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Yu CY, Cong YJ, Wei JX, Guo BL, Liu CY, Liao YH. Pulmonary delivery of icariin-phospholipid complex prolongs lung retention and improves therapeutic efficacy in mice with acute lung injury/ARDS. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2024; 241:113989. [PMID: 38838444 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2024.113989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Revised: 05/18/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
Icariin has been shown the promising therapeutic potential to treat inflammatory airway diseases, yet its poor lung distribution and retention restrict the clinical applications. To this end, this work aimed to prepare an icariin-phospholipid complex (IPC) formulation for sustained nebulization delivery that enabled excellent inhalability, improved lung exposure and prolonged duration of action. Icariin was found to react with soybean phospholipid to form supramolecular IPC, which was able to self-assemble into nanoparticle suspension. The suspension was stable during steam sterilization and nebulization processes, and its aerosols generated by a commercial nebulizer exhibited excellent aerodynamic properties and delivery efficiency. In vitro studies showed that the formation of complex sustained drug release, enhanced lung affinity and slowed lung clearance. The drug distribution in lung epithelial lining fluid (ELF) also demonstrated in vivo sustained release after intratracheal administration to mice. In addition, compared to free icariin, IPC improved the drug exposure to lung tissues and immune cells in the ELF by 4.61-fold and 39.5-fold, respectively. This resulted in improved and prolonged local anti-inflammatory effects up to 24 h in mice with lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced acute lung injury. Moreover, IPC improved survival rate of mice with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Overall, the present phospholipid complex represented a promising formulation of icariin for the treatment of acute lung injury/ARDS by nebulization delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Yang Yu
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development (IMPLAD), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, No. 151 Malianwa North Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Yi-Jun Cong
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development (IMPLAD), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, No. 151 Malianwa North Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Jia-Xing Wei
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development (IMPLAD), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, No. 151 Malianwa North Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Bao-Lin Guo
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development (IMPLAD), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, No. 151 Malianwa North Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Chun-Yu Liu
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development (IMPLAD), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, No. 151 Malianwa North Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Yong-Hong Liao
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development (IMPLAD), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, No. 151 Malianwa North Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, PR China.
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Ma Y, Zhao C, Hu H, Yin S. Liver protecting effects and molecular mechanisms of icariin and its metabolites. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2023; 215:113841. [PMID: 37660725 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2023.113841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Revised: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
As a detoxification and metabolism organ, the liver plays a vital role in human health. However, an excessive consumption of drugs and toxins, exposure to pathogenic viruses, and unhealthy living habits can lead to liver damage, which may even develop into liver cirrhosis and liver cancer. Epimedium brevicornum Maxim. is a traditional Chinese medicine and dietary supplement in which the flavonoid icariin is a main functional component. Although the protective mechanisms of icariin and its metabolites against liver injury are not yet comprehensively understood, an increasing number of studies have confirmed their liver-protective and anticancer effects. Indeed, icaritin, one of the metabolites of icariin, is currently utilized as an active component of an anti-cancer drug. This paper presents a review of the molecular mechanisms through which icariin and its metabolites actively protect against the occurrence and development of liver injury, and, thus, provides a comprehensive reference for further research and their application in liver protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yurong Ma
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, China.
| | - Chong Zhao
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, China.
| | - Hongbo Hu
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, China.
| | - Shutao Yin
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, China.
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Critical review on anti-obesity effects of phytochemicals through Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. Pharmacol Res 2022; 184:106461. [PMID: 36152739 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2022.106461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Phytochemicals have been used as one of the sources for the development of anti-obesity drugs. Plants are rich in a variety of bioactive compounds including polyphenols, saponins and terpenes. Phytochemicals inhibit adipocyte differentiation by inhibiting the transcription and translation of adipogenesis transcription factors such as C/EBPα and PPARγ. It has been proved that phytochemicals inhibit the genes and proteins associated with adipogenesis and lipid accumulation by activating Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. The activation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway by phytochemicals is multi-target regulation, including the regulation of pathway critical factor β-catenin and its target gene, the downregulation of destruction complex, and the up-regulation of Wnt ligands, its cell surface receptor and Wnt antagonist. In this review, the literature on the anti-obesity effect of phytochemicals through Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway is collected from Google Scholar, Scopus, PubMed, and Web of Science, and summarizes the regulation mechanism of phytochemicals in this pathway. As one of the alternative methods of weight loss drugs, Phytochemicals inhibit adipogenesis through Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. More progress in relevant fields may pose phytochemicals as the main source of anti-obesity treatment.
