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Pan M, Wei X, Xiang X, Liu Y, Zhou Q, Yang W. Targeting CXCL9/10/11-CXCR3 axis: an important component of tumor-promoting and antitumor immunity. Clin Transl Oncol 2023; 25:2306-2320. [PMID: 37076663 DOI: 10.1007/s12094-023-03126-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/21/2023]
Abstract
Chemokines are chemotactic-competent molecules composed of a family of small cytokines, playing a key role in regulating tumor progression. The roles of chemokines in antitumor immune responses are of great interest. CXCL9, CXCL10, and CXCL11 are important members of chemokines. It has been widely investigated that these three chemokines can bind to their common receptor CXCR3 and regulate the differentiation, migration, and tumor infiltration of immune cells, directly or indirectly affecting tumor growth and metastasis. Here, we summarize the mechanism of how the CXCL9/10/11-CXCR3 axis affects the tumor microenvironment, and list the latest researches to find out how this axis predicts the prognosis of different cancers. In addition, immunotherapy improves the survival of tumor patients, but some patients show drug resistance. Studies have found that the regulation of CXCL9/10/11-CXCR3 on the tumor microenvironment is involved in the process of changing immunotherapy resistance. Here we also describe new approaches to restoring sensitivity to immune checkpoint inhibitors through the CXCL9/10/11-CXCR3 axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minjie Pan
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430000, China
| | - Xiaoshan Wei
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430000, China
| | - Xuan Xiang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430000, China
| | - Yanhong Liu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430000, China
| | - Qiong Zhou
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430000, China
| | - Weibing Yang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430000, China.
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2
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Bhagchandani S, Johnson JA, Irvine DJ. Evolution of Toll-like receptor 7/8 agonist therapeutics and their delivery approaches: From antiviral formulations to vaccine adjuvants. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 175:113803. [PMID: 34058283 PMCID: PMC9003539 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Imidazoquinoline derivatives (IMDs) and related compounds function as synthetic agonists of Toll-like receptors 7 and 8 (TLR7/8) and one is FDA approved for topical antiviral and skin cancer treatments. Nevertheless, these innate immune system-activating drugs have potentially much broader therapeutic utility; they have been pursued as antitumor immunomodulatory agents and more recently as candidate vaccine adjuvants for cancer and infectious disease. The broad expression profiles of TLR7/8, poor pharmacokinetic properties of IMDs, and toxicities associated with systemic administration, however, are formidable barriers to successful clinical translation. Herein, we review IMD formulations that have advanced to the clinic and discuss issues related to biodistribution and toxicity that have hampered the further development of these compounds. Recent strategies aimed at enhancing safety and efficacy, particularly through the use of bioconjugates and nanoparticle formulations that alter pharmacokinetics, biodistribution, and cellular targeting, are described. Finally, key aspects of the biology of TLR7 signaling, such as TLR7 tolerance, that may need to be considered in the development of new IMD therapeutics are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachin Bhagchandani
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Jeremiah A Johnson
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
| | - Darrell J Irvine
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA; Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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3
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Murakami Y, Ishii T, Nunokawa H, Kurata K, Narita T, Yamashita N. TLR9-IL-2 axis exacerbates allergic asthma by preventing IL-17A hyperproduction. Sci Rep 2020; 10:18110. [PMID: 33093516 PMCID: PMC7581806 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-75153-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Allergic asthma is one of most famous allergic diseases, which develops lung and airway inflammation. Recent studies have revealed the relationship between the pathology of allergic asthma and the increase of host-derived DNA in inflamed lung, but the role of the DNA-recognizing innate immune receptor for the inflammation is unknown well. Here we investigated the role of Toll-Like Receptor 9 in the pathogenesis of allergic asthma