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Ding Y, Fang F, Liu X, Sheng S, Li X, Yin X, Chen Z, Wen J. H 2S Regulates the Phenotypic Transformation of Astrocytes Following Cerebral Ischemia/Reperfusion via Inhibiting the RhoA/ROCK Pathway. Mol Neurobiol 2024; 61:3179-3197. [PMID: 37978158 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03797-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
The role of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) on the phenotypic change of astrocytes following cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) in mice was investigated in present study. We tested the expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), A2 phenotype marker S100a10, and A1 phenotype marker C3 protein and assessed the change of BrdU/GFAP-positive cells, GFAP/C3-positive cells, and GFAP/S100a10-positive cells in mice hippocampal tissues to evaluate the change of astrocyte phenotypes following cerebral I/R. The role of H2S on the phenotypic change of astrocytes following cerebral I/R in mice was investigated by using H2S synthase cystathionine-γ-lyase (CSE) knockout mice (KO). The results revealed that cerebral I/R injury promoted the astrocytes proliferation of both A1 and A2 phenotypes, which were more significant in mice of H2S synthase CSE KO than in mice of wild type (WT). Interestingly, supplement with H2S could inhibit the A1 phenotype proliferation but promote the proliferation of A2 phenotype, suggesting that H2S could regulate the transformation of astrocytes to A2 phenotype following cerebral I/R, which is beneficial for neuronal recovery. Besides, we found that H2S-mediated change of astrocyte phenotype is related to inhibiting the RhoA/ROCK pathway. Furthermore, both H2S and ROCK inhibitor could ameliorate the brain injury of mice at 9 days after cerebral I/R. In conclusion, H2S regulates the phenotypic transformation of astrocytes to A2 phenotype following the cerebral I/R via inhibiting RhoA/ROCK pathway and then exerts the neuroprotective effect against the subacute brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyu Ding
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Fang Fang
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200120, China
| | - Xiaolong Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Shuyan Sheng
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Xueyan Li
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Xiaojiao Yin
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Zhiwu Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China.
| | - Jiyue Wen
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China.
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Lu W, Wang Y, Wen J. The Roles of RhoA/ROCK/NF-κB Pathway in Microglia Polarization Following Ischemic Stroke. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2024; 19:19. [PMID: 38753217 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-024-10118-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/21/2024]
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is the leading cause of death and disability worldwide. Nevertheless, there still lacks the effective therapies for ischemic stroke. Microglia are resident macrophages of the central nervous system (CNS) and can initiate immune responses and monitor the microenvironment. Microglia are activated and polarize into proinflammatory or anti‑inflammatory phenotype in response to various brain injuries, including ischemic stroke. Proinflammatory microglia could generate immunomodulatory mediators, containing cytokines and chemokines, these mediators are closely associated with secondary brain damage following ischemic stroke. On the contrary, anti-inflammatory microglia facilitate recovery following stroke. Regulating the activation and the function of microglia is crucial in exploring the novel treatments for ischemic stroke patients. Accumulating studies have revealed that RhoA/ROCK pathway and NF-κB are famous modulators in the process of microglia activation and polarization. Inhibiting these key modulators can promote the polarization of microglia to anti-inflammatory phenotype. In this review, we aimed to provide a comprehensive overview on the role of RhoA/ROCK pathway and NF-κB in the microglia activation and polarization, reveal the relationship between RhoA/ROCK pathway and NF-κB in the pathological process of ischemic stroke. In addition, we likewise discussed the drug modulators targeting microglia polarization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weizhuo Lu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Medical Branch, Hefei Technology College, Hefei, China
| | - Yilin Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Jiyue Wen
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.
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Zhou R, Wu L, Jin N, Sha S, Ouyang Y. L-F001, a multifunctional fasudil-lipoic acid dimer, antagonizes hypoxic-ischemic brain damage by inhibiting the TLR4/MyD88 signaling pathway. Brain Behav 2023; 13:e3280. [PMID: 37822185 PMCID: PMC10726836 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.3280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Neonatal hypoxic-ischemic brain damage (HIBD) is a serious inflammatory injury. At present, the standard treatment for this disease is hypothermia therapy, and the effect of drug intervention is still limited. L-F001 is a compound of fasudil and lipoic acid. Previous in vitro experiments have confirmed that L-F001 has anti-inflammatory neuroprotective functions. However, its therapeutic effect on neonates with HIBD remains unknown. This study was aimed at exploring the therapeutic effect of L-F001 on HIBD rats. METHODS The newborn rats were divided into three groups: Sham operation group, HIBD group, and HIBD + L-F001 group. HE staining, Nissil staining, the immunofluorescence of iNOS and COX-2, ELISA (IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-10), and western blotting analyses were performed to determine the therapeutic effect of L-F001. Finally, we evaluated the growth and development of each group by measuring body weight. RESULTS The hippocampal structure of HIBD rats was disordered, and the Nissil body was small and shallow. The expressions of iNOS and COX-2 in HIBD rats were increased, whereas the expressions of IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α in plasma were upregulated, and the expression of IL-10 was decreased. L-F001 could improve the tissue structure and reduce the expression of iNOS and COX-2 in HIBD rats. Meanwhile, L-F001 could also reduce the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and restore the content of anti-inflammatory cytokines in plasma. We further found that the TLR4 pathway was activated after hypoxic-ischemia in neonatal rats. L-F001 could inhibit the activation of TLR4 pathway. Finally, we found that after L-F001 treatment, the body weight of HIBD rats increased significantly compared with the untreated group. CONCLUSIONS L-F001 antagonizes the inflammatory response after hypoxic-ischemia by inhibiting the activation of the TLR4 signaling pathway, thus playing a neuroprotective role. L-F001 may be a potential therapeutic agent for neonatal HIBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiyu Zhou
- Sun Yat‐sen Memorial HospitalSun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhouChina
- The Affiliated Kashi HospitalSun Yat‐sen UniversityKashiChina
| | - Liqiang Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Emergency HospitalGuangzhouChina
| | - Ni Jin
- Sun Yat‐sen Memorial HospitalSun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Sha Sha
- Sun Yat‐sen Memorial HospitalSun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Ying Ouyang
- Sun Yat‐sen Memorial HospitalSun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhouChina
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Zheng Y, Zhang X, Zhang R, Wang Z, Gan J, Gao Q, Yang L, Xu P, Jiang X. Inflammatory signaling pathways in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease with inhibitors, natural products and metabolites (Review). Int J Mol Med 2023; 52:111. [PMID: 37800614 PMCID: PMC10558228 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2023.5314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The intricate nature of Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathogenesis poses a persistent obstacle to drug development. In recent times, neuroinflammation has emerged as a crucial pathogenic mechanism of AD, and the targeting of inflammation has become a viable approach for the prevention and management of AD. The present study conducted a comprehensive review of the literature between October 2012 and October 2022, identifying a total of 96 references, encompassing 91 distinct pharmaceuticals that have been investigated for their potential impact on AD by inhibiting neuroinflammation. Research has shown that pharmaceuticals have the potential to ameliorate AD by reducing neuroinflammation mainly through regulating inflammatory signaling pathways such as NF‑κB, MAPK, NLRP3, PPARs, STAT3, CREB, PI3K/Akt, Nrf2 and their respective signaling pathways. Among them, tanshinone IIA has been extensively studied for its anti‑inflammatory effects, which have shown significant pharmacological properties and can be applied clinically. Thus, it may hold promise as an effective drug for the treatment of AD. The present review elucidated the inflammatory signaling pathways of pharmaceuticals that have been investigated for their therapeutic efficacy in AD and elucidates their underlying mechanisms. This underscores the auspicious potential of pharmaceuticals in ameliorating AD by impeding neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ruifeng Zhang
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, P.R. China
| | - Ziyu Wang
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, P.R. China
| | - Jiali Gan
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, P.R. China
| | - Qing Gao
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, P.R. China
| | - Lin Yang
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, P.R. China
| | - Pengjuan Xu
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, P.R. China
| | - Xijuan Jiang
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, P.R. China
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Zhao P, Zhang J, Kuai J, Li L, Li X, Feng N, Du H, Li C, Wang Q, Deng B. TAT-PEP Alleviated Cognitive Impairment by Alleviating Neuronal Mitochondria Damage and Apoptosis After Cerebral Ischemic Reperfusion Injury. Mol Neurobiol 2023; 60:5655-5671. [PMID: 37335462 PMCID: PMC10471703 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03404-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
Paired immunoglobulin-like receptor B (PirB) was identified as a myelin-associated inhibitory protein (MAIP) receptor that plays a critical role in axonal regeneration, synaptic plasticity and neuronal survival after stroke. In our previous study, a transactivator of transcription-PirB extracellular peptide (TAT-PEP) was generated that can block the interactions between MAIs and PirB. We found that TAT-PEP treatment improved axonal regeneration, CST projection and long-term neurobehavioural recovery after stroke through its effects on PirB-mediated downstream signalling. However, the effect of TAT-PEP on the recovery of cognitive function and the survival of neurons also needs to be investigated. In this study, we investigated whether pirb RNAi could alleviate neuronal injury by inhibiting the expression of PirB following exposure to oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) in vitro. In addition, TAT-PEP treatment attenuated the volume of the brain infarct and promoted the recovery of neurobehavioural function and cognitive function. This study also found that TAT-PEP exerts neuroprotection by reducing neuronal degeneration and apoptosis after ischemia-reperfusion injury. In addition, TAT-PEP improved neuron survival and reduced lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release in vitro. Results also showed that TAT-PEP reduced malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, increased superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and reduced reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation in OGD-injured neurons. The possible mechanism was that TAT-PEP could contribute to the damage of neuronal mitochondria and affect the expression of cleaved caspase 3, Bax and Bcl-2. Our results suggest that PirB overexpression in neurons after ischaemic-reperfusion injury induces neuronal mitochondrial damage, oxidative stress and apoptosis. This study also suggests that TAT-PEP may be a potent neuroprotectant with therapeutic potential for stroke by reducing neuronal oxidative stress, mitochondrial damage, degeneration and apoptosis in ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pin Zhao
- Department of Anesthesiology & Center for Brain Science, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xi'an No.3 Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710018, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiapo Zhang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, School of Medicine, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, Fujian, China
| | - JianKe Kuai
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xi'an No.3 Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710018, People's Republic of China
| | - Liya Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116027, Liaoning, China
| | - Xuying Li
- Department of Anesthesiology & Center for Brain Science, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Namin Feng
- Department of Anesthesiology & Center for Brain Science, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Hailiang Du
- Department of Anesthesiology & Center for Brain Science, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Chen Li
- Department of Anesthesiology & Center for Brain Science, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Qiang Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology & Center for Brain Science, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Bin Deng
- Department of Anesthesiology & Center for Brain Science, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China.
