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Bardgett ME, Griffith MS, Robinson KR, Stevens RM, Gannon MA, Knuth MD, Hawk GS, Pauly JR. Early-life risperidone alters locomotor responses to apomorphine and quinpirole in adulthood. Behav Brain Res 2024; 473:115171. [PMID: 39094954 PMCID: PMC11345744 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2024.115171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2024] [Revised: 07/12/2024] [Accepted: 07/29/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024]
Abstract
An escalating trend of antipsychotic drug use in children with ADHD, disruptive behavior disorder, or mood disorders has raised concerns about the impact of these drugs on brain development. Since antipsychotics chiefly target dopamine receptors, it is important to assay the function of these receptors after early-life antipsychotic administration. Using rats as a model, we examined the effects of early-life risperidone, the most prescribed antipsychotic drug in children, on locomotor responses to the dopamine D1/D2 receptor agonist, apomorphine, and the D2/D3 receptor agonist, quinpirole. Female and male Long-Evans rats received daily subcutaneous injections of risperidone (1.0 and 3.0 mg/kg) or vehicle from postnatal day 14-42. Locomotor responses to one of three doses (0.03, 0.1, and 0.3 mg/kg) of apomorphine or quinpirole were tested once a week for four weeks beginning on postnatal day 76 and 147 for each respective drug. The locomotor activity elicited by the two lower doses of apomorphine was significantly greater in adult rats, especially females, administered risperidone early in life. Adult rats administered risperidone early in life also showed more locomotor activity after the low dose of quinpirole. Overall, female rats were more sensitive to the locomotor effects of each agonist. In a separate group of rats administered risperidone early in life, autoradiography of forebrain D2 receptors at postnatal day 62 revealed a modest increase in D2 receptor density in the medial caudate. These results provide evidence that early-life risperidone administration can produce long-lasting changes in dopamine receptor function and density.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark E Bardgett
- Department of Psychological Science, Northern Kentucky University, Highland Heights, KY 41076, United States.
| | - Molly S Griffith
- Department of Psychological Science, Northern Kentucky University, Highland Heights, KY 41076, United States
| | - Kathleen R Robinson
- Department of Psychological Science, Northern Kentucky University, Highland Heights, KY 41076, United States
| | - Rachel M Stevens
- Department of Psychological Science, Northern Kentucky University, Highland Heights, KY 41076, United States
| | - Matthew A Gannon
- Department of Psychological Science, Northern Kentucky University, Highland Heights, KY 41076, United States
| | - Meghan D Knuth
- Department of Psychological Science, Northern Kentucky University, Highland Heights, KY 41076, United States
| | - Gregory S Hawk
- Department of Statistics, College of Arts and Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40504, United States; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40504, United States
| | - James R Pauly
- Department of Statistics, College of Arts and Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40504, United States; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40504, United States
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Yuan A, King N, Kharas N, Yang P, Dafny N. The effect of environment on cross-sensitization between methylphenidate and amphetamine in female rats. Physiol Behav 2022; 252:113845. [PMID: 35594929 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2022.113845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Methylphenidate (MPD) and amphetamine (AMP) are both psychostimulants that are often used to treat behavioral disorders. More recently, it has also been increasingly used illicitly for recreation as well as to improve intellectual performance. Many factors such as age, gender, genetic background, and environment govern the development of behavioral sensitization to MPD and cross-sensitization with other drugs, which are experimental behavioral markers indicating potential of substance dependence and abuse. This study examines the effects of the environment and age when MPD was exposed in adulthood alone as well as in adolescence into adulthood on cross-sensitization with AMP in female SD rats by randomizing animals to either receive the drug