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Li C, Wen Y, Tong Q, Peng Y, Yu D, Rao Y, Zeng Y. Gut microbiota-melatonin signaling axis in acute pancreatitis: Revealing the impact of gut health on pancreatic inflammation and disease severity in a case-control study. Medicine (Baltimore) 2024; 103:e38689. [PMID: 38996098 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000038689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Acute pancreatitis (AP), a severe inflammatory condition affecting the pancreas requires investigation into its predictors. Melatonin, a compound with anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, has shown promise in managing AP. Additionally, the gut microbiota, a community of microorganisms residing in the intestines has been linked to AP development. This study aims to explore the correlation between melatonin and gut microbiota in predicting AP severity. This study involved 199 participants, with 99 diagnosed with AP and 100 serving as healthy controls. The AP patients were categorized into 2 groups based on the severity of their condition: mild AP (MAP) and severe AP (SAP). Serum melatonin levels were measured on Days 1, 3, and 5 of hospitalization, and gut microbiota composition was examined via 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Other parameters were evaluated, such as the Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE) score, Ranson, and Acute Gastrointestinal Injury (AGI) scores. Melatonin levels were significantly lower in subjects with severe AP compared those with mild AP (18.2 ng/mL vs 32.2 ng/mL, P = .001), and melatonin levels decreased significantly in patients with AP on Days 3 and 5. The study also revealed that individuals with AP exhibited a significantly altered gut microbiota composition compared to control individuals, with a lower Shannon index and higher Simpson index. The AUCs for Simpson index and F/B ratio were significantly higher than those for other biomarkers, indicating that these gut microbiota markers may also be useful for AP prediction. The study proposes that there is a relationship between melatonin levels and the dynamics of gut microbiota profiles in relation to the severity of AP. As a result, the severity of the disease can be assessed by assessing the levels of serum melatonin and gut microbiota profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Li
- Department of General Surgery, Yiyang Central Hospital, Yiyang City, China
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Veena G, Challa SR, Palatheeya S, Prudhivi R, Kadari A. Granny Smith Apple Extract Lowers Inflammation and Improves Antioxidant Status in L-arginine-induced Exocrine Pancreatic Dysfunction in Rats. Turk J Pharm Sci 2021; 18:262-270. [PMID: 34157815 DOI: 10.4274/tjps.galenos.2020.92145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Objectives Granny Smith is a cultivated hybrid variety of apple with a high antioxidant content relative to all other species of apple. Acute pancreatitis (AP) is an instantly emerging inflammatory condition with a high mortality rate. The preferred treatment is restricted to symptomatic relief and supportive care. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the favorable effects of Granny Smith apple extract (GSAE) as a prophylactic treatment for L-arginine-induced AP in rats. Materials and Methods Male Sprague Dawley rats were divided in to five groups (n=6): Normal control (saline), disease control (a single dose of L-arginine 2.5 g/kg I.P.), positive control (pelatonin 10 mg/kg I.P.), and GSAE I and II (200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg, orally, respectively). All groups were treated for 7 days. At the end of the study, blood samples were collected from the retro-orbital plexus, serum separated, and subjected to estimation of biomarker enzymes such as amylase, lipase, antioxidant enzymes, etc. The animals were then sacrificed, and the pancreas was isolated and subjected to estimation of tissue biomarkers, DNA fragmentation assay, and histopathological studies. Results Serum levels of amylase and lipase were significantly (p<0.001) reduced in L-arginine-treated rats. Similar results were also observed with tissue inflammatory markers such as malondialdehyde, nitrate, etc. There was a dramatic increase (p<0.001) in the overall antioxidant enzyme levels when compared with disease control rats. Histopathological examination of pancreatic tissue showed an intact structural feature of acinar cells in the extract-treated group of rats, which was further in pact with the intact DNA found in the DNA fragmentation assay. Conclusion Thus, GSAE treatment was found to be beneficial in lowering the inflammatory conditions of AP by improving the overall antioxidant levels, and a further investigation into its exact molecular mechanism is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gadicherla Veena
- Sri Indu Institute of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology, Telangana, India
| | - Siva Reddy Challa
- KVSR Siddhartha College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmacology, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Sujatha Palatheeya
- Palamuru University College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmacy, Telangana, India
| | - Ramakrishna Prudhivi
- Dayananda Sagar University, Dayananda Sagar College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmacy Practice, Karnataka, India
| | - Anitha Kadari
- Sri Indu Institute of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology, Telangana, India
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Tsaroucha A, Kaldis V, Vailas M, Schizas D, Lambropoulou M, Papalois A, Tsigalou C, Gaitanidis A, Pitiakoudis M, Simopoulos C. The positive effect of eugenol on acute pancreatic tissue injury: a rat experimental model. Pan Afr Med J 2021; 38:132. [PMID: 33912302 PMCID: PMC8052617 DOI: 10.11604/pamj.2021.38.132.20202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction we present a rat experimental model used to evaluate the possible reduction in the extent of pancreatic tissue injury in acute pancreatitis cases, after administration of eugenol. Methods one hundred and twenty Wistar rats were used, which were randomly assigned in 3 groups: sham (n=20), control (n=50) and eugenol (n=50). Acute pancreatitis was induced by biliopancreatic ligation in the control and eugenol groups, but not in the Sham group. In the eugenol group, eugenol was administered per-os. Five histopathological parameters, such as edema, inflammatory infiltration, duct dilatation, hemorrhage and acinar necrosis were evaluated. Results at 72 h from acute pancreatitis induction, the total histological score was diminished in the eugenol group (p<0.0005) and duct dilatation and inflammatory infiltration were reduced compared to the control group (p<0.05). In addition, at 72 h, eugenol reduced pancreatic myeloperoxidase activity (p<0.0005). Conclusion eugenol, a highly free radical scavenger agent, may have a preventive role in acute pancreatic injury, as it was evident in our rat experimental model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Tsaroucha
