Genistein: A promising therapeutic agent for obesity and diabetes treatment

Monitoring of Specific Phytoestrogens by Dedicated Electrochemical Sensors: A Review

Phytoestrogens are non-steroidal estrogens produced from plants that can bind with the human body's estrogenic receptor site and be used as a substitute for maintaining hormonal balance. They are mainly classified as flavonoids, phenolic acids, lignans, stilbenes, and coumestans; some are resocyclic acids of lactones, which are mycotoxins and not natural phytoestrogen. Phytoestrogens have many beneficial medicinal properties, making them an important part of the daily diet. Electrochemical sensors are widely used analytical tools for analysing various pharmaceuticals, chemicals, pollutants and food items. Electrochemical sensors provide an extensive platform for highly sensitive and rapid analysis. Several reviews have been published on the importance of the biological and medicinal properties of phytoestrogens. However, this review provides an overview of recent work performed through electrochemical measurements with electrochemical sensors and biosensors for all the classes of phytoestrogens done so far since 2019.

Pulmonary administration of cross-linked chitosan nanoparticles of genistein for regulating blood glucose

The research study focused on the development and characterization of sustained release formulation of genistein (GEN)-loaded chitosan (CS) nanoparticles to deliver in the form of dry powder inhaler (DPI) via pulmonary route to offer higher stability and anti-diabetic activity. The GEN-loaded nanoparticles were prepared by cross-linking reaction of CS and sodium hexametaphosphate (SHMP). The optimized formulation displayed particle size (PS) of 684.2 ± 26.5 nm, zeta potential (ZP) of 19.6 ± 4.50 mV, % entrapment efficiency (% EE) of 87.33 ± 8.46 % and drug release profile of 85.48 ± 5.50 % for 48 h. The in-vivo studies exhibited a superior sustained release formulation of GEN in the regulation of blood glucose levels (BGLs). The powder showed the emitted fraction (EF) of 86.76 % and effective inhalation index (EI) of 85.41 %. The reduction of BGLs (85 %) was observed in the diabetic group. This might be due to the inhibition of proliferation of pancreatic β-cells (growth factor inhibition targeting cAMP and ERK1/2 pathway), antioxidative activity, reducing insulin resistance, and the adipose tissue mass and alteration of the hepatic glucose metabolism. Hence, these results proved the delivery of GEN in the form of DPI system as a favorable route for treating type-1 diabetes mellitus with a longer duration of action.

Genistein stimulates the viability and prevents myofibroblastic transformation in human trabecular meshwork cells stimulated by TGF-β

Primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) is the most common type of glaucoma leading to blindness. The search for ways to prevent/treat this entity is one of the main challenges of today's ophthalmology. One of such solution seems to be biologically active substances of natural origin, such as genistein (GEN), which can affect the function of isolated trabecular meshwork by the inhibition of protein tyrosine kinase. However, the role of GEN in viability as well as myofibroblastic transformation in human trabecular meshwork cells stimulated by TGF-β is unknown. Using human trabecular meshwork cells (HTMCs) we investigated the effect of genistein on cell viability and myofibroblastic transformation stimulated by TGF-β1 and TGF-β2. Using Real-Time PCR, western blot and immunofluorescence we determined the effect on the expression changes of αSMA, TIMP1, collagen 1 and 3 at mRNA and protein level. We found that genistein increases the viability of HTMCs (1, 2, 3 μg/ml; P < 0.05 and 4, 5, 10, 15, 20 μg/ml; P < 0.01). Moreover, we found that addition of 10, 15 and 20 μg/ml is able to prevent myofibroblastic transformation of HTMCs by decreasing αSMA, TIMP1, collagen 1 and 3 mRNA and protein expression (P < 0.01). Based on the obtained results, we can conclude that genistein is a potential factor that can prevent the myofibroblastic transformation of HTMCs accompanying glaucoma. Describing GEN influence on myofibroblastic transformation processes in HTMC allows us to conclude that it can be considered a potential therapeutic agent or a substance supporting treatment in patients with glaucoma.

Natural compounds as obesity pharmacotherapies

Obesity has become a serious global public health problem, affecting over 988 million people worldwide. Nevertheless, current pharmacotherapies have proven inadequate. Natural compounds have garnered significant attention due to their potential antiobesity effects. Over the past three decades, ca. 50 natural compounds have been evaluated for the preventive and/or therapeutic effects on obesity in animals and humans. However, variations in the antiobesity efficacies among these natural compounds have been substantial, owing to differences in experimental designs, including variations in animal models, dosages, treatment durations, and administration methods. The feasibility of employing these natural compounds as pharmacotherapies for obesity remained uncertain. In this review, we systematically summarized the antiobesity efficacy and mechanisms of action of each natural compound in animal models. This comprehensive review furnishes valuable insights for the development of antiobesity medications based on natural compounds.

Does Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa) Consumption Improve Blood Glucose, Body Weight and Body Mass Index? A Systematic Review and Dose-Response Meta-Analysis of Clinical Trials

BACKGROUND

Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa) has a structure similar to whole grains and contains phytochemicals and dietary fiber. Hence, it is considered a food substance with a high nutritional value.

OBJECTIVE

The purpose of the present study was to assess the efficacy of quinoa in reducing fasting blood glucose (FBG), body weight (BW), and body mass index (BMI) in a meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials.

METHODS

A comprehensive search in ISI Web of Science, Scopus, and PubMed databases as well as Google Scholar, was conducted up to November 2022 to identify reports of randomized clinical trials that investigated the effect of quinoa on FBG, BW, and BMI.

RESULTS

Seven trials comprising 258 adults with mean ages of 31 to 64 years were included in this review. Studies used 15 to 50 grams of quinoa/per day as an intervention, and the intervention was between 28 to 180 days. In a dose-response analysis of FBG, there was significant evidence of a nonlinear association between intervention and FBG based on the quadratic model (P-value for nonlinearity = 0.027); hence, the slope of the curve increased when quinoa intake was nearly 25 g/- day. In comparison between quinoa seed supplementation and placebo, our findings showed that quinoa seed supplementation did not have a significant effect on BMI (MD: -0.25; 95% CI: -0.98, 0.47; I2=0%, P = 0.998) and BW (MD: -0.54; 95% CI: -3.05, 1.97; I2=0%, P = 0.99), when compared with placebo. Evidence of publication bias was not found among the included studies.

CONCLUSION

The present analysis revealed the beneficial effects of quinoa on the blood glucose level. Further studies on quinoa are needed to confirm these results.

Overview of Natural Supplements for the Management of Diabetes and Obesity

Bioactive compounds found in various natural sources, such as fruits, vegetables, and herbs, have been studied for their potential benefits in managing obesity and diabetes. These compounds include polyphenols, flavonoids, other antioxidants, fiber, and certain fatty acids. Studies have found that these compounds may improve insulin sensitivity, regulate blood sugar levels, and promote weight loss. However, the effects of these compounds can vary depending on the type and amount consumed, as well as individual factors, such as genetics and lifestyle. Nutraceutical substances have multifaceted therapeutic advantages, and they have been reported to have disease-prevention and health-promoting properties. Several clinically used nutraceuticals have been shown to target the pathogenesis of diabetes mellitus, obesity, and metabolic syndrome and their complications and modulate various clinical outcomes favorably. This review aims to highlight and comment on some of the most prominent natural components used as antidiabetics and in managing obesity.