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Effects of scandium chloride on osteogenic and adipogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells. J RARE EARTH 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jre.2020.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Liu D, Yu H, Gu Y, Pang Q. Effect of rare earth element lanthanum on lipid deposition and Wnt10b signaling in the liver of male zebrafish. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2021; 240:105994. [PMID: 34656894 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2021.105994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 10/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
This paper investigates the effect of lanthanum (La) on lipid deposition and Wnt10b signaling in the liver of male zebrafish with exposure of 0, 10, 20, and 30 μmol/L La. It suggests that La can be accumulated in liver, and its treatments decrease the activities and gene expression of enzymes related to fatty acid synthesis. The levels of total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), and nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA) as well as the size of lipid droplets are decreased by La treatments. Moreover, La treatments affect the composition of fatty acids and the content of nutrient elements. Meanwhile, they also induce the gene expression of wnt10b, β-catenin, pparα, and pparγ, but inhibit gsk-3β gene expression in liver. Further study on the result of wnt10b gene interference shows that Wnt10b/β-catenin signaling plays a crucial role in the regulatory process of hepatic lipid deposition. Taken together, our observations suggest that La accumulation affects lipid deposition in the liver of male zebrafish, and Wnt10b signaling pathway may be involved in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongwu Liu
- School of Agricultural Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255049, China; Anti-aging & Regenerative Medicine Research Institution, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255049, China.
| | - Hairui Yu
- College of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Weifang Bioengineering Technology Research Center, Weifang University, Weifang 261061, China
| | - Yaqi Gu
- Anti-aging & Regenerative Medicine Research Institution, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255049, China
| | - Qiuxiang Pang
- Anti-aging & Regenerative Medicine Research Institution, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255049, China.
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Yong EL, Cheong WF, Huang Z, Thu WPP, Cazenave-Gassiot A, Seng KY, Logan S. Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial to examine the safety, pharmacokinetics and effects of Epimedium prenylflavonoids, on bone specific alkaline phosphatase and the osteoclast adaptor protein TRAF6 in post-menopausal women. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 91:153680. [PMID: 34352588 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2021.153680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fragility fractures due to menopausal osteoporosis are a major cause of morbidity and mortality. Osteoporotic medications have substantial side effects that limit long term use. HYPOTHESES Ingestion of a purified extract of Epimedium spp. (EP) is safe, can increase serum levels of prenylflavonoid metabolites, exert positive changes in bone specific alkaline phosphatase (BSAP), suppress of tumor necrosis factor receptor associated factor 6 (TRAF6) protein in osteoclast-precursor monocytes in peripheral blood and therefore have the potential to reduce post-menopausal bone loss. STUDY DESIGN & METHODS Healthy postmenopausal women were randomized in a double-blind fashion to consume either EP prenylflavonoid extract (740 mg daily) or placebo daily for 6 weeks. The main outcome measures were safety and pharmacokinetics of EP flavonoids. Fasting blood was collected at 3- and 6-weeks, and two weeks after stopping medication for safety evaluations and measurement of BSAP. Peripheral blood monocytes were harvested for measurement of TRAF6 levels. Serum levels of the EP metabolites icariin, icariside I & II, icaritin and desmethylicaritin were measured using tandem mass spectrometry, and non-compartmental pharmacokinetic analyses performed using WinNonlin software. RESULTS Between October 2018 and Jun 2020, 58 postmenopausal women, aged 57.9 ± 8.9 years, were randomized and completed the study. Consumption of EP prenylflavonoids was not associated with any significant adverse symptoms, with no changes in hepatic, hematological, and renal parameters observed. The main metabolites detected in sera after ingestion of EP prenylflavonoid capsules were desmethylicaritin, icaritin and icariside II. Icariin and icariside I were below detection levels. Ingestion of EP prenylflavonoids induced a median Cmax and AUC0→∞ for desmethylicaritin of 60.9 nM, and 157.9 nM ×day, respectively; and were associated with higher levels of BSAP (p < 0.05) and a trend (p = 0.068) towards lower levels of TRAF6 in peripheral blood monocytes eight weeks after commencing prenylflavonoid ingestion. Prenylflavonoid metabolites were not detected in the sera of placebo participants. CONCLUSIONS Despite the widespread consumption of EP extracts, the safety, mechanisms of action of their bioactive compounds, and therapeutic indications in humans are unknown. Daily consumption of EP prenylflavonoids for six weeks was safe. The predominant metabolite in sera was desmethylicaritin. Rise in prenylflavonoid metabolites was associated with higher levels of the bone anabolic marker BSAP, suggesting potential therapeutic value for post-menopausal osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eu-Leong Yong
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 119228 Singapore.
