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Yang MY, Zhao XH. Panax notoginseng Saponins Ameliorate Gamma Radiation-Mediated Damages in Human Peripheral Blood Monocytes and Swiss Albino Mice. Cell Biochem Funct 2024; 42:e4115. [PMID: 39264203 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.4115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2024] [Revised: 08/08/2024] [Accepted: 08/19/2024] [Indexed: 09/13/2024]
Abstract
In this study, the protective effects of Panax notoginseng saponins (PNS) against gamma radiation-induced DNA damage and associated physiological alterations in Swiss albino mice were investigated. Exposure to gamma radiation led to a dose-dependent increase in cytokinesis-blocked micronuclei (CBMN) double-strand DNA breaks (DSBs), dicentric aberrations (DC), formation in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. However, pretreatment with PNS at concentrations of 1, 5, and 10 µg/mL significantly attenuated the frequencies of DC and CBMN in a concentration-dependent manner. PNS administration before radiation exposure also reduced radiation-induced DSBs in BL, indicating protection against reactive oxygen species generation and DNA damage. Notably, pretreatment with PNS at 10 µg/mL prevented the overexpression of γ-H2AX, proteins associated with DNA damage response, in irradiated mice. In addition, in vivo studies showed intraperitoneal administration of PNS (25 mg/kg body weight) for 1 h before radiation exposure mitigated lipid peroxidation levels and restored antioxidant status, countering oxidative damage induced by gamma radiation. Furthermore, PNS pretreatment reversed the decrease in hemoglobin (Hb) content, white blood cell count, and red blood cell count in irradiated mice, indicating preservation of hematological parameters. Overall, PNS demonstrated an anticlastogenic effect by modulating radiation-induced DSBs and preventing oxidative damage, thus highlighting its potential as a protective agent against radiation-induced DNA damage and associated physiological alterations. Clinically, PNS will be beneficial for cancer patients undergoing radiotherapy, but their pharmacological properties and toxicity profiles need to be studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Yu Yang
- Department of Chinese Medicine, Cangzhou Medical College, Cangzhou, China
| | - Xing-Hua Zhao
- Department of Chinese Medicine, Cangzhou Medical College, Cangzhou, China
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2
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Thawkar BS, Kaur G. Betanin combined with virgin coconut oil inhibits neuroinflammation in aluminum chloride-induced toxicity in rats by regulating NLRP3 inflammasome. J Tradit Complement Med 2024; 14:287-299. [PMID: 38707915 PMCID: PMC11068997 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcme.2023.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Background and aim Activating NLRP3 (NOD-, LRR-, and pyrin domain-containing protein 3) is crucial in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). A multimodal treatment intervention is the most feasible way to alter the course of AD progression. Hence, the current study was conducted to study the combination of betanin (BET) and virgin coconut oil (VCO) on NLRP3 regulation in aluminum chloride-induced AD in Wistar rats. Experimental procedure BET (100,200 mg/kg) and VCO (1, 5 g/kg) alone and in combination (BET 100 mg/kg + VCO 1 g/kg and BET 200 mg/kg + VCO 5 g/kg) were given orally for 42 days. On day 21 and 42nd, the behavioral test was performed to check the animal's cognition. Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity, oxidative stress markers, estimation of NLRP3 and IL-1β, and histological examinations were conducted in the hippocampus (H) and cortex (C). Results and conclusion Treatment with BET and VCO alone or combined improved behavioral characteristics (MWM and PA p < 0.0001; EPM p = 0.5184), inhibited AChE activity (C, p = 0.0101; H, p < 0.0001), and lowered oxidative stress in the brain. Also, combination treatment restored the levels of NLRP3 (C, p = 0.0062; H, p < 0.0001) and IL1β (C, p = 0.0005; H, p = 0.0098). The combination treatment significantly reduced the degree of neuronal degeneration, amyloid deposition, and necrosis in the brain tissue. The current study revealed that the combination strategy effectively controlled neuroinflammation via modulation of the NLRP3 inflammasome pathway, paving the way for the new treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baban S. Thawkar
- Department of Pharmacology, SPP School of Pharmacy & Technology Management, SVKM's NMIMS, V.L. Mehta Road, Vile Parle (W), Mumbai, 400056, India
| | - Ginpreet Kaur
- Department of Pharmacology, SPP School of Pharmacy & Technology Management, SVKM's NMIMS, V.L. Mehta Road, Vile Parle (W), Mumbai, 400056, India
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Fernando GSN, Sergeeva NN, Vagkidis N, Chechik V, Marshall LJ, Boesch C. Differential Effects of Betacyanin and Betaxanthin Pigments on Oxidative Stress and Inflammatory Response in Murine Macrophages. Mol Nutr Food Res 2023; 67:e2200583. [PMID: 37203590 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.202200583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 04/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
SCOPE Betalain pigments are increasingly highlighted for their bioactive and anti-inflammatory properties, although research is lacking to demonstrate contributions of individual betalains. The work herein aimed to compare effects of four main betalains on inflammatory and cell-protective markers and to highlight potential structure-related relationships of the two main subgroups: betacyanins vs betaxanthins. METHODS AND RESULTS Murine RAW 264.7 macrophages were stimulated with bacterial lipopolysaccharide following incubation with betacyanins (betanin, neobetanin) and betaxanthins (indicaxanthin, vulgaxanthin I) in concentrations from 1 to 100 µM. All betalains suppressed expression of pro-inflammatory markers IL-6, IL-1β, iNOS, and COX-2 with tendency for stronger effects of betacyanins compared to betaxanthins. In contrast, HO-1 and gGCS showed mixed and only moderate induction, while more emphasized effects were observed for betacyanins. While all betalains suppressed mRNA levels of NADPH oxidase 2 (NOX-2), a superoxide generating enzyme, only betacyanins were able to counteract hydrogen peroxide induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, in alignment with their radical scavenging potential. Furthermore, betaxanthins exerted pro-oxidant properties, elevating ROS production beyond hydrogen peroxide stimulation. CONCLUSION In summary, all betalains display anti-inflammatory properties, although only betacyanins demonstrate radical scavenging capacities, indicating potential differing responses under oxidative stress conditions, which requires further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ganwarige Sumali N Fernando
- School of Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Ruhuna, Kamburupitiya, 81100, Sri Lanka
| | - Natalia N Sergeeva
- School of Design and the Leeds Institute of Textile and Colour, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Nikolaos Vagkidis
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, York YO10 5DD, Heslington, UK
| | - Victor Chechik
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, York YO10 5DD, Heslington, UK
| | - Lisa J Marshall
- School of Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Christine Boesch
- School of Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
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4
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Zheng T, Shi X, Nie S, Yin L, Zhu J, Yu E, Shen H, Mo F. Effects of Chinese herbal diet on hematopoiesis, immunity, and intestines of mice exposed to different doses of radiation. Heliyon 2023; 9:e15473. [PMID: 37131450 PMCID: PMC10149268 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e15473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Radiotherapy causes a series of side effects in patients with malignant tumors. Polygonati Rhizoma, Achyranthis Bidentatae Radix, and Epimedii Folium are all traditional Chinese herbs with varieties of functions such as anti-radiation and immune regulation. In this study, the above three herbs were used as a herbal diet to study their effects on the hematopoietic, immune, and intestinal systems of mice exposed to three doses of radiation. Our study showed that the diet had no radiation-protective effect on the hematopoietic and immune systems. However, at the radiation dose of 4 Gy and 8 Gy, the diet showed an obvious radiation-protective effect on intestinal crypts. At the dose of 8 Gy, we also found that the Chinese herbal diet had an anti-radiation effect on reducing the loss of the inhibitory nNOS+ neurons in the intestine. That provides a new diet for relieving the symptoms of hyperperistalsis and diarrhea in patients after radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyu Zheng
- Department of Naval Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Naval Medical University, 800 Xiangyin Road, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Xiaohui Shi
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University, 800 Xiangyin Road, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Shuang Nie
- Department of Naval Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Naval Medical University, 800 Xiangyin Road, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Lifeng Yin
- Department of Naval Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Naval Medical University, 800 Xiangyin Road, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Jian Zhu
- Department of Naval Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Naval Medical University, 800 Xiangyin Road, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Enda Yu
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University, 800 Xiangyin Road, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Hui Shen
- Department of Naval Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Naval Medical University, 800 Xiangyin Road, Shanghai 200433, China
- Corresponding author. Department of Naval Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Naval Medical University, 800 Xiangyin Rd, Shanghai 200433, China.
| | - Fengfeng Mo
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University, 800 Xiangyin Road, Shanghai 200433, China
- Corresponding author. Department of Naval Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Naval Medical University, 800 Xiangyin Rd, Shanghai 200433, China.
