Protective effects of mangiferin on cerebral ischemia–reperfusion injury and its mechanisms

Mangiferin alleviated poststroke cognitive impairment by modulating lipid metabolism in cerebral ischemia/reperfusion rats

INTRODUCTION

Mangiferin is a Chinese herbal extract with multiple biological activities. Mangiferin can penetrate the blood‒brain barrier and has potential in the treatment of nervous system diseases. These findings suggest that mangiferin protects the neurological function in ischemic stroke rats by targeting multiple signaling pathways. However, little is known about the effect and mechanism of mangiferin in alleviating poststroke cognitive impairment.

METHODS

Cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) rats were generated via middle cerebral artery occlusion. Laser speckle imaging was used to monitor the cerebral blood flow. The I/R rats were intraperitoneally (i.p.) injected with 40 mg/kg mangiferin for 7 consecutive days. Neurological scoring, and TTC staining were performed to evaluate neurological function. Behavioral experiments, including the open field test, elevated plus maze, sucrose preference test, and novel object recognition test, were performed to evaluate cognitive function. Metabolomic data from brain tissue with multivariate statistics were analyzed by gas chromatography‒mass spectrometry and liquid chromatography‒mass spectrometry.

RESULTS

Mangiferin markedly decreased neurological scores, and reduced infarct areas. Mangiferin significantly attenuated anxiety-like and depression-like behaviors and enhanced learning and memory in I/R rats. According to the metabolomics results, 13 metabolites were identified to be potentially regulated by mangiferin, and the differentially abundant metabolites were mainly involved in lipid metabolism.

CONCLUSIONS

Mangiferin protected neurological function and relieved poststroke cognitive impairment by improving lipid metabolism abnormalities in I/R rats.

Shionone relieves oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation induced SH-SY5Y cells injury by inhibiting the p38 MAPK/NF-κB pathway

BACKGROUND

Cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury (I/R) can affect patient outcomes and can even be life-threatening. This study aimed to explore the role of Shionone in cerebral I/R and reveal its mechanism of action through the cerebral I/R in vitro model.

METHODS

SH-SY5Y cells were subjected to oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/R) to induce cerebral I/R in vitro model. SH-SY5Y cells were treated with different concentrations of Shionone. Cell counting kit-8 and flow cytometry assays were used to detect cell viability and apoptosis levels. The levels of superoxide dismutase, catalase, and malondialdehyde were determined using their corresponding kits to examine the level of oxidative stress. The inflammation response was detected by IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α levels, using enzyme-linked-immunosorbent-assay. RT-qPCR was performed to measure the mRNA levels of p38 and NF-κB. Western blotting was used to quantify the apoptosis-related proteins and p38MAPK/NF-κB signaling pathway proteins.

RESULTS

Shionone exhibited no toxic effects on SH-SY5Y cells. Shionone inhibited OGD/R-induced cell apoptosis, improved the inflammatory response caused by OGD/R, and reduced the level of oxidative stress in cells. Western blot assay results showed that Shionone alleviated OGD/R-induced injury by inhibiting the activity of the p38 MAPK/NF-κB signaling pathway. The p38/MAPK agonist P79350 reversed the beneficial effects of Shionone.

CONCLUSION

Shionone alleviates cerebral I/R and may thus be a novel therapeutic strategy for treating cerebral I/R.

Mechanisms and therapeutic potential of chinonin in nervous system diseases

The flavonoid compound chinonin is one of the main active components of Rhizoma anemarrhena with multiple activities, including anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, protection of mitochondrial function and regulation of immunity. In this paper, we reviewed recent research progress on the protective effect of chinonin on brain injury in neurological diseases. "Chinonin" OR "Mangiferin" AND "Nervous system diseases" OR "Neuroprotection" was used as the terms for search in PumMed. After discarding duplicated and irrelevant articles, a total of 23 articles relevant to chinonin published between 2012 and 2023 were identified in our study.

Isobolographic Analysis of the Cytoprotective Effect of Dapsone and Cannabidiol Alone or Combination upon Oxygen-Glucose Deprivation/Reoxygenation Model in SH-SY5Y Cells

Oxidative stress and apoptosis cell death are critical secondary damage mechanisms that lead to losing neighboring healthy tissue after cerebral ischemia. This study aims to characterize the type of interaction between dapsone (DDS) and cannabidiol (CBD) and its cytoprotective effect in an in vitro model of oxygen and glucose deprivation for 6 h followed by 24 h of reoxygenation (OGD/R), using the SH-SY5Y cell line. For the combined concentrations, an isobolographic study was designed to determine the optimal concentration-response combinations. Cell viability was evaluated by measuring the lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release and 3-[4, 5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl]-2, 5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assays. Also, the reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reduced glutathione (GSH) levels were analyzed as oxidative stress markers. Finally, caspase-3 activity was evaluated as a marker cell death by apoptosis. The results showed a decrease in cell viability, an increase in oxidant stress, and the activity of caspase-3 by the effect of OGD/R. Meanwhile, both DDS and CBD demonstrated antioxidant, antiapoptotic, and cytoprotective effects in a concentration-response manner. The isobolographic study indicated that the concentration of 2.5 µM of DDS plus 0.05 µM of CBD presented a synergistic effect so that in treatment, cell death due to OGD/R decreased. The findings indicate that DDS-CBD combined treatment may be a helpful therapy in cerebral ischemia with reperfusion.

SIRT1 restores mitochondrial structure and function in rats by activating SIRT3 after cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury

Mitochondrial dysfunction contributes to cerebral ischemia-reperfusion (CI/R) injury, which can be ameliorated by Sirtuin-3 (SIRT3). Under stress conditions, the SIRT3-promoted mitochondrial functional recovery depends on both its activity and expression. However, the approach to enhance SIRT3 activity after CI/R injury remains unelucidated. In this study, Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were intracranially injected with either adeno-associated viral Sirtuin-1 (AAV-SIRT1) or AAV-sh_SIRT1 before undergoing transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO). Primary cortical neurons were cultured and transfected with lentiviral SIRT1 (LV-SIRT1) and LV-sh_SIRT1 respectively before oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/R). Afterwards, rats and neurons were respectively treated with a selective SIRT3 inhibitor, 3-(1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl) pyridine (3-TYP). The expression, function, and related mechanism of SIRT1 were investigated by Western Blot, flow cytometry, immunofluorescence staining, etc. After CI/R injury, SIRT1 expression decreased in vivo and in vitro. The simulation and immune-analyses reported strong interaction between SIRT1 and SIRT3 in the cerebral mitochondria before and after CI/R. SIRT1 overexpression enhanced SIRT3 activity by increasing the deacetylation of SIRT3, which ameliorated CI/R-induced cerebral infarction, neuronal apoptosis, oxidative stress, neurological and motor dysfunction, and mitochondrial respiratory chain dysfunction, promoted mitochondrial biogenesis, and retained mitochondrial integrity and mitochondrial morphology. Meanwhile, SIRT1 overexpression alleviated OGD/R-induced neuronal death and mitochondrial bioenergetic deficits. These effects were reversed by AAV-sh_SIRT1 and the neuroprotective effects of SIRT1 were partially offset by 3-TYP. These results suggest that SIRT1 restores the structure and function of mitochondria by activating SIRT3, offering neuroprotection against CI/R injury, which signifies a potential approach for the clinical management of cerebral ischemia.

Mangiferin attenuates lipopolysaccharide-induced neuronal injuries in primary cultured hippocampal neurons

Mangiferin, a naturally occurring potent glucosylxanthone, is mainly isolated from the Mangifera indica plant and shows potential pharmacological properties, including anti-bacterial, anti-inflammation, and antioxidant in sepsis-induced lung and kidney injury. However, there was a puzzle as to whether mangiferin had a protective effect on sepsis-associated encephalopathy. To answer this question, we established an in vitro cell model of sepsis-associated encephalopathy and investigated the neuroprotective effects of mangiferin in primary cultured hippocampal neurons challenged with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Neurons treated with 20 μmol/L or 40 μmol/L mangiferin for 48 h can significantly reverse cell injuries induced by LPS treatment, including improved cell viability, decreased inflammatory cytokines secretion, relief of microtubule-associated light chain 3 expression levels and several autophagosomes, as well as attenuated cell apoptosis. Furthermore, mangiferin eliminated pathogenic proteins and elevated neuroprotective factors at both the mRNA and protein levels, showing strong neuroprotective effects of mangiferin, including anti-inflammatory, anti-autophagy, and anti-apoptotic effects on neurons in vitro.

Naoxinqing tablet protects against cerebral ischemic/reperfusion injury by regulating ampkα/NAMPT/SIRT1/PGC-1α pathway

AIM OF THE STUDY

Naoxinqing (NXQ) tablets are derived from persimmon leaves and are widely used in China for promoting blood circulation and removing blood stasis in China. We aimed to explore whether NXQ has the therapeutic effect on ischemic stroke and explored its possible mechanism.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The cerebral artery occlusion/reperfusion (MCAO/R) surgery was used to establish the cerebral ischemic/reperfusion rat model. NXQ (60 mg/kg and 120 mg/kg) were administered orally. The TTC staining, whole brain water content, histopathology staining, immunofluorescent staining, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and Western blot analyses were performed to determine the therapeutical effect of NXQ on MCAO/R rats.

RESULTS

The study demonstrated that NXQ reduced the cerebral infarction volumes and neurologic deficits in MCAO/R rats. The neuroprotective effects of NXQ were accompanied by inhibited oxidative stress and inflammation. The nerve regeneration effects of NXQ were related to regulating the AMPKα/NAMPT/SIRT1/PGC-1α pathway.