| | - Wei Fun Cheong
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 119228 Singapore
| | - Zhongwei Huang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 119228 Singapore; Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency of Science, Technology and Research, 138673 Singapore
| | - Win Pa Pa Thu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 119228 Singapore
| | - Amaury Cazenave-Gassiot
- Singapore Lipidomics Incubator, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, 117456 Singapore; Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 117596 Singapore
| | - Kok Yong Seng
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 117600 Singapore
| | - Susan Logan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 119228 Singapore
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Kim JT, Lee HJ, Lee HS. Organophosphorus pesticides exert estrogen receptor agonistic effect determined using Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development PBTG455, and induce estrogen receptor-dependent adipogenesis of 3T3-L1 adipocytes. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 283:117090. [PMID: 33872936 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Various chemicals containing pesticides can induce adipogenesis and cause obesity. Organophosphorus pesticides have been used for pest control. Here, we investigated the estrogen receptor (ER)-dependent adipogenesis-inducing effect of representative organophosphorus pesticides (OPs), diazinon, phoxim, terbufos and tolclofos-methyl in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Four OPs exhibited ER agonistic effect, determined using the OECD Performance Based Test Guideline No. 455; in vitro ER stably transfected transactivation assay using ERα-HeLa-9903 cell line, through binding affinity to ERα. Additionally, they increased lipid droplet accumulation in a dose-dependent manner, which was suppressed by ICI182,780, a well-known ER antagonist. Four OPs treatment induced peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ), CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein alpha (C/EBPα), and perilipin expression. Furthermore, PPARγ, C/EBPα and perilipin expression was inhibited by co-treatment with ICI182,780. The increased mRNA expression of lipoprotein lipase and fatty acid synthase by four OPs was suppressed by co-treatment with ICI182,780. These results indicated that diazinon, phoxim, terbufos, and tolclofos-methyl might have adipogenesis-inducing effect mediated by interacting with ER.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Tae Kim
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, 17546, Republic of Korea
| | - Hong Jin Lee
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, 17546, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Seok Lee
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, 17546, Republic of Korea.
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8
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Wang M, Gao H, Li W, Wu B. Icariin and its metabolites regulate lipid metabolism: From effects to molecular mechanisms. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 131:110675. [PMID: 32861069 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 08/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Icariin has a variety of biological activities, such as lipid-lowering effects, and has attracted widespread attention in recent years. However, it is not clear whether lipid-lowering effect is that multiple metabolites or a particular component plays a major role. It is known that icariin has a variety of metabolites in the body, including icariside I, icariside II, icaritin, desmethylicaritin, and other metabolites. Many of these studies have shown that the metabolites of icariin have a lipid-lowering effect. This paper focuses on the lipid-regulating effects of icariin and its metabolites in vitro and in vivo, and highlights the mechanisms involved. Icariin may have potential in the development of therapeutic strategies to regulate lipid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Wang
- Department of Rheumatology, Chongqing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chongqing, 400021, PR China
| | - Hongyan Gao
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine to Prevent and Treat Autoimmune Diseases, Chongqing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chongqing, 400021, PR China; Basic Medical College, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, 611137, PR China
| | - Weihong Li
- Basic Medical College, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, 611137, PR China.
| | - Bin Wu
- Department of Rheumatology, Chongqing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chongqing, 400021, PR China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine to Prevent and Treat Autoimmune Diseases, Chongqing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chongqing, 400021, PR China.