Can Polyherbal Medicine be used for the Treatment of Diabetes? - A Review of Historical Classics, Research Evidence and Current Prevention Programs

Diabetes mellitus (DM), a chronic medical condition, has attained a global pandemic status over the last few decades affecting millions of people. Despite a variety of synthetic drugs available in the market, the use of herbal medicines for managing diabetes is gaining importance because of being comparatively safer. This article reviews the result of a substantial literature search on polyherbal formulations (PHFs) developed and evaluated with potential for DM. The accumulated data in the literature allowed us to enlist 76PHFs consisting of different parts of 147 plant species belonging to 58 botanical families. The documented plant species are laden with bioactive components with anti-diabetic properties and thus draw attention. The most favoured ingredient for PHFs was leaves of Gymnema sylvestre and seeds of Trigonella foenum-graecum used in 27 and 22 formulations, respectively. Apart from herbs, shilajit (exudates from high mountain rocks) formed an important component of 9 PHFs, whereas calcined Mytilus margaritiferus and goat pancreas were used in Dolabi, the most commonly used tablet form of PHF in Indian markets. The healing properties of PHFs against diabetes have been examined in both pre-clinical studies and clinical trials. However, the mechanism(s) of action of PHFs are still unclear and considered the pitfalls inherent in understanding the benefits of PHFs. From the information available based on experimental systems, it could be concluded that plant-derived medicines will have a considerable role to play in the control of diabetes provided the challenges related to their bioavailability, bioefficacy, optimal dose, lack of characterization, ambiguous mechanism of action, and clinical efficiency are addressed.

The obesogenic side of Genistein

Genistein (GN) has been highly recommended for its medicinal properties like anticancer, antidiabetic, antihyperlipidemic, antiviral, and antioxidant activities among others. Recently, scientists realized that Genistein is an endocrine disruptor. It is an obesogen that interferes with the endocrine system causing obesity through many mechanisms like inducing adipocyte differentiation, lipid accumulation, and transformation of some stem cells into adipocytes (bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells for example) in vitro. Animal studies show that GN upregulates genes associated with adipogenesis like CCAAT/enhancer binding protein alpha (Cebpα), CCAAT/enhancer binding protein beta (Cebpβ), and PPARγ. In silico studies reveal a strong binding affinity for estrogen receptors. All these findings were contingent on concentration and tissues. It is beyond dispute that obesity is one of the most frustrating medical conditions under the sun. The pathophysiology of this disease was first attributed to a high-calorie diet and lack of physical activity. However, studies proved that these two factors are not enough to account for obesity in both children and adults. This mini review highlights how Genistein interaction with the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma protein can cause obesity.

Genistein Suppresses IL-6 and MMP-13 to Attenuate Osteoarthritis in Obese Diabetic Mice

Type 2 diabetes mellitus and osteoarthritis (OA) often present as comorbidities. We examined the role of plasma IL-6, chondrocyte MMP-13, and col10a expression in the development of OA in obese diabetic mice. We further investigated dietary genistein and exercise training as potential mitigators of OA. One hundred adult mice (50 females, 50 males) aged 6 weeks were randomized into 5 groups, including lean controls, obese diabetic controls, and obese diabetic mice treated with genistein, exercise training, and genistein plus exercise training. The obese diabetic state was induced by feeding the mice a high-fat, high-sugar diet. Genistein was incorporated into the diet at a concentration of 600 mg genistein/kg. Exercise training was performed on a treadmill and consisted of daily 30 min sessions at 12 m/min, 5 days/week for a 12-week period. After treatment, plasma was collected, and proximal tibias were removed for analysis. Plasma IL-6 and MMP-13 were elevated while col10a was reduced in obese diabetic mice in comparison to lean controls. Dietary genistein treatment reduced IL-6 and MMP-13 expression and increased col10a expression. Histological examination of articular cartilage showed reduced thickness of the uncalcified zones and proteoglycan content in the cartilage of diabetic mice in comparison to mice fed genistein. Exercise training had no significant effect. In conclusion, genistein (and not exercise training) attenuates OA by reducing IL-6 and MMP-13 expression in diabetic mice.

Peroxisome Proliferator Activated Receptor-γ Agonistic Compounds from the Jellyfish-Derived Fungus Cladosporium oxysporum

In our search for peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) agonists, five undescribed compounds, namely two acyclic diterpenes (1 and 2; cladopsol A and cladopsol B), two sesquiterpenes (3 and 4; cladopsol C and cladopsol D), and one C21-ecdysteroid (5; cladopsol E), and 15 known compounds were isolated from the jellyfish-derived fungus - Cladosporium oxysporum. The structures of the undescribed compounds were defined using UV, NMR, HR-ESI-MS, and electronic circular dichroism (ECD) spectroscopy and a modified Mosher's method. Luciferase reporter assay and docking analysis suggested that cladopsol B may function as a PPAR-γ partial agonist with a potential antidiabetic lead which may evade the side effects of full agonists. Moreover, cladopsol B stimulated glucose uptake in HepG2 cells with an efficacy comparable to that of rosiglitazone, but with less side effect induced by lipid accumulation in 3T3-L1 cells. Therefore, cladopsol B could serve as a molecular skeleton in a study of advanced antidiabetic lead with less side effect.

A review of the role of liposome-encapsulated phytochemicals targeting PPAR Ɣ and associated pathways to combat obesity

A limited number of studies have directly examined the effects of liposomal encapsulated phytochemicals and their anti-obesity effects in adults. This study aimed to summarize the evidence on the effect of liposomal encapsulated phytochemicals and their role in regulating major pathways involved in the anti-obesity mechanism. A systematic search was performed using several search engines like Science Direct, Google Scholar, and other online journals, focusing on laboratory research, systematic reviews, clinical trials, and meta-analysis that focused on liposomal encapsulated phytochemicals with anti-obesity properties, and followed the preferred reporting terms for this systematic review. An initial search provided a result of 1810 articles, and 93 papers were selected after the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Very few studies have been conducted on the liposomal encapsulation of phytochemicals or its synergistic study to combat obesity; hence this review paves the way for future obesity research and is mainly helpful for the pediatric obesity population. Liposomal encapsulation of phytochemicals has improved the efficiency of freely administered phytochemicals. Targeted delivery improved drug utilization and regulated the anti-obesity pathways. PPARƔ is a major therapeutic target for obesity as it inhibits adipocyte differentiation and maintains energy homeostasis.

Rapid Analytical Method Development and Validation of RP-HPLC Method for the Simultaneous Estimation of Exemestane and Genistein with Specific Application in Lipid-Based Nanoformulations

Exemestane (EXE), an irreversible aromatase inhibitor, is employed as a therapy for hormone-dependent breast cancer. Several studies have also established the budding effects of genistein (GEN) in various types of cancer such as breast, prostate, as well as skin due to its feeble estrogenic and anti-estrogenic properties. Considering the promising benefits of GEN, it was combined with EXE to accomplish superior therapeutic efficiency with fewer side effects. The quantification of the exact concentration of EXE and GEN when delivered as a combination would be required for which HPLC method was developed and validated. For this purpose, the C18 ODS column having dimensions of 150 × 4.6 mm, 5 μm, using mobile phase A as methanol:water (35:15, v/v), with formic acid (0.01%), and B as acetonitrile (in the ratio of A:B--30:70 v/v) at a flow rate of 1 mL/min was commonly used. The Box-Behnken design was chosen as our experimental model, and the interactions among the independent and dependent variables were analyzed. Parameters like linearity, system suitability, specificity, precision (intra- and interday), robustness, ruggedness, LOD (limit of detection), and LOQ (limit of quantification) were selected for the validation of our proposed method. EXE and GEN were eluted individually at 245 and 270.5 nm, respectively, while both of the agents were determined simultaneously at 256 nm, showing retention time as 2.10 and 1.67 min, respectively, and the calibration plot was observed to be linear in the range of 5-110 μg/mL. Hence, the method that we developed and validated was found to be suitable for the identification of both the drugs simultaneously in combination and in our in-house-developed nanoformulation.