CONCLUSION

In summary, our results revealed that NXQ had a significant protective effect on cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats. This study broadens the therapeutic scope of NXQ tablets and provides new neuroprotective mechanisms of NXQ as an anti-stroke therapeutic agent.

Tanshinone IIA Alleviates Traumatic Brain Injury by Reducing Ischemia‒Reperfusion via the miR-124-5p/FoxO1 Axis

Background

Cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury is a common complication of ischemic stroke that affects the prognosis of patients with ischemic stroke. The lipid-soluble diterpene Tanshinone IIA, which was isolated from Salvia miltiorrhiza, has been indicated to reduce cerebral ischemic injury. In this study, we investigated the molecular mechanism of Tanshinone IIA in alleviating reperfusion-induced brain injury.

Methods

Middle cerebral artery occlusion animal models were established, and neurological scores, tetrazolium chloride staining, brain volume quantification, wet and dry brain water content measurement, Nissl staining, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, flow cytometry, western blotting, and reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction were performed. The viability of cells was measured by 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide assays, while cell damage was measured by lactate dehydrogenase release in the in vitro oxygen glucose deprivation model. In addition, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, flow cytometry, western blotting, and reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction were used to evaluate the therapeutic effect of Tanshinone IIA on ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) induced brain injury, as well as its effects on the inflammatory response and neuronal apoptosis, in vivo and in vitro. Furthermore, this study validated the targeting relationship between miR-124-5p and FoxO1 using a dual luciferase assay. Finally, we examined the role of Tanshinone IIA in brain injury from a molecular perspective by inhibiting miR-124-5p or increasing FoxO1 levels.

Results

After treatment with Tanshinone IIA in middle cerebral artery occlusion-reperfusion (MCAO/R) rats, the volume of cerebral infarction was reduced, the water content of the brain was decreased, the nerve function of the rats was significantly improved, and the cell damage was significantly reduced. In addition, Tanshinone IIA effectively inhibited the I/R-induced inflammatory response and neuronal apoptosis, that is, it inhibited the expression of inflammatory cytokines IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, decreased the expression of apoptotic protein Bax and Cleaved-caspase-3, and promoted the expression of antiapoptotic protein Bcl-2. In vitro oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/R) cell model, Tanshinone IIA also inhibited the expression of inflammatory factors in neuronal cells and inhibited the occurrence of neuronal apoptosis. In addition, Tanshinone IIA promoted the expression of miR-124-5p. Transfection of miR-124-5p mimic has the same therapeutic effect as Tanshinone IIA and positive therapeutic effect on OGD cells, while transfection of miR-124-5p inhibitor has the opposite effect. The targeting of miR-124-5p negatively regulates FoxO1 expression. Inhibition of miR-124-5p or overexpression of FoxO1 can weaken the inhibitory effect of Tanshinone IIA on brain injury induced by I/R, while inhibition of miR-124-5p and overexpression of FoxO1 can further weaken the effect of Tanshinone IIA.

Conclusion

Tanshinone IIA alleviates ischemic-reperfusion brain injury by inhibiting neuroinflammation through the miR-124-5p/FoxO1 axis. This finding provides a theoretical basis for mechanistic research on cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury.

A vivid outline demonstrating the benefits of exosome-mediated drug delivery in CNS-associated disease environments

The efficacy of drug delivery mechanisms has been improvised with time for different therapeutic purposes. In most cases, nano-sized delivery systems have been modeled over decades for the on-target applicability of the drugs. The use of synthetic drug delivery materials has been a common practice, although research has now focussed more on using natural vehicles, to avoid the side effects of synthetic delivery systems and easy acceptance by the body. Exosome is such a natural nano-sized vehicle that exceeds the efficiency of many natural vehicles, for being immune-friendly, due to its origin. Unlike, other natural drug delivery systems, exosomes are originated within the body's cells, and from there, they happen to travel through the extracellular matrices into neighboring cells. This capacity of exosomes has made them an efficient drug delivery system over recent years and now a large number of researches have been carried out to develop exosomes as natural drug delivery vehicles. Several experimental strategies have been practiced in this regard which have shown that exosomes are exclusively capable of carrying drugs and they can also be used in targeted delivery, for which they efficiently can reach and release the drug at their target cells for consecutive effects. One of the most interesting features of exosomes is they can cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB) in the body and hence, for the disease where other delivery vehicles are incapable of reaching the destination of the drug, exosomes can overcome the hurdle. This review particularly, focuses on the different aspects of using exosomes as a potential nano-sized drug delivery system for some of the severe diseases associated with the central nervous system of the human body.

Demethylnobiletin ameliorates cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats through Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway

BACKGROUND

Demethylnobiletin (DN), with a variety of biological activities, is a polymethoxy-flavanone (PMF) found in citrus. In the present study, we explored the biological activities and potential mechanism of DN to improve cerebral ischemia reperfusion injury (CIRI) in rats, and identified DN as a novel neuroprotective agent for patients with ischemic brain injury.

METHODS

Rat CIRI models were established via middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). Primary nerve cells were isolated and cultured in fetal rat cerebral cortex in vitro, and oxygen-glucose deprivation/reperfusion (OGD/R) models of primary nerve cells were induced. After intervention with DN with different concentrations in MCAO rats and OGD/R nerve cells, 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride staining was used to quantify cerebral infarction size in CIRI rats. Modified neurological severity score was utilized to assess neurological performance. Histopathologic staining and live/dead cell-viability staining was used to observe apoptosis. Levels of glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD), reactive oxygen species (ROS) and malondialdehyde (MDA) in tissues and cells were detected using commercial kits. DN level in serum and cerebrospinal fluid of MCAO rats were measured by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. In addition, expression levels of proteins like Kelch like ECH associated protein 1 (Keap1), nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nfr2) and heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1) in the Nrf2/HO-1 pathway, and apoptosis-related proteins like Cleaved caspase-3, BCL-2-associated X protein (Bax) and B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2) were determined by Western blot and immunofluorescence.

RESULTS

DN can significantly enhance neurological function recovery by reducing cerebral infarction size and weakening neurocytes apoptosis in MCAO rats. It was further found that DN could improve oxidative stress (OS) injury of nerve cells by bringing down MDA and ROS levels and increasing SOD and GSH levels. Notably, DN exerts its pharmacological influences through entering blood-brain barrier. Mechanically, DN can reduce Keap1 expression while activate Nrf2 and HO-1 expression in neurocytes.

CONCLUSIONS

The protective effect of DN on neurocytes have been demonstrated in both in vitro and in vivo circumstances. It deserves to be developed as a potential neuroprotective agent through regulating the Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway to ameliorate neurocytes impairment caused by OS.

Pharmacological properties of mangiferin: bioavailability, mechanisms of action and clinical perspectives

This review aims to provide an in-depth analysis of the pharmacological properties of mangiferin, focusing primarily on its bioavailability and mechanisms of action, and its potential therapeutic applications, especially in the context of chronic diseases. We conducted a comprehensive examination of in vitro and in vivo studies, as well as clinical trials involving mangiferin or plant extracts containing mangiferin. The primary source of mangiferin is Mangifera indica, but it's also found in other plant species from the families Anacardiaceae, Gentianaceae, and Iridaceae. Mangiferin has exhibited a myriad of therapeutic properties, presenting itself as a promising candidate for treating various chronic conditions including neurodegenerative disorders, cardiovascular diseases, renal and pulmonary diseases, diabetes, and obesity. Despite the promising results showcased in many in vitro studies and certain animal studies, the application of mangiferin has been limited due to its poor solubility, absorption, and overall bioavailability. Mangiferin offers significant therapeutic potential in treating a spectrum of chronic diseases, as evidenced by both in vitro and clinical trials. However, the challenges concerning its bioavailability necessitate further research, particularly in optimizing its delivery and absorption, to harness its full medicinal potential. This review serves as a comprehensive update on the health-promoting and therapeutic activities of mangiferin.

Clinical efficacy, pharmacodynamic components, and molecular mechanisms of antiviral granules in the treatment of influenza: A systematic review

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

The Antiviral Granules (AG) are derived from the classical famous prescription, which is composed of 9 traditional Chinese medicines, namely Radix Isatidis (called Banlangen, BLG in Chinese), Forsythiae Fructus (called Lianqiao, LQ in Chinese), Gypsum fibrosum, Anemarrhenae Rhizoma (called Zhimu, ZM in Chinese), Phragmitis Rhizoma (called Lugen, LG in Chinese), Rehmanniae Radix (called Dihuang, DH in Chinese), Pogostemonis Herba (called Guanghuoxiang, GHX in Chinese), Acori Tatarinowii Rhizoma (called Shichangpu, SCP in Chinese), and Curcumae Radix (called Yujin, YJ in Chinese), and has shown an excellent therapeutic effect in clinical treatment of influenza. However, there are few studies on the anti-influenza mechanism of AG, and the mechanism of action is still unclear.

