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Maslivets AA, Andreeva AA, Dmitriev MV, Maslivets AN. Synthesis of Hydantoins Spiro-Annulated to the Pyrrole Ring, by the Reaction of Pyrrolo[1,2-c][4,1]benzoxazepinetriones with Urea and Thiourea. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070428022020129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Capatina AL, Lagos D, Brackenbury WJ. Targeting Ion Channels for Cancer Treatment: Current Progress and Future Challenges. Rev Physiol Biochem Pharmacol 2020; 183:1-43. [PMID: 32865696 DOI: 10.1007/112_2020_46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Ion channels are key regulators of cancer cell pathophysiology. They contribute to a variety of processes such as maintenance of cellular osmolarity and membrane potential, motility (via interactions with the cytoskeleton), invasion, signal transduction, transcriptional activity and cell cycle progression, leading to tumour progression and metastasis. Ion channels thus represent promising targets for cancer therapy. Ion channels are attractive targets because many of them are expressed at the plasma membrane and a broad range of existing inhibitors are already in clinical use for other indications. However, many of the ion channels identified in cancer cells are also active in healthy normal cells, so there is a risk that certain blockers may have off-target effects on normal physiological function. This review describes recent research advances into ion channel inhibitors as anticancer therapeutics. A growing body of evidence suggests that a range of existing and novel Na+, K+, Ca2+ and Cl- channel inhibitors may be effective for suppressing cancer cell proliferation, migration and invasion, as well as enhancing apoptosis, leading to suppression of tumour growth and metastasis, either alone or in combination with standard-of-care therapies. The majority of evidence to date is based on preclinical in vitro and in vivo studies, although there are several examples of ion channel-targeting strategies now reaching early phase clinical trials. Given the strong links between ion channel function and regulation of tumour growth, metastasis and chemotherapy resistance, it is likely that further work in this area will facilitate the development of new therapeutic approaches which will reach the clinic in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dimitris Lagos
- Hull York Medical School, York, UK
- York Biomedical Research Institute, University of York, York, UK
| | - William J Brackenbury
- Department of Biology, University of York, York, UK.
- York Biomedical Research Institute, University of York, York, UK.
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Krivoshein AV. α-Substituted Lactams and Acetamides: Ion Channel Modulators that Show Promise in Treating Drug-resistant Epilepsy. Cent Nerv Syst Agents Med Chem 2020; 20:79-87. [PMID: 32386500 DOI: 10.2174/1871524920666200510005458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Revised: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The two main problems in the pharmacotherapy of epilepsy are resistance to currently available first-line medications (which occurs in about one third of patients) and the high incidence of side effects. To address these two challenges, extensive efforts are being undertaken to design new, structurally distinct antiepileptic drugs with a broad spectrum of anticonvulsant activity. Tests in animal models of epilepsy indicate that α-substituted lactams and acetamides show a broad spectrum of anticonvulsant activity (including very promising activity in drug-resistant models) as well as an excellent safety profile. Limited clinical results confirm these preclinical findings. In the first part of this review, pharmacology and toxicology of α-substituted lactams and acetamides and their putative protein targets in the brain have been discussed. This is followed by a discussion of structure-activity relationships among α-alkyl-, α-aryl-, and α-aryl-α-alkyl-substituted derivatives. The most promising structures seem to be those related to 3-ethyl-3-phenylpyrrolidin-2-one, 2-phenylbutyramide, and 2- sec-butylvaleramide. The information presented in this review is expected to facilitate rational drug design and development efforts for α-substituted lactams and acetamides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arcadius V Krivoshein
- Chemistry Program, University of Houston-Clear Lake, Houston, TX 77058, United States
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Shanmugarajah PD, Hoggard N, Aeschlimann DP, Aeschlimann PC, Dennis GJ, Howell SJ, Reuber M, Grünewald RA, Hadjivassiliou M. Phenytoin-related ataxia in patients with epilepsy: clinical and radiological characteristics. Seizure 2018; 56:26-30. [PMID: 29427835 DOI: 10.1016/j.seizure.2018.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Revised: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Phenytoin is an effective anticonvulsant for focal epilepsy. Its use can be associated with long-term adverse effects including cerebellar ataxia. Whilst phenytoin is toxic to Purkinje cells in vitro; the clinical and radiological phenotype and mechanism of cerebellar degeneration in vivo remain unclear. We describe the prevalence, clinical and radiological characteristics of phenytoin-related ataxia. METHODS Patients with epilepsy receiving treatment with phenytoin were recruited from the Epilepsy clinics at Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Sheffield, UK. Neurological examination was performed on all patients after recruitment. Patients were categorised into those with and without ataxia. We determined the severity of ataxia clinically (SARA score) and the pattern of cerebellar involvement by neuroimaging (MRI volumetry and MR spectroscopy). RESULTS Forty-seven patients were recruited. Median duration of epilepsy was 24 years, median duration of phenytoin treatment was 15 years and current median phenytoin daily dose was 325 mg. Fifty-five percent of patients complained of poor balance. Clinical evidence of ataxia was seen in 40% patients. Gait, stance and heel-shin slide were the predominant features of cerebellar dysfunction. MRI demonstrated structural, volumetric and functional deficits of the cerebellum. Only one patient with ataxia had phenytoin levels above the normal range. CONCLUSIONS Cerebellar ataxia is present in 40% of patients with epilepsy and chronic exposure to phenytoin. Patients on long-term phenytoin have reduced cerebellar volume even if they have no clinical evidence of ataxia. Evidence of structural deficits on imaging suggests a predilection for vermian involvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priya D Shanmugarajah
- Academic Department of Neurosciences, Royal Hallamshire Hospital and University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.