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Haritwal T, Kalra N, Agrawala PK. Mitigation of radiation injury to reproductive system of male mice by Trichostatin A. MUTATION RESEARCH. GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2022; 881:503522. [PMID: 36031339 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2022.503522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Trichostatin A (TSA), derived from the bacteria Streptomyces hygroscopicus, is a hydroxamic acid having various biological properties such as histone deacetylase inhibition, anticancer and radiomitigative action. However the mitigative activity of TSA against radiation-induced damages in the mouse reproductive system has not yet been elucidated. The present study unraveled the effects of 2 Gy whole body irradiation (60Co γ- radiation) on C57BL/6 mice male reproductive system including structural damages to testes, increase in apoptosis and reduction in germ cell viability, reduced fertility as well as increased genomic instability in the next generation. Moreover, hematological study and micronuclei assay were used to record chances of radiation-induced hematologic cancer and disruption of genomic integrity in F1 generation. Interestingly, TSA administration 1 and 24 h post-irradiation attenuated radiation-induced morphological damage and cellular apoptosis in testes. In male mice, TSA restored hematological parameters and micronuclei frequency to normal levels, restored sperm viability, and helped them overcome radiation-induced temporary sterility 5 weeks after the irradiation. Thus our results showed that TSA reduced the probability of radiation-induced hematologic cancers as well as genotoxicity and restored genomic integrity in the progenies of paternally exposed mice by reducing radiation-induced apoptosis in spermatogenic cells and restoring cell proliferation. This study suggested that TSA could be used as potential radiomitigator for male reproductive system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teena Haritwal
- Radiation Genetics and Epigenetics, Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences, Brig SK Mazumdar Marg, Timarpur, Delhi 110054, India
| | - Namita Kalra
- Radiation Genetics and Epigenetics, Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences, Brig SK Mazumdar Marg, Timarpur, Delhi 110054, India
| | - Paban K Agrawala
- Radiation Genetics and Epigenetics, Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences, Brig SK Mazumdar Marg, Timarpur, Delhi 110054, India.
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Sarker U, Lin YP, Oba S, Yoshioka Y, Hoshikawa K. Prospects and potentials of underutilized leafy Amaranths as vegetable use for health-promotion. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2022; 182:104-123. [PMID: 35487123 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2022.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/09/2022] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Climate change causes environmental variation worldwide, which is one of the most serious threats to global food security. In addition, more than 2 billion people in the world are reported to suffer from serious malnutrition, referred to as 'hidden hunger.' Dependence on only a few crops could lead to the loss of genetic diversity and high fragility of crop breeding in systems adapting to global scale climate change. The exploitation of underutilized species and genetic resources, referred to as orphan crops, could be a useful approach for resolving the issue of adaptability to environmental alteration, biodiversity preservation, and improvement of nutrient quality and quantity to ensure food security. Moreover, the use of these alternative crops will help to increase the human health benefits and the income of farmers in developing countries. In this review, we highlight the potential of orphan crops, especially amaranths, for use as vegetables and health-promoting nutritional components. This review highlights promising diversified sources of amaranth germplasms, their tolerance to abiotic stresses, and their nutritional, phytochemical, and antioxidant values for vegetable purposes. Betalains (betacyanins and betaxanthins), unique antioxidant components in amaranth vegetables, are also highlighted regarding their chemodiversity across amaranth germplasms and their stability and degradation. In addition, we discuss the physiological functions, antioxidant, antilipidemic, anticancer, and antimicrobial activities, as well as the biosynthesis pathway, molecular, biochemical, genetics, and genomic mechanisms of betalains in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umakanta Sarker
- Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University, Gazipur, 1706, Bangladesh.
| | - Ya-Ping Lin
- World Vegetable Center, P.O. Box 42, Shanhua, Tainan, 74199, Taiwan
| | - Shinya Oba
- Faculty of Applied Biological Science, Gifu University, Gifu, 501-1193, Japan
| | - Yosuke Yoshioka
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tennodai 1-1-1, Tsukuba, 305-8572, Ibaraki, Japan; Tsukuba-Plant Innovation Research Center, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, 305-8572, Japan
| | - Ken Hoshikawa
- World Vegetable Center, P.O. Box 42, Shanhua, Tainan, 74199, Taiwan; Tsukuba-Plant Innovation Research Center, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, 305-8572, Japan; Biological Resources and Post-harvest Division, Japan International Research Center for Agricultural Sciences, Ohwashi 1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8686, Japan.
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7
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Martínez-Rodríguez P, Guerrero-Rubio MA, Henarejos-Escudero P, García-Carmona F, Gandía-Herrero F. Health-promoting potential of betalains in vivo and their relevance as functional ingredients: A review. Trends Food Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2022.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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8
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Carreón-Hidalgo JP, Franco-Vásquez DC, Gómez-Linton DR, Pérez-Flores LJ. Betalain plant sources, biosynthesis, extraction, stability enhancement methods, bioactivity, and applications. Food Res Int 2022; 151:110821. [PMID: 34980373 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2021.110821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Betalains are plant pigments with functional properties used mainly as food dyes. However, they have been shown to be unstable to different environmental factors. This paper provides a review of (1) Betalain plant sources within several plant families such as Amaranthaceae, Basellaceae, Cactaceae, Portulacaceae, and Nyctaginaceae, (2) The biosynthesis pathway of betalains for both betacyanins and betaxanthins, (3) Betalain extraction process, including non-conventional technologies like microwave-assisted, ultrasound-assisted, and pulsed electrical field extraction, (4) Factors affecting their stability, mainly temperature, water activity, light incidence, as well as oxygen concentration, metals, and the presence of antioxidants, as well as activation energy as a mean to assess stability, and novel food-processing technologies able to prevent betalain degradation, (5) Methods to increase shelf life, mainly encapsulation by spray drying, freeze-drying, double emulsions, ionic gelation, nanoliposomes, hydrogels, co-crystallization, and unexplored methods such as complex coacervation and electrospraying, (6) Biological properties of betalains such as their antioxidant, hepatoprotective, antitumoral, and anti-inflammatory activities, among others, and (7) Applications in foods and other products such as cosmetics, textiles and solar cells, among others. Additionally, study perspectives for further research are provided for each section.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Darío R Gómez-Linton
- Department of Health Science, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Iztapalapa, CP 09340 Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Laura J Pérez-Flores
- Department of Health Science, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Iztapalapa, CP 09340 Mexico City, Mexico.