AIM OF THE STUDY

The purpose is to provide the latest information about the clinical efficacy, pharmacodynamic composition and mechanism of AG based on scientific literature, so as to enhance the utilization of AG in the treatment of influenza and related diseases, and promote the development and innovation of novel anti-influenza drugs targeting the influenza virus.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Enter the data retrieval room, search for Antiviral Granules, as well as the scientific names, common names, and Chinese names of each Chinese medicine. Additionally, search for the relevant clinical applications, pharmacodynamic composition, pharmacological action, and molecular mechanism of both Antiviral Granules and single-ingredient medicines. Keywords includes terms such as "antiviral granules", "influenza", "Isatis indigotica Fort.", "Radix Isatidis", "Banlangeng", "pharmacology", "clinical application", "pharmacologic action", etc. and their combinations. Obtain results from the Web of Science, PubMed, Google Scholar, Sci Finder Scholar, CNKI and other resources.

RESULTS

AG is effective in the treatment of influenza and is often used in combination with other drugs to treat viral diseases. Its chemical composition is complex, including alkaloids, polysaccharides, volatile oils, steroid saponins, phenylpropanoids, terpenoids and other compounds. These compounds have a variety of pharmacological activities, which can interfere with the replication cycle of the influenza virus, regulate RIG-I-MAVS, JAK/STAT, TLRs/MyD88, NF-κB signaling pathways and related cytokines, regulate intestinal microorganisms, and protect both the lungs and extrapulmonary organs.

CONCLUSIONS

AG can overcome the limitations of traditional antiviral drug therapy, play a synergistic role in fighting influenza virus with the characteristics of multi-component, multi-pathway and multi-target therapy, and reverse the bodily function damage caused by influenza virus. AG may be a potential drug in the prevention and treatment of influenza and related diseases.

Involvement of Nrf2 Signaling in Lead-induced Toxicity

Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) is used as one of the main protective factors against various pathological processes, as it regulates cells resistant to oxidation. Several studies have extensively explored the relationship between environmental exposure to heavy metals, particularly lead (Pb), and the development of various human diseases. These metals have been reported to be able to, directly and indirectly, induce the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and cause oxidative stress in various organs. Since Nrf2 signaling is important in maintaining redox status, it has a dual role depending on the specific biological context. On the one hand, Nrf2 provides a protective mechanism against metal-induced toxicity; on the other hand, it can induce metalinduced carcinogenesis upon prolonged exposure and activation. Therefore, the aim of this review was to summarize the latest knowledge on the functional interrelation between toxic metals, such as Pb and Nrf2 signaling.

Determination of 23 Amino Acids and Amines in Plasma and Cortex of C57BL/6 Mice with HPLC-FLD

Using 6-aminoquinolyl-N-hydroxysuccinimidyl carbamate as a pre-column derivatization reagent, optimized derivatization and chromatography parameters, a simple high-performance liquid chromatography fluorescence detector (HPLC-FLD) method was developed and validated to determine 23 related amines in plasma and cortex of C57BL/6 mice with cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury. The prepared samples were separated on a ZORBAX SB-C18 column (4.6 mm × 250 mm, 5 μm) with 60% acetonitrile (ACN) and 20 mM sodium acetate solution (pH adjusted to 5.0 by phosphoric acid). All analytes achieved good separation within 1.2 h at a flow rate of 1 mL/min. The limits of detection and limits of detection quantitation of the method were ranged from (0.1-9.2) to (0.3-30.6) ng/mL, respectively. The analytical method was apt for simultaneously determining 23 amino acids in plasma and cortex. Our results revealed that the relevant amino acids were significantly altered (P < 0.05) in C57BL/6 mice.

The effects of mango consumption on vascular health and immune function

Objectives

Heart disease, caused by atherosclerosis, is the leading cause of death. Maintaining vascular integrity is crucial to reducing atherosclerosis risk. Mangos are rich in fiber, vitamins, minerals, and phytochemicals that may offer cardioprotective and immune-boosting benefits. However, their effects on the vasculature and immune system in adults with overweight and obesity remain unclear. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of mango consumption on vascular health and immune function in adults with overweight and obesity.

Methods

In a 12-week, crossover study, 27 overweight and obese participants consumed either 100 kcals of mangos daily or isocaloric low-fat cookies daily. Fasting blood samples were collected at baseline, week 4, and week 12 and analyzed for vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1), intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), P-selectin, E-selectin, sCD4, sCD8, sCD3E, and sCD45, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and superoxide dismutase (SOD).

Results

Mango consumption significantly decreased VCAM-1 between baseline and week 4 (P = 0.046) and week 12 (P = 0.004). CAT increased between baseline and week 12 (P = 0.035) with mango consumption. GPx increased at week 12 compared to baseline and week 4 (P < 0.05). At week 12, SOD was higher after mango consumption compared to low-fat cookie consumption (P = 0.046). There were no significant differences in ICAM-1, P-selectin, E-selectin, sCD4, sCD8, sCD3E, sCD45 or TNF-α concentrations (P > 0.05 for all non-significant results).

Conclusions

This study suggests that 100 kcals of mangos may benefit the integrity of the vasculature by reducing VCAM-1 and increasing SOD, CAT, and GPx levels. Mangos can be an alternative snack for improving atherosclerosis and oxidative stress risk factors.

Isoquercitrin Played a Neuroprotective Role in Rats After Cerebral Ischemia/Reperfusion Through Up-Regulating Neuroglobin and Anti-Oxidative Stress

BACKGROUND

This study aims to investigate whether isoquercitrin (Iso) exerts a neuroprotective role effect after cerebral ischemia-reperfusion (CIR) via up-regulating neuroglobin (Ngb) or reducing oxidative stress.

METHODS

The middle cerebral artery occlusion/reperfusion (MCAO/R) model was constructed using Sprague Dawley rats. First, we divided 40 mice into 5 groups (n = 8): sham, MCAO/R, Low-dosed Iso (5 mg/kg Iso), Mid-dosed Iso (10 mg/kg Iso), and High-dosed Iso (20 mg/kg Iso). Then, 48 rats were separated into 6 groups (n = 8): sham, MCAO/R, Iso, artificial cerebrospinal fluid, Ngb antisense oligodeoxynucleotides (AS-ODNs), and AS-ODNs ± Iso. The effects of Iso on brain tissue injury and oxidative stress were evaluated using hematoxylin-eosin staining, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling assay, immunofluorescence, western blotting, and real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) detection.

RESULTS

The neurologic score, infarct volume, histopathology, apoptosis rate, and ROS production were reduced in Iso dose-dependent. The Ngb expression enhanced in Iso dose-dependent. The oxidative stress-related factors SOD, GSH, CAT, Nrf2, HO-1, and HIF-1α levels also increased in Iso dose-dependent, whereas the MDA levels decreased. However, related regulation of Iso on brain tissue damage and oxidative stress were reversed after low expression of Ngb.

CONCLUSION

Isoquercitrin played a neuroprotective role after CIR through up-regulating of Ngb and anti-oxidative stress.

KLF10 knockdown negatively regulates CTRP3 to improve OGD/R-induced brain microvascular endothelial cell injury and barrier dysfunction through Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway

Ischemic stroke seriously endangers human health and even death. This study aimed to investigate the role of KLF10/CTRP3 in oxygen-glucose deprivation/reperfusion (OGD/R)-induced brain microvascular endothelial cells injury, as well as the regulatory effects of the Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway. OGD/R-induced human microvascular endothelial cells (hBMECs) were used to simulate the model of cerebral ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury. The expression of KLF10/CTRP3 in OGD/R-induced hBMECs as well as the transfection efficiency were all detected by RT-qPCR and western blot. The interaction of KLF10 and CTRP3 was confirmed by dual-luciferase reporter assay and chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP). The viability, apoptosis and endothelial permeability of OGD/R-induced hBMECs was detected by CCK-8, TUNEL and FITC-Dextran assay kit. The capacity of cell migration was assessed by wound healing assay. The expression of apoptosis related proteins, oxidative stress levels and tight junction proteins was also detected. As a result, the expression of KLF10 was increased in OGD/R-induced hBMECs and downregulation of KLF10 could promote the viability, migration and suppress the apoptosis, oxidative stress and endothelial permeability by downregulating the expression of caspase 3, Bax, cleaved PARP, ROS, MDA, and upregulating the expression of Bcl-2, SOD, GSH-Px, ZO-1, occludin, claudin-5. Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway was inhibited in OGD/R-induced hBMECs, which was activated by downregulation of KLF10. KLF10 was demonstrated to be combined with CTRP3 and KLF10 inhibited transcription of CTRP3 in hBMECs. The above changes affected by downregulation of KLF10 could be reversed by the interference with CTRP3. In conclusion, KLF10 knockdown improved OGD/R-induced brain microvascular endothelial cell injury and barrier dysfunction through the activation of Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway, which was weakened by the downregulation of CTRP3.

Mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes in cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases: From mechanisms to therapy

Cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases (CVDs) remain an intractable problem and have high morbidity and mortality worldwide, as well as substantial health and economic burdens, representing an urgent clinical need. In recent years, the focus of research has shifted from the use of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) for transplantation to the use of their secretory exosomes (MSC-exosomes) for the treatment of numerous CVDs, including atherosclerosis, myocardial infarction (MI), heart failure (HF), ischemia/reperfusion (I/R), aneurysm, and stroke. MSCs are pluripotent stem cells with multiple differentiation pathways that exert pleiotropic effects by producing soluble factors, the most effective components of which are exosomes. MSC-exosomes are considered to be an excellent and promising cell-free therapy for CVDs due to their higher circulating stability, improved biocompatibility, reduced toxicity, and immunogenicity. In addition, exosomes play critical roles in repairing CVDs by inhibiting apoptosis, regulating inflammation, ameliorating cardiac remodeling, and promoting angiogenesis. Herein, we describe knowledge about the biological characteristics of MSC-exosomes, investigate the mechanism by which MSC-exosomes mediate therapeutic repair, and summarize recent advances in the efficacy of MSC-exosomes in CVDs, with a view toward future clinical applications.

