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Flores MR, Zuniga SS. Integration of Endogenous Opioid System Research in the Interprofessional Diagnosis and Treatment of Obesity and Eating Disorders. ADVANCES IN NEUROBIOLOGY 2024; 35:357-380. [PMID: 38874732 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-45493-6_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
This third and final chapter in our trilogy introduces the clinical distinctions and phenotypical similarities between obesity and eating disorders. Research elaborating on the shared neurobiological substrates for obesity and eating disorders is discussed. We present an interprofessional model of treatment for both disordered eating and for obesity. Additionally, this chapter establishes the translational importance of research connecting endogenous opioid activity with both obesity and eating disorders, with an emphasis on clinical interventions. We conclude with a discussion of future directions for research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sylvana Stephano Zuniga
- Obesity and Eating Disorders Clinic, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Tlalpan, Mexico
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2
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Gao J, Li J, Lu X, Yang J. Samidorphan for the treatment of weight gain associated with olanzapine in patients with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol 2022; 15:1011-1016. [PMID: 36016507 DOI: 10.1080/17512433.2022.2118111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Olanzapine (OLZ) is one of the most effective antipsychotic agents, however, its clinical utility has been limited by weight gain. Samidorphan (SAM) is aμ-opioid receptor antagonist and it can reduce the weight gain associated with OLZ. A combination of OLZ and SAM (OLZ/SAM) has been developed to provide the antipsychotic efficacy of OLZ, while mitigating OLZ-associated weight gain. AREAS COVERED A comprehensive literature search was conducted in PubMed. Key search terms included SAM and weight gain associated with OLZ. The pharmacological action, clinical efficacy, and safety of SAM were reviewed. EXPERT OPINION OLZ can lead to weight gain. SAM is a new drug that acts as an opioid receptor antagonist that can decrease weight gain. SAM mitigates OLZ-associated weight gain while preserving the antipsychotic efficacy of OLZ. Clinical trials have confirmed that OLZ/SAM significantly improved psychotic symptoms, and resulted in significantly less weight gain than OLZ. OLZ/SAM was well tolerated. Therefore, it is a potential new treatment option for schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junfa Gao
- Laboratory Department, Linyi Central Hospital, Yishui Shandong, China
| | - Junsheng Li
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, LinYi People's Hospital, China
| | - Xiuhua Lu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, LinYi People's Hospital, China
| | - Junyi Yang
- Department of Pharmaceutical, Linyi City Central Hospital, Yishui Shandong, China
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Over the last ten years, the treatment of psychosis has seen a near explosion of creative development in both novel agents and new delivery modalities. The current review summarizes these developments over the past decade (2011-2020). We performed a systematic review utilizing PubMed and PsychInfo with the aim of identifying all the RCT and related analyses in adults with psychosis (schizophrenia and mania). RECENT FINDINGS We identified 11 significant developments: the introduction of new antipsychotics cariprazine, brexpiprazole, lumateperone, and pimavanserin; introduction of new delivery methods: subcutaneous long-acting risperidone, aripiprazole lauroxil, transdermal asenapine, and inhaled loxapine; and the introduction of new approaches such as olanzapine/samidorphan for olanzapine-associated weight gain, examination of the TAAR1 agonist SEP 363,856 as a test of concept, and the combination of Xanomeline/Trospium, an M1 and M4 muscarinic receptor agonist in conjunction with a peripheral anticholinergic. Last decade has seen a tremendous development in second-generation antipsychotics which provides unprecedented treatment options for clinicians in treating psychosis.
