Supplementation of taurine improves ionic homeostasis and mitochondrial function in the rats exhibiting post-traumatic stress disorder-like symptoms

Study on the effects of rapamycin and the mTORC1/2 dual inhibitor OSI-027 on the metabolism of colon cancer cells based on UPLC-MS/MS metabolomics

mTORC1/2 dual inhibitors may be more effective than mTORC1 inhibitor rapamycin. However, their metabolic impacts on colon cancer cells remain unexplored. We conducted a comparative analysis of the anti-proliferative effects of rapamycin and the novel OSI-027 in colon cancer cells HCT-116, evaluating their metabolic influences through ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). Our results demonstrate that OSI-027 more effectively inhibits colon cancer cell proliferation than rapamycin. Additionally, we identified nearly 600 metabolites from the spectra, revealing significant differences in metabolic patterns between cells treated with OSI-027 and rapamycin. Through VIP value screening, we pinpointed crucial metabolites contributing to these distinctions. For inhibiting glycolysis and reducing glucose consumption, OSI-027 was likely to be more potent than rapamycin. For amino acids metabolism, although OSI-027 has a broad effect as rapamycin, their effects in degrees were not exactly the same. These findings address the knowledge gap regarding mTORC1/2 dual inhibitors and lay a foundation for their further development and research.

Alzheimer's disease: from early pathogenesis to novel therapeutic approaches

The mainstay behind Alzheimer's disease (AD) remains unknown due to the elusive pathophysiology of the disease. Beta-amyloid and phosphorylated Tau is still widely incorporated in various research studies while studying AD. However, they are not sufficient. Therefore, many scientists and researchers have dug into AD studies to deliver many innovations in this field. Many novel biomarkers, such as phosphoglycerate-dehydrogenase, clusterin, microRNA, and a new peptide ratio (Aβ37/Aβ42) in cerebral-spinal fluid, plasma glial-fibrillary-acidic-protein, and lipid peroxidation biomarkers, are mushrooming. They are helping scientists find breakthroughs and substantiating their research on the early detection of AD. Neurovascular unit dysfunction in AD is a significant discovery that can help us understand the relationship between neuronal activity and cerebral blood flow. These new biomarkers are promising and can take these AD studies to another level. There have also been big steps forward in diagnosing and finding AD. One example is self-administered-gerocognitive-examination, which is less expensive and better at finding AD early on than mini-mental-state-examination. Quantum brain sensors and electrochemical biosensors are innovations in the detection field that must be explored and incorporated into the studies. Finally, novel innovations in AD studies like nanotheranostics are the future of AD treatment, which can not only diagnose and detect AD but also offer treatment. Non-pharmacological strategies to treat AD have also yielded interesting results. Our literature review spans from 1957 to 2022, capturing research and trends in the field over six decades. This review article is an update not only on the recent advances in the search for credible biomarkers but also on the newer detection techniques and therapeutic approaches targeting AD.

Nanometabolomics Elucidated Biological Prospective of Mo4/3B2-x Nanosheets: Toward Metabolic Reprogramming of Amino Acid Metabolism

Mo4/3B2-x nanosheets are newly developed, and 2D transition metal borides (MBene) were reported in 2021, but there is no report on their further applications and modification; hence, this article sheds light on the significance of potential biological prospects for future biomedical applications. Therefore, elucidation of the biocompatibility, biotoxicology, and bioactivity of Mo4/3B2-x nanosheets has been an urgent need to be fulfilled. Nanometabolomics (also referred as nanomaterials-based metabolomics) was first proposed and utilized in our previous work, which specialized in interpreting nanomaterials-induced metabolic reprogramming through aqueous metabolomics and lipidomics approach. Hence, nanometabolomics could be considered as a novel concept combining nanoscience and metabolomics to provide bioinformation on nanomaterials' biomedical applications. In this work, the safe range of concentration (<50 mg/L) with good biosafety toward human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) was discovered. The low concentration (5 mg/L) and high concentration (50 mg/L) of Mo4/3B2-x nanosheets were utilized for the in vitro Mo4/3B2-x-cell interaction. Nanometabolomics has elucidated the biological prospective of Mo4/3B2-x nanosheets via monitoring its biocompatibility and metabolic shift of HUVECs. The results revealed that 50 mg/L Mo4/3B2-x nanosheets could lead to a stronger alteration of amino acid metabolism with disturbance of the corresponding amino acid-related pathways (including amino acid metabolism, amino acid degradation, fatty acid biosynthesis, and lipid biosynthesis and metabolism). These interesting results were closely involved with the oxidative stress and production of excess ROS. This work could be regarded as a pathbreaking study on Mo4/3B2-x nanosheets at a biological level, which also designates their further biochemical, medical, and industrial application and development based on nanometabolomics bioinformation.