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Rahman SO, Khan T, Iqubal A, Agarwal S, Akhtar M, Parvez S, Shah ZA, Najmi AK. Association between insulin and Nrf2 signalling pathway in Alzheimer's disease: A molecular landscape. Life Sci 2023:121899. [PMID: 37394097 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2023.121899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 06/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
Insulin, a well-known hormone, has been implicated as a regulator of blood glucose levels for almost a century now. Over the past few decades, the non-glycemic actions of insulin i.e. neuronal growth and proliferation have been extensively studied. In 2005, Dr. Suzanne de La Monte and her team reported that insulin might be involved in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's Disease (AD) and thus coined a term "Type-3 diabetes" This hypothesis was supported by several subsequent studies. The nuclear factor erythroid 2- related factor 2 (Nrf2) triggers a cascade of events under the regulation of distinct mechanisms including protein stability, phosphorylation and nuclear cytoplasmic shuttling, finally leading to the protection against oxidative damage. The Nrf2 pathway has been investigated extensively in relevance to neurodegenerative disorders, particularly AD. Many studies have indicated a strong correlation between insulin and Nrf2 signalling pathways both in the periphery and the brainbut merely few of them have focused on elucidating their inter-connective role in AD. The present review emphasizes key molecular pathways that correlate the role of insulin with Nrf2 during AD. The review has also identified key unexplored areas that could be investigated in future to further establish the insulin and Nrf2 influence in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed Obaidur Rahman
- Pharmaceutical Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India
| | - Tahira Khan
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India
| | - Ashif Iqubal
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India
| | - Shivani Agarwal
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India
| | - Mohd Akhtar
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India
| | - Suhel Parvez
- Neurobehavioral Pharmacology Laboratory, Department of Medical Elementology and Toxicology, School of Chemical and Life Sciences, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India
| | - Zahoor Ahmad Shah
- Department of Medicinal and Biological Chemistry, University of Toledo, 3000 Arlington Avenue, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
| | - Abul Kalam Najmi
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India.
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Li L, Mou Y, Zhai Q, Yan C, Zhang X, Du M, Li Y, Wang Q, Xiao Z. PirB negatively regulates the inflammatory activation of astrocytes in a mouse model of sleep deprivation. Neuropharmacology 2023; 235:109571. [PMID: 37146940 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2023.109571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 04/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Reactive astrocytes play a potential regulatory role in sleep deprivation (SD). Paired immunoglobulin-like receptor B (PirB) is expressed in reactive astrocytes, suggesting that PirB may participate in regulating the inflammatory response of astrocytes. We used lentiviral and adeno-associated viral approaches to interfere with the expression of PirB in vivo and in vitro. C57BL/6 mice were sleep deprived for 7 days and neurological function was measured via behavioral tests. We found that overexpressed PirB in SD mice could decrease the number of neurotoxic reactive astrocytes, alleviate cognitive deficits, and promote reactive astrocytes tended to be neuroprotective state. IL-1α, TNFα, and C1q were used to induce neurotoxic reactive astrocytes in vitro. Overexpression of PirB relieved the toxicity of neurotoxic astrocytes. Silencing PirB expression had the opposite effect and exacerbated the transition of reactive astrocytes to a neurotoxic state in vitro. Moreover, PirB-impaired astrocytes demonstrated STAT3 hyperphosphorylation which could be reversed by stattic (p-STAT3 inhibitor). Furthermore, Golgi-Cox staining confirmed that dendrite morphology defects and synapse-related protein were significantly increased in PirB-overexpressed SD mice. Our data demonstrated that SD induced neurotoxic reactive astrocytes and contributed to neuroinflammation and cognitive deficits. PirB performs a negative regulatory role in neurotoxic reactive astrocytes via the STAT3 signaling pathway in SD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liya Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116000, Liaoning, China
| | - Yan Mou
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, 712046, Shaanxi, China
| | - Qian Zhai
- Department of Anesthesiology & Center for Brain Science, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Chaoying Yan
- Department of Anesthesiology & Center for Brain Science, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology & Center for Brain Science, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Mengyu Du
- Department of Anesthesiology & Center for Brain Science, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yansong Li
- Department of Anesthesiology & Center for Brain Science, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Qiang Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology & Center for Brain Science, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Zhaoyang Xiao
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116000, Liaoning, China.
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Shan XQ, Luo YY, Chang J, Song JJ, Hao N, Zhao L. Immunomodulation: The next target of mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes in the context of ischemic stroke. World J Stem Cells 2023; 15:52-70. [PMID: 37007453 PMCID: PMC10052343 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v15.i3.52] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke (IS) is the most prevalent form of brain disease, characterized by high morbidity, disability, and mortality. However, there is still a lack of ideal prevention and treatment measures in clinical practice. Notably, the transplantation therapy of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) has been a hot research topic in stroke. Nevertheless, there are risks associated with this cell therapy, including tumor formation, coagulation dysfunction, and vascular occlusion. Also, a growing number of studies suggest that the therapeutic effect after transplantation of MSCs is mainly attributed to MSC-derived exosomes (MSC-Exos). And this cell-free mediated therapy appears to circumvent many risks and difficulties when compared to cell therapy, and it may be the most promising new strategy for treating stroke as stem cell replacement therapy. Studies suggest that suppressing inflammation via modulation of the immune response is an additional treatment option for IS. Intriguingly, MSC-Exos mediates the inflammatory immune response following IS by modulating the central nervous system, the peripheral immune system, and immunomodulatory molecules, thereby promoting neurofunctional recovery after stroke. Thus, this paper reviews the role, potential mechanisms, and therapeutic potential of MSC-Exos in post-IS inflammation in order to identify new research targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Qian Shan
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300381, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin 300381, China
| | - Yong-Yin Luo
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300381, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin 300381, China
| | - Jun Chang
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300381, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin 300381, China
| | - Jing-Jing Song
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300381, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin 300381, China
| | - Nan Hao
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300381, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin 300381, China
| | - Lan Zhao
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300381, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin 300381, China
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Xu Z, Chu M. Advances in Immunosuppressive Agents Based on Signal Pathway. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:917162. [PMID: 35694243 PMCID: PMC9178660 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.917162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune abnormality involves in various diseases, such as infection, allergic diseases, autoimmune diseases, as well as transplantation. Several signal pathways have been demonstrated to play a central role in the immune response, including JAK/STAT, NF-κB, PI3K/AKT-mTOR, MAPK, and Keap1/Nrf2/ARE pathway, in which multiple targets have been used to develop immunosuppressive agents. In recent years, varieties of immunosuppressive agents have been approved for clinical use, such as the JAK inhibitor tofacitinib and the mTOR inhibitor everolimus, which have shown good therapeutic effects. Additionally, many immunosuppressive agents are still in clinical trials or preclinical studies. In this review, we classified the immunosuppressive agents according to the immunopharmacological mechanisms, and summarized the phase of immunosuppressive agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqing Xu
- Department of Immunology, National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology (Peking University), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Department of Pharmacology, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Ming Chu
- Department of Immunology, National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology (Peking University), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
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Liu H, Pan Z, Ma X, Cui J, Gao J, Miao Q, Zhu Z, Chen X, Su S. ROCK inhibitor fasudil reduces the expression of inflammatory factors in LPS-induced rat pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells via ROS/NF-κB pathway. BMC Pharmacol Toxicol 2022; 23:24. [PMID: 35428330 PMCID: PMC9013060 DOI: 10.1186/s40360-022-00565-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Inflammation plays a major role in the pulmonary artery hypertension (PAH) and the acute lung injury (ALI) diseases. The common feature of these complications is the dysfunction of pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells (PMVECs). Fasudil, the only Rho kinase (ROCK) inhibitor used in clinic, has been proved to be the most promising new drug for the treatment of PAH, with some anti-inflammatory activity. Therefore, in the present study, the effect of fasudil on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammatory injury in rat PMVECs was investigated. Methods LPS was used to make inflammatory injury model of rat PMVECs. Thereafter, the mRNA and protein expression of pro-inflammatory factors was evaluated by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) assay respectively. Intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels were measured by the confocal laser scanning system. The activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and the content of malondialdehyde (MDA) were determined by using commercial kits according to the manufacturer’s instructions. Western blot assay was used to detect the protein expression of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) p65. Results Fasudil effectively prevented inflammatory injury induced by LPS, which is manifested by the decrease of pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin-6 (IL-6) and monocyte chenotactic protein-1 (MCP-1). Meanwhile, fasudil dramatically reduced the levels of ROS and MDA, and also elevated the activities of SOD and GSH-Px. Furthermore, the nuclear translocation of NF-κB p65 induced by LPS was also suppressed by fasudil. Additionally, the ROS scavengers N-Acetylcysteine (N-Ace) was also found to inhibit the nuclear translocation of NF-κB and the mRNA expression of IL-6 and MCP-1 induced by LPS, which suggested that ROS was essential for the nuclear translocation of NF-κB. Conclusions The present study revealed that fasudil reduced the expression of inflammatory factors, alleviated the inflammatory and oxidative damage induced by LPS in rat PMVECs via ROS-NF-κB signaling pathway.
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Lee DS, Kim JE. P2X7 Receptor Augments LPS-Induced Nitrosative Stress by Regulating Nrf2 and GSH Levels in the Mouse Hippocampus. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11040778. [PMID: 35453462 PMCID: PMC9025791 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11040778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
P2X7 receptor (P2X7R) regulates inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression/activity in response to various harmful insults. Since P2X7R deletion paradoxically decreases the basal glutathione (GSH) level in the mouse hippocampus, it is likely that P2X7R may increase the demand for GSH for the maintenance of the intracellular redox state or affect other antioxidant defense systems. Therefore, the present study was designed to elucidate whether P2X7R affects nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) activity/expression and GSH synthesis under nitrosative stress in response to lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced neuroinflammation. In the present study, P2X7R deletion attenuated iNOS upregulation and Nrf2 degradation induced by LPS. Compatible with iNOS induction, P2X7R deletion decreased S-nitrosylated (SNO)-cysteine production under physiological and post-LPS treated conditions. P2X7R deletion also ameliorated the decreases in GSH, glutathione synthetase, GS and ASCT2 levels concomitant with the reduced S-nitrosylations of GS and ASCT2 following LPS treatment. Furthermore, LPS upregulated cystine:glutamate transporter (xCT) and glutaminase in P2X7R+/+ mice, which were abrogated by P2X7R deletion. LPS did not affect GCLC level in both P2X7R+/+ and P2X7R−/− mice. Therefore, our findings indicate that P2X7R may augment LPS-induced neuroinflammation by leading to Nrf2 degradation, aberrant glutamate-glutamine cycle and impaired cystine/cysteine uptake, which would inhibit GSH biosynthesis. Therefore, we suggest that the targeting of P2X7R, which would exert nitrosative stress with iNOS in a positive feedback manner, may be one of the important therapeutic strategies of nitrosative stress under pathophysiological conditions.