in a home cage or a test cage during adolescence, adulthood, or both. In a 34 day experiment, 16 groups of animals starting in adolescence were treated with saline on experimental day one (ED1), followed by a 6 day (ED2-ED7) treatment with either saline, 0.6 mg/kg AMP, 0.6, 2.5, or 10.0 mg/kg MPD. Experimental groups were then subject to a 3-day washout period (ED8-ED10) and then a retreatment with the respective drug on ED11 in adolescence (P-38 to P-49). Experiments continued in the same animal groups now in adulthood (P-60) with a saline treatment (ED1), followed by the same sequence of treatments in adolescence (ED2-ED11;P-61 to P-69). A rechallenge with the same AMP or MPD dose was performed on ED11 (P-70) followed by a single exposure to 0.6 mg/kg AMP on ED12 (P-71) to assess for cross sensitization between MPD and AMP. Animals treated with MPD in both adolescence and adulthood and in the last experimental day of AMP (ED12) showed higher intensity of cross-sensitivity between MPD and AMP as compared to animals treated with MPD only in adulthood. AMP and MPD treatment in adolescence and into adulthood in the home or test cage resulted in significantly higher responses to the drug as compared to those treated only in adulthood. Overall, we conclude that environmental alteration and adolescent exposure to MPD appeared to increase the risk of cross-sensitization to AMP in female SD rats i.e, using MPD in adolescence may increase the probability of becoming dependent on drugs of abuse. This further indicates that age, sex, and environment all influence the response to MPD and AMP, and further work is needed to elucidate the risks associated with MPD and AMP use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Yuan
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of Texas Health at the McGovern Medical School, 6431 Fannin Street, MSB 7.208, Houston, TX 77030, United States
| | - Nicholas King
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of Texas Health at the McGovern Medical School, 6431 Fannin Street, MSB 7.208, Houston, TX 77030, United States
| | - Natasha Kharas
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of Texas Health at the McGovern Medical School, 6431 Fannin Street, MSB 7.208, Houston, TX 77030, United States
| | - Pamela Yang
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of Texas Health at the McGovern Medical School, 6431 Fannin Street, MSB 7.208, Houston, TX 77030, United States
| | - Nachum Dafny
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of Texas Health at the McGovern Medical School, 6431 Fannin Street, MSB 7.208, Houston, TX 77030, United States.
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Gaur AV, Agarwal R. Risperidone induced alterations in feeding and locomotion behavior of Caenorhabditis elegans. Curr Res Toxicol 2021; 2:367-374. [PMID: 34806037 PMCID: PMC8585583 DOI: 10.1016/j.crtox.2021.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Antipsychotic drugs (APDs) are prescribed for the treatment of psychiatric illness. However, these drugs can also contribute to several developmental and behavioral disorders. Contemporary studies to evaluate the toxic effects of numerous atypical antipsychotics are reported to cause behavioral alteration at variable doses in mammals and nematodes. Risperidone, the second most prescribed drug in India, requires more exploration of its adverse effects on humans. Here, we explore effects on feeding behavior and locomotion patterns due to risperidone exposure in C. elegans model. The study targets to work out the toxic effects of risperidone exposure on feeding and locomotion behavior in addition to the expected pharmacological effects. N2 wild type strain was exposed in liquid culture assay for 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, and 12 hours with fixed 50 µM concentration. Feeding behavior was depleted due to inhibition in pharyngeal pumping varying from 11.05% - 45.67% in a time-dependent manner. Results of locomotion assay also show time-varying increase in reversals (4.9%-34.03%) and omega bends (26.23%-62.17%) with reduction in turn counts (29.07%- 42.2%) and peristaltic speed (31.38%-42.22%) amongst exposed groups as to control. The present work shows behavioral alterations due to risperidone exposure (50 µM) in C. elegans is in a time-dependent manner. The study concludes that risperidone exposure in C. elegans produces toxic effects with time, possibly caused by antagonizing other receptors apart from serotonin (5-H2T) and dopamine (D2) adding to its expected pharmacological effects.