Overview on postmenopausal osteoporosis and periodontitis: The therapeutic potential of phytoestrogens against alveolar bone loss

Osteoporosis and periodontitis are two major chronic diseases of postmenopausal women. The association between these two diseases are evident through systemic bone loss and alveolar bone loss. Both postmenopausal osteoporosis and periodontitis impose a considerable personal and socioeconomic burden. Biphosphonate and hormone replacement therapy are effective in preventing bone loss in postmenopausal osteoporosis and periodontitis, but they are coupled with severe adverse effects. Phytoestrogens are plant-based estrogen-like compounds, which have been used for the treatment of menopause-related symptoms. In the last decades, numerous preclinical and clinical studies have been carried out to evaluate the therapeutic effects of phytoestrogens including bone health. The aim of this article is to give an overview of the bidirectional interrelationship between postmenopausal osteoporosis and periodontitis, summarize the skeletal effects of phytoestrogens and report the most studied phytoestrogens with promising alveolar bone protective effect in postmenopausal osteoporosis model, with and without experimental periodontitis. To date, there are limited studies on the effects of phytoestrogens on alveolar bone in postmenopausal osteoporosis. Phytoestrogens may have exerted their bone protective effect by inhibiting bone resorption and enhancing bone formation. With the reported findings on the protective effects of phytoestrogens on bone, well-designed trials are needed to better investigate their therapeutic effects. The compilation of outcomes presented in this review may provide an overview of the recent research findings in this field and direct further in vivo and clinical studies in the future.

Genistein activated SIRT1-AMPK signaling pathway mediated by ERβ-FOXO1-Nampt to reduce fat accumulation in chicken hepatocytes

Excessive fat accumulation in broiler chickens would seriously threaten the poultry industry. It leads to lower feed conversion rate and worse meat quality. Even worse, it harms the consumers' health due to the intake of high-fat chicken products. Dietary supplements with bioactive ingredients have been considered an effective way to solve this problem. Genistein is the primary phytoestrogen in soybean. Its fat-reduction effect has been reported, but the molecular mechanism is unclear. The present study found that genistein reduced lipid droplets accumulation by regulating lipid metabolism-related factors expression in chicken hepatocytes. The research showed that genistein significantly increased phosphor (p)-AMP-activated protein kinase (p-AMPK) and Sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) protein expressions. The effect of genistein on reducing lipid droplets accumulation and upregulating p-AMPK protein level was blocked entirely when pretreated with SIRT1 inhibitor. These results implied that SIRT1 is required to activate AMPK. Furthermore, genistein treatment significantly upregulated the SIRT1 protein level when pretreated with AMPK inhibitor. We demonstrated that the activation of estrogen receptor β-Forkhead box O1-Nicotinamide phosphoribosyl transferase (ERβ-FOXO1-Nampt) signaling pathway upregulated the NAD⁺ concentration in hepatocytes, and activated SIRT1 ultimately. In summary, we demonstrated that genistein suppressed lipid droplets accumulation in chicken hepatocytes by activating SIRT1-AMPK. The SIRT1-AMPK signaling pathway was mediated by ERβ-FOXO1-Nampt. These findings increase our understanding of the mechanisms of genistein on fat reduction, and provide compelling evidence for it as a nutritional supplement to prevent excessive fat deposition and lipid metabolism-related diseases in animals and even humans.

Nanoformulations of flavonoids for diabetes and microvascular diabetic complications

Diabetes is a chronic metabolic disease characterized by an excess of glucose in the blood. If the constant sugar level is not managed correctly in diabetic patients, it may lead to microvascular complications such as diabetic retinopathy, neuropathy, and nephropathy. There are several synthetic drugs for the management of diabetes; however, these drugs produce immense adverse effects in long-term use. Flavonoids are naturally occurring substances categorized in various classes. They are known for their diverse pharmacological actions, and one of them is prominent antihyperglycemic action and their activities in diabetic complications. In the last few decades, many research studies emphasized the potential of flavonoids in diabetes management. Nevertheless, most flavonoids are insoluble in water and cannot produce desired therapeutic action when administered in conventional dosage forms. To overcome this issue, flavonoids were formulated into different nanoformulations to enhance solubility, absorption, and therapeutic efficacy. This review article focuses on flavonoid nanoformulations and in vitro and in vivo studies reported to overcome diabetes mellitus and its complications.

Dietary Impacts on Gestational Diabetes: Connection between Gut Microbiome and Epigenetic Mechanisms

Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is one of the most common obstetric complications due to an increased level of glucose intolerance during pregnancy. The prevalence of GDM increases due to the obesity epidemic. GDM is also associated with an increased risk of gestational hypertension and preeclampsia resulting in elevated maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality. Diet is one of the most important environmental factors associated with etiology of GDM. Studies have shown that the consumption of certain bioactive diets and nutrients before and during pregnancy might have preventive effects against GDM leading to a healthy pregnancy outcome as well as beneficial metabolic outcomes later in the offspring's life. Gut microbiome as a biological ecosystem bridges the gap between human health and diseases through diets. Maternal diets affect maternal and fetal gut microbiome and metabolomics profiles, which consequently regulate the host epigenome, thus contributing to later-life metabolic health in both mother and offspring. This review discusses the current knowledge regarding how epigenetic mechanisms mediate the interaction between maternal bioactive diets, the gut microbiome and the metabolome leading to improved metabolic health in both mother and offspring.

Maternal soybean diet on prevention of obesity-related breast cancer through early-life gut microbiome and epigenetic regulation

Overnutrition-induced obesity and metabolic dysregulation are considered major risk factors contributing to breast cancer. The origin of both obesity and breast cancer can retrospect to early development in human lifespan. Genistein (GE), a natural isoflavone enriched in soybean products, has been proposed to associate with a lower risk of breast cancer and various metabolic disorders. Our study aimed to determine the effects of maternal exposure to soybean dietary GE on prevention of overnutrition-induced breast cancer later in life and explore potential mechanisms in different mouse models. Our results showed that maternal dietary GE treatment improved offspring metabolic functions by significantly attenuating high-fat diet-induced body fat accumulation, lipid panel abnormalities and glucose intolerance in mice offspring. Importantly, maternal dietary GE exposure effectively delayed high-fat diet-simulated mammary tumor development in female offspring. Mechanistically, we found that maternal dietary GE may exert its chemopreventive effects through affecting essential regulatory gene expression in control of metabolism, inflammation and tumor development via, at least in part, regulation of offspring gut microbiome, bacterial metabolites and epigenetic profiles. Altogether, our findings indicate that maternal GE consumption is an effective intervention approach leading to early-life prevention of obesity-related metabolic disorders and breast cancer later in life through dynamically influencing the interplay between early-life gut microbiota, key microbial metabolite profiles and offspring epigenome.

Exercise and/or Genistein Do Not Revert 24-Week High-Fat, High-Sugar Diet-Induced Gut Microbiota Diversity Changes in Male C57BL/6J Adult Mice

The gut microbiota (GM) has been hypothesized to be a potential mediator in the health benefits of exercise and diet. The current literature is focused on the prevention effects of exercise and diet and could benefit from exploring whether these treatments alone or combined can treat obesity via the gut microbiome. This study aimed to explore the effects of genistein, exercise, and their synergistic effect to revert diet-induced obesity and gut microbiota changes. A total of 57 male adult C57BL/6 mice were randomized to 24 weeks of unpurified diet (chow) or a high-fat, high-sugar diet (HFD; 60% fat total energy). After the first 12 weeks, animals on the HFD were randomized into: HFD + chow, HFD, HFD + exercise (HFD + Exe), HFD + genistein (HFD + Gen), and HFD + Exe + Gen. We compared the body weight change between groups after 24 weeks. GM (α-diversity and ß-diversity) was profiled after sequencing the 16S rRNA gene by Illumina MiSeq. HFD + Exe + Gen significantly (p < 0.05) decreased weight gain relative to the HFD with only HFD + chow reverting the body weight change to that of chow. All diets including HFD reduced the GM richness (observed amplicon sequence variants) relative to chow with the HFD + Gen and HFD + Exe resulting in significantly lower phylogenetic diversity compared to the HFD. Data did not support an additive benefit to the GM for HFD + Gen + Exe. HFD + Exe + Gen showed a greater capacity to revert diet-induced obesity in adult male mice, but it was not as effective as switching from HFD to chow. Lifestyle treatment of HFD-induced obesity including exercise and genistein resulted in a reduction in weight gain and GM richness, but switching from HFD to chow had the greatest potential to revert these characteristics toward that of lean controls.