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12
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Wan T, Huang Y, Gao X, Wu W, Guo W. Microglia Polarization: A Novel Target of Exosome for Stroke Treatment. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:842320. [PMID: 35356292 PMCID: PMC8959940 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.842320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The vast majority of cells in the human body are capable of secreting exosomes. Exosomes have become an important vehicle for signaling between cells. Exosomes secreted by different cells have some of the structural and functional properties of that cell and thus have different regulatory functions. A large number of recent experimental studies have shown that exosomes from different sources have different regulatory effects on stroke, and the mechanisms still need to be elucidated. Microglia are core members of central intrinsic immune regulatory cells, which play an important regulatory role in the pathogenesis and progression of stroke. M1 microglia cause neuroinflammation and induce neurotoxic effects, while M2 microglia inhibit neuroinflammation and promote neurogenesis, thus exerting a series of neuroprotective effects. It was found that there is a close link between exosomes and microglia polarization, and that exosome inclusions such as microRNAs play a regulatory role in the M1/M2 polarization of microglia. This research reviews the role of exosomes in the regulation of microglia polarization and reveals their potential value in stroke treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teng Wan
- Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, China.,Sports Medicine Department, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Union Shenzhen Hospital, The 6th Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yunling Huang
- Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Xiaoyu Gao
- Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Wanpeng Wu
- Shenzhen Futian District Maternity & Child Healthcare Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Weiming Guo
- Sports Medicine Department, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Union Shenzhen Hospital, The 6th Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, China
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13
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Peng W, Ouyang Y, Wang S, Hou J, Zhu Z, Yang Y, Zhou R, Pi R. L-F001, a Multifunctional Fasudil-Lipoic Acid Dimer Prevents RSL3-Induced Ferroptosis via Maintaining Iron Homeostasis and Inhibiting JNK in HT22 Cells. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:774297. [PMID: 35431808 PMCID: PMC9008309 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.774297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Ferroptosis, an iron-dependent form of non-apoptotic cell death, plays important roles in cerebral ischemia. Previously we have found that L-F001, a novel fasudil-lipoic acid dimer with good pharmacokinetic characters has good neuroprotection against toxin-induced cell death in vitro and in vivo. Here, we investigated the protective effects of L-F001 against a Glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4) inhibitor Ras-selective lethality 3 (RSL3) -induced ferroptosis in HT22 cells. We performed MTT, Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM), Western blot, and immunofluorescence analyses to determine the protective effects of L-F001 treatment. RSL3 treatment significantly reduced HT22 cell viability and L-F001 significantly protected RSL3-induced cell death in a concentration-dependent manner and significantly attenuated Mitochondrial shrinkage observed by TEM. Meanwhile, L-F001 significantly decreased RSL3-induced ROS and lipid peroxidation levels in HT22 cells. Moreover L-F001could restore GPX4 and glutamate-cysteine ligase modifier subunit (GCLM) levels, and significantly deceased Cyclooxygenase (COX-2) levels to rescue the lipid peroxidation imbalance. In addition, FerroOrange fluorescent probe and Western blot analysis revealed that L-F001 treatment decreased the total number of intracellular Fe2+ and restore Ferritin heavy chain 1 (FTH1) level in RSL3-induced HT22 cells. Finally, L-F001 could reduce RSL3-induced c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) activation, which might be a potential drug target for LF-001. Considering that L-F001 has a good anti-ferroptosis effect, our results showed that L-F001 might be a multi-target agent for the therapy of ferroptosis-related diseases, such as cerebral ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijia Peng
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ying Ouyang
- Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Ying Ouyang
| | - Shuyi Wang
- School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiawei Hou
- School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zeyu Zhu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yang Yang
- School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ruiyu Zhou
- Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Rongbiao Pi
- School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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14
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Martín-Cámara O, Arribas M, Wells G, Morales-Tenorio M, Martín-Requero Á, Porras G, Martínez A, Giorgi G, López-Alvarado P, Lastres-Becker I, Menéndez JC. Multitarget Hybrid Fasudil Derivatives as a New Approach to the Potential Treatment of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. J Med Chem 2022; 65:1867-1882. [PMID: 34985276 PMCID: PMC9132363 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c01255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Hybrid compounds containing structural fragments of the Rho kinase inhibitor fasudil and the NRF2 inducers caffeic and ferulic acids were designed with the aid of docking and molecular mechanics studies. Following the synthesis of the compounds using a peptide-coupling methodology, they were characterized for their ROCK2 inhibition, radical scavenging, effects on cell viability (MTT assay), and NRF2 induction (luciferase assay). One of the compounds (1d) was selected in view of its good multitarget profile and good tolerability. It was able to induce the NRF2 signature, promoting the expression of the antioxidant response enzymes HO-1 and NQO1, via a KEAP1-dependent mechanism. Analysis of mRNA and protein levels of the NRF2 pathway showed that 1d induced the NRF2 signature in control and SOD1-ALS lymphoblasts but not in sALS, where it was already increased in the basal state. These results show the therapeutic potential of this compound, especially for ALS patients with a SOD1 mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olmo Martín-Cámara
- Unidad de Química Orgánica y Farmacéutica, Departamento de Química en Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense, Plaza de Ramón y Cajal sn, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Marina Arribas
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols" UAM-CSIC, Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, and Institute Teófilo Hernando for Drug Discovery, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Geoffrey Wells
- UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29/39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, United Kingdom
| | - Marcos Morales-Tenorio
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ángeles Martín-Requero
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28031 Madrid, Spain
| | - Gracia Porras
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Martínez
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28031 Madrid, Spain
| | - Giorgio Giorgi
- Unidad de Química Orgánica y Farmacéutica, Departamento de Química en Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense, Plaza de Ramón y Cajal sn, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Pilar López-Alvarado
- Unidad de Química Orgánica y Farmacéutica, Departamento de Química en Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense, Plaza de Ramón y Cajal sn, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Isabel Lastres-Becker
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols" UAM-CSIC, Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, and Institute Teófilo Hernando for Drug Discovery, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28029 Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28031 Madrid, Spain
| | - J Carlos Menéndez
- Unidad de Química Orgánica y Farmacéutica, Departamento de Química en Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense, Plaza de Ramón y Cajal sn, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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15
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Chen C, Lu J, Peng W, Mak MS, Yang Y, Zhu Z, Wang S, Hou J, Zhou X, Xin W, Hu Y, Tsim KWK, Han Y, Liu Q, Pi R. Acrolein, an endogenous aldehyde induces Alzheimer's disease-like pathologies in mice: A new sporadic AD animal model. Pharmacol Res 2022; 175:106003. [PMID: 34838693 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2021.106003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Revised: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a common neurodegenerative disease that mainly affects elderly people. However, the translational research of AD is frustrating, suggesting that the development of new AD animal models is crucial. By gavage administration of acrolein, we constructed a simple sporadic AD animal model which showed classic pathologies of AD in 1 month. The AD-like phenotypes and pathological changes were as followed. 1) olfactory dysfunctions, cognitive impairments and psychological symptoms in C57BL/6 mice; 2) increased levels of Aβ1-42 and Tau phosphorylation (S396/T231) in cortex and hippocampus; 3) astrocytes and microglia proliferation; 4) reduced levels of postsynaptic density 95(PSD95) and Synapsin1, as well as the density of dendritic spines in the CA1 and DG neurons of the hippocampus; 5) high-frequency stimulation failed to induce the long-term potentiation (LTP) in the hippocampus after exposure to acrolein for 4 weeks; 6) decreased blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) signal in the olfactory bulb and induced high T2 signals in the hippocampus, which matched to the clinical observation in the brain of AD patients, and 7) activated RhoA/ROCK2/ p-cofilin-associated pathway in hippocampus of acrolein-treated mice, which may be the causes of synaptic damage and neuroinflammation in acrolein mice model. Taken together, the acrolein-induced sporadic AD mouse model closely reflects the pathological features of AD, which will be useful for the research on the mechanism of AD onset and the development of anti-AD drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Junfeng Lu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Weijia Peng
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Marvin Sh Mak
- Division of Life Science and Center for Chinese Medicine, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China; Neurobiology Research Center, School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China
| | - Zeyu Zhu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Shuyi Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China; Neurobiology Research Center, School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China
| | - Jiawei Hou
- Neurobiology Research Center, School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China
| | - Xin Zhou
- Zhongshan school of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Wenjun Xin
- Zhongshan school of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Yafang Hu
- Department of Neurology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510014, China
| | - Karl Wah Keung Tsim
- Division of Life Science and Center for Chinese Medicine, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yifan Han
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, Institute of Modern Chinese Medicine, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Qinyu Liu
- The seventh affiliated hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China.
| | - Rongbiao Pi
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China; International Joint Laboratory (SYSU-PolyU HK) of Novel Anti-Dementia Drugs of Guangzhou, Guangzhou 510006, China; Neurobiology Research Center, School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China.