Polyphenols Mediate Neuroprotection in Cerebral Ischemic Stroke-An Update

Stroke is one of the main causes of mortality and disability, and it is due to be included in monetary implications on wellbeing frameworks around the world. Ischemic stroke is caused by interference in cerebral blood flow, leading to a deficit in the supply of oxygen to the affected region. It accounts for nearly 80-85% of all cases of stroke. Oxidative stress has a significant impact on the pathophysiologic cascade in brain damage leading to stroke. In the acute phase, oxidative stress mediates severe toxicity, and it initiates and contributes to late-stage apoptosis and inflammation. Oxidative stress conditions occur when the antioxidant defense in the body is unable to counteract the production and aggregation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The previous literature has shown that phytochemicals and other natural products not only scavenge oxygen free radicals but also improve the expressions of cellular antioxidant enzymes and molecules. Consequently, these products protect against ROS-mediated cellular injury. This review aims to give an overview of the most relevant data reported in the literature on polyphenolic compounds, namely, gallic acid, resveratrol, quercetin, kaempferol, mangiferin, epigallocatechin, and pinocembrin, in terms of their antioxidant effects and potential protective activity against ischemic stroke.

Exploring the synergic mechanism of Ligusticum striatum DC. and borneol in attenuating BMECs injury and maintaining tight junctions against cerebral ischaemia based on the HIF-1α/VEGF signalling pathway

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Ligusticum striatum DC., also known as Ligusticum chuanxiong Hort. (LCH), is widely used in China for its excellent effect in ischaemic stroke (IS) patients, and borneol (BO) has been confirmed to maintain the blood‒brain barrier (BBB) after stroke. They are often used as a combination in the prescriptions of IS patients. Although the advantage of their combined treatment in improving brain ischaemia has been verified, their synergistic mechanism on BBB maintenance is still unclear.

AIM OF THE STUDY

This study was designed to evaluate the synergistic effect of maintaining the BBB between LCH and BO against IS and to further explore the potential mechanism.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

After primary mouse brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMECs) were extracted and identified, the duration of oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) and the doses of LCH and BO were optimized. Then, the cells were divided into five groups: control, model, LCH, BO, and LCH + BO. Cell viability, injury degree, proliferation and migration were detected by CCK-8, LDH, EdU and wound-healing assays, respectively. Hoechst 33342 staining was adopted to detect the apoptosis rate, and western blotting was employed to observe the expressions of Bax, Bcl-2, caspase-3 and cleaved caspase-3. The TEER value and NaF permeability were measured to assess tight junction (TJ) function, while ZO-1, occludin and claudin-5 were also probed by western blotting. Moreover, the HIF-1α/VEGF pathway was observed to explore the underlying mechanism of BBB maintenance. In vivo, global cerebral ischaemia/reperfusion (GCIR) surgery was performed to establish an IS model. After treatment with LCH (200 mg/kg) and/or BO (160 mg/kg), histopathological structure and BMECs repair were observed by HE staining and immunohistochemistry of vWF. Meanwhile, TJ-associated proteins in vivo were also detected by western blotting.

RESULTS

Basically, LCH and BO had different emphases. LCH significantly attenuated the vacuolar structure, nuclear pyknosis and neuronal loss of GCIR mice, while BO focused on promoting BMECs proliferation and angiogenesis and inhibiting the degradation of TJ-associated proteins in vivo after IS. Interestingly, their combination further enhanced these effects. OGD injury markedly reduced the viability, proliferation and migration of primary BMECs; decreased the ratio of Bcl-2/Bax, TEER value, and the expressions of ZO-1, occludin and claudin-5; induced LDH release and apoptosis; and increased the cleaved caspase-3/caspase-3 ratio and NaF permeability. Meanwhile, BO might be the main contributor to the combinative treatment in ameliorating OGD-induced damage of BMECs and degradation of TJ-related proteins, and the potential mechanism might be involved in upregulating the HIF-1α/VEGF signalling pathway. Although LCH showed no obvious improvement, it could enhance the therapeutic effect of BO. Interestingly, their combination even produced some new improvements, including the reduction of cleaved caspase-3 and increase in TEER value, none of which were exhibited in their monotherapies.

CONCLUSIONS

LCH and BO exhibited complementary therapeutic features in alleviating cerebral ischaemic injury by inhibiting BMECs apoptosis, maintaining the BBB and attenuating the loss of neurons. LCH preferred to protect ischaemic neurons, while BO played a key role in protecting BMECs, maintaining the BBB and TJs by activating the HIF-1α/VEGF signalling pathway.

Oxysophoridine protects against cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury via inhibition of TLR4/p38MAPK‑mediated ferroptosis

Oxysophoridine (OSR) is an alkaloid extracted from Sophora alopecuroides L. and exerts beneficial effects in cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. However, the molecular mechanism underlying the regulatory effects of OSR in cerebral I/R injury remains unclear. In the present study, a cerebral I/R injury rat model was established by occlusion of the right middle cerebral artery. Hematoxylin and eosin and triphenyltetrazolium chloride staining were performed to assess histopathological changes and the extent of cerebral injury to the brain. A Cell Counting Kit‑8 and TUNEL assay and western blotting were performed to assess cell viability and apoptosis. Ferroptosis and oxidative stress were evaluated based on ATP and Fe²⁺ levels and DCFH‑DA staining. The protein expression levels of inflammatory factors were assessed using ELISA. The protein expression levels of members of the toll‑like receptor (TLR)4/p38MAPK signaling pathway were evaluated using immunofluorescence staining and western blotting. The results demonstrated that OSR decreased brain injury and neuronal apoptosis in the hippocampus in I/R‑induced rats. OSR inhibited reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, decreased levels of ATP, Fe²⁺ and acyl‑CoA synthetase long‑chain family member 4 (ACSL4) and transferrin 1 protein and increased the protein expression levels of ferritin 1 and glutathione peroxidase 4. Furthermore, OSR blocked TLR4/p38MAPK signaling in brain tissue in the I/R‑induced rat. In vitro experiments demonstrated that TLR4 overexpression induced generation of ROS, ATP and Fe²⁺, which promoted the expression of ferroptosis‑associated proteins in hippocampal HT22 neuronal cells. The ferroptosis inducer erastin decreased the effects of OSR on oxygen‑glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/R)‑induced cell viability, oxidative stress and inflammatory response. Together, the results demonstrated that OSR alleviated cerebral I/R injury via inhibition of TLR4/p38MAPK‑mediated ferroptosis.

A deuterohemin peptide protects cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury by preventing oxidative stress in vitro and in vivo

Cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury (CIRI) is a brain injury that usually occurs during thrombolytic therapy for acute ischemic stroke and impacts human health. Oxidative stress is one of the major causative factors of CIRI. DhHP-3 is a novel peroxidase-mimicking enzyme that exhibits robust reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging ability in vitro. Here, we established in vitro and in vivo models of cerebral ischemia-reperfusion to mechanistically investigate whether DhHP-3 can alleviate CIRI. DhHP-3 could reduce ROS, down-regulate apoptotic proteins, suppress p53 phosphorylation, attenuate the DNA damage response (DDR), and inhibit apoptosis in SH-SY5Y cells subjected to oxygen-glucose deprivation/re-oxygenation (OGD/R) and in the brain of Sprague Dawley rats subjected to transient middle cerebral artery occlusion. In conclusion, DhHP-3 has bioactivity of CIRI inhibition through suppression of the ROS-induced apoptosis.

Biopharmaceutical, preclinical pharmacokinetic and pharmaco-dynamic investigations of an orally administered novel 3-nbutylphthalide prodrug for ischemic stroke treatment

Ischemic stroke (IS) has been contributing in leading causes of disability and death worldwide and the cases are still increasing. In China, naturally sourced compound 3-n-butylphthalide (NBP) is widely applied in clinical practice for IS treatment with established evidences of efficacy and safety. However, NBP is an oily liquid at room temperature and has no active brain targeting ability, quite limiting its broader application in clinical practice. Via intravenous injection (i.v.) a prodrug compound (DB1) we previously developed deriving from NBP had dramatically enhanced the pharmacological effects, where however, this i.v. route still discount future patient compliance. As druggability of DB1 in oral administration has yet to be elaborated, the current study intended to systemically investigate its biopharmaceutical properties, so as to further consider clinical applicability of DB1 oral preparations. Additionally, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of DB1 via oral administered route were also studied, illustrating broad potential of further DB1 medicine development. After the derivation, aqueous solubility of DB1 improved 3∼400 folds compared with NBP in various pH media, and n-octanol/water partition coefficient kept in the range of 0∼2. In situ single-pass intestinal perfusion on rats showed effective permeability coefficient of DB1 over 10^-2 cm/s. In contrast to NBP, oral administration of DB1 could display significant enhanced bioavailability in rats and achieve increased accumulation in brain tissues. As expected, DB1 effectively alleviated oxidative stress damage and reduced infarct volume on ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) modeled rats, resulting in reduced mortality. Additionally, this new prodrug did not add any safety concerns based on NBP. Therefore, biopharmaceutical results and preclinical pharmacodynamic evidences support the conclusion that an oral administration of DB1 may have a good potential for clinical IS treatment.