without synthesized CpG-ODNs. To examine that, we analyzed the pathology and immunology of house-dust-mite (HDM)-induced allergic asthma in Tlr9–/– mice and TLR9-inhibitory-antibody-treated mice. In Tlr9–/– mice, airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) and the number of eosinophils decreased, and production of the Th2 cytokines IL-13, IL-5, and IL-4 was suppressed, compared with in wild-type mice. Interestingly, unlike Th2 cytokine production, IL-17A production was increased in Tlr9–/– mice. Furthermore, production of IL-2, which decreases IL-17A production, was reduced in Tlr9–/– mice. Blockade of TLR9 by treatment with TLR9-inhibitory-antibody, NaR9, effectively suppressed the development of allergic asthma pathology. IL-17A production in NaR9-treated mice was enhanced, which is comparable to Tlr9-/- mice. These results suggest that the TLR9–IL-2 axis plays an important role in Th2 inflammation by modulating IL-17A production in HDM-induced allergic asthma and that targeting of TLR9 might be a novel therapeutic method for allergic asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Murakami
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Musashino University, Nishitokyo-shi, Tokyo, 202-8585, Japan
| | - Takashi Ishii
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Musashino University, Nishitokyo-shi, Tokyo, 202-8585, Japan
| | - Hiroki Nunokawa
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Musashino University, Nishitokyo-shi, Tokyo, 202-8585, Japan
| | | | - Tomoya Narita
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Musashino University, Nishitokyo-shi, Tokyo, 202-8585, Japan
| | - Naomi Yamashita
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Musashino University, Nishitokyo-shi, Tokyo, 202-8585, Japan.
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4
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Zhao CC, Xie QM, Xu J, Yan XB, Fan XY, Wu HM. TLR9 mediates the activation of NLRP3 inflammasome and oxidative stress in murine allergic airway inflammation. Mol Immunol 2020; 125:24-31. [PMID: 32623292 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2020.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Revised: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) has been reported to mediate airway inflammation, however, the underlying mechanism is poorly understood. In the present study, our objective was to reveal whether TLR9 regulates NLRP3 inflammasome and oxidative stress in murine allergic airway inflammation and Raw264.7 cells. Female wild type(WT)and TLR9-/-mice on C57BL/6 background were used to induce allergic airway inflammation by challenge of OVA, and Raw264.7 cells with or without TLR9 knockdown by small interfering RNA (siRNA) were stimulated by S.aureus. The results demonstrated that deletion of TLR9 effectively attenuated OVA-induced allergic airway inflammation including inflammatory cells infiltration and goblet cell hyperplasia. Meanwhile, OVA-induced protein expression of NLRP3, caspase-1(p20) and mature IL-1β, as well as secretion of IL-1β and IL-18 in wild type mice (WT) was obviously suppressed by TLR9 deficiency. Concomitantly, the expression of oxidative markers 8-OhDG and nitrotyrosine was increased in OVA-challenged WT mice, while TLR9 deficiency significantly inhibited such increase. Similarly, in the in vitro study, we found that knockdown of TLR9 markedly suppressed S.aureus-induced activation of NLRP3 inflammasome and oxidative stress in Raw264.7 cells. Collectively, our findings indicated that TLR9 may mediate allergic airway inflammation via activating NLRP3 inflammasome and oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cui-Cui Zhao
- Anhui Geriatric Institute, Department of Geriatric Respiratory and Critical Care, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Jixi Road 218, Hefei, Anhui 230022, PR China
| | - Qiu-Meng Xie
- Anhui Geriatric Institute, Department of Geriatric Respiratory and Critical Care, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Jixi Road 218, Hefei, Anhui 230022, PR China
| | - Juan Xu
- Anhui Geriatric Institute, Department of Geriatric Respiratory and Critical Care, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Jixi Road 218, Hefei, Anhui 230022, PR China
| | - Xue-Bo Yan
- Anhui Geriatric Institute, Department of Geriatric Respiratory and Critical Care, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Jixi Road 218, Hefei, Anhui 230022, PR China
| | - Xiao-Yun Fan
- Anhui Geriatric Institute, Department of Geriatric Respiratory and Critical Care, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Jixi Road 218, Hefei, Anhui 230022, PR China
| | - Hui-Mei Wu
- Anhui Geriatric Institute, Department of Geriatric Respiratory and Critical Care, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Jixi Road 218, Hefei, Anhui 230022, PR China.
