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Finetti L, Orchard I, Lange AB. The octopamine receptor OAα1 influences oogenesis and reproductive performance in Rhodnius prolixus. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0296463. [PMID: 38157386 PMCID: PMC10756544 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0296463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
The control of reproductive processes in Rhodnius prolixus involves a variety of neuroactive chemicals. Among these, several studies have suggested that the biogenic amine octopamine (OA), might play an active role in these processes. Here, we investigate the molecular profile of the R. prolixus α adrenergic-like OA receptor 1 (RpOAα1-R) and its role in egg production. Comparative molecular analyses confirm that the RpOAα1-R gene codes for a true OAα1 receptor. The RpOAα1-R transcript is highly expressed in tissues associated with egg production, and after a blood meal, which is the stimulus for full egg production in R. prolixus, the RpOAα1-R transcript is upregulated in the ovaries and spermatheca. After RNAi-mediated RpOAα1-R knockdown, an ovarian phenotype characterized by slow egg development is observed. Furthermore, an altered egg phenotype has been characterized with eggs that are deformed. Interestingly, there is no evidence of disruption in vitellogenin (Vg) synthesis by the fat body or uptake by the oocytes. On the other hand, RpOAα1-R downregulation is correlated with defective choriogenesis in the eggs. These results provide critical information concerning the role of OAα1-R in oogenesis in R. prolixus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Finetti
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, ON, Canada
| | - Ian Orchard
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, ON, Canada
| | - Angela B. Lange
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, ON, Canada
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2
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Finetti L, Paluzzi JP, Orchard I, Lange AB. Octopamine and tyramine signalling in Aedes aegypti: Molecular characterization and insight into potential physiological roles. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0281917. [PMID: 36795713 PMCID: PMC9934454 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0281917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/05/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
In insects, the biogenic amines octopamine (OA) and tyramine (TA) are involved in controlling several physiological and behavioural processes. OA and TA act as neurotransmitters, neuromodulators or neurohormones, performing their functions by binding to specific receptors belonging to the G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) superfamily. OA and TA along with their receptors are involved in reproduction, smell perception, metabolism, and homeostasis. Moreover, OA and TA receptors are targets for insecticides and antiparasitic agents, such as the formamidine Amitraz. In the dengue and yellow fever vector, Aedes aegypti, limited research has been reported on their OA or TA receptors. Here, we identify and molecularly characterize the OA and TA receptors in A. aegypti. Bioinformatic tools were used to identify four OA and three TA receptors in the genome of A. aegypti. The seven receptors are expressed in all developmental stages of A. aegypti; however, their highest transcript abundance is observed in the adult. Among several adult A. aegypti tissues examined, including the central nervous system, antennae and rostrum, midgut, Malpighian tubules, ovaries, and testes, the type 2 TA receptor (TAR2) transcript is most abundant in the ovaries and the type 3 TA receptor (TAR3) is enriched in the Malpighian tubules, leading us to propose putative roles for these receptors in reproduction and diuresis, respectively. Furthermore, a blood meal influenced OA and TA receptor transcript expression patterns in adult female tissues at several time points post blood meal, suggesting these receptors may play key physiological roles associated with feeding. To better understand OA and TA signalling in A. aegypti, the transcript expression profiles of key enzymes in their biosynthetic pathway, namely tyrosine decarboxylase (Tdc) and tyramine β-hydroxylase (Tβh), were examined in developmental stages, adult tissues, and brains from blood-fed females. These findings provide information for better understanding the physiological roles of OA, TA, and their receptors in A. aegypti, and additionally, may help in the development of novel strategies for the control of these human disease vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Finetti
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, ON, Canada
- * E-mail:
| | | | - Ian Orchard
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, ON, Canada
| | - Angela B. Lange
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, ON, Canada
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3
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Werner LE, Wagner U. Calcium-sensing receptor-mediated NLRP3 inflammasome activation in rheumatoid arthritis and autoinflammation. Front Physiol 2023; 13:1078569. [PMID: 36685206 PMCID: PMC9854345 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.1078569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) is expressed in many cell types - including immune cells and in particular circulating monocytes. Here, the receptor plays an important physiological role as a regulator of constitutive macropinocytosis. This review article provides an overview of the literature on the role of the calcium sensing receptor in the context of inflammatory processes. Special emphasis is laid upon the importance for monocytes in the context of rheumatoid arthritis. We have shown previously, that stimulation of the receptor by increased extracellular Ca2+ ([Ca2+]ex) triggers a pro-inflammatory response due to NLRP3 inflammasome assembly and interleukin (IL)-1β release. The underlying mechanism includes macropinocytosis of calciprotein particles (CPPs), which are taken up in a [Ca2+]ex-induced, CaSR dependent manner, and leads to strong IL-1β release. In rheumatoid arthritis (RA), this uptake and the resulting IL-1β release is significantly increased due to increased expression of the receptor. Moreover, increased [Ca2+]ex-induced CPP uptake and IL-1β release is associated with more active disease, while CaSR overexpression has been reported to be associated with cardiovascular complications of RA. Most importantly, however, in animal experiments with arthritic mice, increased local calcium concentrations are present, which in combination with release of fetuin-A from eroded bone could contribute to formation of CPPs. We propose, that increased [Ca2+]ex, CPPs and pro-inflammatory cytokines drive a vicious cycle of inflammation and bone destruction which in turn offers new potential therapeutic approaches.
