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Bankir L, Guerrot D, Bichet DG. Vaptans or voluntary increased hydration to protect the kidney: how do they compare? Nephrol Dial Transplant 2023; 38:562-574. [PMID: 34586414 DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfab278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The adverse effects of vasopressin (AVP) in diverse forms of chronic kidney disease have been well described. They depend on the antidiuretic action of AVP mediated by V2 receptors (V2R). Tolvaptan, a selective V2R antagonist, is now largely used for the treatment of patients with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. Another way to reduce the adverse effects of AVP is to reduce endogenous AVP secretion by a voluntary increase in fluid intake. These two approaches differ in several ways, including the level of thirst and AVP. With voluntary increased drinking, plasma osmolality will decline and so will AVP secretion. Thus, not only will V2R-mediated effects be reduced, but also those mediated by V1a and V1b receptors (V1aR and V1bR). In contrast, selective V2R antagonism will induce a loss of fluid that will stimulate AVP secretion and thus increase AVP's influence on V1a and V1b receptors. V1aR is expressed in the luminal side of the collecting duct (CD) and in inner medullary interstitial cells, and their activation induces the production of prostaglandins, mostly prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). Intrarenal PGE2 has been shown to reduce sodium and water reabsorption in the CD and increase blood flow in the renal medulla, both effects contributing to increase sodium and water excretion and reduce urine-concentrating activity. Conversely, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs have been shown to induce significant water and sodium retention and potentiate the antidiuretic effects of AVP. Thus, during V2R antagonism, V1aR-mediated actions may be responsible for part of the diuresis observed with this drug. These V1aR-dependent effects do not take place with a voluntary increase in fluid intake. In summary, while both strategies may have beneficial effects, the information reviewed here leads us to assume that pharmacological V2R antagonism, with resulting stimulation of V1aR and increased PGE2 production, may provide greater benefit than voluntary high water intake. The influence of tolvaptan on the PGE2 excretion rate and the possibility to use somewhat lower tolvaptan doses than presently prescribed remain to be evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lise Bankir
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, Paris, France.,CNRS, ERL 8228-Laboratoire de Physiologie Rénale et Tubulopathies, Paris, France
| | - Dominique Guerrot
- Départment de Néphrologie, Hôpital Universitaire de Rouen, Rouen, France.,Université de Normandie, UNIROUEN, INSERM U1096, Rouen, France
| | - Daniel G Bichet
- Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada.,Département de Pharmacologie, Département de Physiologie, and Département de Médecine, Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
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2
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Kim YB, Jung WW, Lee SW, Jin X, Kang HK, Hong EH, Min SS, Kim YS, Han HC, Colwell CS, Kim YI. Excessive maternal salt intake gives rise to vasopressin-dependent salt sensitivity of blood pressure in male offspring. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2021; 150:12-22. [PMID: 33011158 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2020.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Salt sensitivity of blood pressure (SSBP) is a trait carrying strong prognostic implications for various cardiovascular diseases. To test the hypothesis that excessive maternal salt intake causes SSBP in offspring through a mechanism dependent upon arginine-vasopressin (AVP), we performed a series of experiments using offspring of the rat dams salt-loaded during pregnancy and lactation with 1.5% saline drink ("experimental offspring") and those with normal perinatal salt exposure ("control offspring"). Salt challenge, given at 7-8 weeks of age with either 2% saline drink (3 days) or 8% NaCl-containing chow (4 weeks), had little or no effect on systolic blood pressure (SBP) in female offspring, whereas the salt challenge significantly raised SBP in male offspring, with the magnitude of increase being greater in experimental, than control, rats. Furthermore, the salt challenge not only raised plasma AVP level more and caused greater depressor responses to V1a and V2 AVP receptor antagonists to occur in experimental, than control, males, but it also made GABA excitatory in a significant proportion of magnocellular AVP neurons of experimental males by depolarizing GABA equilibrium potential. The effect of the maternal salt loading on the salt challenge-elicited SBP response in male offspring was precluded by maternal conivaptan treatment (non-selective AVP receptor antagonist) during the salt-loading period, whereas it was mimicked by neonatal AVP treatment. These results suggest that the excessive maternal salt intake brings about SSBP in male offspring, both the programming and the expression of which depend on increased AVP secretion that may partly result from excitatory GABAergic action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Beom Kim
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience Research Institute, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Won Woo Jung
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience Research Institute, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Won Lee
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience Research Institute, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Xiangyan Jin
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience Research Institute, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung Kyung Kang
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience Research Institute, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Hwa Hong
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience Research Institute, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Seek Min
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Eulji University School of Medicine, Daejeon 34824, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon-Sik Kim
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience Research Institute, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Chul Han
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience Research Institute, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Christopher S Colwell
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America.