Potential roles of genistein in polycystic ovary syndrome: A comprehensive systematic review

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is one of the most prevalent polygenic endocrine disorders in reproductive-age women. Genistein is a soy-isolated phytoestrogen and isoflavone with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, estrogenic, and antineoplastic activity. This systematic review aimed to investigate the therapeutic effects and mechanisms of actions of genistein in PCOS. The present study was conducted according to the guidelines of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) protocol. We searched PubMed, Scopus, Embase, and Google Scholar databases up to February 2022 using relative keywords. Studies published in English evaluated genistein's effects on PCOS, and its related symptoms were considered. Out of 298 records screened, only 13 articles met the inclusion criteria: Nine animal and 4 human studies. The results of the current study indicated that genistein supplementation may effectively improve PCOS-related symptoms by decreasing insulin resistance and anthropometric indices, improving ovarian morphology and regulating reproductive hormones, and reducing oxidative stress and inflammation by influencing biological pathways. According to the current literature, genistein may diminish the dues of PCOS. Therefore, this study shows that genistein can be considered an effective agent. in reducing the complications of PCOS. However, further studies are recommended for a broad conclusion on the exact mechanism of genistein in PCOS patients.

Fermented Soy Products and Their Potential Health Benefits: A Review

In the growing search for therapeutic strategies, there is an interest in foods containing natural antioxidants and other bioactive compounds capable of preventing or reversing pathogenic processes associated with metabolic disease. Fermentation has been used as a potent way of improving the properties of soybean and their components. Microbial metabolism is responsible for producing the β-glucosidase enzyme that converts glycosidic isoflavones into aglycones with higher biological activity in fermented soy products, in addition to several end-metabolites associated with human health development, including peptides, phenolic acids, fatty acids, vitamins, flavonoids, minerals, and organic acids. Thus, several products have emerged from soybean fermentation by fungi, bacteria, or a combination of both. This review covers the key biological characteristics of soy and fermented soy products, including natto, miso, tofu, douchi, sufu, cheonggukjang, doenjang, kanjang, meju, tempeh, thua-nao, kinema, hawaijar, and tungrymbai. The inclusion of these foods in the diet has been associated with the reduction of chronic diseases, with potential anticancer, anti-obesity, antidiabetic, anticholesterol, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective effects. These biological activities and the recently studied potential of fermented soybean molecules against SARS-CoV-2 are discussed. Finally, a patent landscape is presented to provide the state-of-the-art of the transfer of knowledge from the scientific sphere to the industrial application.

An overview of possible pivotal mechanisms of Genistein as a potential phytochemical against SARS-CoV-2 infection: A hypothesis

The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID‐19) pandemic has been caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2). It is a global problem that humanity has not yet found a definitive solution for it. In this regard, a global effort has been done to find effective or potential adjuvant therapies in order to fight this infection. Genistein is a small, biologically active phytoestrogen flavonoid that is found in high amounts in soy and plants of the Fabaceae family. This important compound is known due to its anti‐cancer, anti‐inflammatory, and antioxidant effects. Additionally, protective effects of genistein have been reported in different pathological conditions through modulating intracellular pathways such as PI3K, Akt, mTOR, NF‐κB, PPARγ, AMPK, and Nrf2. Scientific evidence suggests that genistein could have a potential role to treat COVID‐19 through its anti‐inflammatory and anti‐oxidant effects. Furthermore, it appears to interfere with intracellular pathways involved in viral entry into the cell. This review provides a basis for further research and development of clinical applications of genistein as a potential alternative therapy to decrease inflammation and oxidative stress in COVID‐19 patients.

Exploring the role of senescence inducers and senotherapeutics as targets for anticancer natural products

During the last few decades, cancer has remained one of the deadliest diseases that endanger human health, emphasizing urgent drug discovery. Cellular senescence has gained a great deal of attention in recent years because of its link to the development of cancer therapy. Senescent cells are incapable of proliferating due to irreversibly inhibited the initiation of the cell cycle pathways. However, senescent cells aggregate in tissues and produce a pro-inflammatory secretome called senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) that can cause serious harmful effects if not managed properly. There is mounting evidence that senescent cells lead to various phases of tumorigenesis in various anatomical sites, owing mostly to the paracrine activities of the SASP. Therefore, a new treatment field called senotherapeutics has been established. Senotherapeutics are newly developed anticancer agents that have been demonstrated to inhibit cancer effectively. In light of recent findings, several promising natural products have been identified as senescence inducers and senotherapeutics, including, miliusanes, epigallocatechin gallate, phloretin, silybin, resveratrol, genistein, sulforaphane, quercetin, allicin, fisetin, piperlongumine, berberine, triptolide, tocotrienols and curcumin analogs. Several of them have already been validated through preclinical trials and exert an enormous potential for clinical trials. This review article focuses on and summarises the latest advances on cellular senescence and its potential as a target for cancer treatment and highlights the well-known natural products as senotherapeutics for cancer treatment.

Genistein Protects against Spinal Cord Injury in Mice by Inhibiting Neuroinflammation via TLR4-Mediated Microglial Polarization

Objective

The present study was designed to study the effect of genistein on spinal cord injury (SCI) in mice and to explore its underlying mechanisms.

Methods

We established SCI mouse model, and genistein was administered for treatment. We used the Basso, Beattie, and Bresnahan (BBB) exercise rating scale to evaluate exercise recovery, and the detection of spinal cord edema was done using the wet/dry weight method. Apoptosis was determined by TUNEL staining, and inflammation was evaluated by measuring inflammatory factors by an ELISA kit. The expression of M1 and M2 macrophage markers was determined using flow cytometry, and the expression of proteins was detected using immunoblotting.

Results

Genistein treatment not only improved the BBB score but also reduced spinal cord edema in SCI mice. Genistein treatment reduced apoptosis by increasing Bcl2 protein expression and decreasing Bax and caspase 3 protein expression. It also reduced the expression of inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-8) in the SCI area of SCI mice. Flow cytometry analysis indicated that genistein treatment significantly decreased the ratio of M1 macrophages (CD45+/Gr-1-/CD11b+/iNOS+) and increased the ratio of M2 macrophages (CD45+/Gr-1-/CD11b+/Arginase 1+) in the SCI area of SCI mice on the 28th day after being treated with genistein. We also found that genistein treatment significantly decreased the expression of TLR4, MyD88, and TRAF6 protein in the SCI area of SCI mice on 28th day after being treated with genistein.

Conclusion

Our findings suggested that genistein exerted neuroprotective action by inhibiting neuroinflammation by promoting the activation of M2 macrophages, and its underlying mechanisms might be related to the inhibition of the TLR4-mediated MyD88-dependent signaling pathway.

Genistein Alleviates High-Fat Diet-Induced Obesity by Inhibiting the Process of Gluconeogenesis in Mice

Genistein is an isoflavone phytoestrogen that has been shown to improve obesity; however, the underlying molecular mechanisms involved therein have not been clearly elucidated. In this study, we administered genistein to high-fat diet-induced obese mice to investigate its effect on hepatic gluconeogenesis. The results showed that genistein treatment significantly inhibited body weight gain, hyperglycemia, and adipose and hepatic lipid deposition in high-fat diet-induced obese mice. Glucose tolerance test (GTT), insulin tolerance test (ITT) and pyruvate tolerance test (PTT) showed that genistein treatment significantly inhibited gluconeogenesis and improved insulin resistance in obese mice. In addition, this study also found that genistein could promote the expression of miR-451 in vitro and in vivo, and the dual-luciferase reporter system showed that G6pc (glucose-6-phosphatase) may be a target gene of miR-451. Both genistein treatment and in vivo injection of miR-451 agomir significantly inhibited gluconeogenesis and inhibited the expression of G6pc and Gk (glycerol kinase, a known target gene of miR-451). In conclusion, genistein may inhibit gluconeogenesis in obese mice by regulating the expression of Gk and G6pc through miR-451. These results may provide insights into the functions of miR-451 and food-derived phytoestrogens in ameliorating and preventing gluconeogenesis-related diseases.