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Ye J, Wang Y, Liu X, Li L, Opejin A, Hsueh EC, Luo H, Wang T, Hawiger D, Peng G. TLR7 Signaling Regulates Th17 Cells and Autoimmunity: Novel Potential for Autoimmune Therapy. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 199:941-954. [PMID: 28652396 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1601890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Accepted: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Innate regulation through TLR signaling has been shown to be important for promoting T cell subset development and function. However, limited information is known about whether differential TLR signaling can selectively inhibit Th17 and/or Th1 cells, which are important for controlling excessive inflammation and autoimmune responses. In this article, we demonstrate that activation of TLR7 signaling in T cells can inhibit Th17 cell differentiation from naive T cells and IL-17 production in established Th17 cells. We further report that downregulation of STAT3 signaling is responsible for TLR7-mediated inhibition of Th17 cells due to induction of suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 and 5. TLR7-mediated suppression of Th17 cells does not require dendritic cell involvement. In addition, we show that TLR7 signaling can suppress Th1 cell development and function through a mechanism different from Th17 cell suppression. Importantly, our complementary in vivo studies demonstrate that treatment with the TLR7 ligand imiquimod can inhibit Th1 and Th17 cells, resulting in the prevention of, and an immunotherapeutic reduction in, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. These studies identify a new strategy to manipulate Th17/Th1 cells through TLR7 signaling, with important implications for successful immunotherapy against autoimmune and inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Ye
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Allergy, and Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63104
| | - Yadan Wang
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Allergy, and Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63104
| | - Xia Liu
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Allergy, and Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63104
| | - Lingyun Li
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Allergy, and Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63104
| | - Adeleye Opejin
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63104
| | - Eddy C Hsueh
- Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110; and
| | - Huanle Luo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555
| | - Tian Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555
| | - Daniel Hawiger
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63104
| | - Guangyong Peng
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Allergy, and Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63104; .,Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63104
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6
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Larsson OJ, Manson ML, Starkhammar M, Fuchs B, Adner M, Kumlien Georén S, Cardell LO. The TLR7 agonist imiquimod induces bronchodilation via a nonneuronal TLR7-independent mechanism: a possible role for quinoline in airway dilation. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2016; 310:L1121-9. [PMID: 27084847 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00288.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2015] [Accepted: 04/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptor (TLR) 7 agonists are known to reduce allergic airway inflammation. Their recently reported ability to rapidly relax airways has further increased their interest in the treatment of pulmonary disease. However, the mechanisms behind this effect are not fully understood. The present study, therefore, aimed to determine whether airway smooth muscle (ASM)-dependent mechanisms could be identified. TLR7 agonists were added to guinea pig airways following precontraction with carbachol in vitro or histamine in vivo. Pharmacological inhibitors were used to dissect conventional pathways of bronchodilation; tetrodotoxin was used or bilateral vagotomy was performed to assess neuronal involvement. Human ASM cells (HASMCs) were employed to determine the effect of TLR7 agonists on intracellular Ca(2+) ([Ca(2+)]i) mobilization. The well-established TLR7 agonist imiquimod rapidly relaxed precontracted airways in vitro and in vivo. This relaxation was demonstrated to be independent of nitric oxide, carbon monoxide, and cAMP signaling, as well as neuronal activity. A limited role for prostanoids could be detected. Imiquimod induced [Ca(2+)]i release from endoplasmic reticulum stores in HASMCs, inhibiting histamine-induced [Ca(2+)]i The TLR7 antagonist IRS661 failed to inhibit relaxation, and the structurally dissimilar agonist CL264 did not relax airways or inhibit [Ca(2+)]i This study shows that imiquimod acts directly on ASM to induce bronchorelaxation, via a TLR7-independent release of [Ca(2+)]i The effect is paralleled by other bronchorelaxant compounds, like chloroquine, which, like imiquimod, but unlike CL264, contains the chemical structure quinoline. Compounds with quinoline moieties may be of interest in the development of multifunctional drugs to treat pulmonary disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia J Larsson