- Postgraduate Program in Hepatobiliary/Pancreatic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece.,2nd Department of Surgery and Laboratory of Experimental Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Vasileios Kaldis
- Postgraduate Program in Hepatobiliary/Pancreatic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Michail Vailas
- Postgraduate Program in Hepatobiliary/Pancreatic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece.,First Department of Surgery, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Dimitrios Schizas
- Postgraduate Program in Hepatobiliary/Pancreatic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece.,First Department of Surgery, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Maria Lambropoulou
- Postgraduate Program in Hepatobiliary/Pancreatic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece.,Laboratory of Histology-Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Apostolos Papalois
- Experimental-Research Department, ELPEN Pharmaceuticals, Pikermi, Attica, Greece
| | - Christina Tsigalou
- Postgraduate Program in Hepatobiliary/Pancreatic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece.,Laboratory of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Apostolos Gaitanidis
- 2nd Department of Surgery and Laboratory of Experimental Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Michael Pitiakoudis
- Postgraduate Program in Hepatobiliary/Pancreatic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece.,2nd Department of Surgery and Laboratory of Experimental Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Constantinos Simopoulos
- Postgraduate Program in Hepatobiliary/Pancreatic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece.,2nd Department of Surgery and Laboratory of Experimental Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece
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Charalabopoulos A, Davakis S, Lambropoulou M, Papalois A, Simopoulos C, Tsaroucha A. Apigenin Exerts Anti-inflammatory Effects in an Experimental Model of Acute Pancreatitis by Down-regulating TNF-α. In Vivo 2019; 33:1133-1141. [PMID: 31280202 DOI: 10.21873/invivo.11583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2019] [Revised: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM This study investigated the anti-inflammatory effect of apigenin in an experimental model of acute pancreatitis. Inflammatory response was reflected by tissue expression of the cytokine TNF-α coupled with histological examination. MATERIALS AND METHODS Wistar rats were divided into three groups: Sham-group animals underwent laparotomy only, without any other interventions. Control-group animals underwent laparotomy and bilio-pancreatic duct ligation to induce pancreatitis without apigenin administration. Apigenin group animals were further treated with apigenin. Euthanasia was performed at 6, 12, 24, 48 and 72 h post-operatively. RESULTS Over-expression of TNF-α in relation to postoperative time was observed in the control group (p<0.001). In the apigenin group, under-expression of TNF-α in relation to postoperative time was observed (p<0.013). At 72 h, apigenin reduced pancreatic TNF-α expression and prevented pancreatic necrosis. CONCLUSION Apigenin slows progression and reduces severity of acute pancreatitis. Apigenin may serve as an adjunct to a more successful therapeutic strategy in acute pancreatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandros Charalabopoulos
- Department of Upper Gastrointestinal and General Surgery, Broomfield Hospital, Mid Essex Hospital Services NHS Trust, Essex, U.K.,Experimental-Research Center, ELPEN Pharmaceuticals, Athens, Greece
| | - Spyridon Davakis
- Department of Upper Gastrointestinal and General Surgery, Broomfield Hospital, Mid Essex Hospital Services NHS Trust, Essex, U.K. .,First Department of Surgery, Laiko General Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Maria Lambropoulou
- Department of Histopathology, Faculty of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupoli, Greece
| | | | - Constantinos Simopoulos
- Laboratory of Experimental Surgery and Surgical Research, Faculty of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupoli, Greece
| | - Alexandra Tsaroucha
- Laboratory of Experimental Surgery and Surgical Research, Faculty of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupoli, Greece
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Wahby MM, Abdallah ZM, Abdou HM, Yousef MI, Newairy ASA. Mitigating potential ofGinkgo bilobaextract and melatonin against hepatic and nephrotoxicity induced by Bisphenol A in male rats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejbas.2017.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mayssaa M. Wahby
- Faculty of Science, Biochemistry Department, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21311, Egypt
| | - Zaynab M. Abdallah
- Faculty of Science, Biochemistry Department, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21311, Egypt
| | - Heba M. Abdou
- Faculty of Science, Zoology Department, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21311, Egypt
| | - Mokhtar I. Yousef
- Department of Environmental Studies, Institute of Graduate Studies and Research, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21526, Egypt
| | - Al-Sayeda A. Newairy
- Faculty of Science, Biochemistry Department, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21311, Egypt
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Gadicherla V, Challa S, Basaveswara Rao M, Kunda P, Prudhvi R. Morinda Citrifolia (Noni) fruit protects the exocrine pancreatic dysfunction against L-arginine induced acute pancreatitis in rats. Pharmacogn Mag 2019. [DOI: 10.4103/pm.pm_661_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
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7
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The multiple functions of melatonin in regenerative medicine. Ageing Res Rev 2018; 45:33-52. [PMID: 29630951 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2018.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2017] [Revised: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Melatonin research has been experiencing hyper growth in the last two decades; this relates to its numerous physiological functions including anti-inflammation, oncostasis, circadian and endocrine rhythm regulation, and its potent antioxidant activity. Recently, a large number of studies have focused on the role of melatonin in the regeneration of cells or tissues after their partial loss. In this review, we discuss the recent findings on the molecular involvement of melatonin in the regeneration of various tissues including the nervous system, liver, bone, kidney, bladder, skin, and muscle, among others.