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Jameel QY, Mohammed NK. Protective rules of natural antioxidants against gamma-induced damage-A review. Food Sci Nutr 2021; 9:5263-5278. [PMID: 34532033 PMCID: PMC8441341 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.2469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Phytochemicals accessible in food have demonstrated efficiency against impairment by gamma radiation. The review presented here is an attempt to show the pharmacological outline of the activity of the natural antioxidants and its primary action of molecular mechanism against the damage induced by gamma rays. This research focused on the results of the in vitro dosage of natural antioxidants relationship, and on the correlation of this information with the statistical variables. Moreover, it deliberated the natural compounds which could decrease the unwelcome impacts of gamma radiation and safeguard biological systems from radiation-stimulated genotoxicity. The outcomes indicated that natural compounds can be utilized as an adjunct to orthodox radiotherapy and cultivate it as an effectual drug for the clinical administration of ailments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qaswaa Y. Jameel
- Department of Food ScienceColleges of Agricultural and ForestryMosul UniversityMosulIraq
| | - Nameer K. Mohammed
- Department of Food ScienceCollege of AgricultureTikrit UniversityTikritIraq
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10
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Flores‐Mancha MA, Ruíz‐Gutiérrez MG, Rentería‐Monterrubio AL, Sánchez‐Vega R, Juárez‐Moya J, Santellano‐Estrada E, Chávez‐Martínez A. Stirred yogurt added with beetroot extracts as an antioxidant source: Rheological, sensory, and physicochemical characteristics. J FOOD PROCESS PRES 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/jfpp.15628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Martha Azucena Flores‐Mancha
- Departamento de Tecnología de Productos de Origen Animal, Facultad de Zootecnia y Ecología Universidad Autónoma de Chihuahua Chihuahua México
| | - Martha Graciela Ruíz‐Gutiérrez
- Departamento de Investigación y Posgrado, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas Universidad Autónoma de Chihuahua Chihuahua México
| | - Ana Luisa Rentería‐Monterrubio
- Departamento de Tecnología de Productos de Origen Animal, Facultad de Zootecnia y Ecología Universidad Autónoma de Chihuahua Chihuahua México
| | - Rogelio Sánchez‐Vega
- Departamento de Tecnología de Productos de Origen Animal, Facultad de Zootecnia y Ecología Universidad Autónoma de Chihuahua Chihuahua México
| | - Juliana Juárez‐Moya
- Departamento de Tecnología de Productos de Origen Animal, Facultad de Zootecnia y Ecología Universidad Autónoma de Chihuahua Chihuahua México
| | - Eduardo Santellano‐Estrada
- Departamento de Tecnología de Productos de Origen Animal, Facultad de Zootecnia y Ecología Universidad Autónoma de Chihuahua Chihuahua México
| | - América Chávez‐Martínez
- Departamento de Tecnología de Productos de Origen Animal, Facultad de Zootecnia y Ecología Universidad Autónoma de Chihuahua Chihuahua México
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Sadowska-Bartosz I, Bartosz G. Biological Properties and Applications of Betalains. Molecules 2021; 26:2520. [PMID: 33925891 PMCID: PMC8123435 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26092520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Betalains are water-soluble pigments present in vacuoles of plants of the order Caryophyllales and in mushrooms of the genera Amanita, Hygrocybe and Hygrophorus. Betalamic acid is a constituent of all betalains. The type of betalamic acid substituent determines the class of betalains. The betacyanins (reddish to violet) contain a cyclo-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (cyclo-DOPA) residue while the betaxanthins (yellow to orange) contain different amino acid or amine residues. The most common betacyanin is betanin (Beetroot Red), present in red beets Beta vulgaris, which is a glucoside of betanidin. The structure of this comprehensive review is as follows: Occurrence of Betalains; Structure of Betalains; Spectroscopic and Fluorescent Properties; Stability; Antioxidant Activity; Bioavailability, Health Benefits; Betalains as Food Colorants; Food Safety of Betalains; Other Applications of Betalains; and Environmental Role and Fate of Betalains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izabela Sadowska-Bartosz
- Laboratory of Analytical Biochemistry, Institute of Food Technology and Nutrition, College of Natural Sciences, Rzeszow University, 4 Zelwerowicza Street, 35-601 Rzeszów, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Bartosz
- Department of Bioenergetics, Food Analysis and Microbiology, Institute of Food Technology and Nutrition, College of Natural Sciences, Rzeszow University, 4 Zelwerowicza Street, 35-601 Rzeszów, Poland;
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Characterization of Beet Root Extract ( Beta vulgaris) Encapsulated with Maltodextrin and Inulin. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25235498. [PMID: 33255296 PMCID: PMC7727679 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25235498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Betalains are powerful antioxidants contained in beets. These are divided into betacyanins (red-violet) and betaxanthins (yellow-orange), and they can be used as natural colorants in the food industry. The effects of freeze-drying pure beet juice (B) and the encapsulation of beet juice with a dextrose equivalent (DE) 10 maltodextrin (M) and agave inulin (I) as carrier agents were evaluated. The powders showed significant differences (p < 0.05) in all the variables analyzed: water absorption index (WAI), water solubility index (WSI), glass transition temperature (Tg), total betalains (TB), betacyanins (BC), betaxanthins (BX), total polyphenols (TP), antioxidant activity (AA, via 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)) (ABTS), and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH)) and total protein concentration (TPC). The highest values of antioxidant activity were found in the non-encapsulated beet powder, followed by the powder encapsulated with maltodextrin and, to a lesser extent, the powder encapsulated with inulin. The glass transition temperature was 61.63 °C for M and 27.59 °C for I. However, for B it was less than 18.34 °C, which makes handling difficult. Encapsulation of beet extract with maltodextrin and inulin by lyophilization turned out to be an efficient method to increase solubility and diminish hygroscopicity.
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Hadipour E, Taleghani A, Tayarani-Najaran N, Tayarani-Najaran Z. Biological effects of red beetroot and betalains: A review. Phytother Res 2020; 34:1847-1867. [PMID: 32171042 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.6653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Revised: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Over the past few years, the use of natural substances as protective or therapeutic agents has gained much attention worldwide. Recent modern studies have shown a variety of health benefits for red beetroot and its active compounds betalains (also betanin) such as antioxidative, anti-inflammation, anticancer, blood pressure and lipid lowering, also antidiabetic and anti-obesity effects. Betanin, the main component of the red beetroot, is a betalain glycosidic pigment, which is used as a food additive. This review summarizes findings in the literature and shows the therapeutic potential of red beetroot and its active compounds (betalains) as promising alternatives for supplemental therapies in multiple diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elham Hadipour
- Medical Toxicology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Akram Taleghani
- Assistant Professor of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Gonbad Kavous University, Gonbad Kavus, Iran
| | - Nilufar Tayarani-Najaran
- Department of Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Zahra Tayarani-Najaran
- Associate Professor of Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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14
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Wang W, Xue C, Mao X. Radioprotective effects and mechanisms of animal, plant and microbial polysaccharides. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 153:373-384. [PMID: 32087223 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.02.203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Revised: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Ionizing radiation is increasingly used to successfully diagnose many human health problems, but ionizing radiation may cause damage to organs/tissues in the living organisms such as the spleen, liver, skin, and brain. Many radiation protective agents have been discovered, with the deepening of radiation research. Unfortunately, these protective agents have many side effects, which cause drug resistance, nausea, vomiting, osteoporosis, etc. The polysaccharides extracted from natural sources are widely available and low in toxicity. In vivo and in vitro experiments have demonstrated that polysaccharides have anti-radiation activity through anti-oxidation, immune regulation, protection of hematopoietic system and protection against DNA damage. Recently, some studies have shown that polysaccharides were resistant to radiation. In the review, the anti-radiation activities of polysaccharides from different sources are summarized, and the anti-radiation mechanisms are discussed as well. It can be used to develop more effective anti-radiation management drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjie Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Changhu Xue
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts of Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266200, China.
| | - Xiangzhao Mao
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts of Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266200, China.
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15
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Yi J, Chen C, Liu X, Kang Q, Hao L, Huang J, Lu J. Radioprotection of EGCG based on immunoregulatory effect and antioxidant activity against 60Coγ radiation-induced injury in mice. Food Chem Toxicol 2020; 135:111051. [PMID: 31837348 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2019.111051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2019] [Revised: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Excessive reactive oxygen radicals (ROS) produced by ionizing radiation (IR) can cause human body to serious oxidative damage, leading to oxidation-reduction (REDOX) system imbalance and immune system damage. Here, the radioprotection of EGCG was studied through a model of oxidative damage in 60Coγ radiation mice. Firstly, the weights and the main organs indexes of mice, including the liver index, spleen index and pancreas index, indicated preliminarily the safety and protection of EGCG. Then, the radioprotection of EGCG based on immune-regulation on radiation mice was further investigated. Results suggested that EGCG could prevent significantly the immune system damage caused by 60Coγ via increasing the immune organ index, inducing the transformation of spleen cells into T- and B-lymphocytes, and enhancing the macrophage phagocytosis, compared with model group. In addition, EGCG could also protect spleens of radiation mice from 60Coγ-induced the imbalance of REDOX system by enhancing the activities of antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), increasing the level of glutathione (GSH), suppressing lipid peroxidation (Malondialdehyde, MDA). The antioxidant enzymes activities of serum and livers were also increased markedly. Taken together, our results indicated that EGCG possessed the excellent potential to serve as a natural radioprotector against IR-induced damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juanjuan Yi
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Chen Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Xin Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Qiaozhen Kang
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Limin Hao
- The Quartermaster Equipment Institute, Academy of Military Sciences PLA China, Beijing, 100010, China.
| | - Jinyong Huang
- School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Jike Lu
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China.