- Division of ENT Diseases, CLINTEC, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Martijn L Manson
- Centre for Allergy Research, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; and Institute for Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Magnus Starkhammar
- Division of ENT Diseases, CLINTEC, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Centre for Allergy Research, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; and
| | - Barbara Fuchs
- Division of ENT Diseases, CLINTEC, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mikael Adner
- Centre for Allergy Research, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; and Institute for Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Susanna Kumlien Georén
- Division of ENT Diseases, CLINTEC, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Centre for Allergy Research, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; and
| | - Lars-Olaf Cardell
- Division of ENT Diseases, CLINTEC, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of ENT Disease, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden;
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Ferreira TPT, Mariano LL, Ghilosso-Bortolini R, de Arantes ACS, Fernandes AJ, Berni M, Cecchinato V, Uguccioni M, Maj R, Barberis A, Silva PMRE, Martins MA. Potential of PEGylated Toll-Like Receptor 7 Ligands for Controlling Inflammation and Functional Changes in Mouse Models of Asthma and Silicosis. Front Immunol 2016; 7:95. [PMID: 27014274 PMCID: PMC4786742 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 02/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Prior investigations show that signaling activation through pattern recognition receptors can directly impact a number of inflammatory lung diseases. While toll-like receptor (TLR) 7 agonists have raised interest for their ability to inhibit allergen-induced pathological changes in experimental asthma conditions, the putative benefit of this treatment is limited by adverse effects. Our aim was to evaluate the therapeutic potential of two PEGylated purine-like compounds, TMX-302 and TMX-306, characterized by TLR7 partial agonistic activity; therefore, the compounds are expected to induce lower local and systemic adverse reactions. In vitro approaches and translation to murine models of obstructive and restrictive lung diseases were explored. In vitro studies with human PBMCs showed that both TMX-302 and TMX-306 marginally affects cytokine production as compared with equivalent concentrations of the TLR7 full agonist, TMX-202. The PEGylated compounds did not induce monocyte-derived DC maturation or B cell proliferation, differently from what observed after stimulation with TMX-202. Impact of PEGylated ligands on lung function and inflammatory changes was studied in animal models of acute lung injury, asthma, and silicosis following Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), allergen (ovalbumin), and silica inhalation, respectively. Subcutaneous injection of TMX-302 prevented LPS- and allergen-induced airway hyper-reactivity (AHR), leukocyte infiltration, and production of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the lung. However, intranasal instillation of TMX-302 led to neutrophil infiltration and failed to prevent allergen-induced AHR, despite inhibiting leukocyte counts in the BAL. Aerosolized TMX-306 given prophylactically, but not therapeutically, inhibited pivotal asthma features. Interventional treatment with intranasal instillation of TMX-306 significantly reduced the pulmonary fibrogranulomatous response and the number of silica particles in lung interstitial space in silicotic mice. These findings highlight the potential of TMX-306, emphasizing its value in drug development for lung diseases, and particularly silicosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lívia Lacerda Mariano
- Laboratory of Inflammation, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, FIOCRUZ , Rio de Janeiro , Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Michelle Berni
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Universitá della Svizzera Italiana , Bellinzona , Switzerland
| | - Valentina Cecchinato
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Universitá della Svizzera Italiana , Bellinzona , Switzerland
| | - Mariagrazia Uguccioni
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Universitá della Svizzera Italiana , Bellinzona , Switzerland
| | | | | | | | - Marco Aurélio Martins
- Laboratory of Inflammation, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, FIOCRUZ , Rio de Janeiro , Brazil
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8