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He C, Wang Z, Shi J. Pharmacological effects of icariin. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY (SAN DIEGO, CALIF.) 2020; 87:179-203. [PMID: 32089233 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apha.2019.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Icariin (ICA) is a principal active component from traditional Chinese medicine Epimedium grandiflorum. To explain its traditional medical usages by modern science, a variety of pharmacological effects have been studied for ICA. In this review, we summarized the pharmacokinetics of ICA as well as its pharmacological mechanisms in neurodegenerative disease, cardiovascular disease, anti-osteoporosis, anti-inflammation, anti-oxidative stress, anti-depression and anti-tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyang He
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, P.R. China; Generic Drug Research Center of Guizhou Province, School of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, P.R. China
| | - Ze Wang
- Generic Drug Research Center of Guizhou Province, School of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, P.R. China
| | - Jingshan Shi
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, P.R. China; Generic Drug Research Center of Guizhou Province, School of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, P.R. China.
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Huang L, Wang X, Cao H, Li L, Chow DHK, Tian L, Wu H, Zhang J, Wang N, Zheng L, Yao X, Yang Z, Qin L. A bone-targeting delivery system carrying osteogenic phytomolecule icaritin prevents osteoporosis in mice. Biomaterials 2018; 182:58-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2018.07.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Revised: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Jin J, Wang H, Hua X, Chen D, Huang C, Chen Z. An outline for the pharmacological effect of icariin in the nervous system. Eur J Pharmacol 2018; 842:20-32. [PMID: 30342950 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2018.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Revised: 09/13/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Icariin is a major active component of the traditional herb Epimedium, also known as Horny Goat Weed. It has been extensively studied throughout the past several years and is known to exert anti-oxidative, anti-neuroinflammatory, and anti-apoptotic effects. It is now being considered as a potential therapeutic agent for a wide variety of disorders, ranging from neoplasm to cardiovascular disease. More recent studies have shown that icariin exhibits potential preventive and/or therapeutic effects in the nervous system. For example, icariin can prevent the production of amyloid β (1-42) and inhibit the expression of amyloid precursor protein (APP) and β-site APP cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE-1) in animal models of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Icariin has been shown to mitigate pro-inflammatory responses of microglia in culture and in animal models of cerebral ischemia, depression, Parkinson's disease (PD), and multiple sclerosis (MS). Icariin also prevents the neurotoxicity induced by hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, ibotenic acid, and homocysteine. In addition, icariin is implicated in facilitating learning and memory in both normal aging animals and disease models. To date, we still have no consolidated source of knowledge about the pharmacological effects of icariin in the nervous system, though its roles in other tissues have been reviewed in recent years. Here, we summarize the pharmacological development of icariin as well as its possible mechanisms in prevention and/or therapy of disorders afflicting the nervous system in hope of expanding the knowledge about the preventive and/or therapeutic effect of icariin in brain disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Jin
- Invasive Technology Department, Nantong First People's Hospital, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, #6 North Road Hai'er Xiang, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, #19 Qixiu Road, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, China; Department of Neuroscience & Cell Biology, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, 675 Hoes lane, Piscataway, 08854 New Jersey, United States
| | - Xiaoying Hua
- Department of Pharmacology, Wuxi Ninth People's Hospital, #999 Liangxi Road, Wu xi, Jiangsu 226001, China
| | - Dongjian Chen
- Invasive Technology Department, Nantong First People's Hospital, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, #6 North Road Hai'er Xiang, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, China
| | - Chao Huang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, #19 Qixiu Road, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhuo Chen
- Invasive Technology Department, Nantong First People's Hospital, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, #6 North Road Hai'er Xiang, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, China.