| | - Nigel Hoggard
- Academic Unit of Radiology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.
| | - Daniel P Aeschlimann
- Matrix Biology & Tissue Repair Research Unit, College of Biomedical and Life Sciences, School of Dentistry, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK.
| | - Pascale C Aeschlimann
- Matrix Biology & Tissue Repair Research Unit, College of Biomedical and Life Sciences, School of Dentistry, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK.
| | - Gary J Dennis
- Academic Department of Neurosciences, Royal Hallamshire Hospital and University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.
| | - Stephen J Howell
- Academic Department of Neurosciences, Royal Hallamshire Hospital and University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.
| | - Markus Reuber
- Academic Department of Neurosciences, Royal Hallamshire Hospital and University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.
| | - Richard A Grünewald
- Academic Department of Neurosciences, Royal Hallamshire Hospital and University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.
| | - Marios Hadjivassiliou
- Academic Department of Neurosciences, Royal Hallamshire Hospital and University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.
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Sela H, Cohen H, Elia P, Zach R, Karpas Z, Zeiri Y. Spontaneous penetration of gold nanoparticles through the blood brain barrier (BBB). J Nanobiotechnology 2015; 13:71. [PMID: 26489846 PMCID: PMC4618365 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-015-0133-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2015] [Accepted: 10/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The blood brain barrier (BBB) controls the brain microenvironment and limits penetration of the central nervous system (CNS) by chemicals, thus creating an obstacle to many medical imaging and treatment procedures. Research efforts to identify viable routes of BBB penetration have focused on structures such as micelles, polymeric nanoparticles and liposomes as drug carriers, however, many of them failed to provide unequivocal proof of BBB penetration. Here we proved that gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) penetrate the BBB in rats to reach brain regions. Results Injection of AuNPs to the abdominal cavity of rats resulted in levels of gold found in blood, urine, brain regions and body organs. After perfusion the concentration of gold in brain regions diminished dramatically indicating that most of the gold was in venous blood and not in the brain tissues. Injection of Na, K or Ca ion channel blockers reduced BBB penetration by half. A biological half-life of 12.9 ± 4.9 h was found for the gold nanoparticles. Possible mechanisms for the transport of AuNPs through the BBB are discussed. Conclusions BBB penetration by AuNPs is spontaneous without the application of an external field. A major amount of gold resides in blood vessels therefore perfusion required. Ion channel blockers can be used to control the transport of AuNPs. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12951-015-0133-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hagit Sela
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, 8410501, Israel. .,Department of Chemistry, NRCN, P.O. Box 9001, Beer-Sheva, 8419001, Israel.
| | - Hagit Cohen
- The State of Israel Ministry of Health, Anxiety and Stress Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, Beer-Sheva Mental Health Center, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel.
| | - Paz Elia
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, 8410501, Israel.
| | - Raya Zach
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, 8410501, Israel.
| | - Zeev Karpas
- Department of Chemistry, NRCN, P.O. Box 9001, Beer-Sheva, 8419001, Israel.
| | - Yehuda Zeiri
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, 8410501, Israel. .,Department of Chemistry, NRCN, P.O. Box 9001, Beer-Sheva, 8419001, Israel.