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Nadeem A, Siddiqui N, Al-Harbi NO, Al-Harbi MM, Ahmad SF. TLR-7 agonist attenuates airway reactivity and inflammation through Nrf2-mediated antioxidant protection in a murine model of allergic asthma. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2016; 73:53-62. [PMID: 26851512 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2016.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 02/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) through innate immune system recognize pathogen associated molecular patterns and play an important role in host defense against bacteria, fungi and viruses. TLR-7 is responsible for sensing single stranded nucleic acids of viruses but its activation has been shown to be protective in mouse models of asthma. The NADPH oxidase (NOX) enzymes family mainly produces reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the lung and is involved in regulation of airway inflammation in response to TLRs activation. However, NOX-4 mediated signaling in response to TLR-7 activation in a mouse model of allergic asthma has not been explored previously. Therefore, this study investigated the role TLR-7 activation and downstream oxidant-antioxidant signaling in a murine model of asthma. Mice were sensitized with ovalbumin (OVA) intraperitoneally and treated with TLR-7 agonist, resiquimod (RSQ) intranasally before each OVA challenge from days 14 to 16. Mice were then assessed for airway reactivity, inflammation, and NOX-4 and nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) related signaling [inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), nitrotyrosine, lipid peroxides and copper/zinc superoxide dismutase (Cu/Zn SOD)]. Treatment with RSQ reduced allergen induced airway reactivity and inflammation. This was paralleled by a decrease in ROS which was due to induction of Nrf2 and Cu/Zn SOD in RSQ treated group. Inhibition of MyD88 reversed RSQ-mediated protective effects on airway reactivity/inflammation due to reduction in Nrf2 signaling. SOD inhibition produced effects similar to MyD88 inhibition. The current study suggests that TLR-7 agonist is beneficial and may be developed into a therapeutic option in allergic asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Nadeem
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Nahid Siddiqui
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Noida, India
| | - Naif O Al-Harbi
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed M Al-Harbi
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sheikh F Ahmad
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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9
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Hall SC, Agrawal DK. Toll-like receptors, triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells family members and receptor for advanced glycation end-products in allergic airway inflammation. Expert Rev Respir Med 2016; 10:171-84. [PMID: 26678062 PMCID: PMC4955846 DOI: 10.1586/17476348.2016.1133303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Asthma is a chronic disorder of the airways characterized by cellular infiltration, airway hyper-responsive and airway inflammation. Innate immune cells are the first line of defense against endogenous and exogenous signals in the airways and as such possess a diverse array of pattern recognition receptors. Toll-like receptors are crucial sentinels which when activated, can either promote or ameliorate the inflammatory response in predisposed individuals. The recently discovered triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells family members are emerging mediators of inflammation. These receptors are believed to modulate inflammatory responses by collaborating with classic PRRs. Endogenous signals like HMGB-1, signaling through the receptor for advanced glycation end products, also promotes inflammation, however, its contribution to inflammation in the airways is not well known. Here, we discuss the role of each receptor in airway inflammation and highlight potential synergistic mechanisms, which contribute to disease pathogenesis in allergic asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sannette C. Hall
- Department of Biomedical Science, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Devendra K. Agrawal
- Department of Biomedical Science, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, NE, USA
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, NE, USA
- Center for Clinical and Translational Science Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, NE, USA
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10
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Rosenberg HF. Eosinophils. ENCYCLOPEDIA OF IMMUNOBIOLOGY 2016. [PMCID: PMC7173586 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-374279-7.03007-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Eosinophils have been traditionally understood as end-stage, primarily cytotoxic effector cells. Recent studies have had profound impact on this limited view and have led to new research on the functions and capabilities of this unique leukocyte lineage. Novel insights into eosinophil development, localization, modes of degranulation, and the nature of their granule contents have provided a better understanding of these cells as immunomodulatory mediators in health and disease.