| | - Yang In Kim
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience Research Institute, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea.
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Huber MJ, Fan Y, Jiang E, Zhu F, Larson RA, Yan J, Li N, Chen QH, Shan Z. Increased activity of the orexin system in the paraventricular nucleus contributes to salt-sensitive hypertension. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2017; 313:H1075-H1086. [PMID: 28667055 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00822.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2016] [Revised: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 06/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The orexin system is involved in arginine vasopressin (AVP) regulation, and its overactivation has been implicated in hypertension. However, its role in salt-sensitive hypertension (SSHTN) is unknown. Here, we tested the hypothesis that hyperactivity of the orexin system in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) contributes to SSHTN via enhancing AVP signaling. Eight-week-old male Dahl salt-sensitive (Dahl S) and age- and sex-matched Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were placed on a high-salt (HS; 8% NaCl) or normal-salt (NS; 0.4% NaCl) diet for 4 wk. HS intake did not alter mean arterial pressure (MAP), PVN mRNA levels of orexin receptor 1 (OX1R), or OX2R but slightly increased PVN AVP mRNA expression in SD rats. HS diet induced significant increases in MAP and PVN mRNA levels of OX1R, OX2R, and AVP in Dahl S rats. Intracerebroventricular infusion of orexin A (0.2 nmol) dramatically increased AVP mRNA levels and immunoreactivity in the PVN of SD rats. Incubation of cultured hypothalamus neurons from newborn SD rats with orexin A increased AVP mRNA expression, which was attenuated by OX1R blockade. In addition, increased cerebrospinal fluid Na+ concentration through intracerebroventricular infusion of NaCl solution (4 µmol) increased PVN OX1R and AVP mRNA levels and immunoreactivity in SD rats. Furthermore, bilateral PVN microinjection of the OX1R antagonist SB-408124 resulted in a greater reduction in MAP in HS intake (-16 ± 5 mmHg) compared with NS-fed (-4 ± 4 mmHg) anesthetized Dahl S rats. These results suggest that elevated PVN OX1R activation may contribute to SSHTN by enhancing AVP signaling.NEW & NOTEWORTHY To our best knowledge, this study is the first to investigate the involvement of the orexin system in salt-sensitive hypertension. Our results suggest that the orexin system may contribute to the Dahl model of salt-sensitive hypertension by enhancing vasopressin signaling in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Huber
- Department of Kinesiology and Integrative Physiology, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, Michigan
| | - Yuanyuan Fan
- Department of Kinesiology and Integrative Physiology, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, Michigan.,Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Enshe Jiang
- Department of Kinesiology and Integrative Physiology, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, Michigan.,Institute for Nursing and Health Research, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Fengli Zhu
- Department of Kinesiology and Integrative Physiology, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, Michigan
| | - Robert A Larson
- Department of Kinesiology and Integrative Physiology, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, Michigan
| | - Jianqun Yan
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Ningjun Li
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia; and
| | - Qing-Hui Chen
- Department of Kinesiology and Integrative Physiology, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, Michigan.,Biotech Research Center, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, Michigan
| | - Zhiying Shan
- Department of Kinesiology and Integrative Physiology, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, Michigan; .,Biotech Research Center, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, Michigan
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Carmichael CY, Wainford RD. Brain Gαi 2 -subunit proteins and the prevention of salt sensitive hypertension. Front Physiol 2015; 6:233. [PMID: 26347659 PMCID: PMC4541027 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2015.00233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Accepted: 08/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