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Walls TH, Grindrod SC, Beraud D, Zhang L, Baheti AR, Dakshanamurthy S, Patel MK, Brown ML, MacArthur LH. Synthesis and biological evaluation of a fluorescent analog of phenytoin as a potential inhibitor of neuropathic pain and imaging agent. Bioorg Med Chem 2012; 20:5269-76. [PMID: 22863530 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2012.06.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2012] [Revised: 06/18/2012] [Accepted: 06/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Here we report on a novel fluorescent analog of phenytoin as a potential inhibitor of neuropathic pain with potential use as an imaging agent. Compound 2 incorporated a heptyl side chain and dansyl moiety onto the parent compound phenytoin and produced greater displacement of BTX from sodium channels and greater functional blockade with greatly reduced toxicity. Compound 2 reduced mechano-allodynia in a rat model of neuropathic pain and was visualized ex vivo in sensory neuron axons with two-photon microscopy. These results suggest a promising strategy for developing novel sodium channel inhibitors with imaging capabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas H Walls
- Drug Discovery Program, Department of Oncology, Georgetown University Medical Center, 3970 Reservoir Rd., NW, Washington, DC 20057, USA
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Yang M, Kozminski DJ, Wold LA, Modak R, Calhoun JD, Isom LL, Brackenbury WJ. Therapeutic potential for phenytoin: targeting Na(v)1.5 sodium channels to reduce migration and invasion in metastatic breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2012; 134:603-15. [PMID: 22678159 PMCID: PMC3401508 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-012-2102-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2011] [Accepted: 05/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Voltage-gated Na(+) channels (VGSCs) are heteromeric membrane protein complexes containing pore-forming α subunits and smaller, non-pore-forming β subunits. VGSCs are classically expressed in excitable cells, including neurons and muscle cells, where they mediate action potential firing, neurite outgrowth, pathfinding, and migration. VGSCs are also expressed in metastatic cells from a number of cancers. The Na(v)1.5 α subunit (encoded by SCN5A) is expressed in breast cancer (BCa) cell lines, where it enhances migration and invasion. We studied the expression of SCN5A in BCa array data, and tested the effect of the VGSC-blocking anticonvulsant phenytoin (5,5-diphenylhydantoin) on Na(+) current, migration, and invasion in BCa cells. SCN5A was up-regulated in BCa samples in several datasets, and was more highly expressed in samples from patients who had a recurrence, metastasis, or died within 5 years. SCN5A was also overexpressed as an outlier in a subset of samples, and associated with increased odds of developing metastasis. Phenytoin inhibited transient and persistent Na(+) current recorded from strongly metastatic MDA-MB-231 cells, and this effect was more potent at depolarized holding voltages. It may thus be an effective VGSC-blocking drug in cancer cells, which typically have depolarized membrane potentials. At a concentration within the therapeutic range used to treat epilepsy, phenytoin significantly inhibited the migration and invasion of MDA-MB-231 cells, but had no effect on weakly metastatic MCF-7 cells, which do not express Na(+) currents. We conclude that phenytoin suppresses Na(+) current in VGSC-expressing metastatic BCa cells, thus inhibiting VGSC-dependent migration and invasion. Together, our data support the hypothesis that SCN5A is up-regulated in BCa, favoring an invasive/metastatic phenotype. We therefore propose that repurposing existing VGSC-blocking therapeutic drugs should be further investigated as a potential new strategy to improve patient outcomes in metastatic BCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Yang
- Department of Biology, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD UK
| | - David J. Kozminski
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5632 USA
| | - Lindsey A. Wold
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5632 USA
| | - Rohan Modak
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5632 USA
| | - Jeffrey D. Calhoun
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5632 USA
| | - Lori L. Isom
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5632 USA
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Polak S, Fijorek K. Inter-individual variability in the pre-clinical drug cardiotoxic safety assessment--analysis of the age-cardiomyocytes electric capacitance dependence. J Cardiovasc Transl Res 2012; 5:321-32. [PMID: 22411323 PMCID: PMC3349867 DOI: 10.1007/s12265-012-9357-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2011] [Accepted: 02/29/2012] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Electrical phenomena located within the plasma membrane of the mammalian cardiac cells are connected with the cells' main physiological functions--signals processing and contractility. They were extensively studied and described mathematically in so-called Hodgkin-Huxley paradigm. One of the physiological parameters, namely cell electric capacitance, has not been analyzed in-depth. The aim of the study was to validate the mechanistic model describing the capacitive properties of cells, based on a collected experimental dataset which describes the electric capacitance of human ventricular myocytes. The gathered data was further utilized for developing an empirical correlation between a healthy individual's age and cardiomyocyte electric capacitance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Polak
- Unit of Pharmacoepidemiology and Pharmacoeconomics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical College, Jagiellonian University, Medyczna 9 Str, 30-688, Cracow, Poland.