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16
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Toth S, Jonecova Z, Maretta M, Curgali K, Kalpakidis T, Pribula M, Kusnier M, Fagova Z, Fedotova J, La Rocca G, Rodrigo L, Caprnda M, Zulli A, Ciccocioppo R, Mechirova E, Kruzliak P. The effect of Betanin parenteral pretreatment on Jejunal and pulmonary tissue histological architecture and inflammatory response after Jejunal ischemia-reperfusion injury. Exp Mol Pathol 2019; 110:104292. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2019.104292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Revised: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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17
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Timoneda A, Feng T, Sheehan H, Walker-Hale N, Pucker B, Lopez-Nieves S, Guo R, Brockington S. The evolution of betalain biosynthesis in Caryophyllales. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 224:71-85. [PMID: 31172524 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 04/20/2019] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Within the angiosperm order Caryophyllales, an unusual class of pigments known as betalains can replace the otherwise ubiquitous anthocyanins. In contrast to the phenylalanine-derived anthocyanins, betalains are tyrosine-derived pigments which contain the chromophore betalamic acid. The origin of betalain pigments within Caryophyllales and their mutual exclusion with anthocyanin pigments have been the subject of considerable research. In recent years, numerous discoveries, accelerated by -omic scale data, phylogenetics and synthetic biology, have shed light on the evolution of the betalain biosynthetic pathway in Caryophyllales. These advances include the elucidation of the biosynthetic steps in the betalain pathway, identification of transcriptional regulators of betalain synthesis, resolution of the phylogenetic history of key genes, and insight into a role for modulation of primary metabolism in betalain synthesis. Here we review how molecular genetics have advanced our understanding of the betalain biosynthetic pathway, and discuss the impact of phylogenetics in revealing its evolutionary history. In light of these insights, we explore our new understanding of the origin of betalains, the mutual exclusion of betalains and anthocyanins, and the homoplastic distribution of betalain pigmentation within Caryophyllales. We conclude with a speculative conceptual model for the stepwise emergence of betalain pigmentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfonso Timoneda
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 3EA, UK
| | - Tao Feng
- Wuhan Botanical Garden, T1 Lumo Road, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Hester Sheehan
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 3EA, UK
| | - Nathanael Walker-Hale
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 3EA, UK
| | - Boas Pucker
- CeBiTec & Faculty of Biology, Bielefeld University, Universitaetsstrasse, Bielefeld, 33615, Germany
| | - Samuel Lopez-Nieves
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 3EA, UK
| | - Rui Guo
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 3EA, UK
- Wuhan Botanical Garden, T1 Lumo Road, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Samuel Brockington
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 3EA, UK
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18
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Motawi TK, Ahmed SA, El-Boghdady NA, Metwally NS, Nasr NN. Protective effects of betanin against paracetamol and diclofenac induced neurotoxicity and endocrine disruption in rats. Biomarkers 2019; 24:645-651. [PMID: 31305161 DOI: 10.1080/1354750x.2019.1642958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Context: Overconsumption of paracetamol (PAR) and diclofenac (DF) have been reported to induce neurotoxicity and endocrine disruption. Objective: The current study was designed to explore the protective potential of betanin against PAR and DF inducing neurotoxicity and endocrine disruption in a rat model. Material and Methods: Forty rats were equally divided into five groups: group I served as control, group II received PAR (400 mg/kg), group III received PAR plus betanin (25 mg/kg), group IV received DF (10 mg/kg) and group V received DF plus betanin orally for 28 consecutive days. Thyroid axis hormones, sex hormone, neurotransmitters, paraoxonase-1, hemeoxygenase-1 and nuclear factor-2 were measured by ELISA. While, the oxidative stress markers were colorimetrically estimated. Moreover, DNA damage and histopathological picture of the brains were investigated. Results: A marked reduction in thyroid axis hormones, brain neurotransmitters and serum testosterone as well as enhanced oxidative stress and brain DNA damage accompanied by drastic changes in the brain histopathological picture were recorded in the challenged PAR and DF groups. Betanin supplementation ameliorated most of the biochemical and histopathological changes induced by PAR or DF. Conclusion: The study suggests betanin of potential protective effects against neurotoxicity and endocrine disruption induced by PAR and DF overconsumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarek K Motawi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University , Cairo , Egypt
| | - Samia A Ahmed
- Department of Therapeutic Chemistry, National Research Center , Giza , Egypt
| | - Noha A El-Boghdady
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University , Cairo , Egypt
| | - Nadia S Metwally
- Department of Therapeutic Chemistry, National Research Center , Giza , Egypt
| | - Noha N Nasr
- Department of Therapeutic Chemistry, National Research Center , Giza , Egypt
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19
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Iahtisham-Ul-Haq, Butt MS, Randhawa MA, Shahid M. Nephroprotective effects of red beetroot-based beverages against gentamicin-induced renal stress. J Food Biochem 2019; 43:e12873. [PMID: 31353701 DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.12873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Revised: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to assess the nephroprotective effects of red beetroot-based beverages to ameliorate gentamicin-induced renal stress. For the purpose, normal and nephrotoxicity-induced Sprague Dawley rats were pretreated with beetroot-based beverages (8 ml/kg per day) for 8 weeks. In nephrotoxicity-induced rats, renal stress was induced by administration of gentamicin at 85 mg/kg b.w. per day during the last week of the trial. Afterward, overnight-fasted rats were sacrificed, and their sera and kidneys were analyzed for renal health biomarkers which revealed ameliorative effect of red beet beverages. Particularly, the antioxidant enzymes in renal tissues and serum proteins were significantly improved, whereas lipid peroxidation, nitric oxide, urea and creatinine levels were momentously reduced in nephrotoxicity-induced rats. Furthermore, histological assessment indicated better renal portfolio in the rats treated with beet beverages. The findings suggested that red beetroot-based beverages promisingly ameliorate negative impacts of gentamicin-induced nephritic stress. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: High rates of morbidity arising from metabolic disorders have shifted the trends toward use of functional foods and nutraceuticals as a safer approach to avoid such ailments. This research checked the nephroprotective effect of beetroot-based beverages instead of extracts of red beetroot. The findings of this research support the use of red beetroot-based beverages as a promising approach to alleviate renal stress. Furthermore, dietary supplementation of functional products and nutraceutics derived from beetroot may be synchronized in clinical practices in future after sufficient research to avoid the onset of various degenerative disorders originating from oxidative/nitrosative stress. Before employing this dietary model to humans, further investigation is necessitated to observe safety in long-term administration of such products. Besides, therapeutic dietary modules can also be devised for already suffering individuals to manage the severity of the disease and help improving health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iahtisham-Ul-Haq
- National Institute of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Food, Nutrition & Home Sciences, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Masood Sadiq Butt
- National Institute of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Food, Nutrition & Home Sciences, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Atif Randhawa
- National Institute of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Food, Nutrition & Home Sciences, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Shahid
- Medicinal Biochemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
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20
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Spórna‐Kucab A, Kumorkiewicz A, Szmyr N, Szneler E, Wybraniec S. Separation of betacyanins from flowers of
Amaranthus cruentus
L. in a polar solvent system by high‐speed counter‐current chromatography. J Sep Sci 2019; 42:1676-1685. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201801172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2018] [Revised: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aneta Spórna‐Kucab
- Department of Analytical ChemistryInstitute C‐1Faculty of Chemical Engineering and TechnologyCracow University of Technology Cracow Poland
| | - Agnieszka Kumorkiewicz
- Department of Analytical ChemistryInstitute C‐1Faculty of Chemical Engineering and TechnologyCracow University of Technology Cracow Poland
| | - Natalia Szmyr
- Department of Analytical ChemistryInstitute C‐1Faculty of Chemical Engineering and TechnologyCracow University of Technology Cracow Poland
| | - Edward Szneler
- Department of ChemistryJagiellonian University Cracow Poland
| | - Sławomir Wybraniec
- Department of Analytical ChemistryInstitute C‐1Faculty of Chemical Engineering and TechnologyCracow University of Technology Cracow Poland
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21
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Rahimi P, Abedimanesh S, Mesbah-Namin SA, Ostadrahimi A. Betalains, the nature-inspired pigments, in health and diseases. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2018; 59:2949-2978. [DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2018.1479830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Parisa Rahimi
- Clinical Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saeed Abedimanesh
- Clinical Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Alireza Ostadrahimi
- Nutrition Research Center, Nutritional Science Department, Faculty of Health and Nutrition, Tabriz University of Medical Science, Tabriz, Iran
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22
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Suntres ZE. Exploring the potential benefit of natural product extracts in paraquat toxicity. Fitoterapia 2018; 131:160-167. [PMID: 30359726 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2018.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Revised: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Paraquat dichloride, a herbicide used for weed and grass control, is extremely toxic to humans and animals. The mechanisms of toxicity involve the redox cycling of paraquat resulting in the generation of reactive oxygen species and the depletion of the cellular NADPH. The major cause of death in paraquat poisoning is respiratory failure due to its specific uptake by and oxidative insult to the alveolar epithelial cells and inflammation with subsequent obliterating fibrosis. Paraquat also causes selective degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta, reproducing an important pathological feature of Parkinson disease. Currently, there are no antidotes for the treatment of paraquat poisoning and therapeutic management is mostly supportive and directed towards changing the disposition of the poison. The lack of effective treatments against paraquat poisoning has led to the exploration of novel compounds with antioxidant and/or anti-inflammatory properties. Recently, there is an interest in plant compounds, particularly those used in traditional medicine. Phytochemicals have been highlighted as a possible therapeutic modality for a variety of diseases due to their putative efficacies and safety. In this review, the status of plant extracts and traditional medicines in ameliorating the toxicity of paraquat is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zacharias E Suntres
- Medical Sciences Division, Northern Ontario School of Medicine, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada.