To counter the development of salt-sensitive hypertension, multiple brain G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) systems are activated to facilitate sympathoinhibition, sodium homeostasis, and normotension. Currently there is a paucity of knowledge regarding the role of down-stream GPCR-activated Gα-subunit proteins in these critically important physiological regulatory responses required for long-term blood pressure regulation. We have determined that brain Gαi2-proteins mediate natriuretic and sympathoinhibitory responses produced by acute pharmacological (exogenous central nociceptin/orphanin FQ receptor (NOP) and α2-adrenoceptor activation) and physiological challenges to sodium homeostasis (intravenous volume expansion and 1 M sodium load) in conscious Sprague–Dawley rats. We have demonstrated that in salt-resistant rat phenotypes, high dietary salt intake evokes site-specific up-regulation of hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) Gαi2-proteins. Further, we established that PVN Gαi2 protein up-regulation prevents the development of renal nerve-dependent sympathetically mediated salt-sensitive hypertension in Sprague–Dawley and Dahl salt-resistant rats. Additionally, failure to up-regulate PVN Gαi2 proteins during high salt-intake contributes to the pathophysiology of Dahl salt-sensitive (DSS) hypertension. Collectively, our data demonstrate that brain, and likely PVN specific, Gαi2 protein pathways represent a central molecular pathway mediating sympathoinhibitory renal-nerve dependent responses evoked to maintain sodium homeostasis and a salt-resistant phenotype. Further, impairment of this endogenous “anti-hypertensive” mechanism contributes to the pathophysiology of salt-sensitive hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Casey Y Carmichael
- The Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, The Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine Boston, MA, USA
| | - Richard D Wainford
- The Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, The Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine Boston, MA, USA
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Russell R, Doyle R, Turner J, Attkins N, Ramsey S, Weibley L, Bateman L, Bictash M, Neal-Morgan S, Ivarsson M, Pullen N. In vitro and in vivo pharmacological characterisation of the potent and selective vasopressin V(1A) receptor antagonist 4-[4-(4-Chloro-phenyl)-5-[1,2,3]triazol-2-ylmethyl-4H-[1,2,4]triazol-3-yl]-piperidin-1-yl-(3,5-difluoro-phenyl) methanone (PF-00738245). Eur J Pharmacol 2011; 670:347-55. [PMID: 21958878 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2011.09.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2011] [Revised: 09/05/2011] [Accepted: 09/11/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The dysregulation of arginine vasopressin (AVP) release and activation of vasopressin receptors plays an important role in disease conditions including polycystic kidney disease, congestive heart failure and dysmenorrhoea. The development of potent and selective vasopressin receptor ligands is needed to help dissect the function of the specific subtypes in disease pathogenesis. Here we report the pharmacological characterisation of PF-00738245 in in vitro binding and functional assays using cells expressing vasopressin V(₁A), V(₁B) or V₂ receptors. PF-00738245 inhibited AVP binding to the recombinant human vasopressin V(₁A) receptor (K(i)=2.85 nM) and blocked AVP-induced rat aortic ring and human myometrial contraction (pK(B)=7.35 and 8.62 respectively). PF-00738245 was selective for the vasopressin V(1A) receptor by demonstrating minimal binding to vasopressin V(₁B) (3.6% inhibition at 10 μM) or functional activity at vasopressin V₂ receptors (8.1% agonist and -8.4% antagonist activity at 10 μM) as well as the oxytocin receptor (46.3% antagonist activity at 10 μM). The in vivo pharmacological properties were tested orally in the rat and PF-00738245 dose dependently blocked the effect of AVP on a capsaicin-induced cutaneous flare response. Taken together the data support the use of PF-00738245 as a potent and selective vasopressin V(₁A) receptor antagonist which may have utility in the treatment of disease conditions which are propagated by elevation in vasopressin V(₁A) receptor signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Russell