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16
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Ju F, Kuang QX, Li QZ, Huang LJ, Guo WX, Gong LQ, Dai YF, Wang L, Gu YC, Wang D, Deng Y, Guo DL. Aureonitol Analogues and Orsellinic Acid Esters Isolated from Chaetomium elatum and Their Antineuroinflammatory Activity. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2021; 84:3044-3054. [PMID: 34846889 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.1c00783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Overexpression of various pro-inflammatory factors in microglial cells tends to induce neurodegenerative diseases, for which there is no effective therapy available. Aureonitol (1) and seven analogues, including six previously undescribed [elatumenol A-F (2-4, 6-8, respectively)], along with two new orsellinic acid esters [elatumone A and B (9 and 10)], were isolated from Chaetomium elatum. The structures of the compounds were established through comprehensive analysis of spectroscopic data, including high-resolution mass spectra and one- and two-dimensional NMR, and absolute configurations determined by the Mosher method, dimolybdenum tetraacetate-induced circular dichroism, and theoretical calculations including electronic circular dichroism and NMR. Metabolites 3, 4, 7, and 8 exhibited antineuroinflammatory activity by attenuating the production of inflammatory mediators, such as nitric oxide, interleukin-6, interleukin-1β, tumor necrosis factor-α, and reactive oxygen species. Western blot results indicated 8 decreases the level of inducible nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase-2 and suppresses the expression of Toll-like receptor 4 and nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) as well as the phosphorylation of the inhibitor of NF-κB and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases in lipopolysaccharide-activated BV-2 microglial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Ju
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, People's Republic of China
| | - Qi-Xuan Kuang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, People's Republic of China
| | - Qing-Zhou Li
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, People's Republic of China
| | - Li-Jun Huang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen-Xiu Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei-Qiang Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi-Fei Dai
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Lun Wang
- Center for Natural Products Research, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu-Cheng Gu
- Syngenta, Jealott's Hill International Research Centre, Berkshire RG42 6EY, U.K
| | - Dong Wang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, People's Republic of China
| | - Yun Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, People's Republic of China
| | - Da-Le Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, People's Republic of China
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17
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Cai R, Wang Y, Huang Z, Zou Q, Pu Y, Yu C, Cai Z. Role of RhoA/ROCK signaling in Alzheimer's disease. Behav Brain Res 2021; 414:113481. [PMID: 34302876 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2021.113481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Rho-associated coiled-coil kinase (ROCK), a serine/threonine kinase regulated by the small GTPase RhoA, is involved in regulating cell migration, proliferation, and survival. Numerous studies have shown that the RhoA/ROCK signaling pathway can promote Alzheimer's disease (AD) occurrence. ROCK activation increases β-secretase activity and promotes amyloid-beta (Aβ) production; moreover, Aβ further activates ROCK. This is suggestive of a possible positive feedback role for Aβ and ROCK. Moreover, ROCK activation promotes the formation of neurofibrillary tangles and abnormal synaptic contraction. Additionally, ROCK activation can promote the neuroinflammatory response by activating microglia and astrocytes to release inflammatory cytokines. Therefore, ROCK is a promising drug target in AD; further, there is a need to elucidate the specific mechanism of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- RuoLan Cai
- Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563003, China; Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563000, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Chongqing, 400013, China; Department of Neurology, Chongqing General Hospital, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, 400013, China
| | - YangYang Wang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Chongqing, 400013, China; Department of Neurology, Chongqing General Hospital, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, 400013, China
| | - ZhenTing Huang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Chongqing, 400013, China; Department of Neurology, Chongqing General Hospital, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, 400013, China
| | - Qian Zou
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Chongqing, 400013, China; Department of Neurology, Chongqing General Hospital, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, 400013, China
| | - YinShuang Pu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Chongqing, 400013, China; Department of Neurology, Chongqing General Hospital, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, 400013, China
| | - Changyin Yu
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563000, China.
| | - Zhiyou Cai
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Chongqing, 400013, China; Department of Neurology, Chongqing General Hospital, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, 400013, China.
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18
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Jin MH, Chen DQ, Jin YH, Han YH, Sun HN, Kwon T. Hispidin inhibits LPS-induced nitric oxide production in BV-2 microglial cells via ROS-dependent MAPK signaling. Exp Ther Med 2021; 22:970. [PMID: 34335912 PMCID: PMC8290425 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2021.10402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is associated with many neurodegenerative diseases. Abnormal activation of microglial cells in the central nervous system (CNS) is a major characteristic of neuroinflammation. Nitric oxide (NO) free radicals are produced by activated microglia and prolonged presence of large quantities of NO in the CNS can lead to neuroinflammation and disease. Hispidin is a polyphenol derived from Phellinus linteus (a valuable medicinal mushroom) with strong antioxidant, anticancer and antidiabetic properties. A previous study demonstrated that hispidin significantly inhibited NO production via lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced RAW264.7 macrophages. Therefore, the present study used MTT assay was used to detect the effect of hispdin on cell viability. Griess reagent analysis was used to measure NO production. Reverse transcription-semi quantitative PCR and western blotting were used to evaluate the effects of hispdin on iNOS mRNA and MAPK/ERK/JNK protein levels. Fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry were used to detect the effects of hispdin on the production of ROS and phagocytosis of cells. The present results indicated that hispidin could significantly inhibit the increase of NO production and iNOS expression in BV-2 microglial cells stimulated by LPS. The inhibitory effect of hispidin on NO production was similar to that of S-methylisothiourea sulfate, an iNOS inhibitor. Signaling studies demonstrated that hispidin markedly suppresses LPS-induced mitogen activated protein kinases and JAK1/STAT3 activation, although not the NF-κB signaling pathway. The present observations in LPS-stimulated BV-2 microglial cells indicated that hispidin might serve as a therapeutic candidate for the treatment of NO-induced neuroinflammation and, potentially, as a novel iNOS inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Hua Jin
- Stem Cell Therapy and Regenerative Biology Laboratory, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, Heilongjiang 163319, P.R. China
| | - Dong-Qin Chen
- Stem Cell Therapy and Regenerative Biology Laboratory, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, Heilongjiang 163319, P.R. China
| | - Ying-Hua Jin
- Library of Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, Heilongjiang 163319, P.R. China
| | - Ying-Hao Han
- Stem Cell Therapy and Regenerative Biology Laboratory, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, Heilongjiang 163319, P.R. China
| | - Hu-Nan Sun
- Stem Cell Therapy and Regenerative Biology Laboratory, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, Heilongjiang 163319, P.R. China
| | - Taeho Kwon
- Primate Resources Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Jeongeup, Jeonbuk 56216, Republic of Korea
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19
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Dong R, Huang R, Wang J, Liu H, Xu Z. Effects of Microglial Activation and Polarization on Brain Injury After Stroke. Front Neurol 2021; 12:620948. [PMID: 34276530 PMCID: PMC8280287 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.620948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Stroke is one of the most common causes of death worldwide. The subsequent development of neuroinflammation and brain edema dramatically increases the risks associated with stroke, leading to a substantial increase in mortality. Although considerable progress has been made in improving cerebral perfusion in the acute phase of stroke, effective treatment options for the subacute and chronic phases associated with cerebral infarction are limited. Microglia, the innate immune cells of the central nervous system (CNS), can be activated and polarized to take on different phenotypes in response to stimulations associated with stroke, including pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory phenotypes, which affect the prognosis of stroke. Therefore, investigation of the activation and polarizing mechanisms of microglia plays a critical role in treating stroke. The aim of this article was to investigate the significance of microglial phenotype regulation in stroke treatment by summarizing the activation, polarizing mechanisms, and general microglia characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Dong
- Department of Neurology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Renxuan Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jiaoqi Wang
- Department of Neurology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Hongyu Liu
- Department of Neurology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Zhongxin Xu
- Department of Neurology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
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20
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Sanggenon C Ameliorates Cerebral Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury by Inhibiting Inflammation and Oxidative Stress through Regulating RhoA-ROCK Signaling. Inflammation 2021; 43:1476-1487. [PMID: 32240450 PMCID: PMC7378107 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-020-01225-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Sanggenon C (SC), a natural flavonoid extracted from Cortex Mori (Sang Bai Pi), is reported to possess anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties in hypoxia. The present study aimed to investigate the therapeutic potential and the underlying mechanisms of SC in cerebral ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury. A rat model of reversible middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) was used to induce cerebral I/R injury in vivo, and SC was administrated intragastrically. Brain injuries were evaluated using Bederson scores, brain water content, and 2, 3, 5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining. The levels of inflammatory factors and oxidative stress were examined using corresponding kits. Cell apoptosis was evaluated by TUNEL. Moreover, the expressions of apoptosis-related and RhoA/ROCK signaling-related proteins were detected through western blotting. In vitro, RhoA was overexpressed in oxygen-glucose deprivation and reperfusion (OGD/R)-induced PC12 cells to confirm the contribution of RhoA-ROCK signaling inhibition by SC to the neuroprotective effects post OGD/R. Pretreatment with SC significantly ameliorated the neurologic impairment, brain edema, and cerebral infarction post MCAO-reperfusion, associated with reductions of inflammation, oxidative stress, and cell apoptosis in the brain. Furthermore, SC remarkably downregulated the expression of RhoA/ROCK signaling-related proteins post MCAO-reperfusion in rats, while overexpression of RhoA reversed the beneficial effects of SC on protecting against inflammation and oxidative stress in OGD/R-induced PC12 cells. Taken together, these findings demonstrated that SC exerts neuroprotective effects after cerebral I/R injury via inhibiting inflammation and oxidative stress through regulating RhoA-ROCK signaling, suggesting a therapeutic potential of SC in cerebral I/R injury.
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Chien JY, Lin SF, Chou YY, Huang CYF, Huang SP. Protective Effects of Oroxylin A on Retinal Ganglion Cells in Experimental Model of Anterior Ischemic Optic Neuropathy. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10060902. [PMID: 34204966 PMCID: PMC8226497 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10060902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (NAION) is the most common cause of acute vision loss in older people, and there is no effective therapy. The effect of the systemic or local application of steroids for NAION patients remains controversial. Oroxylin A (OA) (5,7-dihydroxy-6-methoxyflavone) is a bioactive flavonoid extracted from Scutellariae baicalensis Georgi. with various beneficial effects, including anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects. A previous study showed that OA promotes retinal ganglion cell (RGC) survival after optic nerve (ON) crush injury. The purpose of this research was to further explore the potential actions of OA in ischemic injury in an experimental anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (rAION) rat model induced by photothrombosis. Our results show that OA efficiently attenuated ischemic injury in rats by reducing optic disc edema, the apoptotic death of retinal ganglion cells, and the infiltration of inflammatory cells. Moreover, OA significantly ameliorated the pathologic changes of demyelination, modulated microglial polarization, and preserved visual function after rAION induction. OA activated nuclear factor E2 related factor (Nrf2) signaling and its downstream antioxidant enzymes NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase (NQO-1) and heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1) in the retina. We demonstrated that OA activates Nrf2 signaling, protecting retinal ganglion cells from ischemic injury, in the rAION model and could potentially be used as a therapeutic approach in ischemic optic neuropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Ying Chien
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Tzu Chi University, Hualien 970, Taiwan;
| | - Shu-Fang Lin
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112, Taiwan;
| | - Yu-Yau Chou
- Department of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Tzu Chi University, Hualien 970, Taiwan;
| | - Chi-Ying F. Huang
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112, Taiwan;
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (C.-Y.F.H.); (S.-P.H.); Tel.: +886-2-28267904 (C.-Y.F.H.); +886-3-8565301#2664 (S.-P.H.)
| | - Shun-Ping Huang
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Tzu Chi University, Hualien 970, Taiwan;
- Department of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Tzu Chi University, Hualien 970, Taiwan;
- Department of Ophthalmology, Taichung Tzu Chi Hospital, Taichung 472, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (C.-Y.F.H.); (S.-P.H.); Tel.: +886-2-28267904 (C.-Y.F.H.); +886-3-8565301#2664 (S.-P.H.)