Single-Nucleus Transcriptome Profiling from the Hippocampus of a PTSD Mouse Model and CBD-Treated Cohorts

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is the most common psychiatric disorder after a catastrophic event; however, the efficacious treatment options remain insufficient. Increasing evidence suggests that cannabidiol (CBD) exhibits optimal therapeutic effects for treating PTSD. To elucidate the cell-type-specific transcriptomic pathology of PTSD and the mechanisms of CBD against this disease, we conducted single-nucleus RNA sequencing (snRNA-seq) in the hippocampus of PTSD-modeled mice and CBD-treated cohorts. We constructed a mouse model by adding electric foot shocks following exposure to single prolonged stress (SPS+S) and tested the freezing time, anxiety-like behavior, and cognitive behavior. CBD was administrated before every behavioral test. The PTSD-modeled mice displayed behaviors resembling those of PTSD in all behavioral tests, and CBD treatment alleviated all of these PTSD-like behaviors (n = 8/group). Three mice with representative behavioral phenotypes were selected from each group for snRNA-seq 15 days after the SPS+S. We primarily focused on the excitatory neurons (ExNs) and inhibitory neurons (InNs), which accounted for 68.4% of the total cell annotations. A total of 88 differentially upregulated genes and 305 differentially downregulated genes were found in the PTSD mice, which were found to exhibit significant alterations in pathways and biological processes associated with fear response, synaptic communication, protein synthesis, oxidative phosphorylation, and oxidative stress response. A total of 63 overlapping genes in InNs were identified as key genes for CBD in the treatment of PTSD. Subsequent Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analyses revealed that the anti-PTSD effect of CBD was related to the regulation of protein synthesis, oxidative phosphorylation, oxidative stress response, and fear response. Furthermore, gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) revealed that CBD also enhanced retrograde endocannabinoid signaling in ExNs, which was found to be suppressed in the PTSD group. Our research may provide a potential explanation for the pathogenesis of PTSD and facilitate the discovery of novel therapeutic targets for drug development. Moreover, it may shed light on the therapeutic mechanisms of CBD.

Suvorexant improves mitochondrial dynamics with the regulation of orexinergic and mTOR activation in rats exhibiting PTSD-like symptoms

BACKGROUND

Increasing evidence suggests that mitochondrial dysfunction plays a significant role in PTSD. However, the exact mechanism is still unclear. Mitochondrial dynamics could be one of the mechanisms, as it is crucial for mitochondrial homeostasis and is widely affected in traumatic situations. Mitochondrial dynamics regulate mitochondrial homeostasis via orexinergic receptors, and it is shown that antagonism of orexinergic receptors attenuates PTSD-like symptoms. Therefore, the present study aimed to determine how orexin antagonists affect mitochondrial dynamics in rats exhibiting PTSD-like symptoms.

METHODS

Using rats, a stress-re-stress (SRS) model with PTSD-like symptoms was established. On day 2 (D-2), the animals were exposed to variable stressors including 2 h of restraint followed by brief mild foot shock and exposure to 4%halothane. Foot shock was performed as a re-stress from D-8 to D-32 at six-day intervals.

RESULTS

SRS exposure caused PTSD-like phenotype, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis dysfunction, activation of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), and mitochondrial-fission-process-1 (MTFP-1). SRS-subjected rats exhibited enhanced expression of fission-regulating proteins, including dynamin-related protein-1 and mitochondrial-fission-protein-1 and reduced expression of fusion-regulating proteins, including optic-atrophy-1 and mitofusin-2, in the amygdala. TEM analysis revealed that SRS exposure further damaged the mitochondria. Treatment with suvorexant with rapamycin significantly mitigated PTSD-like symptoms and improved mitochondrial dynamics in SRS-exposed rats. However, their combination showed a more pronounced effect. Further, suvorexant in combination with rapamycin significantly mitigated mTOR and MTFP-1 activation. Sertraline attenuated PTSD-like symptoms without affecting SRS-induced activation of mTOR and disparity in mitochondrial dynamics. Suvorexant pharmacological effects on mitochondrial biogenesis also involve the mTOR pathway.