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Davis JE, Hastings D. Transcriptional Regulation of TCF/LEF and PPARγ by Daidzein and Genistein in 3T3-L1 Preadipocytes. J Med Food 2018; 21:761-768. [DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2017.0136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy E. Davis
- Department of Animal Science, Food and Nutrition, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, Illinois, USA
| | - Darcie Hastings
- Department of Animal Science, Food and Nutrition, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, Illinois, USA
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Song Y, Oh GH, Kim MB, Hwang JK. Fucosterol inhibits adipogenesis through the activation of AMPK and Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathways. Food Sci Biotechnol 2017; 26:489-494. [PMID: 30263569 DOI: 10.1007/s10068-017-0067-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Revised: 12/31/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Fucosterol is a sterol constituent primarily derived from brown algae. Recently, the antiadipogenic effect of fucosterol has been reported; however, its molecular mechanism remains to be studied. Fucosterol effectively upregulated the phosphorylations of both adenosine monophosphate (AMP)-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC), and downregulated the expression levels of lipogenesis-related factors. Moreover, fucosterol activated the major components of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway, including β-catenin, disheveled 2 (DVL2), and cyclin D1 (CCND1), whereas it inactivated glycogen synthase kinase 3β (p-GSK3β) by stimulating its phosphorylation. In the presence or absence of fucosterol, the adipogenic transcriptional factors [peroxisome proliferator activated-receptor γ (PPARγ), CCAAT/enhancer binding protein α (C/EBPα), and sterol regulatory element binding protein-1c (SREBP-1c)] were upregulated by the inhibition of AMPK by compound C or the knockdown of β-catenin by siRNA. Overall, these data demonstrate that fucosterol prevents adipogenesis by mediating both AMPK- and Wnt/β-catenin-signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youngwoo Song
- 1Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03772 Korea
| | - Ga Hui Oh
- 2Department of Biomaterials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03772 Korea
| | - Mi-Bo Kim
- 1Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03772 Korea
| | - Jae-Kwan Hwang
- 1Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03772 Korea.,2Department of Biomaterials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03772 Korea
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Identification, bioactivity evaluation and pharmacokinetics of multiple components in rat serum after oral administration of Xian-Ling-Gu-Bao capsule by ultra performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2016; 1041-1042:104-112. [PMID: 28033584 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2016.12.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Revised: 12/10/2016] [Accepted: 12/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The Xian-Ling-Gu-Bao capsule (XLGB) is a famous traditional Chinese medicine prescription (TCMP), which has proven effective in osteoporosis treatment. However, due to the lack of a dynamic XLGB profile, the in vivo pharmacokinetics of multiple bioactive components within this medicine remains unknown. In the present study, ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC/Q-TOF-MS) identified a total of eighteen prototypes (using reference standards) in rat serum after oral administration of XLGB. These prototypes were subsequently evaluated to ascertain their effects on the proliferation and alkaline phosphatase activity of UMR106 cells and the adipogenesis of 3T3-L1 cells. Furthermore, a rapid and sensitive UPLC/Q-TOF-MS method was developed and validated for simultaneous quantitative analysis of 11 prototypes in rat serum. Chromatographic separation was achieved using a Waters Acquity BEH C18 column (2.1×100mm, 1.7μm) and linear gradient elution employing a mobile phase consisting of water and acetonitrile (both containing 0.1% formic acid). All calibration curves showed excellent linearity (r2>0.99) within the sampling ranges considered. The assay was accurate, precise and reproducible, as demonstrated by the obtained intra- and inter-day precisions (less than 12.3%) and accuracies (between -12.7% and 11.0%), and the matrix effects, extraction recoveries and stabilities were all satisfactory. Moreover, pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated from the plasma concentration-time data. Compared to single-compound dosing, significantly enhanced responses were obtained when several analytes were administered simultaneously, indicating possible drug-drug interactions among the complex ingredients of TCMP. This work provides an experimental baseline regarding the clinical applications and medicinal effectiveness of XLGB in the treatment of osteoporosis.