Geraniol-Mediated Suppression of Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Protects against Cerebral Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury via the PERK-ATF4-CHOP Pathway

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress plays an important role in cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury (CIRI). Geraniol has antioxidant, antibacterial, and anti-inflammatory activities. Studies have shown that geraniol has a protective effect against CIRI in rats, but the exact mechanism is unclear. Purpose: The aim of this study was to investigate the protective mechanism of geraniol against CIRI. We established a middle cerebral artery occlusion reperfusion model in rats and a PC12 cell oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/R) model to observe the neuroprotective effects of geraniol. Neurological scoring, 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride staining, and hematoxylin and eosin staining were used to evaluate the neuroprotective effects of geraniol against CIRI. ER-stress-related and apoptosis-related protein expression was detected via Western blotting and immunofluorescence. Apoptosis was also detected via TUNEL assays and flow cytometry. The fluorescent detection of intracellular calcium was achieved using fluorescent calcium-binding dyes, and transmission electron microscopy was used to assess the neuronal ultrastructure. Geraniol effectively attenuated cerebral infarction and pathological injury after CIRI, had a protective effect against CIRI, significantly reduced the expression of the ER-stress-related proteins P-PERK, ATF4, CHOP, and GRP78 and the pro-apoptotic protein BAX, increased the expression of the anti-apoptotic protein BCL-2, and reduced the occurrence of apoptosis. In the OGD/R model in PC12 cells, the protective effect of geraniol was the same as that in vivo. Our results suggest that geraniol has a protective effect against ischemic stroke by a mechanism possibly related to ER stress via the PERK-ATF4-CHOP pathway.

Astrocyte-derived exosomal nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (Nampt) ameliorates ischemic stroke injury by targeting AMPK/mTOR signaling to induce autophagy

Acute ischemic stroke (AIS) is a global cerebrovascular disease with high disability and mortality, which has no effective therapy. Studies have demonstrated that astrocyte-derived exosomes (ADEXs) provided neuroprotection in experimental stroke models. Nevertheless, the role of exosomes derived from oxygen-glucose-deprivation/reoxygenation-stimulated astrocytes (OGD/R-stimulated astrocytes; OGD/R-ADEXs) in AIS remains largely unknown. Here, we found that OGD/R-ADEXs significantly reduced OGD/R-induced neuronal death and promoted neuronal autophagy. These effects were reversed when astrocytes were pretreated with GW4869, an exosome secretion inhibitor, or when hepatocyte growth factor-regulated tyrosine kinase substrate (Hrs) was knocked down. Neuroprotection was also observed during treatment with OGD/R-ADEXs in vivo. Further studies showed that Nampt, played a vital effect in the regulation of autophagy, was significantly increased in OGD/R-ADEXs. Knockdown of Nampt in astrocytes abolished the above-mentioned effects of OGD/R-ADEXs. Mechanistically, Nampt increased autophagy and decreased cell death by modulating AMPK/mTOR signaling, which recognized as a key signaling pathway of autophagy after AIS. Collectively, these results showed that Nampt released by OGD/R-ADEXs ameliorated acute ischemic stroke during neuronal injury by targeting AMPK/mTOR signaling to induce autophagy. Our study revealed a new key factor in the secretion of exosomes by OGD/R astrocytes, which regulated autophagy and induced neuroprotection in a mouse stroke model.

Multi‑faceted roles of cathepsins in ischemia reperfusion injury (Review)

Cathepsins are one of the most abundant proteases within the lysosomes with diverse physiological effects ranging from immune responses, cell death and intracellular protein degradation. Cathepsins are involved in extracellular and systemic functions such as systemic inflammation and extracellular matrix degradation. Ischemia reperfusion (IR) injury is responsible for numerous diseases including myocardial infarction, acute kidney injury, stroke and acute graft failure after transplant surgery. Inflammation plays a major role in the reperfusion phase of IR injury and previous research has shown that cathepsins are key mediators of the inflammation cascade as well as apoptosis. Taken together, cathepsins modulation could provide potential therapeutic approaches to attenuate IR injury. The present review summarized the current understanding of various cathepsin subtypes, their major physiologic functions, their roles in multi‑organ IR injury and detailed selective cathepsin inhibitors with therapeutic potential.

Nrf2 Regulates Oxidative Stress and Its Role in Cerebral Ischemic Stroke

Cerebral ischemic stroke is characterized by acute ischemia in a certain part of the brain, which leads to brain cells necrosis, apoptosis, ferroptosis, pyroptosis, etc. At present, there are limited effective clinical treatments for cerebral ischemic stroke, and the recovery of cerebral blood circulation will lead to cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury (CIRI). Cerebral ischemic stroke involves many pathological processes such as oxidative stress, inflammation, and mitochondrial dysfunction. Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), as one of the most critical antioxidant transcription factors in cells, can coordinate various cytoprotective factors to inhibit oxidative stress. Targeting Nrf2 is considered as a potential strategy to prevent and treat cerebral ischemia injury. During cerebral ischemia, Nrf2 participates in signaling pathways such as Keap1, PI3K/AKT, MAPK, NF-κB, and HO-1, and then alleviates cerebral ischemia injury or CIRI by inhibiting oxidative stress, anti-inflammation, maintaining mitochondrial homeostasis, protecting the blood-brain barrier, and inhibiting ferroptosis. In this review, we have discussed the structure of Nrf2, the mechanisms of Nrf2 in cerebral ischemic stroke, the related research on the treatment of cerebral ischemia through the Nrf2 signaling pathway in recent years, and expounded the important role and future potential of the Nrf2 pathway in cerebral ischemic stroke.

Senkyunolide H Affects Cerebral Ischemic Injury through Regulation on Autophagy of Neuronal Cells via P13K/AKT/mTOR Signaling Pathway

Cerebral ischemia (CI) is associated with high global incidence and risk; therefore, its rapid and reliable therapeutic management is essential for protecting patients' lives and improving health. Senkyunolide H (SH) is remarkably effective against phlebosclerosis, oxidation, and apoptosis. Blood-brain barrier is the main obstacle impeding the delivery of drugs and xenobiotics to brain areas. Drugs' loading in nanoparticles can overcome the blood-brain barrier obstacle and thus directly and completely act on brain tissue, and such a loading can also change the half-life of drugs in vivo and lower the dosage requirement of drugs. In this study, we loaded the SH in lipid nanoparticles to improve its delivery to the brain for the therapy of CI. Thus, this study preliminarily analyzed the mechanism of SH-loaded nanoparticles in CI. The SH-loaded lipid nanoparticles were prepared and characterized with electron microscopy and PS potentiometery. The SH-loaded nanoparticles were intraperitoneally administered to CI-induced rats and brain tissue water content, and neuronal apoptosis and autophagy-associated proteins were determined. Our assays revealed SH-loaded nanoparticle's ability to reduce nerve injury and brain tissue water content in rats with CI and inhibit the apoptosis and autophagy of their neuronal cells (NCs). Additionally, under intervention with SH-loaded nanoparticles, P13K/AKT/mTOR pathway-associated proteins in brain tissue of rats decreased. As the assay results showed, SH-loaded nanoparticles can suppress the autophagy of NCs through medicating P13K/AKT/mTOR pathway and lower apoptosis, thus delivering the effect of treating CI. Results of this study indicate SH-loaded nanoparticles as promising strategy for delivery SH to brain areas for treating CI.

The role of inflammation in cadmium nephrotoxicity: NF-κB comes into view

Kidney diseases are major health problem and understanding the underlined mechanisms that lead to kidney diseases are critical research points with a marked potential impact on health. Cadmium (Cd) is a heavy metal that occurs naturally and can be found in contaminated food. Kidneys are the most susceptible organ to heavy metal intoxication as it is the main route of waste excretion. The harmful effects of Cd were previously well proved. Cd induces inflammatory responses, oxidative injury, mitochondrial dysfunction and disturbs Ca²⁺ homeostasis. The nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) is a cellular transcription factor that regulates inflammation and controls the expression of many inflammatory cytokines. Therefore, great therapeutic benefits can be attained from NF-κB inhibition. In this review we focused on certain compounds including cytochalasin D, mangiferin, N-acetylcysteine, pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate, roflumilast, rosmarinic acid, sildenafil, sinapic acid, telmisartan and wogonin and certain plants as Astragalus Polysaccharide, Ginkgo Biloba and Thymus serrulatus that potently inhibit NF-κB and effectively counteracted Cd-associated renal intoxication. In conclusion, the proposed NF-κB involvement in Cd-renal intoxication clarified the underlined inflammation associated with Cd-nephropathy and the beneficial effects of NF-κB inhibitors that make them the potential to substantially optimize treatment protocols for Cd-renal intoxication.

Contribution of P2X purinergic receptor in cerebral ischemia injury

The development of cerebral ischemia involves brain damage and abnormal changes in brain function, which can cause neurosensory and motor dysfunction, and bring serious consequences to patients. P2X purinergic receptors are expressed in nerve cells and immune cells, and are mainly expressed in microglia. The P2X4 and P2X7 receptors in the P2X purinergic receptors play a significant role in regulating the activity of microglia. Moreover, ATP-P2X purine information transmission is involved in the progression of neurological diseases, including the release of pro-inflammatory factors, driving factors and cytokines after cerebral ischemia injury, inducing inflammation, and aggravating cerebral ischemia injury. P2X receptors activation can mediate the information exchange between microglia and neurons, induce neuronal apoptosis, and aggravate neurological dysfunction after cerebral ischemia. However, inhibiting the activation of P2X receptors, reducing their expression, inhibiting the activation of microglia, and has the effect of protecting nerve function. In this paper, we discussed the relationship between P2X receptors and nervous system function and the role of microglia activation inducing cerebral ischemia injury. Additionally, we explored the potential role of P2X receptors in the progression of cerebral ischemic injury and their potential pharmacological targets for the treatment of cerebral ischemic injury.

Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Natural Products on Cerebral Ischemia

Cerebral ischemia with high mortality and morbidity still requires the effectiveness of medical treatments. A growing number of investigations have shown strong links between inflammation and cerebral ischemia. Natural medicine’s treatment methods of cerebral ischemic illness have amassed a wealth of treatment experience and theoretical knowledge. This review summarized recent progress on the disease inflammatory pathways as well as 26 representative natural products that have been routinely utilized to treat cerebral ischemic injury. These natural products have exerted anti-inflammatory effects in cerebral ischemia based on their inflammatory mechanisms, including their inflammatory gene expression patterns and their related different cell types, and the roles of inflammatory mediators in ischemic injury. Overall, the combination of the potential therapeutic interventions of natural products with the inflammatory mechanisms will make them be applicable for cerebral ischemic patients in the future.

The Influence of Gut Dysbiosis in the Pathogenesis and Management of Ischemic Stroke

Recent research on the gut microbiome has revealed the influence of gut microbiota (GM) on ischemic stroke pathogenesis and treatment outcomes. Alterations in the diversity, abundance, and functions of the gut microbiome, termed gut dysbiosis, results in dysregulated gut–brain signaling, which induces intestinal barrier changes, endotoxemia, systemic inflammation, and infection, affecting post-stroke outcomes. Gut–brain interactions are bidirectional, and the signals from the gut to the brain are mediated by microbially derived metabolites, such as trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) and short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs); bacterial components, such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS); immune cells, such as T helper cells; and bacterial translocation via hormonal, immune, and neural pathways. Ischemic stroke affects gut microbial composition via neural and hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) pathways, which can contribute to post-stroke outcomes. Experimental and clinical studies have demonstrated that the restoration of the gut microbiome usually improves stroke treatment outcomes by regulating metabolic, immune, and inflammatory responses via the gut–brain axis (GBA). Therefore, restoring healthy microbial ecology in the gut may be a key therapeutic target for the effective management and treatment of ischemic stroke.

Neuroprotective effects of arbutin against oxygen and glucose deprivation-induced oxidative stress and neuroinflammation in rat cortical neurons

In this study, the neuroprotective potential of arbutin (100 µmol L^-1) pre-treatment and post-treatment against oxygen/ glucose deprivation (OGD) and reoxygenation (R) induced ischemic injury in cultured rat cortical neurons was explored. The OGD (60 min) and reoxygenation (24 h) treatment significantly (p < 0.001) compromised the antioxidant defence in cultured neurons. Subsequently, an increase (p < 0.001) in lipid peroxidation and inflammatory cytokines (tumour necrosis factor-α and nuclear factor kappa-B) declined neuron survival. In pre- and post-condition experiments, treatment with arbutin enhanced both survival (p < 0.01) and integrity (p < 0.05) of cultured neurons. Results showed that arbutin protects (p < 0.05) against peroxidative changes, inflammation, and enhanced the antioxidant activity (e.g., glutathione, superoxide dismutase and catalase) in cultured neurons subjected to OGD/R. It can be inferred that arbutin could protect against ischemic injuries and stroke. The anti-ischemic activity of arbutin can arrest post-stroke damage to the brain.

Exosomal microRNA-150-5p from bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells mitigates cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury via targeting toll-like receptor 5

MicroRNA (miR)-150-5p has been investigated in many studies, while the role of exosomal miR-150-5p from bone arrow mesenchymal stromal cells (BMSCs) on cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury is not fully explored. This research aims to probe the effects of exosomal miR-150-5p from BMSCs on cerebral I/R injury via regulating B-cell translocation gene 2 (TLR5). Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes (BMSCs-Exo) were isolated and identified. The middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) rat model was established and treated by BMSCs-Exo. Then, functional assays were conducted to explore neurological function, pathological changes, neuron apoptosis and inflammatory factors in MCAO rats. miR-150-5p and TLR5 expression in rat brain tissues were detected. Then, gain and loss-function assays were conducted to determine the impact of exosomes, miR-150-5p and TLR5 on neurological function, pathological changes, neuron apoptosis and inflammatory factors of MCAO rats. The binding relation between miR-150-5p and TLR5 was validated. It was found that miR-150-5p expression was decreased while TLR5 level was augmented in MCAO rats. BMSCs-Exo could improve neurological function, pathological changes, decelerate neuron apoptosis and reduce inflammatory factors in MCAO rats. Enriched miR-150-5pcould enhance the protective effects of BMSCs-Exo on cerebral I/R injury. The elevated TLR5 reversed the impacts of elevated exosomal miR-150-5p on cerebral I/R injury. TLR5 was targeted by miR-150-5p. This research manifested that exosomal miR-150-5p from BMSCs exerts protective effects on cerebral I/R injury via repressing TLR5. This study provided novel therapeutic targets for the treatment of cerebral I/R injury.

Peripheral arterial disease: Effects of ethanolic extracts of seed kernels of mango (Mangifera indica .L) on acute hind limb ischemia-reperfusion injury in diabetic rats

Background and aim

Hind limb ischemia is one of the peripheral arterial diseases affecting majority of the people with atherosclerosis, diabetes and chronic cigarette smokers. Hind limb ischemic-reperfusion injury is also one of the exacerbating events in these peoples, resulting in hind limb dysfunction. The aim of this study was to identify the effects of ethanolic extracts of mangifera indica (EEMI) on reversing hind limb dysfunction in diabetic rats with acute hind limb ischemia-reperfusion injury.

Experimental procedure

Unilateral femoral artery ligated diabetic rats were orally fed with EEMI (0.2 and 0.4 g/kg) for 14 days. At the end of the study, plasma levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and relevant biochemical parameters were measured. The isolated gastrocnemius muscles were used for gene expression and histopathological studies.

Results

There was a significant reduction (p < 0.05) in the plasma levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, nitric oxide, malondialdehyde; and the expression levels of mRNA of induced nitric oxide synthase and intercellular adhesion molecule -1; and increase in anti-inflammatory cytokine, in isolated gastrocnemius muscles of animals treated with 0.2 and 0.4 g/kg of EEMI in comparison to disease control. In addition, histopathological study of gastrocnemius muscle and hind limb function test indicated the recovery of tissue damage from ischemic reperfusion at 0.2 and 0.4 g/kg of EEMI in comparison to disease control.

Conclusion

We conclude that 14-day EEMI treatment of rats with acute hind limb ischemia/reperfusion in diabetic rats recovered from ischemic/reperfusion injury by modulating (decreasing) oxidative stress and inflammation.

Sinomenine in Cardio-Cerebrovascular Diseases: Potential Therapeutic Effects and Pharmacological Evidences

Cardio-cerebrovascular diseases, as a major cause of health loss all over the world, contribute to an important part of the global burden of disease. A large number of traditional Chinese medicines have been proved effective both clinically and in pharmacological investigations, with the acceleration of the modernization of Chinese medicine. Sinomenine is the main active constituent of sinomenium acutum and has been generally used in therapies of rheumatoid arthritis and neuralgia. Varieties of pharmacological effects of sinomenine in cardio-cerebrovascular system have been discovered recently, suggesting an inspiring application prospect of sinomenine in cardio-cerebrovascular diseases. Sinomenine may retard the progression of atherosclerosis by attenuating endothelial inflammation, regulating immune cells function, and inhibiting the proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells. Sinomenine also alleviates chronic cardiac allograft rejection relying on its anti-inflammatory and anti-hyperplastic activities and suppresses autoimmune myocarditis by immunosuppression. Prevention of myocardial or cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury by sinomenine is associated with its modulation of cardiomyocyte death, inflammation, calcium overload, and oxidative stress. The regulatory effects on vasodilation and electrophysiology make sinomenine a promising drug to treat hypertension and arrhythmia. Here, in this review, we will illustrate the pharmacological activities of sinomenine in cardio-cerebrovascular system and elaborate the underlying mechanisms, as well as give an overview of the potential therapeutic roles of sinomenine in cardio-cerebrovascular diseases, trying to provide clues and bases for its clinical usage.