- Pfizer Global Research & Development, Ramsgate Road, Sandwich, Kent CT13 9NJ, UK
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Wainford RD, Kapusta DR. Hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus G alpha q subunit protein pathways mediate vasopressin dysregulation and fluid retention in salt-sensitive rats. Endocrinology 2010; 151:5403-14. [PMID: 20861238 PMCID: PMC2954710 DOI: 10.1210/en.2010-0345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2010] [Accepted: 08/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Central Gαz and Gαq protein-gated pathways play a pivotal role in modulating (inhibiting vs. stimulating, respectively) vasopressin release and urine output; these studies examined the role of brain Gαz/Gαq proteins in the regulation of vasopressin secretion during high-salt challenge. We examined the effects of 21-d normal or high salt intake on plasma vasopressin levels, daily sodium and water balance, and brain Gαz and Gαq protein levels in male Sprague-Dawley (SD), Dahl salt-resistant (DSR), and Dahl salt-sensitive (DSS) rats. Additionally, the effect of central Gαq protein down-regulation on these parameters and the diuretic response evoked by pharmacological [nociceptin/orphanin FQ; 5.5 nmol intracerebroventricularly (icv)] and physiological stimuli (isotonic-saline volume expansion, 5% bodyweight, iv) was examined. After 21 d of high salt intake, DSS, but not SD or DSR rats, exhibited vasopressin dysregulation, as evidenced by elevated plasma vasopressin levels (P < 0.05), marked positive water (and sodium) balance (P < 0.05), and an impaired diuretic response to pharmacological and physiological stimuli (P < 0.05). Chronic high salt intake (21 d) evoked down-regulation of Gαq (P < 0.05), but not Gαz, proteins in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus of SD and DSR, but not DSS rats. In salt-challenged (21 d) DSS rats, acute oligodeoxynucleotide-mediated down-regulation of central Gαq proteins returned plasma vasopressin to control levels (P < 0.05), decreased salt-induced water retention (P < 0.05), and restored the profound diuretic responses to pharmacological and physiological stimuli (P < 0.05). Therefore, the down-regulation of PVN Gαq proteins plays a critical counter-regulatory role in preventing vasopressin hypersecretion in salt-resistant phenotypes and may represent a new therapeutic target in pathophysiological states featuring vasopressin dysregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard D Wainford
- Department of Pharmacology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, 1901 Perdido Street, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, USA.
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7
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Jormeus A, Karlsson S, Dahlgren C, Lindström T, Nystrom FH. Doubling of Water Intake Increases Daytime Blood Pressure and Reduces Vertigo in Healthy Subjects. Clin Exp Hypertens 2010; 32:439-43. [DOI: 10.3109/10641961003686450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Torres VE. Vasopressin in chronic kidney disease: an elephant in the room? Kidney Int 2009; 76:925-8. [PMID: 19829311 DOI: 10.1038/ki.2009.325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Perico et al. report that a dual arginine vasopressin (AVP) V(2) and V(1a) receptor antagonist lowers blood pressure, proteinuria, and glomerulosclerosis in 5/6 nephrectomized rats, pointing to its potential value in the treatment of chronic kidney disease (CKD). AVP likely contributes to CKD progression by its effects on renal hemodynamics, blood pressure, and mesangial and/or epithelial cells, but the relative contributions of V(2) and V(1a) receptors and potential usefulness of V(2) and V(1a) receptor antagonists remain ill defined.
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Perico N, Zoja C, Corna D, Rottoli D, Gaspari F, Haskell L, Remuzzi G. V1/V2 Vasopressin receptor antagonism potentiates the renoprotection of renin–angiotensin system inhibition in rats with renal mass reduction. Kidney Int 2009; 76:960-7. [DOI: 10.1038/ki.2009.267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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