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Srisurapanont M, Suttajit S, Likhitsathian S, Maneeton B, Maneeton N. A meta-analysis comparing short-term weight and cardiometabolic changes between olanzapine/samidorphan and olanzapine. Sci Rep 2021; 11:7583. [PMID: 33828206 PMCID: PMC8027382 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-87285-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This study compared weight and cardiometabolic changes after short-term treatment of olanzapine/samidorphan and olanzapine. Eligible criteria for an included trial were ≤ 24 weeks, randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that compared olanzapine/samidorphan and olanzapine treatments in patients/healthy volunteers and reported weight or cardiometabolic outcomes. Three databases were searched on October 31, 2020. Primary outcomes included weight changes and all-cause dropout rates. Standardized mean differences (SMDs) and risk ratios (RRs) were computed and pooled using a random-effect model. This meta-analysis included four RCTs (n = 1195). The heterogeneous data revealed that weight changes were not significantly different between olanzapine/samidorphan and olanzapine groups (4 RCTs, SDM = − 0.19, 95% CI − 0.45 to 0.07, I2 = 75%). The whole-sample, pooled RR of all-cause dropout rates (4 RCTs, RR = 1.02, 95% CI 0.84 to 1.23, I2 = 0%) was not significant different between olanzapine/samidorphan and olanzapine groups. A lower percentage of males and a lower initial body mass index were associated with the greater effect of samidorphan in preventing olanzapine-induced weight gain. Current evidence is insufficient to support the use of samidorphan to prevent olanzapine-induced weight gain and olanzapine-induced cardiometabolic abnormalities. Samidorphan is well accepted by olanzapine-treated patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manit Srisurapanont
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, 110 Inthawarorot Road, Si Phum, Mueang, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand.
| | - Sirijit Suttajit
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, 110 Inthawarorot Road, Si Phum, Mueang, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
| | - Surinporn Likhitsathian
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, 110 Inthawarorot Road, Si Phum, Mueang, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
| | - Benchalak Maneeton
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, 110 Inthawarorot Road, Si Phum, Mueang, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
| | - Narong Maneeton
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, 110 Inthawarorot Road, Si Phum, Mueang, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
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Hsu WY, Lin CL, Kao CH. Association between opioid use disorder and fractures: a population-based study. Addiction 2019; 114:2008-2015. [PMID: 31307110 DOI: 10.1111/add.14732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Revised: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
AIMS To test whether fractures and osteoporosis are more prevalent among patients with opioid use disorder (OUD) than patients without OUD in Taiwan. DESIGN We conducted a retrospective cohort study using data from the National Health Insurance Research Database (NHIRD) in Taiwan. SETTING Taiwan. PARTICIPANTS The number of adult patients with OUD and without OUD was 3695 and 14 780, respectively. We established both cohorts from 1 January 1998 to 31 December 2011 to observe the incidence of fracture. The occurrence of fracture was followed-up until the end of 2011. MEASUREMENTS The primary measure was incidence of fracture. The relative risk of fracture was estimated using the Cox proportional hazard model after adjusting for age, sex, index year and comorbidities. Comorbidities included diabetes mellitus, hyperlipidemia, stroke, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, heart failure, alcohol-related illness, osteoporosis, end-stage renal disease, obesity and rheumatoid arthritis, using the International Classification of Diseases, 9th revision, clinical modification. FINDINGS Patients with OUD were 4.13 times more likely to suffer fractures than patients without OUD [incidence rate (IR) per 1000 person-years = 23.0 versus 5.47, adjusted hazard ratio (HR) = 3.74, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 3.27-4.29]. Compared with the control group, the risk of fracture was higher among the patients with OUD. Risk of fracture was higher in male elderly patients with diabetes mellitus, alcohol-related illness or osteoporosis. The cumulative incidences of fracture over 14 years of patients with OUD and without OUD differed significantly. CONCLUSIONS Taiwanese patients with opioid use disorder appear to have a higher adjusted hazard ratio for fracture than Taiwanese patients without opioid use disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Yu Hsu
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Psychiatry, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan.,School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Li Lin
- Management Office for Health Data, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.,College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Hung Kao