LIMITATION

The role of orexinergic pathway in SRS-induced mitochondrial mitophagy was not explored.

CONCLUSIONS

Targeting both the orexinergic and mTOR pathways might exert a beneficial synergistic effect for treating PTSD.

Madhuca longifolia-hydro-ethanolic-fraction reverses mitochondrial dysfunction and modulates selective GLUT expression in diabetic mice fed with high fat diet

BACKGROUND

Metabolic disorder is characterized as chronic low-grade inflammation which elevates the systemic inflammatory markers. The proposed hypothesis behind this includes occurrence of hypoxia due to intake of high fat diet leading to oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction.

AIM

In the present work our aim was to elucidate the possible mechanism of action of hydroethanolic fraction of M. longifolia leaves against the metabolic disorder.

METHOD AND RESULTS

In the present investigation, effect of Madhuca longifolia hydroethanolic fraction (MLHEF) on HFD induced obesity and diabetes through mitochondrial action and selective GLUT expression has been studied. In present work, it was observed that HFD (50% of diet) on chronic administration aggravates the metabolic problems by causing reduced imbalanced oxidative stress, ATP production, and altered selective GLUT protein expression. Long term HFD administration reduced (p < 0.001) the SOD, CAT level significantly along with elevated liver function marker AST and ALT. MLHEF administration diminishes this oxidative stress. HFD administration also causes decreased ATP/ADP ratio owing to suppressed mitochondrial function and elevating LDH level. This oxidative imbalance further leads to dysregulated GLUT expression in hepatocytes, skeletal muscles and white adipose tissue. HFD leads to significant (p < 0.001) upregulation in GLUT 1 and 3 expression while significant (p < 0.001) downregulation in GLUT 2 and 4 expressions in WAT, liver and skeletal muscles. Administration of MLHEF significantly (p < 0.001) reduced the LDH level and also reduces the mitochondrial dysfunction.

CONCLUSION

Imbalances in GLUT levels were significantly reversed in order to maintain GLUT expression in tissues on the administration of MLHEF.

Pre/postnatal taurine supplementation improves neurodevelopment and brain function in mice offspring: A persistent developmental study from puberty to maturity

Taurine (TAU) is a sulfur-containing amino acid abundantly found in the human body. Endogenously, TAU is synthesized from cysteine in the liver. However, newborns rely entirely on TAU's dietary supply (milk). There is no investigation on the effect of long-term TAU administration on next-generation neurological development. The current study evaluated the effect of long-term TAU supplementation during the maternal gestational and litter weaning time on several neurological parameters in mice offspring. Moreover, the effects of TAU on mitochondrial function and oxidative stress biomarkers as plausible mechanisms of its action in the whole brain and hippocampus have been evaluated. TAU (0.5 % and 1 % w/v) was dissolved in the drinking water of pregnant mice (Day one of pregnancy), and amino acid supplementation was continued during the weaning time (post-natal day; PND = 21) until litters maturity (PND = 65). It was found that TAU significantly improved cognitive function, memory performance, reflexive motor activity, and emotional behaviors in F1-mice generation. TAU measurement in the brain and hippocampus revealed higher levels of this amino acid. TAU and ATP levels were also significantly higher in the mitochondria isolated from the whole brain and hippocampus. Based on these data, TAU could be suggested as a supplement during pregnancy or in pediatric formula. The effects of TAU on cellular mitochondrial function and energy metabolism might play a fundamental role in the positive effects of this amino acid observed in this investigation.