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23
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Kaur G, Thawkar B, Dubey S, Jadhav P. Pharmacological potentials of betalains. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 15:/j/jcim.ahead-of-print/jcim-2017-0063/jcim-2017-0063.xml. [DOI: 10.1515/jcim-2017-0063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2017] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Betalains are water soluble plant pigments in plants of the order Caryophyllales, which are widely used as colorants. Several preclinical studies reported that betanin reveals antioxidants, anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective, anticancer, anti-diabetes, anti-lipid emic, antimicrobial activity, radio protective and anti-proliferative activity. They are isolated from sources such as red beetroot, amaranth, prickly pear, red pitahaya, etc. Betalains are divided into two groups based on the colour and confer either the betacyanins (purple reddish) or betaxanthins (yellowish orange). Betalain is one of the promising nutraceuticals which can provide beneficial effects for prevention and cure of various diseases. The purpose of this review is to focus on nutraceutical facts of betalains by focusing on the ongoing treatment using betalains and to address its future nutraceuticals implications.
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24
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Long W, Zhang G, Dong Y, Li D. Dark tea extract mitigates hematopoietic radiation injury with antioxidative activity. JOURNAL OF RADIATION RESEARCH 2018; 59:387-394. [PMID: 29325132 PMCID: PMC6054171 DOI: 10.1093/jrr/rrx072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The hematopoietic system is widely studied in radiation research. Tea has been proved to have antioxidative activity. In the present study, we describe the protective effects of dark tea extract (DTE) on radiation-induced hematopoietic injury. DTE administration significantly enhanced the survival rate of mice after 7.0 and 7.5 Gy total body irradiation (TBI). The results showed that DTE not only markedly increased the numbers and cloning potential of hematopoietic cells, but also decreased DNA damages after mice were exposed to 6.0 Gy total body irradiation (TBI). In addition, DTE also decreased the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in hematopoietic cells by inhibiting NOX4 expression and increasing the dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase in livers. These data demonstrate that DTE can prevent radiation-induced hematopoietic syndromes, which is beneficial for protection from radiation injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Long
- Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Molecular Nuclear Medicine, No. 238, Baidi Road, Nankai District, Tianjin, China
| | - Guanghui Zhang
- Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Molecular Nuclear Medicine, No. 238, Baidi Road, Nankai District, Tianjin, China
| | - Yinping Dong
- Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Molecular Nuclear Medicine, No. 238, Baidi Road, Nankai District, Tianjin, China
| | - Deguan Li
- Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Molecular Nuclear Medicine, No. 238, Baidi Road, Nankai District, Tianjin, China
- Corresponding author. Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, No. 238, Baidi Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300192, China. Tel: +86-022-85682340; Fax: +86-022-85683033;
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25
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Spórna-Kucab A, Milo A, Kumorkiewicz A, Wybraniec S. Studies on polar high-speed counter-current chromatographic systems in separation of amaranthine-type betacyanins from Celosia species. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2018; 1073:96-103. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2017.11.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Revised: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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26
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Cho J, Bing SJ, Kim A, Lee NH, Byeon SH, Kim GO, Jee Y. Beetroot (Beta vulgaris) rescues mice from γ-ray irradiation by accelerating hematopoiesis and curtailing immunosuppression. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2017; 55:306-319. [PMID: 27927068 PMCID: PMC6130760 DOI: 10.1080/13880209.2016.1237976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2015] [Revised: 08/12/2016] [Accepted: 09/09/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Beetroot [Beta vulgaris Linné (Chenopodiaceae)], a vegetable usually consumed as a food or a medicinal plant in Europe, has been reported to have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Since the lymphohematopoietic system is the most sensitive tissue to ionizing radiation, protecting it from radiation damage is one of the best ways to decrease detrimental effects from radiation exposure. OBJECTIVE In this study, we evaluated the radio-protective effects of beetroot in hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) and progenitor cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS Beetroot extract was administered at a dose of 400 mg/mouse per os (p.o.) three times into C57BL/6 mice and, at day 10 after γ-ray irradiation, diverse molecular presentations were measured and compared against non-irradiated and irradiated mice with PBS treatments. Survival of beetroot-fed and unfed irradiated animal was also compared. RESULTS Beetroot not only stimulated cell proliferation, but also minimized DNA damage of splenocytes. Beetroot also repopulated S-phase cells and increased Ki-67 or c-Kit positive cells in bone marrow. Moreover, beetroot-treated mice showed notable boosting of differentiation of HSCs into burst-forming units-erythroid along with increased production of IL-3. Also, beetroot-treated mice displayed enhancement in the level of hematocrit and hemoglobin as well as the number of red blood cell in peripheral blood. Beetroot diet improved survival rate of lethally exposed mice with a dose reduction factor (DRF) of 1.1. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION These results suggest that beetroot has the potency to preserve bone marrow integrity and stimulate the differentiation of HSCs against ionizing radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhee Cho
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Veterinary Medical Research Institute, Jeju National University, Jeju, Republic of Korea
| | - So Jin Bing
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Veterinary Medical Research Institute, Jeju National University, Jeju, Republic of Korea
| | - Areum Kim
- Department of Advanced Convergence Technology & Science, Jeju National University, Jeju, Republic of Korea
| | - Nam Ho Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Jeju National University, Jeju, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Hee Byeon
- Department of Chemistry, Jeju National University, Jeju, Republic of Korea
| | - Gi-Ok Kim
- Jeju Diversity Research Institute, Seogwipo, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngheun Jee
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Veterinary Medical Research Institute, Jeju National University, Jeju, Republic of Korea
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27
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Feng T, Sang M, Zhuang H, Xu Z. In vitro and in vivo antioxidative and radioprotective capacities of polysaccharide isolated from Mesona Blumes
gum. STARCH-STARKE 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/star.201700056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tao Feng
- School of Perfume and Aroma Technology; Shanghai Institute of Technology; Shanghai P. R. China
| | - Min Sang
- School of Perfume and Aroma Technology; Shanghai Institute of Technology; Shanghai P. R. China
| | - Haining Zhuang
- School of Perfume and Aroma Technology; Shanghai Institute of Technology; Shanghai P. R. China
- Institute of Edible Fungi; Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Key Laboratory of Edible Fungi Resources and Utilization (South); Ministry of Agriculture; National Engineering Research Center of Edible Fungi; National R&D Center for Edible Fungi Processing; Shanghai P. R. China
| | - Zhimin Xu
- School of Perfume and Aroma Technology; Shanghai Institute of Technology; Shanghai P. R. China
- School of Nutrition and Food Sciences; Louisiana State University Agricultural Center; Baton Rouge LA USA
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28
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Spórna-Kucab A, Jagodzińska J, Wybraniec S. Separation of betacyanins from purple flowers of Gomphrena globosa L. by ion-pair high-speed counter-current chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1489:51-57. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.01.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Revised: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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29
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Gandía-Herrero F, Escribano J, García-Carmona F. Biological Activities of Plant Pigments Betalains. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2017; 56:937-45. [PMID: 25118005 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2012.740103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Betalains are a family of natural pigments present in most plants of the order Caryophyllales. They provide colors ranging from yellow to violet to structures that in other plants are colored by anthocyanins. These include not only edible fruits and roots but also flowers, stems, and bracts. The recent characterization of different bioactivities in experiments with betalain containing extracts and purified pigments has renewed the interest of the research community in these molecules used by the food industry as natural colorants. Studies with multiple cancer cell lines have demonstrated a high chemopreventive potential that finds in vitro support in a strong antiradical and antioxidant activity. Experiments in vivo with model animals and bioavailability studies reinforce the possible role played by betalains in the diet. This work provides a critical review of all the claimed biological activities of betalains, showing that the bioactivities described might be supported by the high antiradical capacity of their structural unit, betalamic acid. Although more investigations with purified compounds are needed, the current evidences suggest a strong health-promoting potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Gandía-Herrero