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4
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Engineered Allosteric Regulation of Protein Function. J Mol Biol 2022; 434:167620. [PMID: 35513109 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2022.167620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Revised: 03/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Allosteric regulation of proteins has been utilized to study various aspects of cell signaling, from unicellular events to organism-wide phenotypes. However, traditional methods of allosteric regulation, such as constitutively active mutants and inhibitors, lack tight spatiotemporal control. This often leads to unintended signaling consequences that interfere with data interpretation. To overcome these obstacles, researchers employed protein engineering approaches that enable tight control of protein function through allosteric mechanisms. These methods provide high specificity as well as spatial and temporal precision in regulation of protein activity in vitro and in vivo. In this review, we focus on the recent advancements in engineered allosteric regulation and discuss the various bioengineered allosteric techniques available now, from chimeric GPCRs to chemogenetic and optogenetic switches. We highlight the benefits and pitfalls of each of these techniques as well as areas in which future improvements can be made. Additionally, we provide a brief discussion on implementation of engineered allosteric regulation approaches, demonstrating that these tools can shed light on elusive biological events and have the potential to be utilized in precision medicine.
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5
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Wang F, Yin XS, Lu J, Cen C, Wang Y. Phosphorylation-dependent positive feedback on the oxytocin receptor through the kinase PKD1 contributes to long-term social memory. Sci Signal 2022; 15:eabd0033. [PMID: 35104164 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.abd0033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Social memory enables one to recognize and distinguish specific individuals. It is fundamental to social behaviors that can be mediated by the oxytocin receptor (OXTR), such as forming relationships. We investigated the molecular regulation and function of OXTR in animal behavior involving social memory. We found that Ser261 in OXTR was phosphorylated by protein kinase D1 (PKD1). Neuronal Ca2+ signaling and behavior analyses revealed that rats expressing a mutated form of OXTR that cannot be phosphorylated at this residue (OXTR S261A) in the medial amygdala (MeA) exhibited impaired long-term social memory (LTSM). Blocking the phosphorylation of wild-type OXTR in the MeA using an interfering peptide in rats or through conditional knockout of Pkd1 in mice reduced social memory retention, whereas expression of a phosphomimetic mutant of OXTR rescued it. In HEK293A cells, the PKD1-mediated phosphorylation of OXTR promoted its binding to Gq protein and, in turn, OXTR-mediated phosphorylation of PKD1, indicating a positive feedback loop. In addition, OXTR with a single-nucleotide polymorphism found in humans (rs200362197), which has a mutation in the conserved recognition region in the PKD1 phosphorylation site, showed impaired activation and signaling in vitro and in HEK293A cells similar to that of the S216A mutant. Our findings describe a phosphoregulatory loop for OXTR and its critical role in social behavior that might be further explored in associated disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Wang
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences and Neuroscience Research Institute; Key Lab for Neuroscience, Ministry of Education of China and National Health Commission and State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University, Beijing 100083, China.,Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Xiang-Sha Yin
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences and Neuroscience Research Institute; Key Lab for Neuroscience, Ministry of Education of China and National Health Commission and State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Jie Lu
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences and Neuroscience Research Institute; Key Lab for Neuroscience, Ministry of Education of China and National Health Commission and State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Cheng Cen
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences and Neuroscience Research Institute; Key Lab for Neuroscience, Ministry of Education of China and National Health Commission and State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yun Wang
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences and Neuroscience Research Institute; Key Lab for Neuroscience, Ministry of Education of China and National Health Commission and State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University, Beijing 100083, China.,PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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6
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Balanced expression of G protein-coupled receptor subtypes in the mouse, macaque, and human cerebral cortex. Neuroscience 2022; 487:107-119. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2022.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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7
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Finetti L, Pezzi M, Civolani S, Calò G, Scapoli C, Bernacchia G. Characterization of Halyomorpha halys TAR1 reveals its involvement in (E)-2-decenal pheromone perception. J Exp Biol 2021; 224:239726. [PMID: 33914035 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.238816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In insects, tyramine receptor 1 (TAR1) has been shown to control several physiological functions, including olfaction. We investigated the molecular and functional profile of the Halyomorpha halys type 1 tyramine receptor gene (HhTAR1) and its role in olfactory functions of this pest. Molecular and pharmacological analyses confirmed that the HhTAR1 gene codes for a true TAR1. RT-qPCR analysis revealed that HhTAR1 is expressed mostly in adult brain and antennae as well as in early development stages (eggs, 1st and 2nd instar nymphs). In particular, among the antennomeres that compose a typical H. halys antenna, HhTAR1 was more expressed in flagellomeres. Scanning electron microscopy investigation revealed the type and distribution of sensilla on adult H. halys antennae: both flagellomeres appear rich in trichoid and grooved sensilla, known to be associated with olfactory functions. Through an RNAi approach, topically delivered HhTAR1 dsRNA induced a 50% downregulation in gene expression after 24 h in H. halys 2nd instar nymphs. An innovative behavioural assay revealed that HhTAR1 RNAi-silenced 2nd instar nymphs were less susceptible to the alarm pheromone component (E)-2 decenal as compared with controls. These results provide critical information concerning the role of TAR1 in olfaction regulation, especially alarm pheromone reception, in H. halys. Furthermore, considering the emerging role of TAR1 as target of biopesticides, this work opens the way for further investigation on innovative methods for controlling H. halys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Finetti