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Kim HJ, Ahn HS, Choi JS, Choi BH, Hahn SJ. Effects of Ranolazine on Cloned Cardiac Kv4.3 Potassium Channels. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2011; 339:952-8. [DOI: 10.1124/jpet.111.184176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
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Giannitsas K, Konstantinopoulos A, Patsialas C, Athanasopoulos A, Perimenis P. Preclinical compounds for the treatment of overactive bladder. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2009; 19:107-17. [DOI: 10.1517/13543770802672606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Fumino K, Diakova G, Andersen JD, Brown ML, Bryant RG. Solvation and Intermolecular Exploration of Drug Molecule Fragments. J SOLUTION CHEM 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/s10953-007-9142-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Jones PJ, Wang Y, Smith MD, Hargus NJ, Eidam HS, White HS, Kapur J, Brown ML, Patel MK. Hydroxyamide Analogs of Propofol Exhibit State-Dependent Block of Sodium Channels in Hippocampal Neurons: Implications for Anticonvulsant Activity. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2006; 320:828-36. [PMID: 17090703 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.106.111542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Although propofol is most commonly known for its general anesthetic properties, at subanesthetic doses, propofol has been effectively used to suppress seizures during refractory status epilepticus, a mechanism, in part, attributed to the inhibition of neuronal sodium channels. In this study, we have designed and synthesized two novel analogs of propofol, HS245 [2-(3-ethyl-4-hydroxy-5-isopropyl-phenyl)-3,3,3-trifluoro-2-hydroxy-propionamide] and HS357 [2-hydroxy-8-(4-hydroxy-3,5-diisopropyl-phenyl)-2-trifluoromethyl-octanoic acid amide], and determined their effects on sodium currents recorded from cultured hippocampal neurons. HS357 had greater affinity for the inactivated state of the sodium channel than propofol and HS245 (0.22 versus 0.74 and 1.2 microM, respectively) and exhibited the greatest ratio of affinity for the resting over the inactivated state. HS357 also demonstrated greater use-dependent block and delayed recovery from inactivation in comparison with propofol and HS245. Under current-clamp conditions, action potentials from hippocampal CA1 neurons in slices were evoked by current injection, or following perfusion with a zero Mg(2+)/7 mM K(+) artificial cerebrospinal fluid solution. Propofol and HS357 reduced the number of current-induced action potentials; however, HS357 caused a greater reduction in the number of spontaneous action potentials. Consistent with these electrophysiology studies, propofol and HS357 protected mice against acute seizures in the 6-Hz (22-mA) partial psychomotor model. Efficacious doses of propofol were associated with an impairment of motor coordination as assessed in the rotorod toxicity assay. In contrast, HS357 demonstrated a 2-fold greater protective index than propofol. Thus, propofol analogs represent an important structural class from which not only effective, but also safer, anti-convulsants may be developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulianda J Jones
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
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Ko SH, Jochnowitz N, Lenkowski PW, Batts TW, Davis GC, Martin WJ, Brown ML, Patel MK. Reversal of neuropathic pain by α-hydroxyphenylamide: A novel sodium channel antagonist. Neuropharmacology 2006; 50:865-73. [PMID: 16464480 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2005.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2005] [Revised: 12/06/2005] [Accepted: 12/14/2005] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Sodium (Na) channel blockers are known to possess antihyperalgesic properties. We have designed and synthesized a novel Na channel antagonist, alpha-hydroxyphenylamide, and determined its ability to inhibit both TTX-sensitive (TTX-s) and TTX-resistant (TTX-r) Na currents from small dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons. alpha-Hydroxyphenylamide tonically inhibited both TTX-s and TTX-r Na currents yielding an IC(50) of 8.2+/-2.2 microM (n=7) and 28.9+/-1.8 microM (n=8), respectively. In comparison, phenytoin was less potent inhibiting TTX-s and TTX-r currents by 26.2+/-4.0% (n=8) and 25.5+/-2.0%, respectively, at 100 microM. alpha-Hydroxyphenylamide (10 microM) also shifted equilibrium gating parameters of TTX-s Na channels to greater hyperpolarized potentials, slowed recovery from inactivation, accelerated the development of inactivation and exhibited use-dependent block. In the chronic constriction injury (CCI) rat model of neuropathic pain, intraperitoneal administration of alpha-hydroxyphenylamide attenuated the hyperalgesia by 53% at 100mg/kg, without affecting motor coordination in the Rotorod test. By contrast, the reduction in pain behavior produced by phenytoin (73%; 100mg/kg) was associated with significant motor impairment. In summary, we report that alpha-hydroxyphenylamide, a sodium channel antagonist, exhibits antihyperalgesic properties in a rat model of neuropathic pain, with favorable sedative and ataxic side effects compared with phenytoin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong-Hoon Ko
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Virginia Health System, 1 Hospital Drive, Box 800710, Charlottesville, VA 22908-0710, USA
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