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Leja-Szpak A, Nawrot-Porąbka K, Góralska M, Jastrzębska M, Link-Lenczowski P, Bonior J, Pierzchalski P, Jaworek J. Melatonin and its metabolite N1-acetyl-N2-formyl-5-methoxykynuramine (afmk) enhance chemosensitivity to gemcitabine in pancreatic carcinoma cells (PANC-1). Pharmacol Rep 2018; 70:1079-1088. [PMID: 30308458 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharep.2018.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Revised: 05/01/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gemcitabine is a standard chemotherapeutic agent for patients suffering from pancreatic cancer. However, the applied therapy is not effective due to the resistance of tumor cells to cytostatics, caused by inefficiency of the apoptotic mechanisms. Herein, we present the hypothesis that melatonin and its metabolite N1-acetyl-N2-formyl-5-methoxykynuramine (AFMK) modify the effect of gemcitabine on PANC-1 cells and that this phenomenon is dependent on the modulation of apoptosis. METHODS PANC-1 cells have been incubated with melatonin, AFMK or gemcitabine alone or in combination to determine the cytotoxity and proliferative effects. In subsequent part of the study, cells were harvested, the proteins were isolated and analyzed employing immunoprecipitation/immunoblotting. RESULTS Incubation of PANC-1 cells with gemcitabine resulted in upregulation of pro-apoptotic bax and caspases proteins expression, downregulation of anti-apoptotic Bcl-2, heat shock proteins (HSPs) and modulation of cellular inhibitors of apoptosis (IAPs). Both melatonin and AFMK administered to PANC-1 in combination with gemcitabine inhibited the production of HSP70 and cIAP-2 as compared to the results obtained with gemcitabine alone. These changes were accompanied by upregulation of Bax/Bcl-2 ratio and reduction of procaspases-9 and -3 abundance, followed by an increase in the formation of active caspase of PANC-1 cells with combination of gemcitabine plus low doses of melatonin or AFMK led to enhanced cytotoxicity and resulted in the inhibition of PANC-1 cells growth as compared to effects of gemcitabine alone. CONCLUSION Melatonin and AFMK could improve the anti-tumor effect of gemcitabine in PANC-1 cells presumably through the modulation of apoptotic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Leja-Szpak
- Department of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Jagiellonian University School of Medicine, Kraków, Poland.
| | - Katarzyna Nawrot-Porąbka
- Department of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Jagiellonian University School of Medicine, Kraków, Poland
| | - Marta Góralska
- Department of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Jagiellonian University School of Medicine, Kraków, Poland
| | - Martyna Jastrzębska
- Department of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Jagiellonian University School of Medicine, Kraków, Poland
| | - Paweł Link-Lenczowski
- Department of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Jagiellonian University School of Medicine, Kraków, Poland
| | - Joanna Bonior
- Department of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Jagiellonian University School of Medicine, Kraków, Poland
| | - Piotr Pierzchalski
- Department of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Jagiellonian University School of Medicine, Kraków, Poland
| | - Jolanta Jaworek
- Department of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Jagiellonian University School of Medicine, Kraków, Poland
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Truter D, Chellan N, Strijdom H, Webster I, Rawstorne J, Kotzé SH. Histomorphological changes in the pancreas and kidney and histopathological changes in the liver in male Wistar rats on antiretroviral therapy and melatonin treatment. Acta Histochem 2018; 120:347-355. [PMID: 29605225 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2018.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Revised: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) has shown to cause inflammation, cellular injury and oxidative stress, whereas melatonin has been successful in reducing these effects. The aim of the study was to determine potential morphometric changes caused by cART in combination with melatonin supplementation in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-free rats. Tissue samples (N = 40) of the pancreas, liver and kidney from a control (C/ART-/M-), cART group (C/ART + ), melatonin (C/M + ) and experimental group (ART+/M + ) were collected and stained with haematoxylin and eosin (H&E) and evaluated for histopathology. The pancreata were labelled with anti-insulin and anti-glucagon to determine α- and β-cell regions. Kidneys were stained with periodic acid Schiff (PAS) to measure the area, perimeter, diameter and radius of renal corpuscles, glomeruli and proximal convoluted tubules (PCTs). Blood tests were conducted to determine hepatotoxicity. No significant changes in histopathology were seen. Melatonin stimulated pancreatic islet abundance, as the number of islets per mm2 was significantly higher in the C/M+ than in the C/ART-/M- and ART+/M+. Parameters of the renal corpuscle, glomeruli, renal space and PCTs were significantly lower in the C/ART+ compared to the other groups, thus cART may have caused tubular dysfunction or cellular damage. A significant increase in serum haemoglobin was observed in the C/ART+ compared to the C/ART-, which showed cART increases serum haemoglobin in the absence of immune deficiency. Serum lipids were significantly decreased in the C/M+ compared to the C/ART-, possibly due to the effect of melatonin on the decrease of lipolysis, decreasing effect on cholesterol absorption and stimulation of lipoprotein lipase (LPL) activity. In conclusion, we have demonstrated that melatonin stimulated α-cell production, increased the number of pancreatic islets and caused a decrease in total lipids, whereas cART increased serum haemoglobin and decreased various parameters of the nephron in an HIV-free rat model, suggestive of tubular dysfunction.