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Marco Pezzi
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Stefano Civolani
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy.,InnovaRicerca s.r.l. Monestirolo, 44124 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Girolamo Calò
- Department of Biomedical and Specialty Surgical Sciences, Section of Pharmacology, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Chiara Scapoli
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Giovanni Bernacchia
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
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8
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Kurth M, Lolicato F, Sandoval-Perez A, Amaya-Espinosa H, Teslenko A, Sinning I, Beck R, Brügger B, Aponte-Santamaría C. Cholesterol Localization around the Metabotropic Glutamate Receptor 2. J Phys Chem B 2020; 124:9061-9078. [PMID: 32954729 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.0c05264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR) 2 plays a key role in the central nervous system. mGluR2 has been shown to be regulated by its surrounding lipid environment, especially by cholesterol, by an unknown mechanism. Here, using a combination of biochemical approaches, photo-cross-linking experiments, and molecular dynamics simulations we show the interaction of cholesterol with at least two, but potentially five more, preferential sites on the mGluR2 transmembrane domain. Our simulations demonstrate that surface matching, rather than electrostatic interactions with specific amino acids, is the main factor defining cholesterol localization. Moreover, the cholesterol localization observed here is similar to the sterol-binding pattern previously described in silico for other members of the mGluR family. Biochemical assays suggest little influence of cholesterol on trafficking or dimerization of mGluR2. Nevertheless, simulations revealed a significant reduction of residue-residue contacts together with an alteration in the internal mechanical stress at the cytoplasmic side of the helical bundle when cholesterol was present in the membrane. These alterations may be related to destabilization of the basal state of mGluR2. Due to the high sequence conservation of the transmembrane domains of mGluRs, the molecular interaction of cholesterol and mGluR2 described here is also likely to be relevant for other members of the mGLuR family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Kurth
- Biochemistry Center (BZH), Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 328, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Fabio Lolicato
- Biochemistry Center (BZH), Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 328, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Angelica Sandoval-Perez
- Max Planck Tandem Group in Computational Biophysics, University of Los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Helman Amaya-Espinosa
- Max Planck Tandem Group in Computational Biophysics, University of Los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Alexandra Teslenko
- Biochemistry Center (BZH), Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 328, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Irmgard Sinning
- Biochemistry Center (BZH), Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 328, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Rainer Beck
- Biochemistry Center (BZH), Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 328, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Britta Brügger
- Biochemistry Center (BZH), Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 328, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Camilo Aponte-Santamaría
- Max Planck Tandem Group in Computational Biophysics, University of Los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia.,Interdisciplinary Center for Scientific Computing, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
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9
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Mao J, Zigo M, Zuidema D, Sutovsky M, Sutovsky P. NEDD4-like ubiquitin ligase 2 protein (NEDL2) in porcine spermatozoa, oocytes, and preimplantation embryos and its role in oocyte fertilization†. Biol Reprod 2020; 104:117-129. [PMID: 33030211 DOI: 10.1093/biolre/ioaa186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The ubiquitin-proteasome system plays diverse regulatory and homeostatic roles in mammalian reproduction. Ubiquitin ligases are the substrate-specific mediators of ubiquitin-binding to its substrate proteins. The NEDD4-like ubiquitin ligase 2 (aliases NEDL2, HECW2) is a HECT-type ubiquitin ligase that contains one N-terminal HECW ubiquitin ligase domain, one C-terminal HECT ubiquitin ligase domain, one C2 domain, and two WW protein-protein interaction modules. Beyond its predicted ubiquitin-ligase activity, its cellular functions are largely unknown. Current studies were designed to investigate the content and distribution of NEDL2 in porcine spermatozoa, oocytes, zygotes, and early preimplantation embryos, and in cumulus cells before and after in vitro maturation with oocytes, and fibroblast cells as positive control by western blot and immunocytochemistry, and to examine its roles during oocyte fertilization. Multiple isoforms of NEDL2 were identified by WB. One at approximately 52 kDa was detected only in the germinal vesicle (GV) stage and metaphase II oocytes, and in early preimplantation embryos. Other isoforms were high mass bands at 91, 136, and 155 kDa, which were only detected in somatic cells. Interestingly, ejaculated spermatozoa prominently displayed the same 52 kDa band as oocytes; they also had two minor bands of 74 and 129 kDa, which were not detected in somatic cells or oocytes. By immunofluorescence, NEDL2 showed a diffused cytoplasmic localization in all cell types and accumulated in distinct foci in the germinal vesicles (GVs) of immature oocytes, in maternal and paternal pronuclei of zygotes and nuclei of embryo blastomeres and somatic cells. In blastocysts, the labeling intensity of NEDL2 was stronger in the inner cell mass than in trophoblast, indicating higher NEDL2 content in the ICM cells than in trophectoderm. NEDL2 abundance was 10 times higher in post-maturation oocyte-surrounding cumulus cells than that of cumulus cells before in vitro maturation with hormones, indicating that NEDL2 may have a unique role in cumulus cells after ovulation. Microinjection of anti-NEDL2 antibody into oocyte before IVF did not affect the percentage of oocytes fertilized, percentage of oocytes cleaved, or blastocyst formation. However, the anti-NEDL2 antibody decreased the number of pronuclei, accelerated the formation of nuclear precursor bodies at 6 h postfertilization, inhibited sperm DNA decondensation, and resulted in more fertilized oocytes without male pronuclear formation. In summary, NEDL2 may play a key role during fertilization, especially during sperm DNA decondensation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiude Mao
- Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Michal Zigo
- Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Dalen Zuidema
- Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Miriam Sutovsky
- Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Peter Sutovsky
- Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.,Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Women's Health, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
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10
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Finetti L, Ferrari F, Caló G, Cassanelli S, De Bastiani M, Civolani S, Bernacchia G. Modulation of Drosophila suzukii type 1 tyramine receptor (DsTAR1) by monoterpenes: a potential new target for next generation biopesticides. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 165:104549. [PMID: 32359540 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2020.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Revised: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This study proposes a biochemical and molecular model for the interaction between the Drosophila suzukii type 1 tyramine receptor (DsTAR1) and monoterpenes. A preliminary molecular and functional characterization of DsTAR1 cDNA revealed that a 1.8 kb long ORF codes for a 600 amino acid polypeptide featuring seven transmembrane domains, as expected for a GPCR. A stable HEK 293 cell line expressing DsTAR1 was tested for responsiveness to tyramine (TA) and octopamine (OA). In intracellular calcium mobilization studies, TA led to a concentration-dependent increase in [Ca2+]i (pEC50 ~ 6.40), completely abolished by pre-incubation with the antagonist yohimbine 1 μM. Besides, in dynamic mass redistribution (DMR) studies, TA evoked a positive DMR signal in a concentration-dependent manner (pEC50 ~ 6.80). The recombinant cell line was then used to test three monoterpenes (thymol, carvacrol and α-terpineol) as putative ligands for DsTAR1. The terpenoids showed no agonist effects in both DMR and calcium mobilization assays, but they increased the potency of the endogenous ligand, TA, acting as positive allosteric modulators. Moreover, expression analysis on adults D. suzukii, exposed for 24, 72 or 120 h to a sublethal concentration of the three monoterpenes, showed a downregulation of DsTAR1. This evidence has led to hypothesize that the downregulation of DsTAR1 might be a compensatory mechanism in response to the positive allosteric modulation of the receptor induced by monoterpenes. Therefore, these findings might be useful for the development of a new generation of biopesticides against Drosophila suzukii, targeting TAR1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Finetti
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Federica Ferrari
- Department of Medical Sciences, Section of Pharmacology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Girolamo Caló
- Department of Medical Sciences, Section of Pharmacology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Stefano Cassanelli
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Morena De Bastiani
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Stefano Civolani
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy; InnovaRicerca s.r.l. Monestirolo, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Giovanni Bernacchia
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy.
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11
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Enkavi G, Javanainen M, Kulig W, Róg T, Vattulainen I. Multiscale Simulations of Biological Membranes: The Challenge To Understand Biological Phenomena in a Living Substance. Chem Rev 2019; 119:5607-5774. [PMID: 30859819 PMCID: PMC6727218 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Biological membranes are tricky to investigate. They are complex in terms of molecular composition and structure, functional over a wide range of time scales, and characterized by nonequilibrium conditions. Because of all of these features, simulations are a great technique to study biomembrane behavior. A significant part of the functional processes in biological membranes takes place at the molecular level; thus computer simulations are the method of choice to explore how their properties emerge from specific molecular features and how the interplay among the numerous molecules gives rise to function over spatial and time scales larger than the molecular ones. In this review, we focus on this broad theme. We discuss the current state-of-the-art of biomembrane simulations that, until now, have largely focused on a rather narrow picture of the complexity of the membranes. Given this, we also discuss the challenges that we should unravel in the foreseeable future. Numerous features such as the actin-cytoskeleton network, the glycocalyx network, and nonequilibrium transport under ATP-driven conditions have so far received very little attention; however, the potential of simulations to solve them would be exceptionally high. A major milestone for this research would be that one day we could say that computer simulations genuinely research biological membranes, not just lipid bilayers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giray Enkavi
- Department
of Physics, University of
Helsinki, P.O. Box 64, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Matti Javanainen
- Department
of Physics, University of
Helsinki, P.O. Box 64, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy
of Sciences, Flemingovo naḿesti 542/2, 16610 Prague, Czech Republic
- Computational
Physics Laboratory, Tampere University, P.O. Box 692, FI-33014 Tampere, Finland
| | - Waldemar Kulig
- Department
of Physics, University of
Helsinki, P.O. Box 64, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tomasz Róg
- Department
of Physics, University of
Helsinki, P.O. Box 64, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
- Computational
Physics Laboratory, Tampere University, P.O. Box 692, FI-33014 Tampere, Finland
| | - Ilpo Vattulainen
- Department
of Physics, University of
Helsinki, P.O. Box 64, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
- Computational
Physics Laboratory, Tampere University, P.O. Box 692, FI-33014 Tampere, Finland
- MEMPHYS-Center
for Biomembrane Physics
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12
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Phosphoproteomic analysis of cocaine memory extinction and reconsolidation in the nucleus accumbens. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2019; 236:531-543. [PMID: 30411139 PMCID: PMC6374162 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-018-5071-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Environmental stimuli, or cues, associated with the use of drugs such as cocaine are one of the primary drivers of relapse. Thus, identifying mechanisms to reduce the motivational properties of drug cues is an important research goal. OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study was to identify cellular signaling events in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) that are induced when a cocaine cue memory is either extinguished through repeated cue presentation in the absence of drug, or when the memory is reactivated and reconsolidated by a brief cue re-exposure. Signaling events specific to extinction or reconsolidation represent potential targets for pharmacotherapeutics that may enhance extinction or disrupt reconsolidation to reduce the likelihood of relapse. METHODS Male Sprague-Dawley rats were trained to self-administer cocaine paired with an audiovisual cue. Following a period of self-administration, the memory for the cocaine-associated cue