Taurine Supplementation for 48-Months Improved Glucose Tolerance and Changed ATP-Related Enzymes in Avians

Avians differ from mammals, especially in brain architecture and metabolism. Taurine, an amino acid basic to metabolism and bioenergetics, has been shown to have remarkable effects on metabolic syndrome and ameliorating oxidative stress reactions across species. However, less is known regarding these metabolic relationships in the avian model. The present study serves as a preliminary report that examined how taurine might affect avian metabolism in an aged model system. Two groups of pigeons (Columba livia) of mixed sex, a control group and a group that received 48 months of taurine supplementation (0.05% w/v) in their drinking water, were compared by using blood panels drawn from their basilic vein by a licensed veterinarian. From the blood panel data, taurine treatment generated higher levels of three ATP-related enzymes: glutamate dehydrogenase (GLDH), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and creatine kinase (CK). In this preliminary study, the role that taurine treatment might play in the adult aged pigeon's metabolism on conserved traits such as augmenting insulin production as well as non-conserved traits maintaining high levels of ATP-related enzymes was examined. It was found that taurine treatment influenced the avian glucose metabolism similar to mammals but differentially effected avian ATP-related enzymes in a unique way (i.e., ∼×2 increase in CK and LDH with a nearly ×4 increase in GLDH). Notably, long-term supplementation with taurine had no negative effect on parameters of lipid and protein metabolism nor liver enzymes. The preliminary study suggests that avians may serve as a unique model system for investigating taurine metabolism across aging with long-term health implications (e.g., hyperinsulinemia). However, the suitability of using the model would require researchers to tightly control for age, sex, dietary intake, and exercise conditions as laboratory-housed avian present with very different metabolic panels than free-flight avians, and their metabolic profile may not correlate one-to-one with mammalian data.

Effects of ELF-PEMF exposure on spontaneous alternation, anxiety, motor co-ordination and locomotor activity of adult wistar rats and viability of C6 (Glial) cells in culture

The effects of ELF-PEMF exposure on spontaneous alternation, anxiety, motor coordination, and locomotor activity have been discussed in various pre-clinical and clinical settings. Several epidemiological and experimental studies have demonstrated the potential effects of ELF-PEMF when exposed > ∼1 h/day; however, very few studies have focused on understanding the influence of ELF-PEMF exposure of 1-3 mT with an exposure duration of < 1 h/day on spontaneous alternation, anxiety, motor coordination, and locomotor activity. Hence, we attempted to study the effects of ELF-PEMF exposure of 1-3 mT, 50 Hz with an exposure duration of 20 min each with a 4 h gap (2 times) on the cellular proliferation and morphologies of C6 (Glial) cells and spontaneous alternation, anxiety, motor coordination and locomotor activity of Wistar rats under in vitro and in vivo conditions, respectively. The results showed that ELF-PEMF exposure did not induce any significant levels of cellular fragmentation and changes in the morphology of glial cells. Also, the outcomes revealed no noticeable effects on spontaneous alternation, anxiety, motor coordination, and locomotor activity in PEMF-exposed groups compared with the control. No undesirable side effects were observed at the highest dose (B=3 mT). We also performed histological analysis of the selected brain sections (hippocampus and cortex) following ELF-PEMF exposure. Incidentally, no significant changes were observed in cortical cell counts, tissue structure, and morphology.

Mitochondrial dysfunction in animal models of PTSD: Relationships between behavioral models, neural regions, and cellular maladaptation

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a trauma-related condition that produces distressing fear memory intrusions, avoidance behaviors, hyperarousal, stress responses, insomnia and other symptoms. This review of rodent models of PTSD examines trauma effects on fear-related learning, cognition, and avoidance, emotional and arousal behaviors and on mitochondrial dysfunction in relevant neural pathways. The review focuses on research that includes four elements: consensus PTSD rodent models, behavioral phenotyping, mitochondrial dysfunction within key neural regions. This approach allows for the integration of behavioral, neural and cellular findings in PTSD models. The PTSD models reviewed include fear conditioning, predator/social stress, chronic restraint stress, single prolonged stress, social isolation, chronic unpredictable stress and early life stress. These models produce a variety of PTSD-related behaviors that include associative and non-associative fear- and stress-related responses, hyperarousal, avoidance behaviors, cognitive disturbances, social withdrawal, compulsive behaviors, anhedonia-, anxiety- and depression-related behaviors. Neural regions included fear- and stress-related regions of the prefrontal cortex, hippocampal, amygdala, nucleus accumbens and hypothalamus. PTSD models produced mitochondrial dysfunction that includes dysregulation of oxidative phosphorylation and other metabolic pathways including β-oxidation of fatty acids and the tricarboxylic acid pathway. These models generated neural reactive oxygen species that damage DNA, proteins, and lipids. Trauma models further altered mitochondrial structure and replication and affected neuroinflammatory responses, signal transduction and apoptosis. Antidepressant medications used for the treatment of PTSD reversed stress-induced changes in some PTSD-like behaviors and many elements of brain mitochondrial dysfunction. Future studies can develop PTSD models which are ecologically valid and result in a broader manifestation of PTSD-related behaviors as it is clinically defined. This review highlights mitochondrial mechanisms associated with PTSD-like behaviors that have been produced in an array of consensus PTSD models and identifies putative circuit-based targets for more effective treatment for this debilitating disorder.

Evaluation of rosmarinic acid against myocardial infarction in maternally separated rats

Depression and coronary heart diseases are the common comorbid disorder affecting humans globally. The present study evaluated the effectiveness of rosmarinic acid (RA) against myocardial infarction (MI) in comorbid depression induced by maternal separation in rats. Maternal stress is one of the childhood crises that may be a potential risk factor for coronary heart disease in later part of life. As per protocol, 70-80% of pups were separated daily for 3 h between postnatal day 1 (PND1) and postnatal day 21 (PND21). Forced-swim test, sucrose preference test, and electrocardiography were performed during the experiment. Body weight was measured on PND0, PND35, and PND55. Orally rosmarinic acid (25 mg/kg and 50 mg/kg) and fluoxetine (10 mg/kg) was done from PND35 to PND55. On PND53 and PND54, isoproterenol (100 mg/kg, subcutaneously) was administered to induce myocardial infarction. On PND55, blood was collected and animals sacrificed, and plasma corticosterone, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, cardiac biomarkers, interleukine-10, and anti-oxidant parameters were measured. Rosmarinic acid and fluoxetine ameliorated the maternal separation-induced increase in immobility period, anhedonia, body weight, ST elevation, corticosterone, creatine kinase-MB (CK-MB), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). At the same time, both drugs elevated the tissue levels of BDNF, IL-10, glutathione, and superoxide dismutase activity. This study provides the first experimental evidence that maternal stress is an independent risk factor of cardiac abnormalities in rats. Moreover, maternal stress synergistically increases the severity of cardiac abnormalities induced by isoproterenol. Interestingly, fluoxetine and rosmarinic acid effectively ameliorated behavioral anomalies and myocardial infarction in maternally separated rats. Schematic representation of possible molecular mechanism of action of rosmarinic acid against MS-induced myocardial infarction. RA, rosmarinic acid; MS, maternal separation; PND, postnatal days; ISO, isoproterenol; BDNF, brain-derived neurotrophic factor; GSH, glutathione; SOD, superoxide dismutase; IL-10, interleukin-10; MI, myocardial infarction.

Anti-proliferation and apoptosis-inducing effects of dihydroartemisinin on SH-SY5Y cells and metabolomic analysis

BACKGROUND

In childhood, metastatic neuroblastoma (NB) is the most common extracranial solid tumor, but there are no appropriate drugs for its treatment. Dihydroartemisinin (DHA), a drug for malaria treatment, has therapeutic potential in several cancers; however, its mechanisms remain unclear. This study aimed to investigate the anti-proliferation effect of DHA on SH-SY5Y cells and to explore its mechanism in vitro.

METHODS

We used 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay to measure the half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of DHA; western blot was used to determine protein levels; propidium iodide (PI) staining was used to determine apoptotic cells; JC-1 staining to measure mitochondrial membrane potential; and dichloro-dihydro-fluorescein diacetate (DCFH-DA) staining was used to determine reactive oxygen species (ROS). Metabonomic analysis was performed by using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS)-based untargeted metabolomics. Multivariate statistical analysis was performed to screen potential metabolites associated with DHA treatment in SH-SY5Y cells.

RESULTS

It was shown that DHA inhibited SH-SY5Y cell proliferation and increased poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP-1) and caspase 3 in a dose-dependent manner. In Further, DHA promoted ROS generation and γH2AX expression. In addition, a total of 125 proposed metabolites in SH-SY5Y cells and 45 vital metabolic pathways were identified through UHPLC-MS/MS-based untargeted metabolomic analysis.