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Lebda MA, Sadek KM, Abouzed TK, Tohamy HG, El-Sayed YS. Melatonin mitigates thioacetamide-induced hepatic fibrosis via antioxidant activity and modulation of proinflammatory cytokines and fibrogenic genes. Life Sci 2017; 192:136-143. [PMID: 29180002 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2017.11.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Revised: 11/18/2017] [Accepted: 11/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The potential antifibrotic effects of melatonin against induced hepatic fibrosis were explored. MAIN METHODS Rats were allocated into four groups: placebo; thioacetamide (TAA) (200mg/kg bwt, i.p twice weekly for two months); melatonin (5mg/kgbwt, i.p daily for a week before TAA and continued for an additional two months); and melatonin plus TAA. Hepatic fibrotic changes were evaluated biochemically and histopathologically. Hepatic oxidative/antioxidative indices were assessed. The expression of hepatic proinflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor-α, and interleukin-1β), fibrogenic-related genes (transforming growth factor-1β, collagen I, collagen, III, laminin, and autotaxin) and an antioxidant-related gene (thioredoxin-1) were detected by qRT-PCR. KEY FINDINGS In fibrotic rats, melatonin lowered serum aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, and autotaxin activities, bilirubin, hepatic hydroxyproline and plasma ammonia levels. Melatonin displayed hepatoprotective and antifibrotic potential as indicated by mild hydropic degeneration of some hepatocytes and mild fibroplasia. In addition, TAA induced the depletion of glutathione, glutathione s-transferase, glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, catalase, and paraoxonase-1 (PON-1), while inducing the accumulation of malondialdehyde, protein carbonyl (C=O) and nitric oxide (NO), and DNA fragmentation. These effects were restored by melatonin pretreatment. Furthermore, melatonin markedly attenuated the expression of proinflammatory cytokines and fibrogenic genes via the upregulation of thioredoxin-1 mRNA transcripts. SIGNIFICANCE Melatonin exhibits potent anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and fibrosuppressive activities against TAA-induced hepatic fibrogenesis via the suppression of oxidative stress, DNA damage, proinflammatory cytokines and fibrogenic gene transcripts. In addition, we demonstrate that the antifibrotic activity of melatonin is mediated by the induction of thioredoxin-1 with attenuation of autotaxin expressions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed A Lebda
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Egypt.
| | - Kadry M Sadek
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhur University, Egypt
| | - Tarek K Abouzed
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafr Elsheikh University, Egypt
| | - Hossam G Tohamy
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Egypt
| | - Yasser S El-Sayed
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhur University, Egypt.
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Jaworek J, Leja-Szpak A, Nawrot-Porąbka K, Szklarczyk J, Kot M, Pierzchalski P, Góralska M, Ceranowicz P, Warzecha Z, Dembinski A, Bonior J. Effects of Melatonin and Its Analogues on Pancreatic Inflammation, Enzyme Secretion, and Tumorigenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18051014. [PMID: 28481310 PMCID: PMC5454927 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18051014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Revised: 04/26/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Melatonin is an indoleamine produced from the amino acid l-tryptophan, whereas metabolites of melatonin are known as kynuramines. One of the best-known kynuramines is N1-acetyl-N1-formyl-5-methoxykynuramine (AFMK). Melatonin has attracted scientific attention as a potent antioxidant and protector of tissue against oxidative stress. l-Tryptophan and kynuramines share common beneficial features with melatonin. Melatonin was originally discovered as a pineal product, has been detected in the gastrointestinal tract, and its receptors have been identified in the pancreas. The role of melatonin in the pancreatic gland is not explained, however several arguments support the opinion that melatonin is probably implicated in the physiology and pathophysiology of the pancreas. (1) Melatonin stimulates pancreatic enzyme secretion through the activation of entero-pancreatic reflex and cholecystokinin (CCK) release. l-Tryptophan and AFMK are less effective than melatonin in the stimulation of pancreatic exocrine function; (2) Melatonin is a successful pancreatic protector, which prevents the pancreas from developing of acute pancreatitis and reduces pancreatic damage. This effect is related to its direct and indirect antioxidant action, to the strengthening of immune defense, and to the modulation of apoptosis. Like melatonin, its precursor and AFMK are able to mimic its protective effect, and it is commonly accepted that all these substances create an antioxidant cascade to intensify the pancreatic protection and acinar cells viability; (3) In pancreatic cancer cells, melatonin and AFMK activated a signal transduction pathway for apoptosis and stimulated heat shock proteins. The role of melatonin and AFMK in pancreatic tumorigenesis remains to be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jolanta Jaworek
- Department of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-126 Kraków, Poland.
| | - Anna Leja-Szpak
- Department of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-126 Kraków, Poland.
| | - Katarzyna Nawrot-Porąbka
- Department of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-126 Kraków, Poland.
| | - Joanna Szklarczyk
- Department of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-126 Kraków, Poland.
| | - Michalina Kot
- Department of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-126 Kraków, Poland.
| | - Piotr Pierzchalski
- Department of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-126 Kraków, Poland.
| | - Marta Góralska
- Department of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-126 Kraków, Poland.
| | - Piotr Ceranowicz
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-531 Kraków, Poland.
| | - Zygmunt Warzecha
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-531 Kraków, Poland.
| | - Artur Dembinski
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-531 Kraków, Poland.
| | - Joanna Bonior
- Department of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-126 Kraków, Poland.