was either extinguished, reactivated, or not manipulated (control) 15 min before sacrifice. Tissue from the NAc was subsequently analyzed using mass spectrometry based phosphoproteomics to identify cellular signaling events induced by each condition. RESULTS Extinction and reconsolidation of the cocaine cue memory produced both common and distinct changes in protein phosphorylation. Notably, there were no significant changes in protein phosphorylation that were modulated in the opposite direction by the two behavioral conditions. Comparison of NAc phosphoproteomic changes to previously identified changes in the basolateral amygdala (BLA) revealed that cue extinction increases phosphorylation at serine (S) 883 of the GABAB receptor subunit 2 and on S14 of syntaxin 1a in both regions, while no common regional signaling events were identified in the reconsolidation group. CONCLUSIONS Phosphoproteomics is a useful tool for identifying signaling cascades involved in different memory processes and revealed novel potential targets for selectively targeting extinction versus reconsolidation of a cocaine cue memory. Furthermore, cross region analysis suggests that cue extinction may produce unique signaling events associated with increased inhibitory signaling.
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14
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GPCR drug discovery: integrating solution NMR data with crystal and cryo-EM structures. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2018; 18:59-82. [PMID: 30410121 DOI: 10.1038/nrd.2018.180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The 826 G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) in the human proteome regulate key physiological processes and thus have long been attractive drug targets. With the crystal structures of more than 50 different human GPCRs determined over the past decade, an initial platform for structure-based rational design has been established for drugs that target GPCRs, which is currently being augmented with cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) structures of higher-order GPCR complexes. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy in solution is one of the key approaches for expanding this platform with dynamic features, which can be accessed at physiological temperature and with minimal modification of the wild-type GPCR covalent structures. Here, we review strategies for the use of advanced biochemistry and NMR techniques with GPCRs, survey projects in which crystal or cryo-EM structures have been complemented with NMR investigations and discuss the impact of this integrative approach on GPCR biology and drug discovery.
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15
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Xu J, Tan P, Li H, Cui Y, Qiu Y, Wang H, Zhang X, Li J, Zhu L, Zhou W, Chen H. Direct SUMOylation of M1 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor increases its ligand-binding affinity and signal transduction. FASEB J 2018; 33:3237-3251. [PMID: 30407877 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201800936r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
SUMOylation is a significant post-translational modification (PTM) by the small ubiquitin-related modifier (SUMO). Increasing evidence shows SUMOylation regulates GPCR signaling; however, very few GPCRs have been shown to be SUMOylation targets to date. In this study, we identified M1 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (M1 mAChR), a member of the GPCRs, as a new SUMO substrate. When the mAChR was activated by the agonist carbachol, the colocalization of the M1 mAChR and SUMO-1 protein markedly decreased in immunoprecipitation and immunofluorescence assays. SUMOylation of the M1 mAChR played an important role in increasing the ligand-binding affinity to M1 mAChR, signaling efficiencies, and receptor endocytosis. Through the site-directed mutagenesis approach, K327 was identified as the SUMOylation site of the M1 mAChR. Mutation of the consensus SUMOylation site of the M1 mAChR reduces not only the colocalization of SUMO-1, but also the ligand-binding affinity and signal transduction. The function of M1 mAChR was regulated by SUMOylation through the stabilization of active-state conformation revealed by molecular dynamics simulations. Our results provide evidence that M1 SUMOylation is an important PTM involved in regulation of the affinity for agonists and for activation of signaling pathways.-Xu, J., Tan, P., Li, H., Cui, Y., Qiu, Y., Wang, H., Zhang, X., Li, J., Zhu, L., Zhou, W., Chen, H. Direct SUMOylation of M1 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor increases its ligand-binding affinity and signal transduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianrong Xu
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Panpan Tan
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hui Li
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yongyao Cui
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Qiu
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hao Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xuan Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Juan Li
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Liang Zhu
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Laboratory of Oral Microbiota and Systemic Disease, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China.,College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai, China; and
| | - Hongzhuan Chen
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Biomedical Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
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16
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Gerbino A, Colella M. The Different Facets of Extracellular Calcium Sensors: Old and New Concepts in Calcium-Sensing Receptor Signalling and Pharmacology. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E999. [PMID: 29584660 PMCID: PMC5979557 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19040999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Revised: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 03/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The current interest of the scientific community for research in the field of calcium sensing in general and on the calcium-sensing Receptor (CaR) in particular is demonstrated by the still increasing number of papers published on this topic. The extracellular calcium-sensing receptor is the best-known G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) able to sense external Ca2+ changes. Widely recognized as a fundamental player in systemic Ca2+ homeostasis, the CaR is ubiquitously expressed in the human body where it activates multiple signalling pathways. In this review, old and new notions regarding the mechanisms by which extracellular Ca2+ microdomains are created and the tools available to measure them are analyzed. After a survey of the main signalling pathways triggered by the CaR, a special attention is reserved for the emerging concepts regarding CaR function in the heart, CaR trafficking and pharmacology. Finally, an overview on other Ca2+ sensors is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Gerbino
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnology and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, 70121 Bari, Italy.