- a Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular A , Unidad Docente de Biología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum," Universidad de Murcia , E-30100 Espinardo, Murcia , Spain
| | - Josefa Escribano
- a Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular A , Unidad Docente de Biología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum," Universidad de Murcia , E-30100 Espinardo, Murcia , Spain
| | - Francisco García-Carmona
- a Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular A , Unidad Docente de Biología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum," Universidad de Murcia , E-30100 Espinardo, Murcia , Spain
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30
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Martins N, Roriz CL, Morales P, Barros L, Ferreira ICFR. Coloring attributes of betalains: a key emphasis on stability and future applications. Food Funct 2017; 8:1357-1372. [DOI: 10.1039/c7fo00144d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Organoleptic characteristics largely determine food acceptance, selection, and subsequent consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natália Martins
- Mountain Research Centre (CIMO)
- ESA
- Polytechnic Institute of Bragança
- 5300-253 Bragança
- Portugal
| | - Custódio Lobo Roriz
- Mountain Research Centre (CIMO)
- ESA
- Polytechnic Institute of Bragança
- 5300-253 Bragança
- Portugal
| | - Patricia Morales
- Department of Nutrition and Bromatology II
- Faculty of Pharmacy
- Complutense University of Madrid
- Madrid
- Spain
| | - Lillian Barros
- Mountain Research Centre (CIMO)
- ESA
- Polytechnic Institute of Bragança
- 5300-253 Bragança
- Portugal
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Khan MI. Plant Betalains: Safety, Antioxidant Activity, Clinical Efficacy, and Bioavailability. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2015; 15:316-330. [PMID: 33371594 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2015] [Revised: 11/23/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Betalains are accepted food additives derived from vacuoles of plants belonging to about 17 families in the order Caryophyllales. These pigments are composed of a nitrogenous core structure, betalamic acid [4-(2-oxoethylidene)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyridine-2,6-dicarboxylic acid]. Betalamic acid condenses with imino compounds (cyclo-DOPA and/or its glucosyl derivatives) or amines and/or their derivatives to form violet betacyanins (for example, betanin) and yellow betaxanthins (for example, indicaxanthin), respectively. Till date, structures of 75 betalains have been elucidated from plants under the order Caryophyllales. The extracted betalains are safe to consume and they act as micronutrients in the body. In vitro studies to highlight radical-scavenging activity, cell culture studies to assess cytotoxicity and absorption of betalains, and proven clinical efficacies are compiled in this review. The literature on biological activity has not been analyzed for a synthesis of safety, clinical efficacy, and bioavailability to arrive at the concentrations required for the purported health benefits. Most betalains are under-utilized in pharmaceutical and cosmetic preparations due to poor stability and lack of scientific reports highlighting their superior tinctorial strength including flourescence, water solubility, and functional value alongside their bioavailability. This is the first comprehensive review on the dietary safety, biological activity and bioavailability of betalains. Based on this review, for future debate and input from health professionals, a human daily intake of betanin and indicaxanthin can be proposed at 100 and 50 mg, respectively.
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Brockington SF, Yang Y, Gandia-Herrero F, Covshoff S, Hibberd JM, Sage RF, Wong GKS, Moore MJ, Smith SA. Lineage-specific gene radiations underlie the evolution of novel betalain pigmentation in Caryophyllales. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2015; 207:1170-80. [PMID: 25966996 PMCID: PMC4557044 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2015] [Accepted: 04/03/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Betalain pigments are unique to the Caryophyllales and structurally and biosynthetically distinct from anthocyanins. Two key enzymes within the betalain synthesis pathway have been identified: 4,5-dioxygenase (DODA) that catalyzes the formation of betalamic acid and CYP76AD1, a cytochrome P450 gene that catalyzes the formation of cyclo-DOPA. We performed phylogenetic analyses to reveal the evolutionary history of the DODA and CYP76AD1 lineages and in the context of an ancestral reconstruction of pigment states we explored the evolution of these genes in relation to the complex evolution of pigments in Caryophylalles. Duplications within the CYP76AD1 and DODA lineages arose just before the origin of betalain pigmentation in the core Caryophyllales. The duplications gave rise to DODA-α and CYP76AD1-α isoforms that appear specific to betalain synthesis. Both betalain-specific isoforms were then lost or downregulated in the anthocyanic Molluginaceae and Caryophyllaceae. Our findings suggest a single origin of the betalain synthesis pathway, with neofunctionalization following gene duplications in the CYP76AD1 and DODA lineages. Loss of DODA-α and CYP76AD1-α in anthocyanic taxa suggests that betalain pigmentation has been lost twice in Caryophyllales, and exclusion of betalain pigments from anthocyanic taxa is mediated through gene loss or downregulation. [Correction added after online publication 13 May 2015: in the last two paragraphs of the Summary the gene name CYP761A was changed to CYP76AD1.].
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ya Yang
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, 830 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-1048, USA
| | - Fernando Gandia-Herrero
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular A, Unidad Docente de Biología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Regional Campus of International Excellence 'Campus Mare Nostrum', Universidad de Murcia, E-30100, Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
| | - Sarah Covshoff
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EA, UK
| | - Julian M Hibberd
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EA, UK
| | - Rowan F Sage
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks Street, Toronto, ON, M5S 3B2, Canada
| | - Gane K S Wong
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2E9, Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2E1, Canada
- BGI-Shenzhen, Beishan Industrial Zone, Yantian District, Shenzhen, 518083, China
| | - Michael J Moore
- Department of Biology, Oberlin College, 119 Woodland St, Oberlin, OH, 44074-1097, USA
| | - Stephen A Smith
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, 830 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-1048, USA
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The potential benefits of red beetroot supplementation in health and disease. Nutrients 2015; 7:2801-22. [PMID: 25875121 PMCID: PMC4425174 DOI: 10.3390/nu7042801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 229] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2015] [Revised: 03/17/2015] [Accepted: 04/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years there has been a growing interest in the biological activity of red beetroot (Beta vulgaris rubra) and its potential utility as a health promoting and disease preventing functional food. As a source of nitrate, beetroot ingestion provides a natural means of increasing in vivo nitric oxide (NO) availability and has emerged as a potential strategy to prevent and manage pathologies associated with diminished NO bioavailability, notably hypertension and endothelial function. Beetroot is also being considered as a promising therapeutic treatment in a range of clinical pathologies associated with oxidative stress and inflammation. Its constituents, most notably the betalain pigments, display potent antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and chemo-preventive activity in vitro and in vivo. The purpose of this review is to discuss beetroot’s biological activity and to evaluate evidence from studies that specifically investigated the effect of beetroot supplementation on inflammation, oxidative stress, cognition and endothelial function.
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Natural antioxidant betanin protects rats from paraquat-induced acute lung injury interstitial pneumonia. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:608174. [PMID: 25861636 PMCID: PMC4377444 DOI: 10.1155/2015/608174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2014] [Accepted: 02/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The effect of betanin on a rat paraquat-induced acute lung injury (ALI) model was investigated. Paraquat was injected intraperitoneally at a single dose of 20 mg/kg body weight, and betanin (25 and 100 mg/kg/d) was orally administered 3 days before and 2 days after paraquat administration. Rats were sacrificed 24 hours after the last betanin dosage, and lung tissue and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) were collected. In rats treated only with paraquat, extensive lung injury characteristic of ALI was observed, including histological changes, elevation of lung : body weight ratio, increased lung permeability, increased lung neutrophilia infiltration, increased malondialdehyde (MDA) and myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity, reduced superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, reduced claudin-4 and zonula occluden-1 protein levels, increased BALF interleukin (IL-1) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α levels, reduced BALF IL-10 levels, and increased lung nuclear factor kappa (NF-κB) activity. In rats treated with betanin, paraquat-induced ALI was attenuated in a dose-dependent manner. In conclusion, our results indicate that betanin attenuates paraquat-induced ALI possibly via antioxidant and anti-inflammatory mechanisms. Thus, the potential for using betanin as an auxilliary therapy for ALI should be explored further.