The Association between Plasma Concentration of Phytoestrogens and Hypertension within the Korean Multicenter Cancer Cohort

In order to examine the association between plasma phytoestrogen concentration (genistein, daidzein, equol and enterolactone) and hypertension, we conducted a nested case–control study for 229 hypertension cases including 112 prehypertension and 159 healthy controls derived from the Korean Multi-center Cancer Cohort (KMCC). The concentration of plasma phytoestrogens was measured using time-resolved fluoroimmunoassay. We assessed the association between plasma phytoestrogens and hypertension using logistic regression models using odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (95%CI). The highest tertile of plasma equol and enterolactone concentration exhibited a significantly decreased risk of hypertension (equol, OR = 0.34, 95%CI 0.20–0.57; enterolactone, OR = 0.32, 95%CI 0.18–0.57), compared with the lowest tertile. Equol and enterolactone showed reduced ORs for prehypertension (the highest tertile relative to the lowest tertile, OR = 0.50, 95%CI 0.26–0.96; OR = 0.38, 95%CI 0.19–0.75, respectively) and hypertension (OR = 0.42, 95%CI 0.22–0.81; OR = 0.28, 95%CI 0.14–0.54, respectively). There was a stronger association in hypertension (the highest tertile relative to the lowest tertile in obesity vs. non-obesity; equol, OR = 0.06 vs. 0.63; enterolactone, OR = 0.07 vs. 0.46; both p-heterogeneity < 0.01). This study suggests that equol and enterolactone may contribute to prevent primarily prehypertension and hypertension, and control cardiovascular disease (CVD) based on the continuum of hypertension and CVD. Further study to assess hypertension risk based on useful biomarkers, including phytoestrogens, may contribute to primary prevention of hypertension.

Bioactivity of Dietary Polyphenols: The Role in LDL-C Lowering

Cardiovascular diseases are the leading causes of the death around the world. An elevation of the low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) level is one of the most important risk factors for cardiovascular diseases. To achieve optimal plasma LDL-C levels, clinal therapies were investigated which targeted different metabolism pathways. However, some therapies also caused various adverse effects. Thus, there is a need for new treatment options and/or combination therapies to inhibit the LDL-C level. Dietary polyphenols have received much attention in the prevention of cardiovascular diseases due to their potential LDL-C lowering effects. However, the effectiveness and potential mechanisms of polyphenols in lowering LDL-C is not comprehensively summarized. This review focused on dietary polyphenols that could reduce LDL-C and their mechanisms of action. This review also discussed the limitations and suggestions regarding previous studies.

Improving the genistein oral bioavailability via its formulation into the metal-organic framework MIL-100(Fe)

Despite the interesting chemopreventive, antioxidant and antiangiogenic effects of the natural bioflavonoid genistein (GEN), its low aqueous solubility and bioavailability make it necessary to administer it using a suitable drug carrier system. Nanometric porous metal-organic frameworks (nanoMOFs) are appealing systems for drug delivery. Particularly, mesoporous MIL-100(Fe) possesses a variety of interesting features related to its composition and structure, which make it an excellent candidate to be used as a drug nanocarrier (highly porous, biocompatible, can be synthesized as homogenous and stable nanoparticles (NPs), etc.). In this study, GEN was entrapped via simple impregnation in MIL-100 NPs achieving remarkable drug loading (27.1 wt%). A combination of experimental and computing techniques was used to achieve a deep understanding of the encapsulation of GEN in MIL-100 nanoMOF. Subsequently, GEN delivery studies were carried out under simulated physiological conditions, showing on the whole a sustained GEN release for 3 days. Initial pharmacokinetic and biodistribution studies were also carried out upon the oral administration of the GEN@MIL-100 NPs in a mouse model, evidencing a higher bioavailability and showing that this oral nanoformulation appears to be very promising. To the best of our knowledge, the GEN-loaded MIL-100 will be the first antitumor oral formulation based on nanoMOFs studied in vivo, and paves the way to the efficient delivery of nontoxic antitumorals via a convenient oral route.

Genistein Attenuates Isoflurane-Induced Neuroinflammation by Inhibiting TLR4-Mediated Microglial-Polarization in vivo and in vitro

Background

Isoflurane, a widely used anesthetic in surgery, has been found to induce neurotoxicity. In parallel, genistein is thought to attenuate isoflurane-induced neurotoxicity, although underlying molecular mechanisms are still unclear. In this study, we studied the protective effects of genistein on isoflurane-induced neuroinflammation in rats and BV2 cells.

Methods

Sprague-Dawley rat pups were exposed to 0.75% isoflurane for 6 hours at postnatal day 7 (P7), and genistein (20, 40, or 80 mg/kg/day) or saline administered from P3 to P15. Hippocampal single-cell suspensions were prepared and apoptosis analyzed by flow cytometry. mRNA expression was determined by RT-qPCR, while protein expression was assessed using Western blot, immunochemistry and immunofluorescence. TLR4 was knocked-out in BV2 cells through CRISPR-Cas9.

Results

Genistein treatment reduced isoflurane-induced apoptosis and inflammation in rat hippocampus. Importantly, genistein promoted M2 and suppressed M1 microglia polarization in rat hippocampus after stimulation with isoflurane. In addition, genistein reduced isoflurane-induced protein expression levels of TLR4, MyD88, TRAF6, p-TAK1, p-p38, p-ERK, p-IκBα and p-NF-κB in rat hippocampus. In BV2 cells exposed to isoflurane, genistein treatment decreased IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-8 mRNA expressions, promoted M2 and suppressed M1 microglia polarization. Similarly, genistein also decreased TLR4 protein levels in isoflurane-induced BV2 cells. However, genistein did not affect CD16, iNOS, CD206 and Arg1 protein levels in TLR4-KO BV2 cells exposed to isoflurane.

Conclusion

Genistein attenuates isoflurane-induced neurotoxicity by inhibiting TLR4-mediated microglial inflammation in vivo and in vitro.

Crosstalk of Multi-Omics Platforms with Plants of Therapeutic Importance

From time immemorial, humans have exploited plants as a source of food and medicines. The World Health Organization (WHO) has recorded 21,000 plants with medicinal value out of 300,000 species available worldwide. The promising modern "multi-omics" platforms and tools have been proven as functional platforms able to endow us with comprehensive knowledge of the proteome, genome, transcriptome, and metabolome of medicinal plant systems so as to reveal the novel connected genetic (gene) pathways, proteins, regulator sequences and secondary metabolite (molecule) biosynthetic pathways of various drug and protein molecules from a variety of plants with therapeutic significance. This review paper endeavors to abridge the contemporary advancements in research areas of multi-omics and the information involved in decoding its prospective relevance to the utilization of plants with medicinal value in the present global scenario. The crosstalk of medicinal plants with genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics approaches will be discussed.