| | - Matilde Colella
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnology and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, 70121 Bari, Italy.
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17
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Kaizuka T, Hayashi T. Comparative analysis of palmitoylation sites of serotonin (5-HT) receptors in vertebrates. Neuropsychopharmacol Rep 2018; 38:75-85. [PMID: 30106257 PMCID: PMC7292288 DOI: 10.1002/npr2.12011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Revised: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In the vertebrate central nervous system as well as in the periphery, serotonin, also known as 5‐hydroxytriptamine (5‐HT), function as a neurotransmitter, a hormone or a mitogen. 5‐HT receptors are composed of 7 family 5‐HT1‐7 receptors, comprising of 14 structurally and pharmacologically distinct 5‐HT receptor subtypes. Previous experimental studies showed that mouse 5‐HT1A, 5‐HT4 and 5‐HT7 receptors are regulated by post‐translational protein palmitoylation, the reversible attachment of the lipid palmitate to intracellular cysteine residues. Here, we further focused on conservation of these putative palmitoylation sites found in vertebrate 5‐HT receptor orthologs. Methods and Results Analysis of sequence databases provides evidence to suggest that palmitoylation sites of these 5‐HT receptors have been extremely conserved in the vertebrate lineages from jawless fishes to human, in spite of the divergence of 5‐HT1A, 5‐HT4 or 5‐HT7 receptors full‐length amino acid sequences during molecular evolution. Conclusion Our findings mean that dynamic regulation of 5‐HT receptors made possible by reversible post‐translational protein palmitoylation may be critical for refined functions of the vertebrate serotonergic systems. Reversible post‐translational protein palmitoylation sites of 5‐HT1A, 5‐HT4, and 5‐HT7 receptors have been extremely conserved in the vertebrate lineages against mutation pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshie Kaizuka
- Section of Cellular Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Cellular Biology, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry (NCNP), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takashi Hayashi
- Section of Cellular Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Cellular Biology, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry (NCNP), Tokyo, Japan
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18
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Ulloa-Aguirre A, Zariñán T, Gutiérrez-Sagal R, Dias JA. Intracellular Trafficking of Gonadotropin Receptors in Health and Disease. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2018; 245:1-39. [PMID: 29063275 DOI: 10.1007/164_2017_49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Gonadotropin receptors belong to the highly conserved subfamily of the G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) superfamily, the so-called Rhodopsin-like family (class A), which is the largest class of GPCRs and currently a major drug target. Both the follicle-stimulating hormone receptor (FSHR) and the luteinizing hormone/chorionic gonadotropin hormone receptor (LHCGR) are mainly located in the gonads where they play key functions associated to essential reproductive functions. As any other protein, gonadotropin receptors must be properly folded into a mature tertiary conformation compatible with quaternary assembly and endoplasmic reticulum export to the cell surface plasma membrane. Several primary and secondary structural features, including presence of particular amino acid residues and short motifs and in addition, posttranslational modifications, regulate intracellular trafficking of gonadotropin receptors to the plasma membrane as well as internalization and recycling of the receptor back to the cell surface after activation by agonist. Inactivating mutations of gonadotropin receptors may derive from receptor misfolding and lead to absent or reduced plasma membrane expression of the altered receptor, thereby manifesting an array of phenotypical abnormalities mostly characterized by reproductive failure and/or abnormal or absence of development of secondary sex characteristics. In this chapter we review the structural requirements necessary for intracellular trafficking of the gonadotropin receptors, and describe how mutations in these receptors may lead to receptor misfolding and disease in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfredo Ulloa-Aguirre
- Red de Apoyo a la Investigación (RAI), Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México-Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición SZ, Vasco de Quiroga 15, Tlalpan, Mexico City, 14000, Mexico.