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Wu H, Kim M, Han J. Icariin Metabolism by Human Intestinal Microflora. Molecules 2016; 21:molecules21091158. [PMID: 27589718 PMCID: PMC6273050 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21091158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Revised: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 08/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Icariin is a major bioactive compound of Epimedii Herba, a traditional oriental medicine exhibiting anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory and anti-osteoporosis activities. Recently, the estrogenic activities of icariin drew significant attention, but the published scientific data seemed not to be so consistent. To provide fundamental information for the study of the icaritin metabolism, the biotransformation of icariin by the human intestinal bacteria is reported for the first time. Together with human intestinal microflora, the three bacteria Streptococcus sp. MRG-ICA-B, Enterococcus sp. MRG-ICA-E, and Blautia sp. MRG-PMF-1 isolated from human intestine were reacted with icariin under anaerobic conditions. The metabolites including icariside II, icaritin, and desmethylicaritin, but not icariside I, were produced. The MRG-ICA-B and E strains hydrolyzed only the glucose moiety of icariin, and icariside II was the only metabolite. However, the MRG-PMF-1 strain metabolized icariin further to desmethylicaritin via icariside II and icaritin. From the results, along with the icariin metabolism by human microflora, it was evident that most icariin is quickly transformed to icariside II before absorption in the human intestine. We propose the pharmacokinetics of icariin should focus on metabolites such as icariside II, icaritin and desmethylicaritin to explain the discrepancy between the in vitro bioassay and pharmacological effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hailong Wu
- Metalloenzyme Research Group and Department of Integrative Plant Science, Chung-Ang University, Anseong 17546, Korea.
| | - Mihyang Kim
- Metalloenzyme Research Group and Department of Integrative Plant Science, Chung-Ang University, Anseong 17546, Korea.
| | - Jaehong Han
- Metalloenzyme Research Group and Department of Integrative Plant Science, Chung-Ang University, Anseong 17546, Korea.
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Jiang J, Zhao BJ, Song J, Jia XB. Pharmacology and Clinical Application of Plants in Epimedium L. CHINESE HERBAL MEDICINES 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/s1674-6384(16)60003-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
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17
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Li C, Zhou L. Inhibitory effect 6-gingerol on adipogenesis through activation of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Toxicol In Vitro 2015; 30:394-401. [PMID: 26498061 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2015.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Revised: 09/19/2015] [Accepted: 09/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
6-Gingerol has been reported to inhibit adipogenesis and lipid content accumulation. However, the mechanism of its anti-adipogenic effect remains unclear. Our aim is to investigate the molecular mechanism of the anti-adipogenic effect of 6-gingerol. The lipid content in adipocytes was measured by Oil Red O staining and cell viability was analyzed by MTT assay. The extent of suppression of differentiation by 6-gingerol was characterized by measuring the triglyceride content and GPDH activity. The regulation of adipogenic markers and the components of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway were analyzed by real-time PCR and Western blotting. The nuclear location of β-catenin was identified using immunofluorescence assay. Small interfering RNA transfection was conducted to elucidate the crucial role of β-catenin in anti-adipogenic effect of 6-gingerol. Our results showed that 6-gingerol inhibited the adipogenesis and lowered the mRNA expression levels of transcription factors and the key lipogenic enzymes in 3T3-L1 cells. The effect of 6-gingerol on adipogenic differentiation was accompanied by stimulating the activation of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling. In addition, we found that 6-gingerol induced phosphorylations of glycogen synthase kinase-3β(GSK-3β), and promoted the nuclear accumulation of β-catenin. Importantly, the inhibitory effect of 6-gingerol on adipogenic differentiation was reversed after the siRNA knockdown of β-catenin was added. Our findings demonstrated that 6-gingerol inhibits the adipogenic differentiation of 3T3-L1 cells through activating the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunbo Li
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200040, China.