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Key Words
- 5-H2T
- 5-HT, 5-hydroxytryptamine
- ADF, Amphid Neuron
- APDs, Antipsychotic drugs
- Antipsychotic drugs
- Behavioral alteration
- C, Control Group
- C-0h, Control Group at 0 h
- C-10h, Control Group at 10 h
- C-12h, Control Group at 12 h. E-2h, Exposure Group at 2 h
- C-2h, Control Group at 2 h
- C-4h, Control Group at 4 h
- C-6h, Control Group at 6 h
- C-8h, Control Group at 8 h
- C. elegans
- C. elegans, Caenorhabditis elegans
- D2
- D2, Dopamine Receptor 2
- E, Exposed Group
- E-10h, Exposure Group at ten
- E-12h, Exposure Group at 12 h
- E-4h, Exposure Group at 4 h
- E-6h, Exposure Group at 6 h
- E-8h, Exposure Group at 8 h
- E. coli, Escherichia coli BOD-Biochemical Oxygen Demand
- GPR, G coupled Protein Receptor
- HSN, Hermaphrodite Specific Neuron
- Min., Minutes
- N2 Wild type
- NSM, Neurosecretory Motor Neuron
- Peristaltic speed
- Pharyngeal pumping
- Reversals
- Risperidone
- SD, Standard Deviation
- SDA, Serotonin Dopamine Antagonist
- Turn counts
- omega bends
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaditya Vikram Gaur
- Laboratory of Analytical & Molecular Toxicology (Forensic Chemistry & Toxicology Laboratory), School of Forensic Science, National Forensic Sciences University, Sector 09, Gandhinagar 382007, Gujarat, India
- Forensic Science Laboratory, Kirumampakkam, Puducherry 607402, India
| | - Rakhi Agarwal
- Laboratory of Analytical & Molecular Toxicology (Forensic Chemistry & Toxicology Laboratory), School of Forensic Science, National Forensic Sciences University, Sector 09, Gandhinagar 382007, Gujarat, India
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Vicente AM, Martins GJ, Costa RM. Cortico-basal ganglia circuits underlying dysfunctional control of motor behaviors in neuropsychiatric disorders. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2020; 65:151-159. [PMID: 32688249 PMCID: PMC7749078 DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2020.05.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Neuropsychiatric disorders often manifest with abnormal control of motor behavior. Common symptoms include restricted and repetitive patterns of behavior (RRBs). Cortico-basal ganglia circuits have been implicated in the etiology of RBBs. However, there is a vast range of behaviors encompassed in RRBs, from simple explosive motor tics to rather complex ritualized compulsions. In this review, we highlight how recent findings about the function of specific basal ganglia circuits can begin to shed light into defined motor symptoms associated with neuropsychiatric disorders. We discuss recent studies using genetic animal models that advocate that different aspects of motor repetition in neurodevelopmental disorders, like obsessive-compulsive disorder and autism spectrum disorder, emerge from particular dysregulations in distinct cortico-basal ganglia circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Mafalda Vicente
- Departments of Neuroscience and Neurology, Zuckerman Mind Brain Institute, Columbia University 3227 Broadway, New York, NY, 10027, United States
| | - Gabriela J Martins
- Departments of Neuroscience and Neurology, Zuckerman Mind Brain Institute, Columbia University 3227 Broadway, New York, NY, 10027, United States
| | - Rui M Costa
- Departments of Neuroscience and Neurology, Zuckerman Mind Brain Institute, Columbia University 3227 Broadway, New York, NY, 10027, United States.