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Bioinformatics and Medical Engineering, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
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6
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Aslam H, Ruusunen A, Berk M, Loughman A, Rivera L, Pasco JA, Jacka FN. Unravelled facets of milk derived opioid peptides: a focus on gut physiology, fractures and obesity. Int J Food Sci Nutr 2019; 71:36-49. [PMID: 31154909 DOI: 10.1080/09637486.2019.1614540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Beyond being a source of key nutrients, bovine milk influences physiological functions by synthesising bioactive peptides during the process of digestion. Some of the claimed negative health outcomes associated with milk consumption, such as cardiovascular diseases and type 1 diabetes may be attributed to an opioid peptide, beta-casomorphin-7 (BCM-7), derived from A1 beta-casein. BCM-7 exerts its function by binding to the μ-opioid receptors in the body. It is hypothesised that activation of the μ-opioid receptors in the gut can alter gut microbial composition, impair gut barrier integrity and bile acid metabolism, in addition to increasing gastrointestinal transit time and gut inflammation. Further, it is hypothesised that BCM-7 may influence fractures and obesity via μ-opioid receptor pathways. In conclusion, it appears that BCM-7 might have multiple functions pertinent to human health; however, the evidence is limited and warrants further pre-clinical and clinical studies for hypothesis confirmation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hajara Aslam
- IMPACT Strategic Research Centre, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Anu Ruusunen
- IMPACT Strategic Research Centre, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia.,Department of Psychiatry, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland.,Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Michael Berk
- IMPACT Strategic Research Centre, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia.,Department of Psychiatry, Orygen Youth Health Research Centre and the Centre of Youth Mental Health, The Florey Institute for Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.,Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.,Barwon Health, Geelong, Australia
| | - Amy Loughman
- IMPACT Strategic Research Centre, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Leni Rivera
- IMPACT Strategic Research Centre, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia.,Metabolic Research Unit, School of Medicine, Waurn Ponds, Deakin University Victoria, Geelong, Australia
| | - Julie A Pasco
- IMPACT Strategic Research Centre, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia.,Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.,Barwon Health, Geelong, Australia.,Department of Medicine-Western Health, Melbourne Medical School, The University of Melbourne, St Albans, Australia
| | - Felice N Jacka
- IMPACT Strategic Research Centre, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.,Centre for Adolescent Health, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia.,Black Dog Institute, New South Wales, Australia
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7
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Systemic administration of low-dose naltrexone increases bone mass due to blockade of opioid growth factor receptor signaling in mice osteoblasts. Life Sci 2019; 224:232-240. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2019.03.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Revised: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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8
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Bodnar RJ. Endogenous opioids and feeding behavior: A decade of further progress (2004-2014). A Festschrift to Dr. Abba Kastin. Peptides 2015; 72:20-33. [PMID: 25843025 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2015.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Revised: 03/23/2015] [Accepted: 03/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Functional elucidation of the endogenous opioid system temporally paralleled the creation and growth of the journal, Peptides, under the leadership of its founding editor, Dr. Abba Kastin. He was prescient in publishing annual and uninterrupted reviews on Endogenous Opiates and Behavior that served as a microcosm for the journal under his stewardship. This author published a 2004 review, "Endogenous opioids and feeding behavior: a thirty-year historical perspective", summarizing research in this field between 1974 and 2003. The present review "closes the circle" by reviewing the last 10 years (2004-2014) of research examining the role of endogenous opioids and feeding behavior. The review summarizes effects upon ingestive behavior following administration of opioid receptor agonists, in opioid receptor knockout animals, following administration of general opioid receptor antagonists, following administration of selective mu, delta, kappa and ORL-1 receptor antagonists, and evaluating opioid peptide and opioid receptor changes in different food intake models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Bodnar
- Department of Psychology and Behavioral and Cognitive Neuroscience Doctoral Program Cluster, Queens College, City University of New York, Flushing, NY 11367, United States.