| | - Teresa Zariñán
- Red de Apoyo a la Investigación (RAI), Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México-Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición SZ, Vasco de Quiroga 15, Tlalpan, Mexico City, 14000, Mexico
| | - Rubén Gutiérrez-Sagal
- Red de Apoyo a la Investigación (RAI), Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México-Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición SZ, Vasco de Quiroga 15, Tlalpan, Mexico City, 14000, Mexico
| | - James A Dias
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Public Health, University at Albany, Albany, NY, USA
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19
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Peachey NS, Hasan N, FitzMaurice B, Burrill S, Pangeni G, Karst SY, Reinholdt L, Berry ML, Strobel M, Gregg RG, McCall MA, Chang B. A missense mutation in Grm6 reduces but does not eliminate mGluR6 expression or rod depolarizing bipolar cell function. J Neurophysiol 2017; 118:845-854. [PMID: 28490646 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00888.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Revised: 05/03/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
GRM6 encodes the metabotropic glutamate receptor 6 (mGluR6) used by retinal depolarizing bipolar cells (DBCs). Mutations in GRM6 lead to DBC dysfunction and underlie the human condition autosomal recessive complete congenital stationary night blindness. Mouse mutants for Grm6 are important models for this condition. Here we report a new Grm6 mutant, identified in an electroretinogram (ERG) screen of mice maintained at The Jackson Laboratory. The Grm6nob8 mouse has a reduced-amplitude b-wave component of the ERG, which reflects light-evoked DBC activity. Sequencing identified a missense mutation that converts a highly conserved methionine within the ligand binding domain to leucine (p.Met66Leu). Consistent with prior studies of Grm6 mutant mice, the laminar size and structure in the Grm6nob8 retina were comparable to control. The Grm6nob8 phenotype is distinguished from other Grm6 mutants that carry a null allele by a reduced but not absent ERG b-wave, decreased but present expression of mGluR6 at DBC dendritic tips, and mislocalization of mGluR6 to DBC somas. Consistent with a reduced but not absent b-wave, there were a subset of retinal ganglion cells whose responses to light onset have times to peak within the range of those in control retinas. These data indicate that the p.Met66Leu mutant mGluR6 is trafficked less than control. However, the mGluR6 that is localized to the DBC dendritic tips is able to initiate DBC signal transduction. The Grm6nob8 mouse extends the Grm6 allelic series and will be useful for elucidating the role of mGluR6 in DBC signal transduction and in human disease.NEW & NOTEWORTHY This article describes a mouse model of the human disease complete congenital stationary night blindness in which the mutation reduces but does not eliminate GRM6 expression and bipolar cell function, a distinct phenotype from that seen in other Grm6 mouse models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neal S Peachey
- Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio.,Louis Stokes Cleveland Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio.,Department of Ophthalmology, Cleveland Clinic College of Medicine of Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Nazarul Hasan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
| | | | | | - Gobinda Pangeni
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky; and
| | | | | | | | | | - Ronald G Gregg
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky.,Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky; and
| | - Maureen A McCall
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky; and.,Department of Anatomical Sciences and Neurobiology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Bo Chang
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine;
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20
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Janušonis S. A receptor-based analysis of local ecosystems in the human brain. BMC Neurosci 2017; 18:33. [PMID: 28320311 PMCID: PMC5360078 DOI: 10.1186/s12868-017-0355-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background As a complex system, the brain is a self-organizing entity that depends on local interactions among cells. Its regions (anatomically defined nuclei and areas) can be conceptualized as cellular ecosystems, but the similarity of their functional profiles is poorly understood. The study used the Allen Human Brain Atlas to classify 169 brain regions into hierarchically-organized environments based on their expression of 100 G protein-coupled neurotransmitter receptors, with no a priori reference to the regions’ positions in the brain’s anatomy or function. The analysis was based on hierarchical clustering, and multiscale bootstrap resampling was used to estimate the reliability of detected clusters. Results The study presents the first unbiased, hierarchical tree of functional environments in the human brain. The similarity of brain regions was strongly influenced by their anatomical proximity, even when they belonged to different functional systems. Generally, spatial vicinity trumped long-range projections or network connectivity. The main cluster of brain regions excluded the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus. The nuclei of the amygdala formed a cluster irrespective of their striatal or pallial origin. In its receptor profile, the hypothalamus was more closely associated with the midbrain than with the thalamus. The cerebellar cortical areas formed a tight and exclusive cluster. Most of the neocortical areas (with the exception of some occipital areas) clustered in a large, statistically well supported group that included no other brain regions. Conclusions This study adds a new dimension to the established classifications of brain divisions. In a single framework, they are reconsidered at multiple scales—from individual nuclei and areas to their groups to the entire brain. The analysis provides support for predictive models of brain self-organization and adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Skirmantas Janušonis
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106-9660, USA.
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21
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Alfonzo-Méndez MA, Alcántara-Hernández R, García-Sáinz JA. Novel Structural Approaches to Study GPCR Regulation. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 18:E27. [PMID: 28025563 PMCID: PMC5297662 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18010027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Revised: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Upon natural agonist or pharmacological stimulation, G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are subjected to posttranslational modifications, such as phosphorylation and ubiquitination. These posttranslational modifications allow protein-protein interactions that turn off and/or switch receptor signaling as well as trigger receptor internalization, recycling or degradation, among other responses. Characterization of these processes is essential to unravel the function and regulation of GPCR. METHODS In silico analysis and methods such as mass spectrometry have emerged as novel powerful tools. Both approaches have allowed proteomic studies to detect not only GPCR posttranslational modifications and receptor association with other signaling macromolecules but also to assess receptor conformational dynamics after ligand (agonist/antagonist) association. RESULTS this review aims to provide insights into some of these methodologies and to highlight how their use is enhancing our comprehension of GPCR function. We present an overview using data from different laboratories (including our own), particularly focusing on free fatty acid receptor 4 (FFA4) (previously known as GPR120) and α1A- and α1D-adrenergic receptors. From our perspective, these studies contribute to the understanding of GPCR regulation and will help to design better therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco A Alfonzo-Méndez
- Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico.
| | - Rocío Alcántara-Hernández
- Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico.
| | - J Adolfo García-Sáinz
- Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico.