| | - Lin Zhou
- Department of urology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
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Yu Z, Fan L, Li J, Ge Z, Dang X, Wang K. Lithium chloride attenuates the abnormal osteogenic/adipogenic differentiation of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells obtained from rats with steroid-related osteonecrosis by activating the β-catenin pathway. Int J Mol Med 2015; 36:1264-72. [PMID: 26352537 PMCID: PMC4601745 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2015.2340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Accepted: 08/27/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Steroid-related osteonecrosis of the femoral head (ONFH) may be a disease that results from the abnormal osteogenic/adipogenic differentiation of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMMSCs). In the present study, we examined the possible use of lithium in an aim to reverse the abnormal osteogenic/adipogenic differentiation of BMMSCs isolated from rats with steroid-related ONFH (termed ONFH-BMMSCs). BMMSCs obtained from steroid-related ONFH rat femurs were cultured with or without lithium chloride (LiCl). BMMSCs obtained from normal rat femurs were cultured as controls. LiCl significantly increased the expression of osteocalcin and Runx2 in the ONFH-BMMSCs during osteogenic induction. The mineralization of ONFH-BMMSCs following osteogenic induction was also enhanced. Furthermore, LiCl exerted anti-adipogenic effects on the ONFH-BMMSCs by inhibiting the expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) and fatty acid binding protein 4 (Fabp4) during adipogenic induction, and decreasing lipid droplet formation at the end of adipogenic induction. These effects of LiCl on the ONFH-BMMSCs were associated with an increased expression of β-catenin and a decreased expression of phosphorylated GSK-3β at Tyr-216, and these effects were abolished by treatment with quercetin, an antagonist of the β-catenin pathway. The normal osteogenic/adipogenic activity of BMMSCs may be impaired in steroid-related ONFH. However, as demonstrated by our findings, LiCl reduces abnormal adipogenic activity and simultaneously increases the osteogenic differentiation of ONFH-BMMSCs by activating the β-catenin pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zefeng Yu
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, P.R. China
| | - Lihong Fan
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, P.R. China
| | - Jia Li
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, P.R. China
| | - Zhaogang Ge
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoqian Dang
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, P.R. China
| | - Kunzheng Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, P.R. China
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Comparative study of two types of herbal capsules with different Epimedium species for the prevention of ovariectomised-induced osteoporosis in rats. J Orthop Translat 2015; 4:14-27. [PMID: 30035062 PMCID: PMC5987012 DOI: 10.1016/j.jot.2015.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2015] [Revised: 06/24/2015] [Accepted: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background/Objective Epimedii Folium is the most important osteogenic herb formulated for the traditional Chinese Medicine Xian Ling Gu Bao (XLGB) capsule. The present study compared XLGB capsules containing two different Epimedium species, i.e., either Epimedium pubescens (XEP) or Epimedium koreanum (XEK), with the focus being on the chemical constituents and antiosteoporotic efficacy. Methods Ultra performance liquid chromatography was used to demonstrate the different chemical constituents. Biomechanical tests, histological, and cytological evaluation were performed to characterise and compare the bone mineral density, bone strength, microstructure of bone tissue, and biological activity between XEP and XEK using an established ovariectomised (OVX) rat model. Results Six flavonoids with different contents between XEK and XEP were identified. As compared with the OVX group, significantly higher bone mineral density, elastic-modulus, and compressive strength were found in both the XEK group and XEP group (p < 0.05 for all, n = 8). Histomorphometric data presented significantly higher osteoblast surface ratio and osteoid area accompanied by significantly lower values of erosion surface and adiopocytes area in two treatment groups (p < 0.05, n = 6). XLGB Fufang with either XEK or XEP all showed significant preventive effects in OVX-induced osteoporosis and deterioration of bone mechanical properties. Conclusion The significance of the current preclinical experimental study was that these two Epimedium species used for formulating XLGB capsules were equally effective for the prevention of oestrogen-depletion induced osteoporosis.