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Bardgett ME, Downnen T, Crane C, Baltes Thompson EC, Muncie B, Steffen SA, Yates JR, Pauly JR. Chronic risperidone administration leads to greater amphetamine-induced conditioned place preference. Neuropharmacology 2020; 179:108276. [PMID: 32814089 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2020.108276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Risperidone is an atypical antipsychotic drug used increasingly in children to manage symptoms of ADHD and conduct disorder. In rats, developmental risperidone administration is accompanied by increased locomotor activity during adulthood, as well as heightened sensitivity to the locomotor stimulating effects of amphetamine. This study compared sensitivity to the rewarding effects of amphetamine, as measured by conditioned place preference (CPP), between groups of rats administered chronic risperidone (3.0 mg/kg, s.c.) during development (postnatal days 14-42) or adulthood (postnatal days 77-105). Locomotor activity in a novel test cage and amphetamine-induced CPP were measured beginning three and four weeks, respectively, after the final risperidone injection. Female rats administered risperidone early in life were more active than any other group tested. Previous risperidone administration enhanced amphetamine CPP regardless of sex, and this effect appeared more prominent in the developmentally treated group. The density of forebrain dopamine transporters, a primary target of amphetamine, was also quantified in rats administered risperidone early in life and found to be reduced in the medial anterior, posterior, and ventral caudate nucleus. These results suggest that chronic risperidone treatment modifies later locomotor activity and sensitivity to the reinforcing effects of amphetamine, perhaps via a mechanism related to decreased forebrain dopamine transporter density.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark E Bardgett
- Department of Psychological Science, Northern Kentucky University, Highland Heights, 41076, KY, USA.
| | - Tyler Downnen
- Department of Psychological Science, Northern Kentucky University, Highland Heights, 41076, KY, USA
| | - Casey Crane
- Department of Psychological Science, Northern Kentucky University, Highland Heights, 41076, KY, USA
| | - Emily C Baltes Thompson
- Department of Psychological Science, Northern Kentucky University, Highland Heights, 41076, KY, USA
| | - Brittany Muncie
- Department of Psychological Science, Northern Kentucky University, Highland Heights, 41076, KY, USA
| | - Sara A Steffen
- Department of Psychological Science, Northern Kentucky University, Highland Heights, 41076, KY, USA
| | - Justin R Yates
- Department of Psychological Science, Northern Kentucky University, Highland Heights, 41076, KY, USA
| | - James R Pauly
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40508, USA
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Bardgett ME, Crane C, Baltes Thompson EC, Cox B, Downnen T. The effects of amphetamine on working memory and locomotor activity in adult rats administered risperidone early in life. Behav Brain Res 2018; 362:64-70. [PMID: 30594546 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2018.12.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Revised: 12/16/2018] [Accepted: 12/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Antipsychotic drugs are used to manage symptoms of pediatric psychiatric disorders despite the relative absence of research regarding the long-term effects of these drugs on brain development. Using rats as a model, research has demonstrated that administration of the antipsychotic drug, risperidone, during early postnatal development elevates locomotor activity and sensitivity to the locomotor effects of amphetamine during adulthood. Because risperidone targets neurotransmitter receptors and forebrain regions associated with working memory, the present study determined whether early-life risperidone altered working memory during adulthood and its sensitivity to amphetamine-induced impairment. Female and male rats received subcutaneous (sc) injections of risperidone daily on postnatal days 14-42. Early-life risperidone increased spontaneous locomotor activity and amphetamine-induced hyperactivity during adulthood, although the effects were significantly greater in females. Working memory was tested in an operant-based, delayed non-matching-to-sample task. Early-life risperidone did not affect the percentage of correct choices observed during sessions with 0-8 second delays but impaired performance during sessions with 0-24 second delays. In a subsequent set of tests using 0-24 second delays, amphetamine (0.75 and 1.25 mg/kg, sc) significantly reduced the percentage of correct choices at most delays, but risperidone did not exacerbate this effect. These data suggest that early-life risperidone leads to modest deficits in working memory during adulthood, but does not alter the perturbation of working memory by amphetamine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark E Bardgett
- Department of Psychological Science, Northern Kentucky University, Highland Heights, KY 41076, United States.
| | - Casey Crane
- Department of Psychological Science, Northern Kentucky University, Highland Heights, KY 41076, United States
| | - Emily C Baltes Thompson
- Department of Psychological Science, Northern Kentucky University, Highland Heights, KY 41076, United States
| | - Bethanie Cox
- Department of Psychological Science, Northern Kentucky University, Highland Heights, KY 41076, United States
| | - Tyler Downnen
- Department of Psychological Science, Northern Kentucky University, Highland Heights, KY 41076, United States
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