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22
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Chen SY, Hsu YM, Lin YJ, Huang YC, Chen CJ, Lin WD, Liao WL, Chen YT, Lin WY, Liu YH, Yang JS, Sheu JC, Tsai FJ. Current concepts regarding developmental mechanisms in diabetic retinopathy in Taiwan. Biomedicine (Taipei) 2016; 6:7. [PMID: 27154195 PMCID: PMC4859317 DOI: 10.7603/s40681-016-0007-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is one of the most feared complications of diabetes and is a leading cause of acquired blindness in working adults. The prevalence of undiagnosed diabetes in Taiwan is about 4%, and the annual incidence of T2D (Type 2 Diabetes) in Taiwan is 1.8% following the 1985 WHO criteria. Multiple mechanisms have been shown in T2DR with some signaling pathways, including the polyol pathway, PKC pathway, AGEs pathway, and MAPK pathway. However, the cause of vision loss in diabetic retinopathy is complex and remains incompletely understood. Herein, we try to fully understand the new concepts regarding hyperglycemia-induced biochemical pathways contributing to DR pathophysiology. Our work may be able to provide new strategies for the prevention and treatment of diabetic vascular complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shih-Yin Chen
- Genetics Center, Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, No. 2 Yuh Der Road, 404, Taichung, Taiwan
- School of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, 404, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yuan-Man Hsu
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, China Medical University, 404, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Ju Lin
- Genetics Center, Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, No. 2 Yuh Der Road, 404, Taichung, Taiwan
- School of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, 404, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chuen Huang
- Genetics Center, Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, No. 2 Yuh Der Road, 404, Taichung, Taiwan
- School of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, 404, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chao-Jung Chen
- Genetics Center, Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, No. 2 Yuh Der Road, 404, Taichung, Taiwan
- School of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, 404, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Wei-De Lin
- Genetics Center, Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, No. 2 Yuh Der Road, 404, Taichung, Taiwan
- School of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, 404, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Lin Liao
- Genetics Center, Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, No. 2 Yuh Der Road, 404, Taichung, Taiwan
- School of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, 404, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yng-Tay Chen
- Genetics Center, Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, No. 2 Yuh Der Road, 404, Taichung, Taiwan
- School of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, 404, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Yong Lin
- Genetics Center, Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, No. 2 Yuh Der Road, 404, Taichung, Taiwan
- School of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, 404, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Huei Liu
- Genetics Center, Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, No. 2 Yuh Der Road, 404, Taichung, Taiwan
- School of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, 404, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Jai-Sing Yang
- Genetics Center, Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, No. 2 Yuh Der Road, 404, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Jinn-Chyuan Sheu
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Sun Yat-sen University, 804, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Fuu-Jen Tsai
- Genetics Center, Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, No. 2 Yuh Der Road, 404, Taichung, Taiwan.
- School of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, 404, Taichung, Taiwan.
- Department of Medical Genetics, China Medical University Hospital, 404, Taichung, Taiwan.
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23
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Lv X, Liu J, Shi Q, Tan Q, Wu D, Skinner JJ, Walker AL, Zhao L, Gu X, Chen N, Xue L, Si P, Zhang L, Wang Z, Katritch V, Liu ZJ, Stevens RC. In vitro expression and analysis of the 826 human G protein-coupled receptors. Protein Cell 2016; 7:325-37. [PMID: 27085723 PMCID: PMC4853319 DOI: 10.1007/s13238-016-0263-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2016] [Accepted: 03/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are involved in all human physiological systems where they are responsible for transducing extracellular signals into cells. GPCRs signal in response to a diverse array of stimuli including light, hormones, and lipids, where these signals affect downstream cascades to impact both health and disease states. Yet, despite their importance as therapeutic targets, detailed molecular structures of only 30 GPCRs have been determined to date. A key challenge to their structure determination is adequate protein expression. Here we report the quantification of protein expression in an insect cell expression system for all 826 human GPCRs using two different fusion constructs. Expression characteristics are analyzed in aggregate and among each of the five distinct subfamilies. These data can be used to identify trends related to GPCR expression between different fusion constructs and between different GPCR families, and to prioritize lead candidates for future structure determination feasibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuechen Lv
- iHuman Institute, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Junlin Liu
- iHuman Institute, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Qiaoyun Shi
- iHuman Institute, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Qiwen Tan
- iHuman Institute, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Dong Wu
- iHuman Institute, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - John J Skinner
- iHuman Institute, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Angela L Walker
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bridge Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | - Lixia Zhao
- iHuman Institute, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Xiangxiang Gu
- iHuman Institute, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Na Chen
- iHuman Institute, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Lu Xue
- iHuman Institute, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Pei Si
- iHuman Institute, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Lu Zhang
- iHuman Institute, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Zeshi Wang
- iHuman Institute, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Vsevolod Katritch
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bridge Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | - Zhi-Jie Liu
- iHuman Institute, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China
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24
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Design and synthesis of calindol derivatives as potent and selective calcium sensing receptor agonists. Bioorg Med Chem 2016; 24:554-69. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2015.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2015] [Revised: 11/13/2015] [Accepted: 12/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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