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Xu H, Wang F, Wang J, Xu J, Wang Y, Xue C. The WNT/β-catenin pathway is involved in the anti-adipogenic activity of cerebrosides from the sea cucumber Cucumaria frondosa. Food Funct 2015; 6:2396-404. [DOI: 10.1039/c5fo00273g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Both adipocyte hypertrophy and hyperplasia lead to obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Xu
- College of Food Science and Engineering
- Ocean University of China
- Qingdao 266003
- China
| | - Fei Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering
- Ocean University of China
- Qingdao 266003
- China
| | - Jingfeng Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering
- Ocean University of China
- Qingdao 266003
- China
| | - Jie Xu
- College of Food Science and Engineering
- Ocean University of China
- Qingdao 266003
- China
| | - Yuming Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering
- Ocean University of China
- Qingdao 266003
- China
| | - Changhu Xue
- College of Food Science and Engineering
- Ocean University of China
- Qingdao 266003
- China
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Jiang Y, Liu D, Kong X, Xu Y, Chen W, Lin N. Huogu I formula prevents steroid-induced osteonecrosis in rats by down-regulating PPARgamma expression and activating wnt/LRP5/ beta-catenin signaling. J TRADIT CHIN MED 2014; 34:342-50. [PMID: 24992763 DOI: 10.1016/s0254-6272(14)60100-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the effects of Huogu I formula on regulation of lipid metabolism in steroid-induced osteonecrosis of the femoral head (SONFH) rats and verify our hypothesis that Huogu I formula regulates lipid metabolism by down-regulating peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma) expression and activating Wnt signaling pathways. METHODS Eighty-five rats were divided into four groups: control, model, Huogu 15 g/kg and Huogu 30 g/kg. Six weeks later, animals were anaesthetized, femora was dissected for histopathological examination of the osteonecrotic changes and repair processes, micro computed tomography (Micro-CT)-based micro-angiography was performed to assess vascularization. Serum lipid levels were detected by haematological examination. The expressions of PPARy, Wnt3a, low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 5 (LRP5) and beta-catenin were evaluated by immunohistochemistry, Western blot and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction analyses. RESULTS The incidence of osteonecrosis, ratio of empty lacuna, adipose tissue area and adipocyte perimeter in the bone marrow were dramatically lower in the Huogu I formula treatment groups. By micro-CT quantification, Huogu I formula treatment dose-dependently increased vessel volume, vessel surface, percentage of vessel volume and vessel thickness of the femoral heads of SONFH rats. Levels of serum lipid in Huogu 15 g/kg and Huogu 30 g/kg groups reduced significantly. Huogu I formula treatment could suppress the expression of PPARy and increase the expressions of Wnt3a, LRP5 and beta-catenin at both protein and mRNA levels. CONCLUSION The results of our present study highlight the lipid-lowering potential of Huogu I formula, and provide further evidence of the involvement of the PPARgamma inhibition and Wnt/LRP5/ beta-catenin signaling activation in the effects of Huogu I formula.
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Jiang Y, Zhang Y, Zhang H, Zhu B, Li P, Lu C, Xu Y, Chen W, Lin N. Pravastatin prevents steroid-induced osteonecrosis in rats by suppressing PPARγ expression and activating Wnt signaling pathway. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2014; 239:347-55. [PMID: 24510055 DOI: 10.1177/1535370213519215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Steroid-induced osteonecrosis of the femoral head (steroid-induced ONFH) is characterized by increase of intraosseous pressure because of lipid metabolism disturbance such as elevation of adipogenesis and fat cell hypertrophy in the bone marrow, subsequently leading to disturbances of coagulation-fibrinolysis system in the femoral head and finally resulting in bone ischemia. Pravastatin has been demonstrated to be useful in preventing steroid-induced ONFH in animal models. However, its exact mechanisms acting on this disease have not been fully elucidated. To address this problem, steroid-induced ONFH rat model was constructed to evaluate the effects of pravastatin treatment on the osteonecrotic changes and repair processes. Then, Micro-CT-based micro-angiography was performed to assess the effects of pravastatin treatment on vascularization. In addition, serum lipid levels were detected by haematological examination. After that, the expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ), Wnt3a, low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 5 (LRP5), β-catenin and runt-related transcription factor 2 (RUNX2) at both mRNA and protein levels were further detected by immunohistochemistry, real-time quantitative PCR, and Western blot analyses. The results, the ratio of empty lacuna, adipose tissue area, and adipocyte perimeter in the bone marrow were dramatically lower in the pravastatin treatment groups than in the model group (all P < 0.05). Moreover, by micro-CT quantification, pravastatin treatment dose-dependently increased vessel volume, vessel surface, percentage of vessel volume, and vessel thickness of the femoral heads of steroid-induced ONFH rats. Importantly, pravastatin treatment could prevent steroid-induced ONFH by suppressing the expression of PPARγ, and increasing the expression of Wnt3a, LRP5, β-catenin, and RUNX2, at both mRNA and protein levels, in the femoral heads of steroid-induced ONFH rats. In conclusion, Pravastatin may prevent steroid-induced ONFH by suppressing PPARγ expression and activating Wnt signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yini Jiang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
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