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Kaur J, Sidhu S, Chopra K, Khan MU. Calendula officinalis ameliorates l-arginine-induced acute necrotizing pancreatitis in rats. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2016; 54:2951-2959. [PMID: 27339751 DOI: 10.1080/13880209.2016.1195848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2015] [Revised: 05/15/2016] [Accepted: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Calendula officinalis L. (Asteraceae) has been traditionally used in treating inflammation of internal organs, gastrointestinal tract ulcers and wound healing. OBJECTIVE The present study investigates the effect of ethanol extract (95%) of Calendula officinalis flowers in l-arginine induced acute necrotizing pancreatitis in rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS Rats were divided into four groups: normal control, l-arginine control, Calendula officinalis extract (COE) treated and melatonin treated (positive control), which were further divided into subgroups (24 h, day 3 and 14) according to time points. Two injections of l-arginine 2 g/kg i.p. at 1 h intervals were administered in l-arginine control, COE and melatonin-treated groups to produce acute necrotizing pancreatitis. Biochemical parameters [serum amylase, lipase, pancreatic amylase, nucleic acid content, total proteins, transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), collagen content, lipid peroxidation, reduced glutathione and nitrite/nitrate] and histopathological studies were carried out. RESULTS COE treatment (400 mg/kg p.o.) was found to be beneficial. This was evidenced by significantly lowered histopathological scores (2 at day 14). Nucleic acid content (DNA 21.1 and RNA 5.44 mg/g pancreas), total proteins (0.66 mg/mL pancreas) and pancreatic amylase (1031.3 100 SU/g pancreas) were significantly improved. Marked reduction in pancreatic oxidative and nitrosative stress; collagen (122 μmoles/100 mg pancreas) and TGF-β1 (118.56 pg/mL) levels were noted. Results obtained were comparable to those of positive control. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION The beneficial effect of COE may be attributed to its antioxidant, antinitrosative and antifibrotic actions. Hence, the study concludes that COE promotes spontaneous repair and regeneration of the pancreas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jagdeep Kaur
- a Department of Research Innovations and Consultancy , IKG Punjab Technical University , Kapurthala , Punjab , India
- b Sri Sai College of Pharmacy, Badhani , Pathankot , Punjab , India
| | - Shabir Sidhu
- c Department of Life Sciences and Technology , Punjab Institute of Technology, IKG Punjab Technical University , Kapurthala , Punjab , India
| | - Kanwaljit Chopra
- d Pharmacology Research Laboratory , University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UGC Centre of Advanced Study, Panjab University , Chandigarh , India
| | - M U Khan
- b Sri Sai College of Pharmacy, Badhani , Pathankot , Punjab , India
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Kaur J, Sidhu S, Chopra K, Khan MU. Protective effect of Mimosa pudica L. in an l-arginine model of acute necrotising pancreatitis in rats. J Nat Med 2016; 70:423-34. [DOI: 10.1007/s11418-016-0991-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2016] [Accepted: 03/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Jaworek J, Konturek SJ. Hormonal protection in acute pancreatitis by ghrelin, leptin and melatonin. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20:16902-16912. [PMID: 25493003 PMCID: PMC4258559 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i45.16902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2014] [Revised: 04/15/2014] [Accepted: 08/28/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute pancreatitis is a nonbacterial disease of the pancreas. The severe form of this ailment is characterized by high mortality. Whether acute pancreatitis develops as the severe type or resolves depends on the intensity of the inflammatory process which is counteracted by the recruitment of innate defense mechanisms. It has been shown that the hormones ghrelin, leptin and melatonin are able to modulate the immune function of the organism and to protect the pancreas against inflammatory damage. Experimental studies have demonstrated that the application of these substances prior to the induction of acute pancreatitis significantly attenuated the intensity of the inflammation and reduced pancreatic tissue damage. The pancreatic protective mechanisms of the above hormones have been related to the mobilization of non-specific immune defense, to the inhibition of nuclear factor kappa B and modulation of cytokine production, to the stimulation of heat shock proteins and changes of apoptotic processes in the acinar cells, as well as to the activation of antioxidant system of the pancreatic tissue. The protective effect of ghrelin seems to be indirect and perhaps dependent on the release of growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor 1. Leptin and ghrelin, but not melatonin, employ sensory nerves in their beneficial action on acute pancreatitis. It is very likely that ghrelin, leptin and melatonin could be implicated in the natural protection of the pancreatic gland against inflammatory damage because the blood levels of these substances increase in the initial phase of pancreatic inflammation. The above hormones could be a part of the innate resistance system which might remove noxious factors and could suppress or attenuate the inflammatory process in the pancreas.
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Park JM, Lee S, Chung MK, Kwon SH, Kim EH, Ko KH, Kwon CI, Hahm KB. Antioxidative phytoceuticals to ameliorate pancreatitis in animal models: An answer from nature. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20:16570-16581. [PMID: 25469025 PMCID: PMC4248200 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i44.16570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2014] [Revised: 03/10/2014] [Accepted: 05/14/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite enthusiastic efforts directed at elucidating critical underlying mechanisms towards the identification of novel therapeutic targets for severe acute pancreatitis (SAP), the disease remains without a specific therapy to be executed within the first hours to days after onset of symptoms. Although earlier management for SAP should aim to either treat organ failure or reduce infectious complications, the current standard of care for the general management of AP in the first hours to days after onset of symptoms include intravenous fluid replacement, nutritional changes, and the use of analgesics with a close monitoring of vital signs. Furthermore, repeated evaluation of severity is very important, as the condition is particularly unstable in the early stages. In cases where biliary pancreatitis is accompanied by acute cholangitis or in cases where biliary stasis is suspected, an early endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography is recommended. However, practice guidelines regarding the treatment of pancreatitis are suboptimal. In chronic pancreatitis, conservative management strategies include lifestyle modifications and dietary changes followed by analgesics and pancreatic enzyme supplementation. Recently, attention has been focused on phytoceuticals or antioxidants as agents that could surpass the limitations associated with currently available therapies. Because oxidative stress has been shown to play an important role in the pathogenesis of pancreatitis, antioxidants alone or combined with conventional therapy may improve oxidative-stress-induced organ damage. Interest in phytoceuticals stems from their potential use as simple, accurate tools for pancreatitis prognostication that could replace older and more tedious methods. Therefore, the use of antioxidative nutrition or phytoceuticals may represent a new direction for clinical research in pancreatitis. In this review article, recent advances in the understanding of the pathogenesis of pancreatitis are discussed and the paradigm shift underway to develop phytoceuticals and antioxidants to treat it is introduced. Despite the promise of studies evaluating the effects of antioxidants/phytoceuticals in pancreatitis, translation to the clinic has thus far been disappointing. However, it is expected that continued research will provide solid evidence to justify the use of antioxidative phytoceuticals in the treatment of pancreatitis.