Dietary bioactive compounds as modulators of mitochondrial function

The increase in incidence and prevalence of metabolic diseases, such as diabetes, obesity, and metabolic syndrome, is a health problem worldwide. Nutritional strategies that can impact on mitochondrial activity represent a novel and effective option to modulate energy expenditure and energetic metabolism in cells and tissues and could be used as adjuvant treatments for metabolic-associated disorders. Dietary bioactive compounds also known as "food bioactives" have proven to exert multiple health benefits and counteract metabolic alterations. In the last years, it has been consistently reported that the modulation of mitochondrial function represents one of the mechanisms behind the bioactive compounds-dependent health improvements. In this review, we focus on gathering, summarizing, and discussing the evidence that supports the effect of dietary bioactive compounds on mitochondrial activity and the relation of these effects in the pathological context. Despite the evidence presented here on in vivo and in vitro effects, more studies are needed to determine their effectiveness in humans.

Oxidative Stress, Plant Natural Antioxidants, and Obesity

Oxidative stress is important in the pathophysiology of obesity, altering regulatory factors of mitochondrial activity, modifying the concentration of inflammation mediators associated with a large number and size of adipocytes, promoting lipogenesis, stimulating differentiation of preadipocytes to mature adipocytes, and regulating the energy balance in hypothalamic neurons that control appetite. This review discusses the participation of oxidative stress in obesity and the important groups of compounds found in plants with antioxidant properties, which include (a) polyphenols such as phenolic acids, stilbenes, flavonoids (flavonols, flavanols, anthocyanins, flavanones, flavones, flavanonols, and isoflavones), and curcuminoids (b) carotenoids, (c) capsaicinoids and casinoids, (d) isothiocyanates, (e) catechins, and (f) vitamins. Examples are analyzed, such as resveratrol, quercetin, curcumin, ferulic acid, phloretin, green tea, Hibiscus Sabdariffa, and garlic. The antioxidant activities of these compounds depend on their activities as reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavengers and on their capacity to prevent the activation of NF-κB (nuclear factor κ-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells), and reduce the expression of target genes, including those participating in inflammation. We conclude that natural compounds have therapeutic potential for diseases mediated by oxidative stress, particularly obesity. Controlled and well-designed clinical trials are still necessary to better know the effects of these compounds.

Enhancement of Lipolysis in 3T3-L1 Adipocytes by Nitroarene Capsaicinoid Analogs

Transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) activation by capsaicin binding increased intracellular calcium influx and stimulated adipocyte-to-adipocyte communication, leading to lipolysis. Generally, enhancement of π-stacking capabilities improves certain binding interactions. Notably, nitroarenes exhibit strong binding interactions with aromatic amino acid side chains in proteins. New capsaicinoid analogs were designed by substitution of the OCH3 group with a nitrogen dioxide (NO2) group on the vanillyl ring to investigate how π-stacking interactions in capsaicinoid analogs contribute to lipolysis. Capsaicinoid analogs, nitro capsaicin (5), and nitro dihydrocapsaicin (6) were prepared in moderate yields via coupling of a nitroaromatic amine salt and fatty acids. Oil Red O staining and triglyceride assays with 10 µM loading of capsaicin (CAP), dihydrocapsaicin (DHC), 5, and 6 were performed to investigate their effect on lipolysis in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Both assay results indicated that 5 and 6 decreased lipid accumulation by 13.6% and 14.7%, respectively, and significantly reduced triglyceride content by 26.9% and 28.4%, respectively, in comparison with the control experiment. Furthermore, the decrease in triglyceride content observed in response to nitroarene capsaicinoid analogs was approximately 2-folds higher than that of CAP and DHC. These results arose from the NO2 group augmented π-π stacking with Tyr511 and the attractive charge interaction with Glu570 affecting binding interactions with TRPV1 receptors.

Epigenetic regulation by polyphenols in diabetes and related complications

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder and one of the most challenging health problems worldwide. Left untreated, it may progress causing serious complications. Genetics, epigenetics, and environmental factors are known to play an overlapping role in the pathogenesis of DM. Growing evidence suggests the hypothesis that the environment induces changes in the early phases of growth and development, influencing health and disease in the adulthood through the alteration in genetic expression of an individual, at least in part. DNA methylation, histone modifications and miRNAs are three mechanisms responsible for epigenetic alterations. The daily diet contains a number of secondary metabolites, with polyphenols being highest in abundance, which contribute to overall health and may prevent or delay the onset of many chronic diseases. Polyphenols have the ability to alter metabolic and signaling pathways at various levels, such as gene expression, epigenetic regulation, protein expression and enzyme activity. The potential efficacy of polyphenolic compounds on glucose homeostasis has been evidenced from in vitro, in vivo and clinical studies. The present review is designed to focus on epigenetic regulation exerted by polyphenolic compounds in DM and their complications, as well as to summarize clinical trials involving polyphenols in DM.

Exercise and/or Genistein Treatment Impact Gut Microbiota and Inflammation after 12 Weeks on a High-Fat, High-Sugar Diet in C57BL/6 Mice

Genistein (Gen) and exercise (Exe) have been postulated as potential strategies to ameliorate obesity, inflammation, and gut microbiota (GM) with promising results. However, the impact of the combination of both Exe and Gen is yet to be investigated. We aimed to analyze the impacts of Exe, Gen, and their combined effects on GM and inflammation in mice after a 12-week high-fat, high-sugar diet (HFD). Eighty-three C57BL/6 mice were randomized to control, HFD, HFD + Exe, HFD + Gen, or HFD + Exe + Gen. The V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene was analyzed with Illumina MiSeq. Serum samples were used to analyze interleukin (Il)-6 and Tumor Necrosis Factor alpha (TNF-alpha). The HFD + Exe and HFD + Exe + Gen treatments resulted in significantly greater microbial richness compared to HFD. All the treatments had a significantly different impact on the GM community structure. Ruminococcus was significantly more abundant after the HFD + Exe + Gen treatment when compared to all the other HFD groups. Exe + Gen resulted in serum Il-6 concentrations similar to that of controls. TNF-alpha concentrations did not differ by treatment. Overall, Exe had a positive impact on microbial richness, and Ruminococcus might be the driving bacteria for the GM structure differences. Exe + Gen may be an effective treatment for preventing HFD-induced inflammation.

Genistein ameliorates inflammation and insulin resistance through mediation of gut microbiota composition in type 2 diabetic mice

PURPOSE

Genistein (GEN) has been reported to have diverse biological activities, including antioxidant, hypolipidemic, and antidiabetic effects. This study investigated whether the ameliorative effects of GEN on inflammation and insulin resistance were associated with the modulation of gut microbiota composition in type 2 diabetic (T2D) mice.

METHODS

C57BL/6J mice were treated with a high-fat diet/streptozotocin to induce T2D and then gavaged with GEN (20 and 40 mg/kg) for 8 weeks. Then, oral glucose tolerance, fasting blood glucose, serum insulin, glucagon, lipid profiles, and pro-inflammatory factors were measured. After this, hepatic function and histopathological analysis and inflammation-related indices of the liver and colon were determined, along with short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) and gut microbiota composition.

RESULTS

GEN treatment decreased hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia, and serum pro-inflammatory factor levels and attenuated hepatic dysfunction, pathological changes, inflammation-related protein expression, and hepatocyte apoptosis. It also ameliorated colonic pathological changes, tight junction-associated protein expression, and pro-inflammatory factor increases. Furthermore, high-dose GEN treatment increased the concentrations of SCFAs and down-regulated the ratio of Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes and the abundance of Proteobacteria at the phylum level. However, GEN increased the abundances of Bacteroides and Prevotella and decreased the levels of Helicobacter and Ruminococcus at the genus level in T2D mice.

CONCLUSION

GEN showed ameliorative effects on glucose and lipid dysmetabolism and hepatic and colonic dysfunction; most importantly, GEN could ameliorate inflammation and insulin resistance through modulation of gut microbiota composition.