DCA Protects against Oxidation Injury Attributed to Cerebral Ischemia-Reperfusion by Regulating Glycolysis through PDK2-PDH-Nrf2 Axis

Cerebral ischemic stroke (IS) is still a difficult problem to be solved; energy metabolism failure is one of the main factors causing mitochondrion dysfunction and oxidation stress damage within the pathogenesis of cerebral ischemia, which produces considerable reactive oxygen species (ROS) and opens the blood-brain barrier. Dichloroacetic acid (DCA) can inhibit pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase (PDK). Moreover, DCA has been indicated with the capability of increasing mitochondrial pyruvate uptake and promoting oxidation of glucose in the course of glycolysis, thereby improving the activity of pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH). As a result, pyruvate flow is promoted into the tricarboxylic acid cycle to expedite ATP production. DCA has a protective effect on IS and brain ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury, but the specific mechanism remains unclear. This study adopted a transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) mouse model for simulating IS and I/R injury in mice. We investigated the mechanism by which DCA regulates glycolysis and protects the oxidative damage induced by I/R injury through the PDK2-PDH-Nrf2 axis. As indicated from the results of this study, DCA may improve glycolysis, reduce oxidative stress and neuronal death, damage the blood-brain barrier, and promote the recovery of oxidative metabolism through inhibiting PDK2 and activating PDH. Additionally, DCA noticeably elevated the neurological score and reduced the infarct volume, brain water content, and necrotic neurons. Moreover, as suggested from the results, DCA elevated the content of Nrf2 as well as HO-1, i.e., the downstream antioxidant proteins pertaining to Nrf2, while decreasing the damage of BBB and the degradation of tight junction proteins. To simulate the condition of hypoxia and ischemia in vitro, HBMEC cells received exposure to transient oxygen and glucose deprivation (OGD). The DCA treatment is capable of reducing the oxidative stress and blood-brain barrier of HBMEC cells after in vitro hypoxia and reperfusion (H/R). Furthermore, this study evidenced that HBMEC cells could exhibit higher susceptibility to H/R-induced oxidative stress after ML385 application, the specific inhibitor of Nrf2. Besides, the protection mediated by DCA disappeared after ML385 application. To sum up, as revealed from the mentioned results, DCA could exert the neuroprotective effect on oxidative stress and blood-brain barrier after brain I/R injury via PDK2-PDH-Nrf2 pathway activation. Accordingly, the PDK2-PDH-Nrf2 pathway may play a key role and provide a new pharmacology target in cerebral IS and I/R protection by DCA.

Mechanism exploration of Gouqi-wentang formula against type 2 diabetes mellitus by phytochemistry and network pharmacology-based analysis and biological validation

BACKGROUND

The Gouqi-wentang formula (GQWTF) is a herbal formula used by Academician Xiao-lin Tong for the clinical treatment of T2DM. GQWTF is beneficial to qi, nourishes Yin, clears heat, and promotes fluid production, but the effective components and their mechanism of action remain unclear.

METHODS

The main components of GQWTF were detected by LC-MS, and the multi-target mechanisms of GQWTF in T2DM were elucidated using network pharmacology analysis, including target prediction, protein-protein interaction network construction and analysis, Gene Ontology (GO) terms, Kyoto Encyclopaedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway annotation, and other network construction. Finally, the efficacy of the GQWTF was verified using biological experiments.

RESULTS

First, the "herb-channel tropism" network suggested that GQWTF focuses more on treating diseases by recuperating the liver, which is considered as an important insulin-sensitive organ. Subsequently, a total of 16 active ingredients in GQWTF were detected and screened, and their biological targets were predicted. Then, "compound-target" network was constructed, where enrichment analysis of GQWTF targets reflected its potential pharmacological activities. After T2DM-related target identification, 39 cross targets of GQWTF and T2DM were obtained, and 30 key targets highly responsible for the beneficial effect of GQWTF on T2DM were identified by PPI analysis. GO analysis of these key targets showed that many biological processes of GQWTF in treating T2DM are key in the occurrence and development of T2DM, including components related to inflammatory/immune response, insulin, and metabolism. KEGG analysis revealed the regulation of multiple signalling pathways, such as insulin resistance, PPAR signalling pathway, FoxO signalling pathway, Fc epsilon RI signalling pathway, and pathways that influence diabetes primarily by regulating metabolism as well as other T2DM directly related pathways. Furthermore, a "formula-compound-pathway-symptom" network was constructed to represent a global view of GQWTF in the treatment of T2DM.

CONCLUSIONS

This study explored the mechanism of action of GQWTF in T2DM by multi-component and multi-target multi pathways, which could provide a theoretical basis for the development and clinical application of GQWTF.

SIRT1/PGC-1α signaling activation by mangiferin attenuates cerebral hypoxia/reoxygenation injury in neuroblastoma cells

Ischemia reperfusion injury (IRI) is associated with poor prognoses in the setting of ischemic brain diseases. Silence information regulator 1 (SIRT1) is a member of the third class of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+)-dependent sirtuins. Recently, the role of SIRT1/peroxisome proliferators-activated receptor-γ coactivator 1α (PGC-1α) pathway in organ (especially the brain) protection under various pathological conditions has been widely investigated. Mangiferin (MGF), a natural C-glucosyl xanthone polyhydroxy polyphenol, has been shown to be beneficial to several nervous system diseases and the protective effects of MGF can be achieved through the regulation of SIRT1 signaling. This study is designed to investigate the protective effects of MGF treatment in the setting of cerebral IRI and to elucidate the potential mechanisms. We first evaluated the toxicity of MGF and chose the safe concentrations for the following experiments. MGF exerted obvious neuroprotection against hypoxia/reoxygenation (HR)-induced injury, indicated by restored cell viability and cell morphology, decreased lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release and reactive oxygen species generation. MGF also restored the protein expressions of SIRT1, PGC-1α, Nrf2, NQO1, HO-1, NRF1, UCP2, and Bcl2 down-regulated by HR treatment. However, SIRT1 siRNA could reverse MGF-induced neuroprotection and decrease the expressions of molecules mentioned above. Taken together, our findings suggest that MGF treatment exerts neuroprotection against HR injury via activating SIRT1/PGC-1α signaling. These findings may provide a theoretical basis for the exploitation of MGF as a potential neuroprotective drug candidate, which may be beneficial for the ischemic stroke patients in clinic.

Aloperine protects against cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury via activating the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway in rats

Cerebral ischemia is among the leading causes of death and long-term disability worldwide. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of aloperine (ALO) on cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury in rats and elucidate the possible underlying mechanisms. Therefore, a rat model of reversible middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) was established to induce cerebral I/R injury. Following pretreatment with different doses of ALO, the histopathological changes in the brain tissue were evaluated by hematoxylin and eosin staining. The degree of cerebral infarction was determined using by 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride staining. Additionally, the levels of oxidative stress- and inflammation-related factors were measured using commercially available kits. Cell apoptosis was assessed by TUNEL staining, while the expression levels of apoptosis- and PI3K/AKT signaling pathway-related proteins were determined by western blot analysis. The results demonstrated that ALO alleviated histopathological injury in the brain tissue and the area of cerebral infarction in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, significantly reduced levels of reactive oxygen species and malondialdehyde were observed in the ALO-treated rats post-MCAO/reperfusion, accompanied by increased levels of superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione. Consistently, treatment with ALO notably decreased the concentration of inflammatory factors, including TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6, in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, ALO attenuated neuronal cell apoptosis, downregulated the expression of Bax and upregulated that of Bcl-2. I/R markedly reduced the expression levels of phosphorylated (p-)PI3K and p-AKT, which were dose-dependently restored by ALO intervention. Collectively, the aforementioned findings indicated that ALO could improve cerebral I/R injury and alleviate oxidative stress, inflammation and cell apoptosis via activating the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway, thus supporting the therapeutic potential of ALO against cerebral I/R injury in ischemic stroke.

Mangiferin mitigates di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate-induced testicular injury in rats by modulating oxidative stress-mediated signals, inflammatory cascades, apoptotic pathways, and steroidogenesis

Di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) is an endocrine disruptor that causes reproductive defects in male animal models. This study was conducted to explore the plausible modulatory effects of mangiferin (MF) against DEHP-induced testicular injury in rats. Thirty-two adult male albino rats were allocated into four groups. Two groups were given DEHP (2 g/kg/day, p.o) for 14 days. One of these groups was treated with MF (20 mg/kg/day, i.p) for 7 days before and 14 days after DEHP administration. A vehicle-treated control was included, and another group of rats was given MF only. Results revealed that MF treatment suppressed oxidative testicular injury by amplifying the mRNA expression of nuclear factor-erythroid 2 related factor-2 (Nrf2) and increasing hemoxygenase-1 (HO-1), glutathione, and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) levels. This treatment also enhanced superoxide dismutase activity, but it decreased malondialdehyde and nitric oxide levels. MF had an anti-inflammatory characteristic, as demonstrated by the downregulation of the mRNA of the nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB). The content of tumor necrosis factor-alpha also decreased. MF modulated the apoptotic pathway by suppressing the mRNA of cytochrome c (Cyt c), Fas ligand content, Bax IHC expression, caspase-3 activity and cleaved caspase-3 IHC expression. It also upregulated the expression levels of heat-shock protein 70 (HSP70) and B-cell lymphoma 2. Moreover, MF upregulated the mRNA expression levels of HSP70 and c-kit and enriched the content of steroidogenic acute regulatory (StAR) protein, which were reflected in serum testosterone levels. This result indicated that MF played crucial roles in steroidogenesis and spermatogenesis. Besides, the activities of testicular marker enzymes, namely, acid and alkaline phosphatases, and lactate dehydrogenase, significantly increased. Histopathological observations provided evidence supporting the biochemical and molecular measurements. In conclusion, MF provided protective mechanisms against the DEHP-mediated deterioration of testicular functions partially through its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic properties. It also involved the restoration of steroidogenesis and spermatogenesis through the modulation of Nrf2/HO-1, NF-κB/Cyt c/HSP70, and c-Kit signaling cascades.