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Bachmann K, Freitag M, Lohalm H, Tomkötter L, Dupree A, Koops S, Strate T, Izbicki JR, Mann O. Effects of hydroxyethyl starch and cell-free hemoglobin on microcirculation, tissue oxygenation, and survival in severe acute porcine pancreatitis: results of a randomized experimental trial. Pancreas 2014; 43:855-62. [PMID: 24809409 DOI: 10.1097/mpa.0000000000000146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Severe acute pancreatitis is a life-threatening disease with a high mortality; so far, no causal treatment is known. The aim of this study was to evaluate the therapeutic potential of hydroxyethyl starch (HES) and cell-free hemoglobin in an experimental model. METHODS Thirty-nine pigs were randomly assigned into 3 groups. Severe acute pancreatitis was induced by intraductal injection of glycodeoxycholic acid in combination with intravenous administration of cerulein. All animals were kept in isovolemic conditions by application of Ringer solution, 10% HES, or cell-free hemoglobin. The pancreatic microcirculation was evaluated over 8 hours. Thereafter, the animals were observed for 6 days followed by killing of the animals and histopathologic examination. RESULTS The administration of HES and cell-free hemoglobin led to improved microcirculation and tissue oxygenation compared with the Ringer's group. Consequently, the histopathologic damage was reduced (5.5 [3-8.5] vs 9.5 [7.5-11]; P < 0.001). In addition, the mean survival was significantly longer at 121 hours (95% confidence interval, 102-139) versus the Ringer group's 57 hours (95% confidence interval, 32-82; P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS The administration of HES and cell-free hemoglobin can improve microcirculation in severe acute porcine pancreatitis, with consequent reduction in histopathologic damage and mortality. Therefore, this might represent an interesting therapeutic option in the treatment of severe acute pancreatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Bachmann
- From the *Department of General, Visceral, and Thoracic Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf; †Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Israelitic Hospital; and ‡Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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Carrasco C, Marchena AM, Holguín-Arévalo MS, Martín-Partido G, Rodríguez AB, Paredes SD, Pariente JA. Anti-inflammatory effects of melatonin in a rat model of caerulein-induced acute pancreatitis. Cell Biochem Funct 2014; 31:585-90. [PMID: 24779037 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.2942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of our study was to evaluate the protective effect of melatonin in a rat model of caerulein-induced acute pancreatitis. For the induction of experimental acute pancreatitis, four subcutaneous injections of caerulein (20 mgkg–1 body weight) were given to Wistar rats at 2-h intervals. Melatonin was injected intraperitoneally (25 mg kg–1 body weight) 30 min before each caerulein injection. After 12 h, rats were sacrificed by decapitation. Blood and pancreas samples were collected and processed for serological and histopathological studies,respectively. Lipase, a-amylase, corticosterone, total antioxidant power and cytokines interleukin (IL)-1b, IL-4 and tumour necrosis factor(TNF)-a were determined using commercial kits. ANOVA and Tukey tests (P<0.05) were performed for the statistical analysis of the results.Results showed that the administration of melatonin reduced histological damage induced by caerulein treatment as well as the hyperamylasemia and hyperlipidemia. Corticosterone and antioxidant total power were also reverted to basal activities. Furthermore, melatonin pre-treatment reduced pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1b and TNF-a and increased the serum levels of anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-4. In conclusion,the findings suggest that the protective effect of melatonin in caerulein-induced acute pancreatitis is mediated by the anti-inflammatory ability of this indolamine. Thus, melatonin may have a protective effect against acute pancreatitis.
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Recent advances in the investigation of pancreatic inflammation induced by large doses of basic amino acids in rodents. J Transl Med 2014; 94:138-49. [PMID: 24365745 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2013.143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2013] [Revised: 11/13/2013] [Accepted: 11/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been known for approximately 30 years that large doses of the semi-essential basic amino acid L-arginine induce severe pancreatic inflammation in rats. Recently, it has been demonstrated that L-arginine can also induce pancreatitis in mice. Moreover, other basic amino acids like L-ornithine and L-lysine can cause exocrine pancreatic damage without affecting the endocrine parenchyma and the ducts in rats. The utilization of these noninvasive severe basic amino acid-induced pancreatitis models is becoming increasingly popular and appreciated as these models nicely reproduce most laboratory and morphological features of human pancreatitis. Consequently, the investigation of basic amino acid-induced pancreatitis may offer us a better understanding of the pathogenesis and possible treatment options of the human disease.
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Jin Y, Lin CJ, Dong LM, Chen MJ, Zhou Q, Wu JS. Clinical significance of melatonin concentrations in predicting the severity of acute pancreatitis. World J Gastroenterol 2013; 19:4066-4071. [PMID: 23840154 PMCID: PMC3703196 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v19.i25.4066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2012] [Revised: 04/05/2013] [Accepted: 06/06/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To assess the value of plasma melatonin in predicting acute pancreatitis when combined with the acute physiology and chronic health evaluation II (APACHEII) and bedside index for severity in acute pancreatitis (BISAP) scoring systems.
METHODS: APACHEII and BISAP scores were calculated for 55 patients with acute physiology (AP) in the first 24 h of admission to the hospital. Additionally, morning (6:00 AM) serum melatonin concentrations were measured on the first day after admission. According to the diagnosis and treatment guidelines for acute pancreatitis in China, 42 patients suffered mild AP (MAP). The other 13 patients developed severe AP (SAP). A total of 45 healthy volunteers were used in this study as controls. The ability of melatonin and the APACHEII and BISAP scoring systems to predict SAP was evaluated using a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. The optimal melatonin cutoff concentration for SAP patients, based on the ROC curve, was used to classify the patients into either a high concentration group (34 cases) or a low concentration group (21 cases). Differences in the incidence of high scores, according to the APACHEII and BISAP scoring systems, were compared between the two groups.