Genistein activated adenosine 5'-monophosphate-activated protein kinase-sirtuin1/peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator-1α pathway potentially through adiponectin and estrogen receptor β signaling to suppress fat deposition in broiler chickens

Genistein can be used as a dietary additive to control fat deposition in animals, while its mechanism is poorly understood. In this study, a total of 144 male broilers were randomly divided into 4 groups. Birds were fed standard diets supplemented with 0, 50, 100 or 150 mg of genistein/kg from 21 to 42 d of age. Results showed that genistein treatment decreased the relative weight of abdominal fat and triglyceride contents in broiler chickens. Genistein downregulated hepatic lipid droplets accumulation and upregulated the activity of lipoprotein lipase and hepatic lipase and the concentration of adiponectin. Furthermore, the liver X receptor α, sterol regulatory element–binding protein 1c (SREBP-1c), acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC), and fatty acid synthase (FAS) mRNA expressions were decreased, whereas adiponectin receptor 2, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α, adipose triglyceride lipase, and carnitine palmitoyl transferase-I (CPT-I) mRNA abundances were increased in the liver of broilers treated with genistein. In addition, genistein increased the NAD⁺ concentration and NAD⁺/NADH ratio in the liver. Genistein increased estrogen receptor β (ERβ), forkhead box O1, nicotinamide phosphoribosyl transferase, sirtuin1 (SIRT1), phospho (p)-adenosine 5′-monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator-1α (PGC-1α), p-ACC, and CPT-I protein levels, whereas the SREBP-1c and FAS levels were decreased. These data indicated that genistein might reduce fat accumulation in broiler chickens via activating the AMPK-SIRT1/PGC-1α signaling pathway. The activation of this signaling pathway might be achieved by its direct effect on improving the adiponectin secretion or its indirect effect on upregulation of ERβ expression level through paracrine acting of adiponectin.

Beneficial Effect of Genistein on Diabetes-Induced Brain Damage in the ob/ob Mouse Model

Purpose

Diabetes mellitus (DM)-induced brain damage is characterized by cellular, molecular and functional changes. The mechanisms include oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, reduction of neurotrophic factors, insulin resistance, excessive amyloid beta (Aβ) deposition and Tau phosphorylation. Both antidiabetic and neuroprotective effects of the phytoestrogen genistein have been reported. However, the beneficial effect of genistein in brain of the ob/ob mouse model of severe obesity and diabetes remains to be determined.

Methods

In this study, female ob/ob mice and lean control mice were fed with either a standard diet or a diet containing genistein (600mg/kg) for a period of 4 weeks. Body weight was monitored weekly. Blood was collected for the measurement of glucose, insulin and common cytokines. Mice brains were isolated for Western immunoblotting analyses.

Results

Treatment with genistein reduced weight gain of ob/ob mice and decreased hyperglycemia compared to ob/ob mice fed the standard diet. The main findings show that genistein treatment increased insulin sensitivity and the expression levels of the neurotrophic factors nerve growth factor (NGF) and brain-derived neurotrophic factors (BDNF). In these mice, genistein also reduced Aβ deposition and the level of hyper-phosphorylated Tau protein.

Conclusion

The results of our study indicate the beneficial effects of genistein in the obese diabetic mouse brain, including improving brain insulin signaling, increasing neurotrophic support, and alleviating Alzheimer’s disease-related pathology.

Genistein Induces Adipogenic and Autophagic Effects in Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) Adipose Tissue: In Vitro and In Vivo Models

Soybeans are one of the most used alternative dietary ingredients in aquafeeds. However, they contain phytoestrogens like genistein (GE), which can have an impact on fish metabolism and health. This study aimed to investigate the in vitro and in vivo effects of GE on lipid metabolism, apoptosis, and autophagy in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Primary cultured preadipocytes were incubated with GE at different concentrations, 10 or 100 μM, and 1 μM 17β-estradiol (E2). Furthermore, juveniles received an intraperitoneal injection of GE at 5 or 50 µg/g body weight, or E2 at 5 µg/g. In vitro, GE 100 μM increased lipid accumulation and reduced cell viability, apparently involving an autophagic process, indicated by the higher LC3-II protein levels, and higher lc3b and cathepsin d transcript levels achieved after GE 10 μM. In vivo, GE 50 µg/g upregulated the gene expression of fatty acid synthase (fas) and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase in adipose tissue, suggesting enhanced lipogenesis, whereas it increased hormone-sensitive lipase in liver, indicating a lipolytic response. Besides, autophagy-related genes increased in the tissues analyzed mainly after GE 50 µg/g treatment. Overall, these findings suggest that an elevated GE administration could lead to impaired adipocyte viability and lipid metabolism dysregulation in rainbow trout.

Dietary Genistein Reduces Methylglyoxal and Advanced Glycation End Product Accumulation in Obese Mice Treated with High-Fat Diet

Our previous study has found that dietary genistein could ameliorate high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity and especially lower methylglyoxal (MGO) and advanced glycation end product (AGE) accumulation in healthy mice exposed to genistein and HFD. However, it is still unclear whether dietary genistein intervention has a similar beneficial effect in obese mice. In this study, the mice were induced with obesity after being fed a HFD for nine weeks before being administered with two doses of genistein, 0.1% (G 0.1) and 0.2% (G 0.2), in the HFD for additional 19 weeks. After 19 week treatment, genistein supplementation reduced body and liver weights, plasma and liver MGO levels, and kidney AGE levels in mice. Mechanistically, genistein upregulated the expressions of glyoxalase I and II and aldose reductase to detoxify MGO, and genistein and its microbial metabolites, dihydrogenistein and 6'-hydroxy-O-demethylangolensin, were able to trap endogenous MGO via formation of MGO conjugates. Taken together, our results provide novel insights into the antiobesity and antiglycation roles of dietary genistein in obese subjects.

Psoralea corylifolia L. extract ameliorates nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in free-fatty-acid-incubated HEPG2 cells and in high-fat diet-fed mice

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a common chronic liver disease that is closely related to metabolic syndrome. We investigated the effect of a Psoralea corylifolia L. (PC) seeds extract (PCE) on NAFLD. PC seeds were extracted using different ethanol concentrations to produce five extracts, and the 70% ethanol PCE, which had the highest phenolic content, was used in subsequent in vitro and in vivo experiments. The inhibitory effect of PCE on hepatic steatosis was estimated using HepG2 cells treated with oleic acid (OA). In addition, an in vivo NAFLD model was established using high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obese C57BL/6 mice. Obesity was induced in mice over 14 weeks. PCE (100 or 200 mg/kg/day) was administered orally to mice after 8 weeks of the 14-week treatment period for 6 weeks. PCE suppressed lipid accumulation in OA-treated HepG2 cells. PCE ameliorated the antioxidant activity suppressions induced by the HFD. In addition, both PCE100 and PCE200 groups reduced lipid accumulation and the expression levels of inflammatory proteins as compared with HFD group. PCE administration significantly attenuated hepatic steatosis in liver tissues by decreasing the expression of lipogenic protein sterol regulatory element binding protein 1-c (SREBP-1c) and its downstream protein fatty acid synthase (FAS) in HFD-fed mice and in OA-treated HepG2 cells. Furthermore, PCE administration increased the phosphorylation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and acetyl-CoA carboxylase. These results suggest that PCE could be used as a functional material to prevent or ameliorate NAFLD by inhibiting lipid accumulation in liver. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Psoralea corylifolia L. is rich in polyphenol and other phytochemicals. In this study, we identified the beneficial effects of Psoralea corylifolia L. extract on hepatic steatosis in oleic-acid-induced HepG2 cells and high-fat diet-fed mice. The result of this study will provide the evidence that a Psoralea corylifolia L. extract has potential use as a functional material for the prevention and amelioration of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.