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11
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Starkhammar M, Kumlien Georén S, Dahlén SE, Cardell LO, Adner M. TNFα-blockade stabilizes local airway hyperresponsiveness during TLR-induced exacerbations in murine model of asthma. Respir Res 2015; 16:129. [PMID: 26494305 PMCID: PMC4618779 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-015-0292-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2015] [Accepted: 10/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Viral infections are a common cause of asthma exacerbation. These maladies are sometimes complicated by bacterial infections. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are in the forefront of our microbial defence, with TLR3 responding to viral and TLR4 to bacterial stimulation. The present study was designed to evaluate the effect of concomitant TLR3 and TLR4 stimulation in a murine model of allergic asthma. BALB/c mice were stimulated intranasally with a combination of poly(I:C) and LPS activating TLR3 and TLR4, respectively. This resulted in the development of airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) in the proximal part of the lung, along with signs of neutrophilic inflammation. Analysis of the bronchioalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) revealed a marked increase in TNFα. In contrast, the allergic airway inflammation induced by ovalbumin administration to sensitized mice caused AHR in the whole lung along with an increase in eosinophils and lymphocytes in the BALF and lung. When poly(I:C) + LPS were given to mice with an ongoing allergic airway inflammation induced by ovalbumin, the AHR was further increased in the peripheral lung and neutrophils appeared together with eosinophils and lymphocytes in the BALF and lung. Treatment with the TNFα-blocking antibody infliximab blunted the AHR increase, without affecting the cells influx in BALF. To conclude; a combined TLR3- and TLR4-stimulation, representing a concomitant viral and bacterial infection, causes an AHR that is further exaggerated during an ongoing allergic inflammation. The airway stabilizing effect of infliximab indicates the possible future use of TNFα blockade in treatment of microbial induced exacerbations of allergic asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magnus Starkhammar
- Centre for Allergy Research, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Division of ENT diseases, CLINTEC, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of ENT Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Susanna Kumlien Georén
- Centre for Allergy Research, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Division of ENT diseases, CLINTEC, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sven-Erik Dahlén
- Division of ENT diseases, CLINTEC, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lars-Olaf Cardell
- Centre for Allergy Research, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Division of ENT diseases, CLINTEC, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of ENT Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mikael Adner
- Division of ENT diseases, CLINTEC, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden. .,Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden. .,Unit of Experimental Asthma and Allergy Research, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Scheeles väg 1, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Wu HM, Fang L, Shen QY, Liu RY. SP600125 promotes resolution of allergic airway inflammation via TLR9 in an OVA-induced murine acute asthma model. Mol Immunol 2015; 67:311-6. [PMID: 26139014 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2015.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Revised: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 06/16/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) relays extracellular stimuli through phosphorylation cascades that lead to various cell responses. In the present study, we aimed to investigate the effect of the JNK inhibitor SP600125 on the resolution of airway inflammation, and the underlying mechanism using a murine acute asthma model. METHODS Female C57BL/6 mice were sensitized with saline or ovalbumin (OVA) on day 0, and challenged with OVA on day 14-20. Meanwhile, some of the mice were treated with SP600125 (30 mg/kg) intraperitoneally 2 h before each challenge. The airway inflammation was evaluated by counting the numbers of various types of inflammatory cells in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), histopathology, cytokines production and mucus secretion in individual mouse. In addition, we analyzed the protein levels of phosphorylated JNK and TLR9 in the lung tissues. RESULTS SP600125 markedly reduced the invasion of inflammatory cells into the peribronchial regions, and decreased the numbers of eosinophils, monocytes, neutrophils and lymphocytes in BALF. SP600125 also reduced the level of plasma OVA-specific IgE, lowered the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines in BALF and alleviated mucus secretion. Meanwhile, SP600125 inhibited OVA-induced, increased expression of p-JNK and TLR9 in the lung tissues. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, our data demonstrated that SP600125 promoted resolution of allergic airway inflammation via TLR9 in an OVA-induced murine acute asthma model. The JNK-TLR9 pathway may be a new therapeutic target in the treatment for the allergic asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Mei Wu
- Anhui Geriatric Institute, Department of Pulmonary, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Jixi Road 218, Hefei, Anhui 230022, PR China
| | - Lei Fang
- Anhui Geriatric Institute, Department of Pulmonary, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Jixi Road 218, Hefei, Anhui 230022, PR China
| | - Qi-Ying Shen
- Anhui Geriatric Institute, Department of Pulmonary, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Jixi Road 218, Hefei, Anhui 230022, PR China
| | - Rong-Yu Liu
- Anhui Geriatric Institute, Department of Pulmonary, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Jixi Road 218, Hefei, Anhui 230022, PR China.