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Wen YT, Huang CW, Liu CP, Chen CH, Tu CM, Hwang CS, Chen YH, Chen WR, Lin KL, Ho YC, Chen TC, Tsai RK. Inhibition of Retinal Ganglion Cell Loss By a Novel ROCK Inhibitor (E212) in Ischemic Optic Nerve Injury Via Antioxidative and Anti-Inflammatory Actions. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2021; 62:21. [PMID: 34015079 PMCID: PMC8142697 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.62.6.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose This study investigated the neuroprotective effects of administration of ROCK inhibitor E212 on ischemic optic neuropathy. Methods Rats received an intravitreal injection of either E212 or PBS immediately after optic nerve infarct. The oxidative stress in the retina was detected by performing superoxide dismutase activity and CellROX assays. The integrity of retinal pigment epithelium was determined by staining of zona occludens 1. The visual function, retinal ganglion cell (RGC) density, and RGC apoptosis were determined by using flash visual-evoked potential analysis, retrograde FluoroGold labeling, and TdT-dUTP nick end-labeling assay. Macrophage infiltration was detected by staining for ED1. The protein levels of TNF-α, p-CRMP, p-AKT1, p-STAT3, and CD206 were evaluated using Western blotting. Results Administration of E212 resulted in a 1.23-fold increase in the superoxide dismutase activity of the retina and 2.28-fold decrease in RGC-produced reactive oxygen species as compared to the levels observed upon treatment with PBS (P < 0.05). Moreover, E212 prevented the disruption of the blood-retinal barrier (BRB) in contrast to PBS. The P1-N2 amplitude and RGC density in the E212-treated group were 1.75- and 2.05-fold higher, respectively, than those in the PBS-treated group (P < 0.05). The numbers of apoptotic RGCs and macrophages were reduced by 2.93- and 2.54-fold, respectively, in the E212-treated group compared with those in the PBS-treated group (P < 0.05). The levels of p-AKT1, p-STAT3, and CD206 were increased, whereas those of p-PTEN, p-CRMP2, and TNF-α were decreased after treatment with E212 (P < 0.05). Conclusions Treatment with E212 suppresses oxidative stress, BRB disruption, and neuroinflammation to protect the visual function in ischemic optic neuropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao-Tseng Wen
- Institute of Eye Research, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Wen Huang
- Department of Ophthalmology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Peng Liu
- Biomedical Technology and Device Research Laboratories, Industrial Technology Research Institute, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Hung Chen
- Biomedical Technology and Device Research Laboratories, Industrial Technology Research Institute, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Mu Tu
- Biomedical Technology and Device Research Laboratories, Industrial Technology Research Institute, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Chrong-Shiong Hwang
- Biomedical Technology and Device Research Laboratories, Industrial Technology Research Institute, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Hsun Chen
- Biomedical Technology and Device Research Laboratories, Industrial Technology Research Institute, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Wan-Ru Chen
- Biomedical Technology and Device Research Laboratories, Industrial Technology Research Institute, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Keh-Liang Lin
- Department of Medical laboratory and Biotechnology, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chieh Ho
- Institute of Eye Research, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Ta-Ching Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Rong-Kung Tsai
- Institute of Eye Research, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien, Taiwan
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
- Doctoral Degree Program in Translational Medicine, Tzu Chi University and Academia Sinica, Hualien, Taiwan
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Chen Q, Tu Y, Mak S, Chen J, Lu J, Chen C, Yang X, Wang S, Wen S, Ma S, Li M, Han Y, Wah-Keung Tsim K, Pi R. Discovery of a novel small molecule PT109 with multi-targeted effects against Alzheimer's disease in vitro and in vivo. Eur J Pharmacol 2020; 883:173361. [PMID: 32673674 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2020.173361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 07/05/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD), which is characterized by impairment of cognitive functions, is a chronic neurodegenerative disease that mainly affects the elderly. Currently available anti-AD drugs can only offer limited symptom-relieving effects. "One-compound-Multitargeted Strategy" have been recognized as the promising way to win the war against AD. Herein we report a potential anti-AD agent PT109 with multi-functions. First, an 81-kinase screening was carried out and results showed that PT109 potently inhibited c-Jun N-terminal kinases and Serum and glucocorticoid-inducible kinase 1, which are the important signaling molecules involved in neurogenesis, neuroprotection and neuroinflammation and mildly inhibit glycogen synthase kinase-3β as well as protein kinase C gamma, both are involved in AD pathological processes. In addition, invitro studies of immunofluorescent staining and Western blot showed that PT109 might promote the neurogenesis of C17.2 cells and induce synaptogenesis in primary cultured rat hippocampal neurons. We detected and confirmed the neuroprotective effect of PT109 in cultured HT22 cells by MTT assay, dehydrogenase assay, glutathione assay and reactive oxygen species assay. Furthermore, the results of Western blot, ELISA assay and immunofluorescent staining indicated that PT109 attenuated lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation in BV2 cells and primary astrocytes. The results of Morris water maze and Step-through test indicated that PT109 improved the spatial learning ability in APP/PS1 mice. More importantly, the invivo pharmacokinetic parameters indicated that PT109 had better medicinal properties. Taken together, our findings suggest that PT109 may be a promising candidate for treating AD through multiple targets although further studies are ought to be conducted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuhe Chen
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China; International Joint Laboratory (SYSU-PolyU HK) of Novel Anti-Dementia Drugs of Guangdong, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Yalin Tu
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China; International Joint Laboratory (SYSU-PolyU HK) of Novel Anti-Dementia Drugs of Guangdong, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Shinghung Mak
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, Institute of Modern Chinese Medicine, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong
| | - Jingkao Chen
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China; International Joint Laboratory (SYSU-PolyU HK) of Novel Anti-Dementia Drugs of Guangdong, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Junfeng Lu
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China; International Joint Laboratory (SYSU-PolyU HK) of Novel Anti-Dementia Drugs of Guangdong, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Chen Chen
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China; International Joint Laboratory (SYSU-PolyU HK) of Novel Anti-Dementia Drugs of Guangdong, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Xiaohong Yang
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China; International Joint Laboratory (SYSU-PolyU HK) of Novel Anti-Dementia Drugs of Guangdong, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Shengnan Wang
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China; International Joint Laboratory (SYSU-PolyU HK) of Novel Anti-Dementia Drugs of Guangdong, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Shijun Wen
- Cancer Center of South China, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Shanshan Ma
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Mingtao Li
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Yifan Han
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, Institute of Modern Chinese Medicine, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong
| | - Karl Wah-Keung Tsim
- Division of Life Science and Center for Chinese Medicine, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong
| | - Rongbiao Pi
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China; Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China; International Joint Laboratory (SYSU-PolyU HK) of Novel Anti-Dementia Drugs of Guangdong, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
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Jiang CT, Wu WF, Deng YH, Ge JW. Modulators of microglia activation and polarization in ischemic stroke (Review). Mol Med Rep 2020; 21:2006-2018. [PMID: 32323760 PMCID: PMC7115206 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2020.11003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is one of the leading causes of mortality and disability worldwide. However, there is a current lack of effective therapies available. As the resident macrophages of the brain, microglia can monitor the microenvironment and initiate immune responses. In response to various brain injuries, such as ischemic stroke, microglia are activated and polarized into the proinflammatory M1 phenotype or the anti‑inflammatory M2 phenotype. The immunomodulatory molecules, such as cytokines and chemokines, generated by these microglia are closely associated with secondary brain damage or repair, respectively, following ischemic stroke. It has been shown that M1 microglia promote secondary brain damage, whilst M2 microglia facilitate recovery following stroke. In addition, autophagy is also reportedly involved in the pathology of ischemic stroke through regulating the activation and function of microglia. Therefore, this review aimed to provide a comprehensive overview of microglia activation, their functions and changes, and the modulators of these processes, including transcription factors, membrane receptors, ion channel proteins and genes, in ischemic stroke. The effects of autophagy on microglia polarization in ischemic stroke were also reviewed. Finally, future research areas of ischemic stroke and the implications of the current knowledge for the development of novel therapeutics for ischemic stroke were identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Ting Jiang
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Disease Prevention and Treatment of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, College of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan 410208, P.R. China
| | - Wan-Feng Wu
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Disease Prevention and Treatment of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, College of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan 410208, P.R. China
| | - Yi-Hui Deng
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Disease Prevention and Treatment of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, College of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan 410208, P.R. China
| | - Jin-Wen Ge
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Disease Prevention and Treatment of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, College of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan 410208, P.R. China
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Yan JJ, Du GH, Qin XM, Gao L. Baicalein attenuates the neuroinflammation in LPS-activated BV-2 microglial cells through suppression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, COX2/NF-κB expressions and regulation of metabolic abnormality. Int Immunopharmacol 2019; 79:106092. [PMID: 31863920 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2019.106092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2019] [Revised: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Baicalein (5,6,7-trihydroxyflavone), isolated from the root of traditional Chinese herb Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi, has anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative activities. This study explored the protective and modulatory mechanisms of baicalein on neuroinflammation, oxidative stress and metabolic abnormality in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated BV-2 cells. Our results demonstrated that treatment with baicalein remarkably restrained the production of pro-inflammatory factors including nitric oxide (NO), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in LPS-activated BV-2 cells. Moreover, baicalein significantly inhibited reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, decreased cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and nuclear factor-b (NF-κB)/p65 expression. 1H NMR metabolomics analysis revealed that 12 differential metabolites were regulated by baicalein, implicated in alanine, aspartate and glutamate metabolism, glutathione metabolism, arginine and proline metabolism, D-glutamine and D-glutamate metabolism. In conclusion, these results indicated that baicalein has protective and modulatory effects on neuroinflammation and oxidative stress in LPS-activated BV-2 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao-Jiao Yan
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Guan-Hua Du
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China; Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Xue-Mei Qin
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China.
| | - Li Gao
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China.