CONCLUSIONS

These data suggest that DHA could regulate taurine, linoleic acid, phenylalanine metabolism, and tryptophan metabolism, which are involved in the anti-proliferation effect of DHA in SH-SY5Y cells.

Endoplasmic reticulum stress and mitochondrial injury are critical molecular drivers of AlCl3-induced testicular and epididymal distortion and dysfunction: protective role of taurine

Aluminum, the third most plentiful metal in the Earth's crust, has potential for human exposure and harm. Oxidative stress plays an essential role in producing male infertility by inducing defects in sperm functions. We aimed to investigate the role of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and mitochondrial injury in the pathogenesis of aluminum chloride (AlCl3)-induced testicular and epididymal damage at the histological, biochemical, and molecular levels, and to assess the potential protective role of taurine. Forty-eight adult male albino rats were separated into four groups (12 in each): negative control, positive control, AlCl3, and AlCl3 plus taurine groups. Testes and epididymis were dissected. Histological and immunohistochemical (Bax and vimentin) studies were carried out. Gene expression of vimentin, PCNA, CHOP, Bcl-2, Bax, and XBP1 were investigated via quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), besides estimation of malondialdehyde (MDA) and total antioxidant capacity (TAC). Light and electron microscopic examinations of the testes and epididymis revealed pathological changes emphasizing both mitochondrial injury and ER stress in the AlCl3 group. Taurine-treated rats showed a noticeable improvement in the testicular and epididymal ultrastructure. Moreover, they exhibited increased gene expression of vimentin, Bcl-2, and PNCA accompanied by decreased CHOP, Bax, and XBP1 gene expression. In conclusion, male reproductive impairment is a significant hazard associated with AlCl3 exposure. Both ER stress and mitochondrial impairment are critical mechanisms of the deterioration in the testes and epididymis induced by AlCl3, but taurine can amend this.

Detection of Microstructural Medial Prefrontal Cortex Changes Using Magnetic Resonance Imaging Texture Analysis in a Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Rat Model

BACKGROUND

Radiomics is characterized by high-throughput extraction of texture features from medical images and the mining of information that can potentially be used to define neuroimaging markers in many neurological or psychiatric diseases. However, there have been few studies concerning MRI radiomics in post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The study's aims were to appraise changes in microstructure of the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) in a PTSD animal model, specifically single-prolonged stress (SPS) rats, by using MRI texture analysis. The feasibility of using a radiomics approach to classify PTSD rats was examined.

METHODS

Morris water maze and elevated plus maze were used to assess behavioral changes in the rats. Two hundred and sixty two texture features were extracted from each region of interest in T2-weighted images. Stepwise discriminant analysis (SDA) and LASSO regression were used to perform feature selection and radiomics signature building to identify mPFC radiomics signatures consisting of optimal features, respectively. Receiver operating characteristic curve plots were used to evaluate the classification performance. Immunofluorescence techniques were used to examine the expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and neuronal nuclei (NeuN) in the mPFC. Nuclear pycnosis was detected using 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) staining.

RESULTS

Behavioral results indicated decreased learning and spatial memory performance and increased anxiety-like behavior after SPS stimulation. SDA analysis showed that the general non-cross-validated and cross-validated discrimination accuracies were 86.5% and 80.4%. After LASSO dimensionality reduction, 10 classification models were established. For classifying PTSD rats between the control and each SPS group, these models achieved AUCs of 0.944, 0.950, 0.959, and 0.936. Among four SPS groups, the AUCs were 0.927, 0.943, 0.967, 0.916, 0.932, and 0.893, respectively. The number of GFAP-positive cells and intensity of GFAP-IR within the mPFC increased 1 day after SPS treatment, and then decreased. The intensity of NeuN-IR and number of NeuN-positive cells significantly decreased from 1 to 14 days after SPS stimulation. The brightness levels of DAPI-stained nuclei increased in SPS groups.

CONCLUSION

Non-invasive MRI radiomics features present an efficient and sensitive way to detect microstructural changes in the mPFC after SPS stimulation, and they could potentially serve as a novel neuroimaging marker in PTSD diagnosis.