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Nencini F, Pratesi S, Petroni G, Filì L, Cardilicchia E, Casini A, Occhiato EG, Calosi L, Bani D, Romagnani S, Maggi E, Parronchi P, Vultaggio A. Treatment with 8-OH-modified adenine (TLR7 ligand)-allergen conjugates decreases T helper type 2-oriented murine airway inflammation. Immunology 2015; 145:570-82. [PMID: 25930741 PMCID: PMC4515136 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2014] [Revised: 04/09/2015] [Accepted: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
A strategy to improve allergen-specific immunotherapy is to employ new adjuvants stably linked to allergens. The study is addressed to evaluate the in vivo and in vitro effects of allergens [natural Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus 2 (nDer p 2) and ovalbumin (OVA)] chemically bound to an 8-OH-modified adenine. Humoral and cellular responses were analysed in allergen-sensitized and challenged mice by using conjugates (Conj) in a therapeutic setting. The in vitro activity of the conjugates on cytokine production induced by bone marrow dendritic cells and the co-culture system was also investigated. The nDer p 2-Conj treatment in nDer p 2-primed and challenged BALB/c mice reduced the numbers of eosinophils in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and lung, airway allergen-driven interleukin-13 (IL-13) production in lung mononuclear cells and IgE, in comparison with nDer p 2-treated mice. The increase of IgG2a paralleled that of interferon-γ (IFN-γ) and IL-10 in allergen-stimulated spleen cells. Similar effects were elicited by treatment with OVA-Conj in an OVA-driven BALB/c model. The nDer p 2-Conj or OVA-Conj redirected memory T helper type 2 cells towards the production of IL-10 and IFN-γ also in C57BL/6 mice and when subcutaneously administered. Interleukin-10, IL-12 and IL-27 were produced in vitro by Conj-stimulated bone marrow dendritic cells, whereas IL-10 and IFN-γ were up-regulated in co-cultures of CD11c+ and CD4+ T cells from Conj-treated mice stimulated with allergen. Cytofluorometric analysis indicated that the Conj expanded IFN-γ- and IL-10- producing memory T cells. The Conj effects on IL-10−/− and IL-12−/− mice confirmed the role of IL-10 and IFN-γ in inducing a protective and balanced redirection the T helper type 2-mediated airway inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Nencini
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Centre for Research, Transfer and High Education DENOTHE, Florence, Italy
| | - Sara Pratesi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Centre for Research, Transfer and High Education DENOTHE, Florence, Italy
| | - Giulia Petroni
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Centre for Research, Transfer and High Education DENOTHE, Florence, Italy
| | - Lucia Filì
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Centre for Research, Transfer and High Education DENOTHE, Florence, Italy
| | - Elisa Cardilicchia
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Centre for Research, Transfer and High Education DENOTHE, Florence, Italy
| | - Andrea Casini
- Department of Chemistry 'Ugo Schiff', University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | | | - Laura Calosi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Daniele Bani
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Sergio Romagnani
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Centre for Research, Transfer and High Education DENOTHE, Florence, Italy
| | - Enrico Maggi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Centre for Research, Transfer and High Education DENOTHE, Florence, Italy
| | - Paola Parronchi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Centre for Research, Transfer and High Education DENOTHE, Florence, Italy
| | - Alessandra Vultaggio
- Immunoallergology Unit, Department of Biomedicine, Careggi Hospital, Florence, Italy
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14