Specific Aptamer-Based Probe for Analyzing Biomarker MCP Entry Into Singapore Grouper Iridovirus-Infected Host Cells via Clathrin-Mediated Endocytosis

Biomarkers have important roles in various physiological functions and disease pathogenesis. As a nucleocytoplasmic DNA virus, Singapore grouper iridovirus (SGIV) causes high economic losses in the mariculture industry. Aptamer-Q5-complexed major capsid protein (MCP) in the membrane of SGIV-infected cells can be used as a specific molecular probe to investigate the crucial events of MCP endocytosis into SGIV-infected host cells during viral infection. Chlorpromazine blocks clathrin-mediated endocytosis, and MCP endocytosis into SGIV-infected cells decreased significantly when the cells were pretreated with chlorpromazine. The disruption of cellular cholesterol by methyl-β-cyclodextrin also significantly reduced MCP endocytosis. In contrast, inhibitors of key regulators of caveolae/raft-dependent endocytosis and macropinocytosis, including genistein, Na⁺/H⁺ exchanger, p21-activated kinase 1 (PAK1), myosin II, Rac1 GTPase, and protein kinase C (PKC), had no effect on MCP endocytosis. The endocytosis of the biomarker MCP is dependent on low pH and cytoskeletal actin filaments, as shown with various inhibitors (chloroquine, ammonia chloride, cytochalasin D). Therefore, MCP enters SGIV-infected host cells via clathrin-mediated endocytosis, which is dependent on dynamin, cholesterol, low pH, and cytoskeletal actin filaments. This is the first report of a specific aptamer-based probe used to analyze MCP endocytosis into SGIV-infected host cells during viral infection. This method provides a convenient strategy for exploring viral pathogenesis and facilitates the development of diagnostic tools for and therapeutic approaches to viral infection.

Endocrine disruption and obesity: A current review on environmental obesogens

Obesity represents an important public health concern because it substantially increases the risk of multiple chronic diseases and thereby contributing to a decline in both quality of life and life expectancy. Besides unhealthy diet, physical inactivity and genetic susceptibility, environmental pollutants also contribute to the rising prevalence of obesity epidemic. An environmental obesogen is defined as a chemical that can alter lipid homeostasis to promote adipogenesis and lipid accumulation whereas an endocrine disrupting chemical (EDC) is defined as a synthetic chemical that can interfere with the endocrine function and cause adverse health effects. Many obesogens are EDCs that interfere with normal endocrine regulation of metabolism, adipose tissue development and maintenance, appetite, weight and energy balance. An expanding body of scientific evidence from animal and epidemiological studies has begun to provide links between exposure to EDCs and obesity. Despite the significance of environmental obesogens in the pathogenesis of metabolic diseases, the contribution of synthetic chemical exposure to obesity epidemic remains largely unrecognised. Hence, the purpose of this review is to provide a current update on the evidences from animal and human studies on the role of fourteen environmental obesogens in obesity, a comprehensive view of the mechanisms of action of these obesogens and current green and sustainable chemistry strategies to overcome chemical exposure to prevent obesity. Designing of safer version of obesogens through green chemistry approaches requires a collaborative undertaking to evaluate the toxicity of endocrine disruptors using appropriate experimental methods, which will help in developing a new generation of inherently safer chemicals.

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Many environmental obesogens are endocrine disrupting chemicals that interfere with normal endocrine regulation of metabolism.

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Understanding the role of environmental obesogens in the epidemics of obesity is in an infant stage.

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Green chemistry approach aims to design a safer version of these chemicals by understanding their hazardous effects.

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Further studies are necessary to fully establish the hazardous effects of obesogens and their association to human obesity.

A mixture of citrus polymethoxyflavones, green tea polyphenols and lychee extracts attenuates adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 adipocytes and obesity-induced adipose inflammation in mice

Adipocyte-macrophage interaction in obesity can cause adipose tissue inflammation and contribute to insulin resistance. Here, we investigated the effect of SlimTrym®-a formulated product containing citrus polymethoxyflavones (PMFs), green tea extract, and lychee polyphenols-on 3T3-L1 adipocyte differentiation and obesity-induced inflammation. SlimTrym® inhibited mitotic clonal expansion (MCE) of 3T3-L1 adipocytes by inducing G1 cell cycle arrest via upregulation of p21 and p53. SlimTrym® attenuated adipogenic differentiation by downregulating adipogenic factors, such as CCAAT-enhancer-binding proteins (C/EBPs) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ), and upregulating AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK). Pretreatment with compound C significantly reduced SlimTrym®-mediated suppression of lipid accumulation. SlimTrym® reduced the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1), interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-6, in co-cultured 3T3-L1 adipocytes and RAW264.7 macrophages. C57BL/6 mice administered with SlimTrym® for 16 weeks showed markedly reduced high-fat diet (HFD)-induced infiltration of monocytes/macrophages in adipose tissue; however, the level of M2 macrophage markers (CD163 and IL-10) was increased. Taken together, these findings indicate that SlimTrym® exerts both anti-adipogenic and anti-inflammatory effects, and can potentially treat obesity and adipose tissue inflammation.

Genistein inhibits high fat diet-induced obesity through miR-222 by targeting BTG2 and adipor1

Obesity and diabetes mellitus have become major health problems worldwide. In recent years, genistein has been found to be capable of inhibiting obesity and alleviating insulin resistance. However, the molecular mechanism of genistein against obesity is still not fully understood. In this study, we used 3T3-L1 preadipocytes and obese mice as models to explore the molecular mechanism of genistein against obesity. We found that genistein can inhibit obesity and downregulate the expression of miR-222 in mouse adipose tissue. In 3T3-L1 preadipocytes, treatment with miR-222 inhibitor or genistein reduced the expression of miR-222 and promoted lipid decomposition, while miR-222 treatment increased the expression of miR-222 and inhibited lipolysis. Moreover, the dual-luciferase reporter assay system confirmed that BTG2 and adipor1 are the target genes of miR-222. Experiments conducted in vitro and in vivo suggest that genistein may regulate lipid metabolism in the adipose tissue of obese mice by regulating the expression of miR-222 and its target genes, BTG2 and adipor1. Our findings provide a new epigenetic mechanism underpinning the ability of genistein to resist obesity. These results may provide a reference point for the dietary treatment of obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus.

The protein tyrosine kinase inhibitor, Genistein, delays intervertebral disc degeneration in rats by inhibiting the p38 pathway-mediated inflammatory response

The treatment for intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD) has drawn great attention and recent studies have revealed that the p38 MAPK pathway is a potential therapeutic target for delaying the degeneration of intervertebral discs. In this study, we analyzed a nature-derived protein tyrosine kinase inhibitor, Genistein, and its function in delaying IDD in rats both in vitro and in vivo via the p38 MAPK pathway. Nucleus pulposus cells treated with Genistein showed better function compared with untreated cells. Further study revealed that Genistein could play a protective role in IDD by inhibiting phosphorylation of p38, consequently inhibiting the p38 pathway-mediated inflammatory response. The rat IDD model also demonstrated that Genistein could effectively delay the degeneration of intervertebral disc tissue. The current study reveals new biological functions of Genistein, further demonstrates the effects of the p38 MAPK pathway on intervertebral disc degeneration, and deepens our understanding of the treatment and prevention of IDD.

Nanodelivery of phytobioactive compounds for treating aging-associated disorders

Aging population presents a major challenge for many countries in the world and has made the development of efficient means for healthspan extension a priority task for researchers and clinicians worldwide. Anti-aging properties including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor, and cardioprotective activities have been reported for various phytobioactive compounds (PBCs) including resveratrol, quercetin, curcumin, catechin, etc. However, the therapeutic potential of orally administered PBCs is limited by their poor stability, bioavailability, and solubility in the gastrointestinal tract. Recently, innovative nanotechnology-based approaches have been developed to improve the bioactivity of PBCs and enhance their potential in preventing and/or treating age-associated disorders, primarily those caused by aging-related chronic inflammation. PBC-loaded nanoparticles designed for oral administration provide many benefits over conventional formulations, including enhanced stability and solubility, prolonged half-life, improved epithelium permeability and bioavailability, enhanced tissue targeting, and minimized side effects. The present review summarizes recent advances in this rapidly developing research area.