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9
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Ciruela F, Jacobson KA, Fernández-Dueñas V. Portraying G protein-coupled receptors with fluorescent ligands. ACS Chem Biol 2014; 9:1918-28. [PMID: 25010291 PMCID: PMC4168789 DOI: 10.1021/cb5004042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
![]()
The
thermodynamics of ligand–receptor interactions at the
surface of living cells represents a fundamental aspect of G protein-coupled
receptor (GPCR) biology; thus, its detailed elucidation constitutes
a challenge for modern pharmacology. Interestingly, fluorescent ligands
have been developed for a variety of GPCRs in order to monitor ligand–receptor
binding in living cells. Accordingly, new methodological strategies
derived from noninvasive fluorescence-based approaches, especially
fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET), have been successfully
developed to characterize ligand–receptor interactions. Importantly,
these technologies are supplanting more hazardous and expensive radioactive
binding assays. In addition, FRET-based tools have also become extremely
powerful approaches for visualizing receptor–receptor interactions
(i.e., GPCR oligomerization) in living cells. Thus, by means of the
synthesis of compatible fluorescent ligands these novel techniques
can be implemented to demonstrate the existence of GPCR oligomerization
not only in heterologous systems but also in native tissues. Finally,
there is no doubt that these methodologies would also be relevant
in drug discovery in order to develop new high-throughput screening
approaches or to identify new therapeutic targets. Overall, herein,
we provide a thorough assessment of all technical and biological aspects,
including strengths and weaknesses, of these fluorescence-based methodologies
when applied to the study of GPCR biology at the plasma membrane of
living cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Ciruela
- Unitat
de Farmacologia, Departament Patologia i Terapèutica Experimental,
Facultat de Medicina, IDIBELL, Universitat de Barcelona, L’Hospitalet
de Llobregat, 08907 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Kenneth A. Jacobson
- Molecular
Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National
Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Víctor Fernández-Dueñas
- Unitat
de Farmacologia, Departament Patologia i Terapèutica Experimental,
Facultat de Medicina, IDIBELL, Universitat de Barcelona, L’Hospitalet
de Llobregat, 08907 Barcelona, Spain
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10
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Feng Y, He X, Yang Y, Chao D, Lazarus LH, Xia Y. Current research on opioid receptor function. Curr Drug Targets 2012; 13:230-46. [PMID: 22204322 DOI: 10.2174/138945012799201612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2010] [Revised: 08/09/2011] [Accepted: 08/12/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The use of opioid analgesics has a long history in clinical settings, although the comprehensive action of opioid receptors is still less understood. Nonetheless, recent studies have generated fresh insights into opioid receptor-mediated functions and their underlying mechanisms. Three major opioid receptors (μ-opioid receptor, MOR; δ-opioid receptor, DOR; and κ-opioid receptor, KOR) have been cloned in many species. Each opioid receptor is functionally sub-classified into several pharmacological subtypes, although, specific gene corresponding each of these receptor subtypes is still unidentified as only a single gene has been isolated for each opioid receptor. In addition to pain modulation and addiction, opioid receptors are widely involved in various physiological and pathophysiological activities, including the regulation of membrane ionic homeostasis, cell proliferation, emotional response, epileptic seizures, immune function, feeding, obesity, respiratory and cardiovascular control as well as some neurodegenerative disorders. In some species, they play an essential role in hibernation. One of the most exciting findings of the past decade is the opioid-receptor, especially DOR, mediated neuroprotection and cardioprotection. The upregulation of DOR expression and DOR activation increase the neuronal tolerance to hypoxic/ischemic stress. The DOR signal triggers (depending on stress duration and severity) different mechanisms at multiple levels to preserve neuronal survival, including the stabilization of homeostasis and increased pro-survival signaling (e.g., PKC-ERK-Bcl 2) and antioxidative capacity. In the heart, PKC and KATP channels are involved in the opioid receptor-mediated cardioprotection. The DOR-mediated neuroprotection and cardioprotection have the potential to significantly alter the clinical pharmacology in terms of prevention and treatment of life-threatening conditions like stroke and myocardial infarction. The main purpose of this article is to review the recent work done on opioids and their receptor functions. It shall provide an informative reference for better understanding the opioid system and further elucidation of the opioid receptor function from a physiological and pharmacological point of view.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Feng
- Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
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11
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Böhm M, Grässel S. Role of proopiomelanocortin-derived peptides and their receptors in the osteoarticular system: from basic to translational research. Endocr Rev 2012; 33:623-51. [PMID: 22736674 PMCID: PMC3410228 DOI: 10.1210/er.2011-1016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Proopiomelanocortin (POMC)-derived peptides such as melanocortins and β-endorphin (β-ED) exert their pleiotropic effects via binding to melanocortin receptors (MCR) and opioid receptors (OR). There is now compelling evidence for the existence of a functional POMC system within the osteoarticular system. Accordingly, distinct cell types of the synovial tissue and bone have been identified to generate POMC-derived peptides like β-ED, ACTH, or α-MSH. MCR subtypes, especially MC1R, MC2R (the ACTH receptor), MC3R, and MC4R, but also the μ-OR and δ-OR, have been detected in various cells of the synovium, cartilage, and bone. The respective ligands of these POMC-derived peptide receptors mediate an increasing number of newly recognized biological effects in the osteoarticular system. These include bone mineralization and longitudinal growth, cell proliferation and differentiation, extracellular matrix synthesis, osteoprotection, and immunomodulation. Importantly, bone formation is also regulated by the central melanocortin system via a complex hormonal interplay with other organs and tissues involved in energy metabolism. Among the POMC-derived peptides examined in cell culture systems from osteoarticular tissue and in animal models of experimentally induced arthritis, α-MSH, ACTH, and MC3R-specific agonists appear to have the most promising antiinflammatory actions. The effects of these melanocortin peptides may be exploited in future for the treatment of patients with inflammatory and degenerative joint diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Böhm
- Laboratory for Neuroendocrinology of the Skin and Interdisciplinary Endocrinology, Department of Dermatology, University of Münster, Von Esmarch-Strasse 58, D-48149 Münster, Germany.
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12
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Kim EK, Lim S, Park JM, Seo JK, Kim JH, Kim KT, Ryu SH, Suh PG. Human mesenchymal stem cell differentiation to the osteogenic or adipogenic lineage is regulated by AMP-activated protein kinase. J Cell Physiol 2012; 227:1680-7. [PMID: 21678424 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.22892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is an energy-sensing kinase that has recently been shown to regulate the differentiation of preadipocytes and osteoblasts. However, the role of AMPK in stem cell differentiation is largely unknown. Using in vitro culture models, the present study demonstrates that AMPK is a critical regulatory factor for osteogenic differentiation. We observed that expression and phosphorylation of AMPK were increased during osteogenesis in human adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hAMSC). To elucidate the role of AMPK in osteogenic differentiation, we investigated the effect of AMPK inhibition or knockdown on mineralization of hAMSC. Compound C, an AMPK inhibitor, reduced mineralized matrix deposition and suppressed the expression of osteoblast-specific genes, including alkaline phosphatase (ALP), runt-related transcription factor 2 (RUNX2), and osteocalcin (OCN). Knockdown of AMPK by shRNA-lentivirus infection also reduced osteogenesis. In addition, inhibition or knockdown of AMPK during osteogenesis inhibited ERK phosphorylation, which is required for osteogenesis. Interestingly, inhibition of AMPK induced adipogenic differentiation of hAMSC, even in osteogenic induction medium (OIM). These results provide a potential mechanism involving AMPK activation in osteogenic differentiation of hAMSC and suggest that commitment of hAMSC to osteogenic or adipogenic lineage is governed by activation or inhibition of AMPK, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eung-Kyun Kim
- Division of Molecular and Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Kyungbuk, Republic of Korea
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Aldrich JV, McLaughlin JP. Opioid Peptides: Potential for Drug Development. DRUG DISCOVERY TODAY. TECHNOLOGIES 2012; 9:e1-e70. [PMID: 23316256 DOI: 10.1016/j.ddtec.2011.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Opioid receptors are important targets for the treatment of pain and potentially for other disease states (e.g. mood disorders and drug abuse) as well. Significant recent advances have been made in identifying opioid peptide analogs that exhibit promising in vivo activity for treatment of these maladies. This review focuses on the development and evaluation of opioid peptide analogs demonstrating activity after systemic administration, and recent clinical evaluations of opioid peptides for possible therapeutic use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane V Aldrich
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045