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Li X, Wang L, Wang Z. Radioprotective activity of neutral polysaccharides isolated from the fruiting bodies of Hohenbuehelia serotina. Phys Med 2015; 31:352-9. [PMID: 25703009 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmp.2015.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2014] [Revised: 01/29/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, the radioprotective effect of neutral polysaccharides from Hohenbuehelia serotina (NTHSP) against the damages induced by (60)Co-γ radiation was investigated. The results showed that NTHSP could significantly improve the activity of glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and increase the contents of glutathione (GSH) and ceruloplasmin in plasma after treated with 6 Gy-radiation compared with the radiation controls (p < 0.05). Furthermore, administration with NTHSP could effectively increase the quantity of marrow DNA (p < 0.05) and reduce the rates of chromosome aberration and micronuclei (p < 0.01) in bone marrows of mice. In addition, NTHSP could markedly inhibit the expressions of Bax protein and promote the expressions of Bcl-2 protein, accordingly inhibit the releases of cytochrome c and expressions of activated Caspase-3, and therefore block the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway of splenocytes in mice induced by (60)Co-γ radiation. These results suggested that NTHSP might be a natural radioprotective agent against the injuries induced by radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Li
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, PR China.
| | - Lu Wang
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, PR China
| | - Zhenyu Wang
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, PR China
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Naselli F, Tesoriere L, Caradonna F, Bellavia D, Attanzio A, Gentile C, Livrea MA. Anti-proliferative and pro-apoptotic activity of whole extract and isolated indicaxanthin from Opuntia ficus-indica associated with re-activation of the onco-suppressor p16(INK4a) gene in human colorectal carcinoma (Caco-2) cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2014; 450:652-8. [PMID: 24937448 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.06.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2014] [Accepted: 06/06/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Phytochemicals may exert chemo-preventive effects on cells of the gastro-intestinal tract by modulating epigenome-regulated gene expression. The effect of the aqueous extract from the edible fruit of Opuntia ficus-indica (OFI extract), and of its betalain pigment indicaxanthin (Ind), on proliferation of human colon cancer Caco-2 cells has been investigated. Whole extract and Ind caused a dose-dependent apoptosis of proliferating cells at nutritionally relevant amounts, with IC50 400±25 mg fresh pulp equivalents/mL, and 115±15 μM (n=9), respectively, without toxicity for post-confluent differentiated cells. Ind accounted for ∼80% of the effect of the whole extract. Ind did not cause oxidative stress in proliferating Caco-2 cells. Epigenomic activity of Ind was evident as de-methylation of the tumor suppressor p16(INK4a) gene promoter, reactivation of the silenced mRNA expression and accumulation of p16(INK4a), a major controller of cell cycle. As a consequence, decrease of hyper-phosphorylated, in favor of the hypo-phosphorylated retinoblastoma was observed, with unaltered level of the cycline-dependent kinase CDK4. Cell cycle showed arrest in the G2/M-phase. Dietary cactus pear fruit and Ind may have chemo-preventive potential in intestinal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flores Naselli
- Dipartimento STEBICEF, Università di Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Luisa Tesoriere
- Dipartimento STEBICEF, Università di Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Fabio Caradonna
- Dipartimento STEBICEF, Università di Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | | | | | - Carla Gentile
- Dipartimento STEBICEF, Università di Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Maria A Livrea
- Dipartimento STEBICEF, Università di Palermo, Palermo, Italy.
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Han J, Zhang Z, Yang S, Wang J, Yang X, Tan D. Betanin attenuates paraquat-induced liver toxicity through a mitochondrial pathway. Food Chem Toxicol 2014; 70:100-6. [PMID: 24799198 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2014.04.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2014] [Revised: 03/28/2014] [Accepted: 04/24/2014] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
We attempted to determine whether betanin (from natural pigments) that has anti-oxidant properties would be protective against paraquat-induced liver injury in Sprague-Dawley rats. Paraquat was injected intraperitoneally into rats to induce liver toxicity. The rats were randomly divided into four groups: a control group, a paraquat group, and two groups that received betanin at doses of 25 and 100mg/kg/day three days before and two days after they were administered paraquat. We evaluated liver histopathology, serum liver enzymatic activities, oxidative stress, cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A2 mRNA expression, and mitochondrial damage. The rats that were injected with paraquat incurred liver injury, evidenced by histological changes and elevated serum aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase levels; paraquat also led to oxidative stress, an increase of cytochrome P450 3A2 mRNA expression, and mitochondrial damage, indicated by mitochondrial membrane swelling, reduced mitochondrial cytochrome C, and apoptosis-inducing factor protein levels. Pathological damage and all of the above mentioned markers were lesser in the animals treated with betanin than in those who received paraquat alone. Betanin had a protective effect against paraquat-induced liver damage in rats. The mechanism of the protection appears to be the inhibition of CYP 3A2 expression and protection of mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junyan Han
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Shenyang University, Shenyang city 110044, China.
| | - Zongju Zhang
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Shenyang University, Shenyang city 110044, China
| | - Shaobin Yang
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Shenyang University, Shenyang city 110044, China
| | - Jun Wang
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Shenyang University, Shenyang city 110044, China
| | - Xuelian Yang
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Shenyang University, Shenyang city 110044, China
| | - Dehong Tan
- College of Food, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang city 110866, China.
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38
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In vivo anti-radiation activities of the Ulva pertusa polysaccharides and polysaccharide–iron(III) complex. Int J Biol Macromol 2013; 60:341-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2013.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2013] [Revised: 04/29/2013] [Accepted: 06/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Gandía-Herrero F, García-Carmona F. Biosynthesis of betalains: yellow and violet plant pigments. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2013; 18:334-43. [PMID: 23395307 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2013.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2012] [Revised: 01/03/2013] [Accepted: 01/07/2013] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Betalains are the yellow and violet pigments that substitute anthocyanins in plants belonging to the order Caryophyllales. These pigments have attracted much attention because of their bioactivities, which range from an antioxidant capacity to the chemoprevention of cancer. However, the biosynthetic pathway of betalains remains under discussion; the main steps have been characterized in recent years, but multiple side reactions are possible. The key enzymes involved have only recently been described, providing clues about the regulation of betalain biosynthesis. In this review, we provide a comprehensive view of the biosynthetic scheme of betalains and discuss the different reactions that have been demonstrated experimentally or proposed in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Gandía-Herrero
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular A, Unidad Docente de Biología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Regional Campus of International Excellence Campus Mare Nostrum, Universidad de Murcia, E-30100 Espinardo, Murcia, Spain.
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40
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Escherichia coli protein YgiD produces the structural unit of plant pigments betalains: characterization of a prokaryotic enzyme with DOPA-extradiol-dioxygenase activity. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2013; 98:1165-74. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-013-4961-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2013] [Revised: 04/26/2013] [Accepted: 04/27/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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41
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Gandía-Herrero F, Cabanes J, Escribano J, García-Carmona F, Jiménez-Atiénzar M. Encapsulation of the most potent antioxidant betalains in edible matrixes as powders of different colors. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2013; 61:4294-4302. [PMID: 23521423 DOI: 10.1021/jf400337g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Betalains are plant pigments with high antioxidant and free radical scavenging activities. While basal activity exists in all betalains, the dihydroxylated molecules present the highest TEAC values of the family of compounds. However, their lability limits possible applications. This work reports the encapsulation of the most active pigments, the yellow miraxanthin V and the violet betanidin in edible matrixes of chitosan and maltodextrin. An appropriate spray-drying procedure is described, with an inlet air temperature of 140 °C. The resulting particles were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, and powder color was analyzed by spectrophotometry using an integrating sphere. Stability of the bioactive compounds was followed by high-performance liquid chromatography, and it was highly promoted by encapsulation, with limited pigment loss after six months' storage. Particles retained the antioxidant and antiradical activities of the soluble pigments measured under the FRAP and ABTS radical assays. A combination of miraxanthin V and betanidin in variable proportions provides a bright palette of encapsulated powders of different colors suitable for food applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Gandía-Herrero
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular A, Unidad Docente de Biología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Murcia, Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
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42
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Structural characterization and radioprotection of bone marrow hematopoiesis of two novel polysaccharides from the root of Angelica sinensis (Oliv.) Diels. Fitoterapia 2012; 83:1712-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2012.09.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2012] [Revised: 09/18/2012] [Accepted: 09/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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43
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Lee SS, Lee EM, Hong SH, Bai HW, Lee IC, Chung BY. Gamma rays as an effective tool for removing undesirable color without adverse changes in biological activities of red beet extracts. Radiat Phys Chem Oxf Engl 1993 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radphyschem.2012.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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44
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Gandía-Herrero F, García-Carmona F. Characterization of recombinant Beta vulgaris 4,5-DOPA-extradiol-dioxygenase active in the biosynthesis of betalains. PLANTA 2012; 236:91-100. [PMID: 22270561 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-012-1593-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2011] [Accepted: 01/10/2012] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Betalains are water-soluble pigments with high antiradical capacity which bestow bright colors to flowers, fruits and other parts of most plants of the order Caryophyllales. The formation of the structural unit of all betalains, betalamic acid from the precursor amino acid 4,5-dihydroxyphenylalanine is catalyzed by the enzyme 4,5-DOPA-extradiol-dioxygenase followed by intramolecular cyclization of the 4,5-secodopa intermediate. This paper describes the purification and the molecular and functional characterization of an active 4,5-DOPA-extradiol-dioxygenase from the best-known source of betalains-Beta vulgaris-after heterologous expression in Escherichia coli. The enzyme is a monomeric protein with a molecular mass of 32 kDa characterized by chromatography, electrophoresis and MALDI-TOF analysis. Enzyme kinetic properties are characterized in the production of betalamic acid, the structural, chromophoric and bioactive unit of plant pigment betalains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Gandía-Herrero
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular A, Unidad Docente de Biología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Murcia, 30100, Espinardo, Murcia, Spain.