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Renkonen J, Toppila-Salmi S, Joenväärä S, Mattila P, Parviainen V, Hagström J, Haglund C, Lehtonen M, Renkonen R. Expression of Toll-like receptors in nasal epithelium in allergic rhinitis. APMIS 2015; 123:716-25. [PMID: 26061394 PMCID: PMC4744727 DOI: 10.1111/apm.12408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2015] [Accepted: 04/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Toll‐like receptors (TLRs) are important in barrier homeostasis, but their role in airborne allergies is not fully understood. The aim was to evaluate baseline and allergen‐induced expression of TLR proteins in nasal epithelium during allergic rhinitis. Nineteen otherwise healthy non‐smoking volunteers both allergic to birch pollen and non‐allergic controls were enrolled. We took nasal biopsies before and after off‐seasonal intranasal birch pollen or diluent challenge. The expression of epithelial TLR1‐7, TLR9‐10, and MyD88 proteins was immunohistochemically evaluated from the nasal biopsies. The TLR1‐3 and TLR5‐10 mRNAs were observed by RNA‐microarray. Baseline epithelial expression of TLR proteins was wide and identical in controls and atopics. After off‐seasonal intranasal birch pollen challenge, a negative change in the expression score of TLR1 and TLR6 proteins was detected in the atopic group. TLR mRNA expression was not affected by birch pollen challenge. Nasal epithelium seems to express all known TLRs. The mechanisms by which TLR1, and TLR6 proteins could affect pollen allergen transport need further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jutta Renkonen
- Transplantation Laboratory, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sanna Toppila-Salmi
- Transplantation Laboratory, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Allergy, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sakari Joenväärä
- Transplantation Laboratory, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Pirkko Mattila
- Transplantation Laboratory, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ville Parviainen
- Transplantation Laboratory, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jaana Hagström
- Department of Pathology, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,HUSLAB, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Caj Haglund
- Department of Surgery, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.,Research Programs Unit, Translational Cancer Biology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mikko Lehtonen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Risto Renkonen
- Transplantation Laboratory, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,HUSLAB, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
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Toll-like receptor ligands LPS and poly (I:C) exacerbate airway hyperresponsiveness in a model of airway allergy in mice, independently of inflammation. PLoS One 2014; 9:e104114. [PMID: 25089623 PMCID: PMC4121312 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0104114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2014] [Accepted: 07/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well-established that bacterial and viral infections have an exacerbating effect on allergic asthma, particularly aggravating respiratory symptoms, such as airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR). The mechanism by which these infections alter AHR is unclear, but some studies suggest that Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play a role. In this study, we investigated the impact of TLR3 and TLR4 ligands on AHR and airway inflammation in a model of pre-established allergic inflammation. Female BALB/c mice were sensitised and challenged intranasally (i.n.) with either PBS or ovalbumin (OVA) and subsequently i.n. challenged with poly (I:C) (TLR3) or LPS (TLR4) for four consecutive days. The response to methacholine was measured in vivo; cellular and inflammatory mediators were measured in blood, lung tissue and broncheoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF). OVA challenge resulted in an increase in AHR to methacholine, as well as increased airway eosinophilia and TH2 cytokine production. Subsequent challenge with TLR agonists resulted in a significant increase in AHR, but decreased TLR-specific cellular inflammation and production of immune mediators. Particularly evident was a decline in LPS-induced neutrophilia and neutrophil-associated cytokines following LPS and poly (I:C) treatment. The present data indicates that TLRs may play a pivotal role in AHR in response to microbial infection in allergic lung inflammation. These data also demonstrate that aggravated AHR occurs in the absence of an exacerbation in airway inflammation and that allergic inflammation impedes a subsequent inflammatory response to TLRs. These results may parallel clinical signs of microbial asthma exacerbation, including an extended duration of illness and increased respiratory symptoms.
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