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14
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Although endomorphins-1 (EM-1; H-Tyr-Pro-Phe-Trp-NH(2)) and -2 (EM-2; H-Tyr-Pro-Phe-Phe-NH(2)) are primarily considered agonists for the μ-opioid receptor (MOR), systematic alterations to specific residues provided antagonists and ligands with mixed μ/δ-opioid properties, suitable for application to health-related topics. While the application of endomorphins as antinociceptive agents and numerous biological endpoints were experimentally delineated in laboratory animals and in vitro, clinical use is currently absent. However, structural alterations provide enhanced stability; formation of MOR antagonists or mixed and dual μ/δ-acting ligands could find considerable therapeutic potential. AREAS COVERED This review attempts to succinctly provide insight on the development and bioactivity of endomorphin analogues during the past decade. Rational design approaches will focus on the engineering of endomorphin agonists, antagonists and mixed ligands for their application as a multi-target ligand. EXPERT OPINION Aside from alleviating pain, EM analogues open new horizons in the treatment of medical syndromes involving neural reward mechanisms and extraneural regulation effects on homeostasis. Highly selective MOR antagonists may be promising to reduce inflammation, attenuate addiction to drugs and excess consumption of high-caloric food, ameliorate alcoholism, affect the immune system and combat opioid bowel dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence H Lazarus
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Laboratory of Toxicology and Pharmacology, 111 South TW Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA.
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15
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Sauriyal DS, Jaggi AS, Singh N. Extending pharmacological spectrum of opioids beyond analgesia: multifunctional aspects in different pathophysiological states. Neuropeptides 2011; 45:175-88. [PMID: 21208657 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2010.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2010] [Revised: 12/06/2010] [Accepted: 12/07/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Opioids are well known to exert potent central analgesic actions. In recent years, the numerous studies have unfolded the critical role of opioids in the pathophysiology of various diseases as well as in biological phenomenon of therapeutic interest. The endogenous ligands of opioid receptors are derived from three independent genes and their appropriate processing yields the major representative opioid peptides beta-endorphin, met-enkephalin, leu-enkephalin and dynorphin, respectively. These peptides and their derivatives exhibit different affinity and selectivity for the mu-, delta- and kappa-receptors located on the central and the peripheral neurons, neuroendocrine, immune, and mucosal cells and on many other organ systems. The present review article highlights the role of these peptides in central nervous system disorders such as depression, anxiety, epilepsy, and stress; gastrointestinal disorders such as diarrhea, postoperative ileus, ulceration, and irritable bowel syndrome; immune system and related inflammatory disorders such as osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis; and others including respiratory, alcoholism and obesity/binge eating. Furthermore, the key role of opioids in different forms of pre- and post-conditioning including ischemic and pharmacological along with in remote preconditioning has also been described.
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Abstract
This paper is the 32nd consecutive installment of the annual review of research concerning the endogenous opioid system. It summarizes papers published during 2009 that studied the behavioral effects of molecular, pharmacological and genetic manipulation of opioid peptides, opioid receptors, opioid agonists and opioid antagonists. The particular topics that continue to be covered include the molecular-biochemical effects and neurochemical localization studies of endogenous opioids and their receptors related to behavior (Section 2), and the roles of these opioid peptides and receptors in pain and analgesia (Section 3); stress and social status (Section 4); tolerance and dependence (Section 5); learning and memory (Section 6); eating and drinking (Section 7); alcohol and drugs of abuse (Section 8); sexual activity and hormones, pregnancy, development and endocrinology (Section 9); mental illness and mood (Section 10); seizures and neurologic disorders (Section 11); electrical-related activity and neurophysiology (Section 12); general activity and locomotion (Section 13); gastrointestinal, renal and hepatic functions (Section 14); cardiovascular responses (Section 15); respiration and thermoregulation (Section 16); and immunological responses (Section 17).
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Bodnar
- Department of Psychology and Neuropsychology Doctoral Sub-Program, Queens College, City University of New York, 65-30 Kissena Blvd., Flushing, NY 11367, USA.
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