RESULTS: The MAP patients had increased melatonin levels compared to the SAP (38.34 ng/L vs 26.77 ng/L) (P = 0.021) and control patients (38.34 ng/L vs 30.73 ng/L) (P = 0.003). There was no significant difference inmelatoninconcentrations between the SAP group and the control group. The accuracy of determining SAP based on the melatonin level, the APACHEII score and the BISAP score was 0.758, 0.872, and 0.906, respectively, according to the ROC curve. A melatonin concentration ≤ 28.74 ng/L was associated with an increased risk of developing SAP. The incidence of high scores (≥ 3) using the BISAP system was significantly higher in patients with low melatonin concentration (≤ 28.74 ng/L) compared to patients with high melatonin concentration (> 28.74 ng/L) (42.9% vs 14.7%, P = 0.02). The incidence of high APACHEII scores (≥ 10) between the two groups was not significantly different.
CONCLUSION: The melatonin concentration is closely related to the severity of AP and the BISAP score. Therefore, we can evaluate the severity of disease by measuring the levels of serum melatonin.
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Lampropoulos P, Lambropoulou M, Papalois A, Basios N, Manousi M, Simopoulos C, Tsaroucha AK. The role of apigenin in an experimental model of acute pancreatitis. J Surg Res 2013; 183:129-37. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2012.11.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2012] [Revised: 10/24/2012] [Accepted: 11/29/2012] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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Sowjanya J, Sandhya T, Veeresh B. Ameliorating Effect of Eugenol on L-arginine Induced Acute Pancreatitis and Associated Pulmonary Complications in Rats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.5567/pharmacologia.2012.657.664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Esrefoglu M. Experimental and clinical evidence of antioxidant therapy in acute pancreatitis. World J Gastroenterol 2012; 18:5533-41. [PMID: 23112545 PMCID: PMC3482639 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v18.i39.5533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2012] [Revised: 06/13/2012] [Accepted: 06/28/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress has been shown to play an important role in the pathogenesis of acute pancreatitis (AP). Antioxidants, alone or in combination with conventional therapy, should improve oxidative-stress-induced organ damage and therefore accelerate the rate of recovery. In recent years, substantial amounts of data about the efficiency of antioxidants against oxidative damage have been obtained from experiments with rodents. Some of these antioxidants have been found beneficial in the treatment of AP in humans; however, at present there is insufficient clinical data to support the benefits of antioxidants, alone or in combination with conventional therapy, in the management of AP in humans. Conflicting results obtained from experimental animals and humans may represent distinct pathophysiological mechanisms mediating tissue injury in different species. Further detailed studies should be done to clarify the exact mechanisms of tissue injury in human AP. Herein I tried to review the existing experimental and clinical studies on AP in order to determine the efficiency of antioxidants. The use of antioxidant enriched nutrition is a potential direction of clinical research in AP given the lack of clues about the efficiency and safety of antioxidant usage in patients with AP.
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Protective effect of melatonin on acute pancreatitis. Int J Inflam 2012; 2012:173675. [PMID: 22606640 PMCID: PMC3347751 DOI: 10.1155/2012/173675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2011] [Revised: 01/22/2012] [Accepted: 02/02/2012] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Melatonin, a product of the pineal gland, is released from the gut mucosa in response to food ingestion. Specific receptors for melatonin have been detected in many gastrointestinal tissues including the pancreas. Melatonin as well as its precursor, L-tryptophan, attenuates the severity of acute pancreatitis and protects the pancreatic tissue from the damage caused by acute inflammation. The beneficial effect of melatonin on acute pancreatitis, which has been reported in many experimental studies and supported by clinical observations, is related to: (1) enhancement of antioxidant defense of the pancreatic tissue, through direct scavenging of toxic radical oxygen (ROS) and nitrogen (RNS) species, (2) preservation of the activity of antioxidant enzymes; such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), or glutathione peroxidase (GPx), (3) the decline of pro-inflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis α (TNFα) production, accompanied by stimulation of an anti-inflammatory IL-10, (4) improvement of pancreatic blood flow and decrease of neutrophil infiltration, (5) reduction of apoptosis and necrosis in the inflamed pancreatic tissue, (6) increased production of chaperon protein (HSP60), and (7) promotion of regenerative process in the pancreas. Conclusion. Endogenous melatonin produced from L-tryptophan could be one of the native mechanisms protecting the pancreas from acute damage and accelerating regeneration of this gland. The beneficial effects of melatonin shown in experimental studies suggest that melatonin ought to be employed in the clinical trials as a supportive therapy in acute pancreatitis and could be used in people at high risk for acute pancreatitis to prevent the development of pancreatic inflammation.
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Schindler G, Dellaert F. 4D Cities: Analyzing, Visualizing, and Interacting with Historical Urban Photo Collections. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.4304/jmm.7.2.124-131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Therapeutic effect of pentoxifylline versus losartan on experimentally induced acute pancreatitis in adult albino rats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1097/01.ehx.0000401367.91216.9d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Gonzalez A, del Castillo-Vaquero A, Miro-Moran A, Tapia JA, Salido GM. Melatonin reduces pancreatic tumor cell viability by altering mitochondrial physiology. J Pineal Res 2011; 50:250-60. [PMID: 21118301 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-079x.2010.00834.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Melatonin reduces proliferation in many different cancer cell lines. Thus, melatonin is considered a promising antitumor agent, promoting apoptosis in tumor cells while preserving viability of normal cells. Herein, we examined the effects of melatonin on the pancreatic AR42J tumor cell line. We have analyzed cytosolic-free Ca(2+) concentration ([Ca(2+) ](c) ), mitochondrial-free Ca(2+) concentration ([Ca(2+) ](m) ), mitochondrial membrane potential (Ψm), mitochondrial flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) oxidative state, cellular viability and caspase-3 activity. Our results show that melatonin induced transient changes in [Ca(2+) ](c) and [Ca(2+) ](m) . Melatonin also induced depolarization of Ψm and led to a reduction in the level of oxidized FAD. In addition, melatonin reduced AR42J cell viability. Finally, we found a Ca(2+) -dependent caspase-3 activation in response to melatonin. Collectively, these data support the likelihood that melatonin reduces viability of tumor AR42J cells via its action on mitochondrial activity and caspase-3 activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Gonzalez
- Department of Physiology, Cell Physiology Research Group, University of Extremadura, Caceres, Spain.