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Cheng Q, Shen Y, Cheng Z, Shao Q, Wang C, Sun H, Zhang Q. Achyranthes bidentata polypeptide k suppresses neuroinflammation in BV2 microglia through Nrf2-dependent mechanism. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2019; 7:575. [PMID: 31807556 DOI: 10.21037/atm.2019.09.07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Background Activated microglia play a critical role in regulating neuroinflammatory responses in central nervous system. Previous studies have shown that Achyranthes bidentata polypeptide k's (ABPPk's) neuroprotective effects are partly due to its anti-inflammatory effect, but the mechanism remains unknown. This study is aimed to investigate the anti-inflammatory effect of ABPPk on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated neuroinflammation in BV2 microglia. Methods We pretreated BV2 microglia with different concentrations of ABPPk (0.04-5 µg/mL) for 30 minutes, and then stimulated microglia with LPS for 24 hours. Pro-inflammatory mediators including tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) production were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits. Inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), phosphorylated nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) expression levels were detected by western blot. Glutathione (GSH) level was measured by GSH-Glo™ Glutathione assay. Immunofluorescent staining was used to detect the nuclear translocation of NF-κB and Nrf2. BV2 microglia transfected with Nrf2 siRNA were used to investigate the effect of Nrf2 on the anti-inflammatory activity of ABPPk. Results ABPPk (0.2-5 µg/mL) reduced the iNOS mediated NO and COX-2 mediated PGE2 production significantly in LPS-activated BV2 microglia. ABPPk (1 and 5 µg/mL) also suppressed the production of TNF-α and IL-6 significantly. NF-κB is phosphorylated and translocated into nuclear in LPS-activated BV2 microglia, but ABPPk is shown to inhibit the phosphorylation and translocation of NF-κB in a concentration-dependent way. ABPPk increased the protein expression levels of HO-1 and Nrf2, as well as the GSH content in BV2 microglia. Immunofluorescent staining showed that ABPPk also promoted nuclear translocation of Nrf2. After knocking down Nrf2 in BV2 cells with siRNA interference, ABPPk's inhibitory effect on pro-inflammatory mediators also disappeared. Conclusions The present study suggests that ABPPk inhibits neuroinflammation in BV2 microglia through Nrf2-dependent mechanism. This provides some strong evidence for the potential of this neuroprotective natural compound to treat neurodegenerative diseases such as ischemic stroke and Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China.,Jiangsu Clinical Medicine Center of Tissue Engineering and Nerve Injury Repair, Nantong 226001, China
| | - Yuntian Shen
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China
| | - Zhenghui Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China
| | - Qian Shao
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China
| | - Caiping Wang
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China
| | - Hualin Sun
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China.,Jiangsu Clinical Medicine Center of Tissue Engineering and Nerve Injury Repair, Nantong 226001, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China
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Neuroprotection of Andrographolide Against Microglia-Mediated Inflammatory Injury and Oxidative Damage in PC12 Neurons. Neurochem Res 2019; 44:2619-2630. [PMID: 31562575 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-019-02883-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Revised: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Andrographolide from leaves of Andrographis paniculata has been known to possess various bioactivities. In the present study, we aimed to explore the neuroprotection of andrographolide against inflammation-mediated injury and oxidative damage. In initial studies, our findings showed that pretreatment with andrographolide could effectively reduce neuronal cell death caused by LPS-induced conditioned supernatants. The further results indicated that this neuroprotective effect may be mainly due to the inhibition on the production of NO, TNF-α, IL-6, ROS, iNOS and enhancement of expression of anti-inflammatory marker CD206. Moreover, mechanism study revealed that the anti-inflammatory activity of andrographolide may be related to the suppression of nuclear translocation of NF-κB as well as the activation of Nrf2 and HO-1. Our study also showed that andrographolide could scavenge ROS and protect PC12 cells against H2O2- and 6-OHDA-mediated oxidative damage. In addition, several derivatives of andrographolide were prepared for evaluating the role of 3, 14, 19-hydroxy group on anti-inflammatory effect and cytoprotection of andrographolide. In conclusion, andrographolide protected neurons against inflammation-mediated injury via NF-κB inhibition and Nrf2/HO-1 activation and resisted oxidative damage via inhibiting ROS production. Our results will contribute to further exploration of the therapeutic potential of andrographolide in relation to neuroinflammation and neurodegenerative diseases.
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Xian P, Hei Y, Wang R, Wang T, Yang J, Li J, Di Z, Liu Z, Baskys A, Liu W, Wu S, Long Q. Mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes as a nanotherapeutic agent for amelioration of inflammation-induced astrocyte alterations in mice. Am J Cancer Res 2019; 9:5956-5975. [PMID: 31534531 PMCID: PMC6735367 DOI: 10.7150/thno.33872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes (MSC-Exo) have robust anti-inflammatory effects in the treatment of neurological diseases such as epilepsy, stroke, or traumatic brain injury. While astrocytes are thought to be mediators of these effects, their precise role remains poorly understood. To address this issue, we investigated the putative therapeutic effects and mechanism of MSC-Exo on inflammation-induced alterations in astrocytes. Methods: Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated hippocampal astrocytes in primary culture were treated with MSC-Exo, which were also administered in pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus (SE) mice. Exosomal integration, reactive astrogliosis, inflammatory responses, calcium signaling, and mitochondrial membrane potentials (MMP) were monitored. To experimentally probe the molecular mechanism of MSC-Exo actions on the inflammation-induced astrocytic activation, we inhibited the nuclear factor erythroid-derived 2, like 2 (Nrf2, a key mediator in neuroinflammation and oxidative stress) by sgRNA (in vitro) or ML385 (Nrf2 inhibitor) in vivo. Results: MSC-Exo were incorporated into hippocampal astrocytes as well as attenuated reactive astrogliosis and inflammatory responses in vitro and in vivo. Also, MSC-Exo ameliorated LPS-induced aberrant calcium signaling and mitochondrial dysfunction in culture, and SE-induced learning and memory impairments in mice. Furthermore, the putative therapeutic effects of MSC-Exo on inflammation-induced astrocytic activation (e.g., reduced reactive astrogliosis, NF-κB deactivation) were weakened by Nrf2 inhibition. Conclusions: Our results show that MSC-Exo ameliorate inflammation-induced astrocyte alterations and that the Nrf2-NF-κB signaling pathway is involved in regulating astrocyte activation in mice. These data suggest the promising potential of MSC-Exo as a nanotherapeutic agent for the treatment of neurological diseases with hippocampal astrocyte alterations.
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Shinozaki Y, Danjo Y, Koizumi S. Microglial ROCK is essential for chronic methylmercury‐induced neurodegeneration. J Neurochem 2019; 151:64-78. [DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Revised: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Youichi Shinozaki
- Department of Neuropharmacology, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine University of Yamanashi Chuo Yamanashi Japan
| | - Yosuke Danjo
- Department of Neuropharmacology, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine University of Yamanashi Chuo Yamanashi Japan
| | - Schuichi Koizumi
- Department of Neuropharmacology, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine University of Yamanashi Chuo Yamanashi Japan
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Zhang X, Ye P, Wang D, Liu Y, Cao L, Wang Y, Xu Y, Zhu C. Involvement of RhoA/ROCK Signaling in Aβ-Induced Chemotaxis, Cytotoxicity and Inflammatory Response of Microglial BV2 Cells. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2019; 39:637-650. [PMID: 30852720 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-019-00668-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Reactive microglia clustering around amyloid plaques in brain is a histopathological feature of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and reflects the contribution of neuroinflammation in AD pathogenesis. β-Amyloid peptide (Aβ) has been shown to induce a range of microglial responses including chemotaxis, cytotoxicity and inflammation, but the underlying mechanism is poorly understood. Considering the fundamental role of RhoA/ROCK signaling in cell migration and its broad implication in AD and neuroinflammation, we hypothesized that RhoA/ROCK signaling might be involved in Aβ-induced microglial responses. From in vivo mouse models including APP/PS1 transgene and fibrillar Aβ stereotactic injection, we observed the elevated expression level of RhoA in reactive microglia. Through a series in vitro cell migration, cytotoxicity and biochemistry assays, we found that RhoA/ROCK signaling plays an essential role in Aβ-induced responses of microglial BV2 cells. Small molecular agents Fasudil and Y27632 showed prominent beneficial effects, which implies the therapeutic potential of RhoA/ROCK signaling inhibitors in AD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxu Zhang
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Jing'an District Centre Hospital of Shanghai, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology & Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, 138 Yi-Xue-Yuan Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Piao Ye
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Jing'an District Centre Hospital of Shanghai, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology & Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, 138 Yi-Xue-Yuan Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Dandan Wang
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Jing'an District Centre Hospital of Shanghai, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology & Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, 138 Yi-Xue-Yuan Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yunsheng Liu
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Jing'an District Centre Hospital of Shanghai, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology & Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, 138 Yi-Xue-Yuan Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Lan Cao
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Jing'an District Centre Hospital of Shanghai, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology & Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, 138 Yi-Xue-Yuan Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yancong Wang
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Jing'an District Centre Hospital of Shanghai, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology & Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, 138 Yi-Xue-Yuan Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yuxia Xu
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Jing'an District Centre Hospital of Shanghai, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology & Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, 138 Yi-Xue-Yuan Road, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Cuiqing Zhu
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Jing'an District Centre Hospital of Shanghai, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology & Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, 138 Yi-Xue-Yuan Road, Shanghai, 200032, China.
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Yang R, Wang H, Wen J, Ma K, Chen D, Chen Z, Huang C. Regulation of microglial process elongation, a featured characteristic of microglial plasticity. Pharmacol Res 2018; 139:286-297. [PMID: 30476531 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2018.11.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Revised: 09/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Microglia, a type of glia within the brain characterized by a ramified morphology, are essential for removing neuronal debris and restricting the expansion of a lesion site. Upon moderate activation, they undergo a transformation in morphology inducing beneficial responses. However, upon strong stimulation, they mediate neuronal damage via production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. The inhibition of this cascade is considered an effective strategy for neuroinflammation-associated disorder therapy. During this pathological activation microglia also undergo a shortening of process length which contributes to the pathogenesis of such disorders. Thus, microglial plasticity should be considered to have two components: one is the production of inflammatory mediators, and the other is the dynamic changes in their processes. The former role has been well-documented in previous studies, while the latter one remains largely unknown. Recently, we and others have reported that the elongation of microglial process is associated with the transformation of microglia from a pro-inflammatory to an anti-inflammatory state, suggesting that the shortening of process length would make the microglia lose their ability to restrict pathological injury, while the elongation of microglial process would help attenuate neuroinflammation. Compared with the traditional anti-neuroinflammatory strategy, stimulating elongation of microglial process not only reduces the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, but restores the ability of microglia to scan their surrounding environments, thus rendering their homeostasis regulation more effective. In this review, we provide a discussion of the factors that regulate microglial process elongation in vitro and in vivo, aiming to further drive the understanding of microglial process plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongrong Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, #20 Xisi Road, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, #19 Qixiu Road, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, China; Department of Neuroscience & Cell Biology, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, 675 Hoes lane, Piscataway, 08854, NJ, United States
| | - Jie Wen
- Beijing Allwegene Health, B-607 Wanlin Technology Mansion, 8 Malianwa North Road, Beijing 100094, China
| | - Kai Ma
- Probiotics Australia, 24-30 Blanck Street, Ormeau, QLD, 4208, Australia
| | - Dongjian Chen
- Invasive Technology Department, Nantong First People's Hospital, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, #6 North Road Hai'er Xiang, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhuo Chen
- Invasive Technology Department, Nantong First People's Hospital, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, #6 North Road Hai'er Xiang, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chao Huang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, #19 Qixiu Road, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, China.
