant (that was not expressed well) displayed phenotypes associated with changed activation state, such as increased agonist affinity or basal activity, promiscuous activation, or constitutive internalization highlighting the importance of testing different signaling pathways. We conclude that this evolutionary important patch mediates interactions important for maintaining the inactive state. More broadly, these observations in the AT1 receptor are consistent with computational predictions of a generic role for this patch in 7TM receptor activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Mi Bonde
- Laboratory for Molecular Cardiology, The Danish National Research Foundation Centre for Cardiac Arrhythmia, The Heart Centre, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Juliane Mariesvej 20, section 9312, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
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21
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Lyngsø C, Erikstrup N, Hansen JL. Functional interactions between 7TM receptors in the renin-angiotensin system--dimerization or crosstalk? Mol Cell Endocrinol 2009; 302:203-12. [PMID: 18930783 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2008.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2008] [Revised: 09/09/2008] [Accepted: 09/10/2008] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The Renin-Angiotensin System (RAS) is important for the regulation of cardiovascular physiology, where it controls blood pressure, and salt- and water homeostasis. Dysregulation of RAS can lead to severe diseases including hypertension, diabetic nephropathy, and cardiac arrhythmia, and -failure. The importance of the RAS is clearly emphasised by the widespread use of drugs targeting this system in clinical practice. These include, renin inhibitors, angiotensin II receptor type I blockers, and inhibitors of the angiotensin converting enzyme. Some of the important effectors within the system are 7 transmembrane (7TM) receptors (or G-protein-coupled receptors) such as the angiotensin II Receptors type I and II (AT1R and AT2R) and the MAS-oncogene receptor. Several findings indicate that the 7TM receptors can form both homo- and heterodimers, or higher orders of oligomers. Furthermore, dimerization may be important for receptor function, and in the development of cardiovascular diseases. This is very significant, since "dimers" may provide pharmacologists with novel targets for improved drug therapy. However, we know that 7TM receptors can mediate signals as monomeric units, and so far it has been very difficult to establish if our observations reflect actual well-defined dimerization or merely reflect close proximity between the receptors and/or various types of functional interaction. In this review, we will present and critically discuss the current data on 7TM receptor dimerization with a clear focus on the RAS, and delineate future challenges within the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Lyngsø
- Danish National Research Foundation Centre for Cardiac Arrhythmia, Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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22
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Hansen JL, Hansen JT, Speerschneider T, Lyngsø C, Erikstrup N, Burstein ES, Weiner DM, Walther T, Makita N, Iiri T, Merten N, Kostenis E, Sheikh SP. Lack of Evidence for AT1R/B2R Heterodimerization in COS-7, HEK293, and NIH3T3 Cells. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:1831-9. [PMID: 19017652 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m804607200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jakob L Hansen
- Laboratory for Molecular Cardiology, The Danish National Research Foundation Centre for Cardiac Arrhythmia, The Heart Centre, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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23
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Aplin M, Bonde MM, Hansen JL. Molecular determinants of angiotensin II type 1 receptor functional selectivity. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2009; 46:15-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2008.09.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2008] [Revised: 09/09/2008] [Accepted: 09/18/2008] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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24
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Aplin M, Christensen GL, Hansen JL. Pharmacologic Perspectives of Functional Selectivity by the Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor. Trends Cardiovasc Med 2008; 18:305-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tcm.2009.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2008] [Revised: 01/19/2009] [Accepted: 01/27/2009] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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