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Abstract
Pediatric pancreatitis has received much attention during the past few years. Numerous reports have identified an increasing trend in the diagnosis of acute pancreatitis in children and key differences in disease presentation and management between infants and older children. The present review provides a brief, evidence-based focus on the latest progress in the clinical field. It also poses important questions for emerging multicenter registries to answer about the natural history and management of affected children with pancreatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harrison X. Bai
- Department of Pediatrics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Mark E. Lowe
- Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh of the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Sohail Z. Husain
- Department of Pediatrics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
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Belyaev O, Herzog T, Munding J, Bolik B, Vosschulte A, Uhl W, Müller CA. Protective role of endogenous melatonin in the early course of human acute pancreatitis. J Pineal Res 2011; 50:71-7. [PMID: 20964708 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-079x.2010.00811.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Melatonin plays a protective role in experimental acute pancreatitis (AP) because of its antioxidative, antiinflammatory, and immunomodulatory effects. This study presents the first data on the dynamic changes of endogenous melatonin in the early phase of human AP. Morning (08:00 hr) serum melatonin concentrations were measured by ELISA in 75 patients with AP for the first 5 days after the onset of pain. According to the Atlanta classification, 26 patients suffered a mild AP (MAP). The other 49 developed a severe AP (SAP). Median melatonin concentrations of healthy volunteers were used as a control. Median melatonin level in healthy controls was 18.5 pg/mL. Levels of melatonin were significantly higher in the first 24 hr after onset of disease in patients with MAP compared to those with SAP, 51.2 versus 8.7 pg/mL (P = 0.01). Melatonin values were the same in MAP and SAP during the remainder of the study period. Melatonin concentrations during the first 24 hr after the onset of pain in younger patients (<35 yrs old) were significantly higher than levels in older patients (>35 yrs): 73 versus 8.7 pg/mL (P = 0.01). No correlation existed between melatonin levels and the following parameters: gender, etiology (biliary versus alcohol induced), and histological findings (edematous versus necrotizing versus infected necrosis). High endogenous melatonin serum levels in the first 24 hr after the onset of AP played a protective role and favoured a mild course of the disease in humans, especially in young patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orlin Belyaev
- Department of Surgery, St Josef Hospital, Ruhr University of Bochum, Bochum, Germany.
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del Castillo-Vaquero A, Salido GM, Gonzalez A. Melatonin induces calcium release from CCK-8- and thapsigargin-sensitive cytosolic stores in pancreatic AR42J cells. J Pineal Res 2010; 49:256-63. [PMID: 20626590 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-079x.2010.00790.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Melatonin is produced following circadian rhythm with high levels being released at night and has been implicated in the regulation of physiological processes in major tissues, including the pancreas. The aim of our study was to examine the effects of melatonin on intracellular free Ca(2+) concentration ([Ca(2+) ](c)) in AR42J pancreatic cells. Our results show that stimulation of cells with 1 nm cholecystokinin (CCK)-8 led to a transient increase in [Ca(2+) ](c) followed by a decrease towards a value close to the prestimulation level. Melatonin (at the concentrations 1, 10, 100 μm and 1 mm) induced changes in [Ca(2+) ](c) that consisted of single or short lasting spikes in the form of oscillations or slow transient increases followed by a slow reduction towards a value close to the resting level. Depletion of intracellular Ca(2+) stores by stimulation of cells with 1 nm CCK-8 or 1 μm thapsigargin (Tps) blocked Ca(2+) responses evoked by melatonin in the majority of cells. Conversely, prior stimulation of cells with 1 mm melatonin in the absence of extracellular Ca(2+) inhibited Ca(2+) mobilization in response to a secondary application of CCK-8 or Tps. In summary, our results show that melatonin releases Ca(2+) from intracellular stores and can therefore modulate the responses of the pancreas to CCK-8. The source for Ca(2+) mobilization most probably is the endoplasmic reticulum. These data raise the possibility that melatonin also involves Ca(2+) signalling, in addition to other intracellular messengers, to modulate cellular function.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review focuses on studies from the past year that highlight molecular and cellular mechanisms of pancreatic injury arising from acute and chronic pancreatitis. RECENT FINDINGS Factors that induce or ameliorate injury as well as cellular pathways involved have been examined. Causative or sensitizing factors include refluxed bile acids, hypercalcemia, ethanol, hypertriglyceridemia, and acidosis. In addition, the diabetes drug exendin-4 has been associated with pancreatitis, whereas other drugs may reduce pancreatic injury. The intracellular events that influence disease severity are better understood. Cathepsin-L promotes injury through an antiapoptotic effect, rather than by trypsinogen activation. In addition, specific trypsinogen mutations lead to trypsinogen misfolding, endoplasmic reticulum stress, and injury. Endogenous trypsin inhibitors and upregulation of proteins including Bcl-2, fibroblast growth factor 21, and activated protein C can reduce injury. Immune cells, however, have been shown to increase injury via an antiapoptotic effect. SUMMARY The current findings are critical to understanding how causative factors initiate downstream cellular events resulting in pancreatic injury. Such knowledge will aid in the development of targeted treatments for pancreatitis. This review will first discuss factors influencing pancreatic injury, and then conclude with studies detailing the cellular mechanisms involved.
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