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Zhang L, Previn R, Lu L, Liao RF, Jin Y, Wang RK. Crocin, a natural product attenuates lipopolysaccharide-induced anxiety and depressive-like behaviors through suppressing NF-kB and NLRP3 signaling pathway. Brain Res Bull 2018; 142:352-359. [PMID: 30179677 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2018.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Depression is one of the foremost psychological illness which is closely leagued with inflammation. Crocin is a natural product that exhibits both anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant activities. However, little is known about anti-inflammatory mechanisms of crocin on LPS-induced anxiety and depressive-like behaviors. The objective of this study is emphasized on neuroprotective role of crocin against LPS-induced anxiety and depressive-like behaviors in mice. It is observed that crocin inhibited LPS-induced production of NO, TNF-α, IL-1β and ROS in BV-2 microglial cells. Moreover, crocin significantly declined the expression of iNOS, NF-κB p65 and CD16/32 (M1 marker), as well as elevated the expression of CD206 (M2 marker) in BV-2 cell line with decreased LPS-induced anxiety and depressive-like behaviors by improved locomotor activity, reduced sucrose intake, and decreased immobility time in forced swim and tail suspension test in Kunming mice. Expression of NLRP3, ASC and caspase-1 by i.p administration of LPS found to be neutralized with reduction in level of IL-1β, IL-18 and TNF-α in mouse hippocampus. In conclusion, these results suggested that crocin as a potential therapeutic candidate for neuro-inflammation and depressive-like behaviors induced by LPS. The effect was found to be due to inhibition of NLRP3 inflammasome and NF-κB and its promoted M1 to M2 phenotypic conversion of microglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lang Zhang
- Jiangxi Provincial Children's Hospital, Nanchang 330006, PR China
| | - Rahul Previn
- National Pharmaceutical Engineering Center for Solid Preparation in Chinese Herbal Medicine, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330006, PR China; Department of Medical Cell Biology and Genetics, Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Anti-ageing and Regenerative Medicine, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, PR China
| | - Liang Lu
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541000, Guangxi, PR China
| | - Ri-Fang Liao
- Department of pharmacy, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510120, PR China
| | - Yi Jin
- National Pharmaceutical Engineering Center for Solid Preparation in Chinese Herbal Medicine, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330006, PR China.
| | - Ri-Kang Wang
- National Pharmaceutical Engineering Center for Solid Preparation in Chinese Herbal Medicine, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330006, PR China; Department of Medical Cell Biology and Genetics, Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Anti-ageing and Regenerative Medicine, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, PR China.
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Suppressive effect of Rho-kinase inhibitors Y-27632 and fasudil on spike-and-wave discharges in genetic absence epilepsy rats from Strasbourg (GAERS). Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2018; 391:1275-1283. [PMID: 30073384 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-018-1546-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Rho/Rho-kinase (ROCK) signaling contributes to neuroinflammation, epileptogenesis, and seizures in convulsive-type epilepsies. However, this pathway has not been investigated in absence epilepsy. We investigated RhoA activity in genetic absence epilepsy rats from Strasburg (GAERS) and the effects of ROCK inhibitors Y-27632 and fasudil on spike-and-wave discharges (SWDs) of GAERS. ROCK level and activity were measured by Western blot analysis in the brain areas involved in absence seizures (i.e., cortex and thalamus) and hippocampus. Male GAERS were stereotaxically implanted with bilateral cortical electrodes for electroencephalogram (EEG) recordings and/or guide cannula into the right ventricle. ROCK inhibitors were administered by intraperitoneal injection (1-10 mg/kg for Y-27632 or fasudil) or intracerebroventricular injection (7-20 nmol/5 μl for Y-27632 or 10-100 nmol/5 μl for fasudil). EEG was recorded under freely moving conditions. Compared with Wistar rats, GAERS exhibited increased RhoA activity in the somatosensory cortex but not in the thalamus or hippocampus. The single systemic administration of Y-27632 and fasudil partially suppressed the duration and frequency of absence seizure, respectively. However, local brain administration caused a widespread suppressive effect on the total seizure duration, number of seizures, and the average individual seizure length. In summary, Rho/ROCK signaling may be involved in the pathophysiology of absence epilepsy. Furthermore, ROCK inhibitors can control the expression of absence seizure in GAERS, thus indicating that Y-27632 and fasudil have the potential to be used as novel anti-absence drugs.
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Liu Z, Khalil RA. Evolving mechanisms of vascular smooth muscle contraction highlight key targets in vascular disease. Biochem Pharmacol 2018; 153:91-122. [PMID: 29452094 PMCID: PMC5959760 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2018.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Vascular smooth muscle (VSM) plays an important role in the regulation of vascular function. Identifying the mechanisms of VSM contraction has been a major research goal in order to determine the causes of vascular dysfunction and exaggerated vasoconstriction in vascular disease. Major discoveries over several decades have helped to better understand the mechanisms of VSM contraction. Ca2+ has been established as a major regulator of VSM contraction, and its sources, cytosolic levels, homeostatic mechanisms and subcellular distribution have been defined. Biochemical studies have also suggested that stimulation of Gq protein-coupled membrane receptors activates phospholipase C and promotes the hydrolysis of membrane phospholipids into inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3) and diacylglycerol (DAG). IP3 stimulates initial Ca2+ release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum, and is buttressed by Ca2+ influx through voltage-dependent, receptor-operated, transient receptor potential and store-operated channels. In order to prevent large increases in cytosolic Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]c), Ca2+ removal mechanisms promote Ca2+ extrusion via the plasmalemmal Ca2+ pump and Na+/Ca2+ exchanger, and Ca2+ uptake by the sarcoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria, and the coordinated activities of these Ca2+ handling mechanisms help to create subplasmalemmal Ca2+ domains. Threshold increases in [Ca2+]c form a Ca2+-calmodulin complex, which activates myosin light chain (MLC) kinase, and causes MLC phosphorylation, actin-myosin interaction, and VSM contraction. Dissociations in the relationships between [Ca2+]c, MLC phosphorylation, and force have suggested additional Ca2+ sensitization mechanisms. DAG activates protein kinase C (PKC) isoforms, which directly or indirectly via mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphorylate the actin-binding proteins calponin and caldesmon and thereby enhance the myofilaments force sensitivity to Ca2+. PKC-mediated phosphorylation of PKC-potentiated phosphatase inhibitor protein-17 (CPI-17), and RhoA-mediated activation of Rho-kinase (ROCK) inhibit MLC phosphatase and in turn increase MLC phosphorylation and VSM contraction. Abnormalities in the Ca2+ handling mechanisms and PKC and ROCK activity have been associated with vascular dysfunction in multiple vascular disorders. Modulators of [Ca2+]c, PKC and ROCK activity could be useful in mitigating the increased vasoconstriction associated with vascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongwei Liu
- Vascular Surgery Research Laboratories, Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Raouf A Khalil
- Vascular Surgery Research Laboratories, Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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35
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Li C, Chen T, Zhou H, Feng Y, Hoi MPM, Ma D, Zhao C, Zheng Y, Lee SMY. BHDPC Is a Novel Neuroprotectant That Provides Anti-neuroinflammatory and Neuroprotective Effects by Inactivating NF-κB and Activating PKA/CREB. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:614. [PMID: 29988625 PMCID: PMC6027181 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia-mediated neuroinflammatory responses are inevitable and important pathological processes in several kinds of disorder of the central nervous system (CNS). Therefore, alleviating activated microglia-induced inflammatory process might be a valuable therapeutic approach to neuroinflammation-related diseases. In the present study, we investigated BHDPC, a novel neuroprotectant discovered in our previous study that had anti-inflammatory effects under neuroinflammatory conditions. First, we found that BHDPC could inhibit neuroinflammatory responses and promote microglial M2 phenotype polarization in both lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated BV-2 microglia l cells. Furthermore, BHDPC provided protective actions against neuroinflammation-induced neurotoxicity in HT22 mouse hippocampal cells co-cultured with activated BV-2 microglia. Further experiments demonstrated that BHDPC could suppress LPS-induced activation of transcription factor nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) via interfering with the degradation of the inhibitor of kappa B (IκB) and phosphorylation of IκB, the IκB kinase (IKK). Moreover, we also found that BHDPC could induce phosphorylation of cAMP-dependent protein kinase A (PKA) and cAMP-response element-binding protein (CREB) in BV-2 microglial cells. Also, using the PKA-specific inhibitor, we found that BHDPC-induced CREB phosphorylation was dependent on PKA, which also contributed to BHDPC-mediated anti-inflammation and neuroprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuwen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China
| | - Tongkai Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China.,Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hefeng Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China
| | - Yu Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China
| | - Maggie P M Hoi
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China
| | - Dan Ma
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Wellcome Trust-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Chao Zhao
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Wellcome Trust-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Ying Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China
| | - Simon M Y Lee
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China
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36
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You MM, Chen YF, Pan YM, Liu YC, Tu J, Wang K, Hu FL. Royal Jelly Attenuates LPS-Induced Inflammation in BV-2 Microglial Cells through Modulating NF- κB and p38/JNK Signaling Pathways. Mediators Inflamm 2018; 2018:7834381. [PMID: 29849495 PMCID: PMC5911318 DOI: 10.1155/2018/7834381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Revised: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Royal jelly (RJ), a hive product with versatile pharmacological activities, has been used as a traditional functional food to prevent or treat inflammatory diseases. However, little is known about the anti-inflammatory effect of RJ in microglial cells. The aim of this study is to assess the anti-inflammatory effects of RJ in lipopolysaccharide- (LPS-) induced murine immortalized BV-2 cells and to explore the underlying molecular mechanisms. Our results showed that in LPS-stimulated BV-2 cells, RJ significantly inhibited iNOS and COX-2 expression at mRNA and protein levels. The mRNA expression of IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α was also downregulated by RJ in a concentration-dependent manner. Additionally, RJ protected BV-2 cells against oxidative stress by upregulating heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) expression and by reducing reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitric oxide (NO) production. Mechanistically, we found that RJ could alleviate inflammatory response in microglia by suppressing the phosphorylation of IκBα, p38, and JNK and by inhibiting the nucleus translocation of NF-κB p65. These findings suggest that RJ might be a promising functional food to delay inflammatory progress by influencing the microglia function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Meng You
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yi-Fan Chen
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yong-Ming Pan
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Comparative Medical Research Center, Experimental Animal Research Center, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China
| | - Yi-Chen Liu
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jue Tu
- Comparative Medical Research Center, Experimental Animal Research Center, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China
| | - Kai Wang
- Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Fu-Liang Hu
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