Preconditioning Exercise in Rats Attenuates Early Brain Injury Resulting from Subarachnoid Hemorrhage by Reducing Oxidative Stress, Inflammation, and Neuronal Apoptosis

Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is a catastrophic form of stroke responsible for significant morbidity and mortality. Oxidative stress, inflammation, and neuronal apoptosis are important in the pathogenesis of early brain injury (EBI) following SAH. Preconditioning exercise confers neuroprotective effects, mitigating EBI; however, the basis for such protection is unknown. We investigated the effects of preconditioning exercise on brain damage and sensorimotor function after SAH. Male rats were assigned to either a sham-operated (Sham) group, exercise (Ex) group, or no-exercise (No-Ex) group. After a 3-week exercise program, they underwent SAH by endovascular perforation. Consciousness level, neurological score, and sensorimotor function were studied. The expression of nuclear factor erythroid 2 p45-related factor 2 (Nrf2), heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1), 4-hydroxynonenal (4HNE), nitrotyrosine (NT), ionized calcium-binding adaptor molecule 1 (Iba1), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin 6 (IL-6), interleukin 1β (IL-1β), 14-3-3γ, p-β-catenin Ser37, Bax, and caspase-3 were evaluated by immunohistochemistry or western blotting. The terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated biotinylated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay was also performed. After SAH, the Ex group had significantly reduced neurological deficits, sensorimotor dysfunction, and consciousness disorder compared with the No-Ex group. Nrf2, HO-1, and 14-3-3γ were significantly higher in the Ex group, while 4HNE, NT, Iba1, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, Bax, caspase-3, and TUNEL-positive cells were significantly lower. Our findings suggest that preconditioning exercise ameliorates EBI after SAH. The expression of 4HNE and NT was reduced by Nrf2/HO-1 pathway activation; additionally, both oxidative stress and inflammation were reduced. Furthermore, preconditioning exercise reduced apoptosis, likely via the 14-3-3γ/p-β-catenin Ser37/Bax/caspase-3 pathway.

Protective effects of the knockdown of lncRNA AK139328 against oxygen glucose deprivation/reoxygenation-induced injury in PC12 cells

Cerebral ischemic stroke is a major cause of adult morbidity and mortality worldwide. Several long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been reported to participate in cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury (IRI). However, to the best of our knowledge, the role of lncRNA AK139328 in cerebral ischemic stroke remains poorly understood. The present study aimed to determine the expression and function of lncRNA AK139328 in the progression of IRI. PC12 cells were injured by oxygen glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/R) to establish an in vitro ischemic stroke model. An MTT assay was performed to determine cell viability. Reverse transcription-quantitative PCR was used to analyze the expression levels of AK139328 and Netrin-1 in blood samples from patients who had suffered a cerebral ischemic stroke and healthy individuals or OGD/R PC12 cells. ELISAs were used to determine the levels of inflammatory cytokines. In addition, oxidative stress levels and the levels of cell apoptosis were evaluated by reactive oxygen species (ROS) kits, flow cytometry and western blotting. Immunofluorescence staining was used for the detection of cell neurite outgrowth. The results of the present study revealed that AK139328 expression levels were upregulated in patients who had suffered a cerebral ischemic stroke and in PC12 cells following stimulation with OGD/R. The knockdown of AK139328 alleviated OGD/R-induced decreases in cell viability, downregulation in Netrin-1 expression and increases in inflammatory cytokines levels, including TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6. Moreover, AK139328 silencing suppressed oxidative stress and cell apoptosis in OGD/R-treated PC12 cells. Furthermore, the expression levels of microtubule associated protein 2 and growth associated protein 43 in OGD/R-injured PC12 cells were upregulated following the knockdown of AK139328 expression. In conclusion, these findings suggested that the knockdown of AK139328 expression may protect PC12 cells against OGD/R injury by regulating inflammatory responses, oxidative stress and cell apoptosis. The data suggested a potential therapeutic target for the diagnosis and treatment of cerebral ischemic stroke.

Dexmedetomidine reduces the apoptosis of rat hippocampal neurons via mediating ERK1/2 signal pathway by targeting miR-155

Rat hippocampal neurons were isolated and divided into Normal, oxygen glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/R), OGD/R + DEX, OGD/R + NC mimic, OGD/R + miR-155 mimic and OGD/R + DEX + miR-155 mimic groups. In OGD/R group, LDH, ROS and MDA levels and apoptosis rate was increased, with up-regulations of miR-155, Cyt c and Bax/Bcl-2 ratio, but decreases of SOD, GSH-Px and MMP levels, as well as down-regulations of p-ERK1/2/ERK1/2. As compared to the OGD/R group, parameters above in the OGD/R + DEX group were ameliorated evidently, while OGD/R + miR-155 mimic group manifested the opposite changes. Besides, miR-155 mimic could abolish the protective effect of DEX on the hippocampal neurons under OGD/R. DEX, via down-regulating the expression of miR-155, could activate the ERK1/2 pathway, thereby mitigating the apoptosis and oxidative stress injury and increasing the MMP, thereby protecting hippocampal cells from OGD/R injury.

Nose-to-brain delivery of borneol modified tanshinone IIA nanoparticles in prevention of cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury

Targeted treatment of cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury (CIRI) remains a problem due to the difficulty in drug delivery across the blood–brain barrier (BBB). In this study, we developed Bo-TSA-NP, a novel tanshinone IIA (TSA) loaded nanoparticles modified by borneol, which has long been proved with the ability to enhance other drugs’ transport across the BBB. The Bo-TSA-NP, with a particle size of about 160 nm, drug loading of 3.6%, showed sustained release and P-glycoprotein (P-gp) inhibition property. It demonstrated a significantly higher uptake by 16HBE cells in vitro through the clathrin/caveolae-mediated endocytosis and micropinocytosis. Following intranasal (IN) administration, Bo-TSA-NP significantly improved the preventive effect on a rat model of CIRI with improved neurological scores, decreased cerebral infarction areas and a reduced content of malondialdehyde (MDA) and increased activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) in rat brain. In conclusion, these results indicate that Bo-TSA-NP is a promising nose-to-brain delivery system that can enhance the prevention effect of TSA on CIRI.

The effect of Bu Shen Huo Xue Tang on autoimmune premature ovarian insufficiency via Modulation of the Nrf2/Keap1 signaling pathway in mice

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Bu Shen Huo Xue Tang (BSHXT) is a traditional Chinese medicine formula that is clinically used in the treatment of premature ovarian insufficiency (POI). However, its therapeutic mechanism remains unclear.

AIM OF THE STUDY

This study aimed to investigate the underlying molecular mechanism of pharmacological activity of BSHXT, via the Nrf2/Keap1 signaling pathway, in the treatment of autoimmune POI.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The chemical composition of BSHXT was analyzed using ultra-performance liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry. The autoimmune POI mouse model was induced by immunizing mice twice, with zona pellucida (ZP) glycoprotein 3 antigen. The autoimmune POI mice were continuously administered BSHXT for 28 days. Body weight and organ indices were recorded. The pathological morphology of the ovaries was observed. The estrous cycle of each mouse was recorded. Immunofluorescence assay was used to detect the levels of ZP antibodies in the mouse ovaries. The levels of ZP antibodies, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH), estradiol (E₂), luteinizing hormone (LH), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and malondialdehyde (MDA) were measured. The expression of genes and proteins involved in the Nrf2/Keap1 signaling pathway were measured by Q-PCR and IHC, respectively.

RESULTS

Twenty-one compounds were identified in the BSHXT water extract. BSHXT was found to increase the body weight and ovarian index, improve ovarian function, and reduce disorders in the estrus cycle. It also reduced the expression of ZP antibodies in the ovaries and serum of POI mice. BSHXT significantly increased E₂ and AMH levels and decreased FSH and LH levels. It also increased the levels of SOD, and reduced MDA levels. The levels of Nrf2 and Keap1 were also increased, and the expression of Nrf2, HO-1 and NQO1 genes was upregulated.

CONCLUSIONS

BSHXT has a therapeutic effect on autoimmune POI in mice, which may be a result of the enhanced antioxidant capacity and activation of the Nrf2/Keap1 signaling pathway. BSHXT is a good drug candidate for use as a protective agent for POI and may be used in clinical practice.

Isorhamnetin Alleviates High Glucose-Aggravated Inflammatory Response and Apoptosis in Oxygen-Glucose Deprivation and Reoxygenation-Induced HT22 Hippocampal Neurons Through Akt/SIRT1/Nrf2/HO-1 Signaling Pathway

This study is aimed at exploring the potential of isorhamnetin in protection against diabetes-exacerbated ischemia/reperfusion-induced brain injury and elucidating its action mechanism. After establishment of the model of high glucose (HG)-aggravated oxygen-glucose deprivation and reoxygenation (OGD/R), HT22 cell viability was detected by CCK-8. Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity, casapase-3 activity, and oxidative stress-related markers in HT22 cells were detected by corresponding commercial kits. The apoptosis of HG-treated HT22 cells following OGD/R was observed with TUNEL staining. The level of pro-inflammatory cytokines was examined by ELISA. The expression of Akt/SIRT1/Nrf2/HO-1 signaling-related proteins was assayed by Western blot. The results showed that HG noticeably worsened the OGD/R-induced apoptosis of HT22 cells. Isorhamnetin relieved the HG-aggravated OGD/R-induced apoptosis, inflammatory response, and oxidative stress of HT22 cells. Isorhamnetin alleviated the HG-aggravated OGD/R injury in HT22 cells through Akt/SIRT1/Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway. Meanwhile, treatment with Akt inhibitor LY294002 reversed the protective effects of isorhamnetin against HG-aggravated OGD/R injury in HT22 cells. In a conclusion, Isorhamnetin alleviates HG-aggravated OGD/R in HT22 hippocampal neurons through Akt/SIRT1/Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway.