Dapagliflozin ameliorates diabetic renal injury through suppressing the self-perpetuating cycle of inflammation mediated by HMGB1 feedback signaling in the kidney

Sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors in diabetes and inflammatory skin diseases

Treatment with sodium–glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) is associated with a decreased risk of new-onset inflammatory skin diseases, including vitiligo, acne vulgaris, rosacea and urticaria in patients with diabetes. Prospective studies and clinical trials are warranted to validate the safety and efficacy of SGLT2i in patients with diabetes and concomitant inflammatory skin diseases.

Protective effects and mechanisms of dapagliflozin on renal ischemia/reperfusion injury

BACKGROUND

Renal diseases have a significant negative impact on human health and the quality of life. Renal ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury is considered as one of the leading causes of renal dysfunction and tissue damage. Oxidative stress and inflammation are responsible for cellular apoptosis playing critical roles in renal I/R injury. Recent studies suggested that dapagliflozin-a medication used to treat Type 2 Diabetes-may exert protective effects on I/R injury in kidneys by alleviating oxidative stress and inflammation. Our study evaluated the protective effects of dapagliflozinon in renal I/R injury.

METHODS

A group of 32 male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into four groups: 1) control group without any manipulation; 2) sham-operated control group with surgery but without I/R injury; 3) experimental group with 30-min I/R injury; and 4) therapeutic group with 30-min IR injury and dapagliflozin therapy. The fourth therapeutic group received 1 mg/kg dapagliflozin delivered once daily by oral gavage. All rats were evaluated by measurements of neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), creatinine kinase (CR), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1), myoglobin (MYO), creatinine kinase (CK), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) LD, GSH, superoxide dismutase (SOD), MDA, interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor-a (TNF-a and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) levels. TUNEL and flow cytometry assays evaluated apoptosis.

RESULTS

Overall, the 30-min exposure to I/R injury significantly elevated levels of NGAL, CR, BUN, CK, LDH, KIM-1, and MYO (all p < 0.05). Inflammatory cytokine levels (IL-6 and TNF-a) were also increased after I/R injury (p > 0.05). At the same time, I/R injury decreased levels of SOD and GSH-Px (p > 0.05). In contrast, administration of dapagliflozin following I/R injury reduced renal damage, enhanced antioxidant capacity, and suppressed inflammatory responses (all p > 0.05), thus improving renal function, while reducing oxidative stress status and inflammatory responses. Further investigations revealed that dapagliflozin exerted its protective effects on renal tissues by activating the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-protein kinase B (PI3K-AKT) signaling pathway, inhibiting cellular apoptosis, and promoting proliferation and autophagy through bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP4).

CONCLUSION

These findings documented that dapagliflozin protected kidneys from I/R injury suggesting its therapeutic potential.

GRP78 Contributes to the Beneficial Effects of SGLT2 Inhibitor on Proximal Tubular Cells in DKD

The beneficial effects of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors on kidney function are well-known; however, their molecular mechanisms are not fully understood. We focused on 78-kDa glucose-regulated protein (GRP78) and its interaction with SGLT2 and integrin-β1 beyond the chaperone property of GRP78. In streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic mouse kidneys, GRP78, SGLT2, and integrin-β1 increased in the plasma membrane fraction, while they were suppressed by canagliflozin. The altered subcellular localization of GRP78/integrin-β1 in STZ mice promoted epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT) and fibrosis, which were mitigated by canagliflozin. High-glucose conditions reduced intracellular GRP78, increased its secretion, and caused EMT-like changes in cultured HK2 cells, which were again inhibited by canagliflozin. Urinary GRP78 increased in STZ mice, and in vitro experiments with recombinant GRP78 suggested that inflammation spread to surrounding tubular cells and that canagliflozin reversed this effect. Under normal glucose culture, canagliflozin maintained sarco/endoplasmic reticulum (ER) Ca2+-ATPase (SERCA) activity, promoted ER robustness, reduced ER stress response impairment, and protected proximal tubular cells. In conclusion, canagliflozin restored subcellular localization of GRP78, SGLT2, and integrin-β1 and inhibited EMT and fibrosis in DKD. In nondiabetic chronic kidney disease, canagliflozin promoted ER robustness by maintaining SERCA activity and preventing ER stress response failure, and it contributed to tubular protection.

ARTICLE HIGHLIGHTS

Targeting Macrophages: Therapeutic Approaches in Diabetic Kidney Disease

Diabetes is not solely a metabolic disorder but also involves inflammatory processes. The immune response it incites is a primary contributor to damage in target organs. Research indicates that during the initial phases of diabetic nephropathy, macrophages infiltrate the kidneys alongside lymphocytes, initiating a cascade of inflammatory reactions. The interplay between macrophages and other renal cells is pivotal in the advancement of kidney disease within a hyperglycemic milieu. While M1 macrophages react to the inflammatory stimuli induced by elevated glucose levels early in the disease progression, their subsequent transition to M2 macrophages, which possess anti-inflammatory and tissue repair properties, also contributes to fibrosis in the later stages of nephropathy by transforming into myofibroblasts. Comprehending the diverse functions of macrophages in diabetic kidney disease and regulating their activity could offer therapeutic benefits for managing this condition.