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Park SY, Choi MH, Park G, Choi YW. Petasites japonicus bakkenolide B inhibits lipopolysaccharide‑induced pro‑inflammatory cytokines via AMPK/Nrf2 induction in microglia. Int J Mol Med 2017; 41:1683-1692. [PMID: 29286084 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2017.3350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Abnormal neuroinflammatory responses have diverse roles in neuronal death, oxidative stress and neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease. Microglia regulate these responses via molecular signaling cascades that involve inflammatory cytokines and complement proteins. Bakkenolide B from Petasites japonicus exhibits significant anti‑inflammatory and anti‑allergic bioactivities. The present study investigated the anti‑neuroinflammatory effects and underlying molecular mechanisms of bakkenolide B on the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‑mediated neuroinflammatory response in microglia. The results indicated that bakkenolide B pretreatment significantly reduced microglial production of interleukin (IL)‑1β, IL‑6, IL‑12, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‑α. Furthermore, this effect was associated with reduced production of reactive oxygen species. The role of bakkenolide B was then evaluated in the upregulation of nuclear factor erythroid 2‑related factor 2 (Nrf2)/antioxidant response element (ARE) signaling pathways. The results suggested that bakkenolide B significantly upregulated Nrf2/ARE pathway‑related downstream factors, such as NADPH dehydrogenase quinone‑1 (NQO‑1) and heme oxygenase‑1 (HO‑1). Silencing of Nrf2, HO‑1 and NQO‑1 diminished the anti‑neuroinflammatory properties of bakkenolide B. AMP‑activated protein kinase (AMPK) activates the Nrf2/ARE signaling pathway, and the results of the present study demonstrated that bakkenolide B increased AMPK phosphorylation in microglia. In addition, an AMPK inhibitor abolished the bakkenolide B‑induced increase in nuclear Nrf2, NQO‑1 and HO‑1 protein expression. Finally, an AMPK inhibitor diminished the bakkenolide B‑mediated inhibition of LPS‑stimulated TNF‑α production. Taken together, the present results demonstrate that bakkenolide B may be an effective and therapeutically relevant AMPK/Nrf2 pathway activator for suppressing abnormal neuro-inflammation in neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun Young Park
- Bio‑IT Fusion Technology Research Institute, Pusan National University, Busan, South Gyeongsang 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Hyun Choi
- Department of Horticultural Bioscience, Pusan National University, Miryang, South Gyeongsang 50463, Republic of Korea
| | - Geuntae Park
- Department of Nanomaterials Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan, South Gyeongsang 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Whan Choi
- Department of Horticultural Bioscience, Pusan National University, Miryang, South Gyeongsang 50463, Republic of Korea
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Akaishi T, Abe K. CNB-001, a synthetic pyrazole derivative of curcumin, suppresses lipopolysaccharide-induced nitric oxide production through the inhibition of NF-κB and p38 MAPK pathways in microglia. Eur J Pharmacol 2017; 819:190-197. [PMID: 29221948 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2017.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2017] [Revised: 11/26/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
CNB-001, a pyrazole derivative of curcumin, has been found to exert neuroprotective and memory-enhancing effects that may be effective for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Since aberrant activation of microglia is involved in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease, the present study was undertaken to investigate the effect of CNB-001 on microglia-mediated inflammatory responses. In primary cultured rat microglia, CNB-001 (1-10µM) suppressed the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced nitric oxide (NO) production and expression of inducible NO synthase (iNOS), and the potency of CNB-001 was stronger than curcumin. CNB-001 also suppressed the LPS-induced nuclear translocation of nuclear factor κB (NF-κB), which is essential for the expression of iNOS. LPS treatment promoted phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK). CNB-001 significantly suppressed the LPS-induced phosphorylation of p38 MAPK, but not ERK and JNK. The suppressive effect of CNB-001 on NO production was mimicked by blockade of the p38 MAPK signaling pathway with SB203580. These results suggest that CNB-001 exerts anti-inflammatory effects through inhibition of NF-κB and p38 MAPK pathways in microglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuhiro Akaishi
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Musashino University, Tokyo 202-8585, Japan
| | - Kazuho Abe
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Musashino University, Tokyo 202-8585, Japan.
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Li M, Li C, Yu H, Cai X, Shen X, Sun X, Wang J, Zhang Y, Wang C. Lentivirus-mediated interleukin-1β (IL-1β) knock-down in the hippocampus alleviates lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced memory deficits and anxiety- and depression-like behaviors in mice. J Neuroinflammation 2017; 14:190. [PMID: 28931410 PMCID: PMC5607621 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-017-0964-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Accepted: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Recent evidence has suggested that peripheral inflammatory responses induced by lipopolysaccharides (LPS) play an important role in neuropsychiatric dysfunction in rodents. Interleukin-1β (IL-1β), a pro-inflammatory cytokine, has been proposed to be a key mediator in a variety of behavioral dysfunction induced by LPS in mice. Thus, inhibition of IL-1β may have a therapeutic benefit in the treatment of neuropsychiatric disorders. However, the precise underlying mechanism of knock-down of IL-1β in repairing behavioral changes by LPS remains unclear. Methods The mice were treated with either IL-1β shRNA lentivirus or non-silencing shRNA control (NS shRNA) lentivirus by microinjection into the dentate gyrus (DG) regions of the hippocampus. After 7 days of recovery, LPS (1 mg/kg, i.p.) or saline was administered. The behavioral task for memory deficits was conducted in mice by the novel object recognition test (NORT), the anxiety-like behaviors were evaluated by the elevated zero maze (EZM), and the depression-like behaviors were examined by the sucrose preference test (SPT) and the forced swimming test (FST). Furthermore, the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), nuclear factor erythroid-derived 2-like 2 (Nrf2), heme oxygenase 1 (HO1), IL-1β, tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α), neuropeptide VGF (non-acronymic), and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) were assayed. Results Our results demonstrated that IL-1β knock-down in the hippocampus significantly attenuated the memory deficits and anxiety- and depression-like behaviors induced by LPS in mice. In addition, IL-1β knock-down ameliorated the oxidative and neuroinflammatory responses and abolished the downregulation of VGF and BDNF induced by LPS. Conclusions Collectively, our findings suggest that IL-1β is necessary for the oxidative and neuroinflammatory responses produced by LPS and offers a novel drug target in the IL-1β/oxidative/neuroinflammatory/neurotrophic pathway for treating neuropsychiatric disorders that are closely associated with neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, and the downregulation of VGF and BDNF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengmeng Li
- Ningbo Key Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience, Ningbo University School of Medicine, 818 Fenghua Road, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315211, People's Republic of China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Ningbo University School of Medicine, 818 Fenghua Road, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315211, People's Republic of China.,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Ningbo University School of Medicine, 818 Fenghua Road, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315211, People's Republic of China
| | - Chenli Li
- Ningbo Key Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience, Ningbo University School of Medicine, 818 Fenghua Road, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315211, People's Republic of China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Ningbo University School of Medicine, 818 Fenghua Road, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315211, People's Republic of China.,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Ningbo University School of Medicine, 818 Fenghua Road, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315211, People's Republic of China
| | - Hanjie Yu
- Ningbo Key Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience, Ningbo University School of Medicine, 818 Fenghua Road, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315211, People's Republic of China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Ningbo University School of Medicine, 818 Fenghua Road, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315211, People's Republic of China.,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Ningbo University School of Medicine, 818 Fenghua Road, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315211, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiongxiong Cai
- Ningbo Key Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience, Ningbo University School of Medicine, 818 Fenghua Road, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315211, People's Republic of China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Ningbo University School of Medicine, 818 Fenghua Road, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315211, People's Republic of China.,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Ningbo University School of Medicine, 818 Fenghua Road, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315211, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinbei Shen
- Ningbo Key Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience, Ningbo University School of Medicine, 818 Fenghua Road, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315211, People's Republic of China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Ningbo University School of Medicine, 818 Fenghua Road, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315211, People's Republic of China.,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Ningbo University School of Medicine, 818 Fenghua Road, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315211, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Sun
- Ningbo Key Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience, Ningbo University School of Medicine, 818 Fenghua Road, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315211, People's Republic of China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Ningbo University School of Medicine, 818 Fenghua Road, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315211, People's Republic of China.,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Ningbo University School of Medicine, 818 Fenghua Road, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315211, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinting Wang
- Ningbo Key Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience, Ningbo University School of Medicine, 818 Fenghua Road, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315211, People's Republic of China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Ningbo University School of Medicine, 818 Fenghua Road, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315211, People's Republic of China.,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Ningbo University School of Medicine, 818 Fenghua Road, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315211, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanhua Zhang
- Ningbo Key Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience, Ningbo University School of Medicine, 818 Fenghua Road, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315211, People's Republic of China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Ningbo University School of Medicine, 818 Fenghua Road, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315211, People's Republic of China.,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Ningbo University School of Medicine, 818 Fenghua Road, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315211, People's Republic of China
| | - Chuang Wang
- Ningbo Key Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience, Ningbo University School of Medicine, 818 Fenghua Road, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315211, People's Republic of China. .,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Ningbo University School of Medicine, 818 Fenghua Road, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315211, People's Republic of China. .,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Ningbo University School of Medicine, 818 Fenghua Road, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315211, People's Republic of China. .,Li Dak Sum Yip Yio Chin Kenneth Li Marine Biopharmaceutical Research Center, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, People's Republic of China.
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