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Gandía-Herrero F, Escribano J, García-Carmona F. Purification and antiradical properties of the structural unit of betalains. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2012; 75:1030-1036. [PMID: 22642551 DOI: 10.1021/np200950n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Betalamic acid [4-(2-oxoethylidene)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyridine-2,6-dicarboxylic acid] is a naturally occurring compound that is normally found condensed with amino acids, amines, cyclo-DOPA, and cyclo-DOPA derivatives to form the betalains. Betalains are the pigments responsible for the yellow to violet color of the fruits and flowers of plants belonging to the order Caryophyllales. Betalamic acid is the structural feature common to all of these pigments and contains the electron resonance system responsible for the spectroscopic properties. Betalamic acid was purified by chromatography and identified by UV-vis spectrophotometry and ESI mass spectrometry. The antioxidant and free radical scavenging capacities of betalamic acid were assessed using the FRAP and ABTS(·+) radical assays. A pK(a) of 6.8 was found for the deprotonation equilibrium involved in the nucleophilic activity of betalamic acid; this pK(a) explains the observed pH effect on the free radical scavenging capacity of these pigments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Gandía-Herrero
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular A, Unidad Docente de Biología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Murcia, E-30100 Espinardo, Murcia, Spain.
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Wroblewska M, Juskiewicz J, Wiczkowski W. Physiological properties of beetroot crisps applied in standard and dyslipidaemic diets of rats. Lipids Health Dis 2011; 10:178. [PMID: 21995671 PMCID: PMC3221634 DOI: 10.1186/1476-511x-10-178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2011] [Accepted: 10/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The objective of the present study was to examine the influence of adding various amounts beetroot (Beta vulgaris) crisps on gastrointestinal function, antioxidant status and blood and liver lipid profiles in a high fat diet-induced dyslipidaemic rat model; Results The intake of a dyslipidaemic diet increased the serum total cholesterol, total cholesterol-to-HDL-cholesterol ratio, atherogenic index, hepatic total cholesterol and triacylglycerols, suppressed production of short-chain fatty acids and decreased total antioxidant status and blood glutathione peroxidase activity. Oral administration of all tested amounts of beetroot crisps prevented the rise in serum total cholesterol and triacylglycerols levels. The treatment with the addition of 3% crisps also decreased hepatic total cholesterol level and activity of AST in serum. The experimental addition of crisps likewise resulted in a tendency towards a higher total SCFA pool and activity of glutathione peroxidase and a lower serum glucose level (p = 0.080, p = 0.061 and p = 0.067, respectively); Conclusions Results of the presented study suggest that the addition of beetroot crisps could alleviate metabolic changes in dyslipidaemic diet-administered rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Wroblewska
- Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research of the Polish Academy of Sciences in Olsztyn, Poland.
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47
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Bavec M, Turinek M, Grobelnik-Mlakar S, Slatnar A, Bavec F. Influence of industrial and alternative farming systems on contents of sugars, organic acids, total phenolic content, and the antioxidant activity of red beet (Beta vulgaris L. ssp. vulgaris Rote Kugel). JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2010; 58:11825-11831. [PMID: 20964342 DOI: 10.1021/jf103085p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The contents of sugars, organic acids, total phenolic content, and the antioxidant activity were quantified in the flesh of red beet from conventional (CON), integrated (INT), organic (ORG), biodynamic (BD), and control farming systems using established methods. Significant differences were measured for malic acid, total phenolic content (TPC), and total antioxidant activity, where malic acid content ranged from 2.39 g kg(-1) FW (control) to 1.63 g kg(-1) FW (CON, ORG, and INT). The highest TPC was measured in BD and control samples (0.677 and 0.672 mg GAE g(-1), respectively), and the lowest in CON samples (0.511 mg GAE g(-1)). Antioxidant activity was positively correlated with TPC (r2=0.6187) and ranged from 0.823 μM TE g(-1) FW to 1.270 μM TE g(-1) FW in CON and BD samples, respectively, whereas total sugar content ranged from 21.03 g kg(-1) FW (CON) to 31.58 g kg(-1) FW (BD). The importance of sugars, organic acids, phenols, and antioxidants for human health, as well as for plant resilience and health, gained from this explorative study, is discussed and put into perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Bavec
- University of Maribor, Faculty of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Institute for Organic Farming, Hoče, Slovenia
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48
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Lin SM, Lin BH, Hsieh WM, Ko HJ, Liu CD, Chen LG, Chiou RYY. Structural identification and bioactivities of red-violet pigments present in Basella alba fruits. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2010; 58:10364-72. [PMID: 20839771 DOI: 10.1021/jf1017719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Mature Basella alba L. fruit, with dark blue skin and deep red-violet flesh, is a potential source of natural colorants. Its pigment components and bioactivities deserve particular attention and investigation. In this study, fruit flesh was extracted with 80% methanol (containing 0.2% formic acid) and subjected to solid-phase extraction, semipreparative HPLC isolation, mass spectrophotometric analysis, and structural elucidation. The major red pigment was identified as gomphrenin I. Its quantity increased with the increase of fruit maturity. The gomphrenin I extract yield from ripe fruits was 36.1 mg/100 g of fresh weight. In addition to gomphrenin I, betanidin-dihexose and isobetanidin-dihexose were also detected. The antioxidant activities of gomphrenin I determined by Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC), α,α-diphenyl-β-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity, reducing power, and antioxidative capacity assays were equivalent to 534 μM Trolox, 103 μM butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), 129 μM ascorbic acid, and 68 μM BHT at 180, 23, 45, and 181 μM, respectively. The anti-inflammatory function was tested at concentrations of 25, 50, and 100 μM in murine macrophages stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The results revealed that gomphrenin I suppressed LPS-induced nitric oxide (NO) production in a dose-dependent manner and decreased PGE(2) and IL-1β secretions at the highest concentration tested. The transcriptional inhibitory activities of gomphrenin I on the expression of inflammatory genes encoding iNOS, COX-2, IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-6 were also observed. It is of merit to identify gomphrenin I as a principal pigment of B. alba fruits and as a potent antioxidant and inflammatory inhibitor. These findings suggest that B. alba fruit is a rich source of betalains and has value-added potential for use in the development of food colorants and nutraceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Mei Lin
- Department of Food Science, National Chiayi University, Chiayi, Taiwan
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Gandía-Herrero F, Escribano J, García-Carmona F. Structural implications on color, fluorescence, and antiradical activity in betalains. PLANTA 2010; 232:449-460. [PMID: 20467875 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-010-1191-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2010] [Accepted: 05/03/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Betalains are water-soluble pigments with high antiradical capacity which bestow bright colors on flowers and fruits of most plants of the order Caryophyllales. They are classified as betacyanins, exhibiting a violet coloration, and betaxanthins, which exhibit yellow coloration. Traditionally, betalains have been defined as condensation products of betalamic acid with different amines and amino acids, but the implication of the pigment structure for their properties has not been investigated. This paper explores different structural features of the betalains, revealing the clues for the switch from yellow to violet color, and the loss of fluorescence. A relevant series of 15 betalain-related compounds (both natural and novel semisynthetic ones) is obtained and characterized by chromatography, UV-vis spectrophotometry, fluorescence, and electrospray ionization mass spectroscopy. Antiradical properties of individual pure compounds in a broad pH range are studied under the ABTS(*+) radical assay. Relevance of specific bonds is studied, and differences between betaxanthins and betacyanins are used to explore in depth the structure-antiradical activity relationships in betalains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Gandía-Herrero
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular A, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Murcia, Espinardo, Murcia, Spain.
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