Advancements in Stimulus-Responsive Co-Delivery Nanocarriers for Enhanced Cancer Immunotherapy

Cancer immunotherapy has emerged as a novel therapeutic approach against tumors, with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) making significant clinical practice. The traditional ICIs, PD-1 and PD-L1, augment the cytotoxic function of T cells through the inhibition of tumor immune evasion pathways, ultimately leading to the initiation of an antitumor immune response. However, the clinical implementation of ICIs encounters obstacles stemming from the existence of an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment and inadequate infiltration of CD8+T cells. Considerable attention has been directed towards advancing immunogenic cell death (ICD) as a potential solution to counteract tumor cell infiltration and the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. This approach holds promise in transforming "cold" tumors into "hot" tumors that exhibit responsiveness to antitumor. By combining ICD with ICIs, a synergistic immune response against tumors can be achieved. However, the combination of ICD inducers and PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors is hindered by issues such as poor targeting and uncontrolled drug release. An advantageous solution presented by stimulus-responsive nanocarrier is integrating the physicochemical properties of ICD inducers and PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors, facilitating precise delivery to specific tissues for optimal combination therapy. Moreover, these nanocarriers leverage the distinct features of the tumor microenvironment to accomplish controlled drug release and regulate the kinetics of drug delivery. This article aims to investigate the advancement of stimulus-responsive co-delivery nanocarriers utilizing ICD and PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors. Special focus is dedicated to exploring the advantages and recent advancements of this system in enabling the combination of ICIs and ICD inducers. The molecular mechanisms of ICD and ICIs are concisely summarized. In conclusion, we examine the potential research prospects and challenges that could greatly enhance immunotherapeutic approaches for cancer treatment.

Quantitative profiling of carboxylic compounds by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry for revealing biomarkers of diabetic kidney disease

Diabetic kidney disease (DKD), a common microvascular complication of diabetes, currently lacks specific diagnostic indicators and therapeutic targets, resulting in miss of early intervention. To profile metabolic conditions in complex and precious biological samples and screen potential biomarkers for DKD diagnosis and prognosis, a rapid, convenient and reliable quantification method for carboxyl compounds by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was established with isobutyl chloroformate derivatization. The derivatives were extracted with hexane, injected into GC-MS and quantified with selected ion monitoring mode. This method showed excellent linearity(R2 > 0.99), good recoveries (81.1%-115.5%), good repeatability (RSD < 20%) and sensitivity (LODs: 0.20-499.90 pg, LOQs: 2.00-1007.00 pg). Among the 37 carboxyl compounds analyzed, 12 metabolites in short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) metabolism pathway and amino acid metabolism pathway were linked with DKD development and among them, 6 metabolites were associated with both development and prognosis of DKD in mice. In conclusion, a reliable, convenient and sensitive method based on isobutyl chloroformate derivatization and GC-MS analysis is established and successfully applied to quantify 37 carboxyl compounds in biological samples of mice and 12 potential biomarkers for DKD development and prognosis are screened.

Renoprotective impact of Dapagliflozin and Mulberry extracts toward Fr-STZ induced diabetic nephropathy in rats: Biochemical and Molecular aspects.. [DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3186379/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0]

Among the most typical reasons of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) is diabetic nephropathy (DN), which is also rated as a major microvascular complication of diabetes mellitus. The existent study looked at the impact of dapagliflozin, mulberry fruit and leaves extracts and their combination on the kidney of diabetic rats. To induce diabetic nephropathy, experimental rats were supplied with 10% fructose (Fr) in drinking water for the first two weeks. Each Fr-fed animal received an intraperitoneal injection of a low single dose of STZ (40 mg/kg) after being fasted for the whole night. Sixty albino rats were separated into six equivalent groups. Group I control rats, group II untreated diabetic rats, group III–VI are diabetic groups; received dapagliflozin for 4 weeks, mulberry fruit extract, mulberry leaves extract and combination of DAPA, MFE and MLE, respectively for 6 weeks. Untreated diabetic rats exhibited considerable rise in serum glucose, urea, creatinine, KIM-1, β2-MG, TNF-α, and TGβ1 levels compared to control rats, while treated diabetic ones manifested significant decrease in these measures in contrast to the untreated diabetic rats. Also, renal tissue IL-6, NF-κB and NADPH oxidase manifested significant increase in untreated diabetic rats, while treated groups revealed significant decline in comparison to the untreated one. DAPA and mulberry fruit and leaves extracts optimized IL-10 and renin expression in renal tissue. Histopathological picture of kidney, revealed significant improvement in rats received DAPA and mulberry extracts compared to untreated diabetic rats. It could be concluded that, DAPA, mulberry fruits and leaves extracts alleviated diabetic nephropathy complications. Therefore, combining these ingredients in a supplement may be promising for modulating diabetic nephropathy.