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Wu MC, Wang EY, Lai TW. TAT peptide at treatment-level concentrations crossed brain endothelial cell monolayer independent of receptor-mediated endocytosis or peptide-inflicted barrier disruption. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0292681. [PMID: 37819924 PMCID: PMC10566733 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0292681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The peptide domain extending from residues 49 to 57 of the HIV-1 Tat protein (TAT) has been widely shown to facilitate cell entry of and blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability to covalently bound macromolecules; therefore, TAT-linked therapeutic peptides trafficked through peripheral routes have been used to treat brain diseases in preclinical and clinical studies. Although the mechanisms underlying cell entry by similar peptides have been established to be temperature-dependent and cell-type specific and to involve receptor-mediated endocytosis, how these peptides cross the BBB remains unclear. Here, using an in vitro model, we studied the permeability of TAT, which was covalently bound to the fluorescent probe fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC), and evaluated whether it crossed the "in vitro BBB", a monolayer of brain endothelial cells, and whether the mechanisms were similar to those involved in TAT entry into cells. Our results show that although TAT crossed the monolayer of brain endothelial cells in a temperature-dependent manner, in contrast to the reported mechanism of cell entry, it did not require receptor-mediated endocytosis. Furthermore, we revisited the hypothesis that TAT facilitates brain delivery of covalently bound macromolecules by causing BBB disruption. Our results demonstrated that the dose of TAT commonly used in preclinical and clinical studies did not exert an effect on BBB permeability in vitro or in vivo; however, an extremely high TAT concentration caused BBB disruption in vitro. In conclusion, the BBB permeability to TAT is temperature-dependent, but at treatment-level concentrations, it does not involve receptor-mediated endocytosis or BBB disruption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Chih Wu
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- School of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Eric Yuhsiang Wang
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ted Weita Lai
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Neuroscience and Brain Disease Center, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Drug Development Center, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Translational Medicine Research Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
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2
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Reveret L, Leclerc M, Morin F, Émond V, Calon F. Pharmacokinetics, biodistribution and toxicology of novel cell-penetrating peptides. Sci Rep 2023; 13:11081. [PMID: 37422520 PMCID: PMC10329699 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-37280-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) have been used in basic and preclinical research in the past 30 years to facilitate drug delivery into target cells. However, translation toward the clinic has not been successful so far. Here, we studied the pharmacokinetic (PK) and biodistribution profiles of Shuttle cell-penetrating peptides (S-CPP) in rodents, combined or not with an immunoglobulin G (IgG) cargo. We compared two enantiomers of S-CPP that contain both a protein transduction domain and an endosomal escape domain, with previously shown capacity for cytoplasmic delivery. The plasma concentration versus time curve of both radiolabelled S-CPPs required a two-compartment PK analytical model, which showed a fast distribution phase (t1/2α ranging from 1.25 to 3 min) followed by a slower elimination phase (t1/2β ranging from 5 to 15 h) after intravenous injection. Cargo IgG combined to S-CPPs displayed longer elimination half-life, of up to 25 h. The fast decrease in plasma concentration of S-CPPs was associated with an accumulation in target organs assessed at 1 and 5 h post-injection, particularly in the liver. In addition, in situ cerebral perfusion (ISCP) of L-S-CPP yielded a brain uptake coefficient of 7.2 ± 1.1 µl g-1 s-1, consistent with penetration across the blood-brain barrier (BBB), without damaging its integrity in vivo. No sign of peripheral toxicity was detected either by examining hematologic and biochemical blood parameters, or by measuring cytokine levels in plasma. In conclusion, S-CPPs are promising non-toxic transport vectors for improved tissue distribution of drug cargos in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Reveret
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
- Neurosciences Axis, CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, 2705, Boulevard Laurier, Room T2-67, Quebec City, QC, G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - M Leclerc
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
- Neurosciences Axis, CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, 2705, Boulevard Laurier, Room T2-67, Quebec City, QC, G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - F Morin
- Neurosciences Axis, CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, 2705, Boulevard Laurier, Room T2-67, Quebec City, QC, G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - V Émond
- Neurosciences Axis, CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, 2705, Boulevard Laurier, Room T2-67, Quebec City, QC, G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - F Calon
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada.
- Neurosciences Axis, CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, 2705, Boulevard Laurier, Room T2-67, Quebec City, QC, G1V 4G2, Canada.
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3
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Jiang A, Zhou C, Samsom J, Yan S, Yu DZ, Jia ZP, Wong AHC, Liu F. The GR-FKBP51 interaction modulates fear memory but not spatial or recognition memory. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2022; 119:110604. [PMID: 35839967 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2022.110604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/10/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The glucocorticoid receptor (GR) forms a protein complex with FKBP51 that is increased in post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and by fear conditioned learning. Disrupting the GR-FKBP51 complex with a synthetic peptide can block the storage or retrieval of fear conditioned memories, which could be a novel approach to the alleviate fear associated memory in PTSD. However, a potential unacceptable side effect could be the impairment of other types of memory. Thus, we investigated the effect of disrupting the GR-FKBP51 complex on recognition memory using the novel object and displaced object recognition tasks, spatial memory in the Morris water maze, and on social interaction in Crawley's three-chamber social interaction test. We did not observe adverse effects on these other types of memory and conclude that the GR-FKBP51 interaction remains a promising target for treating psychiatric disorders characterized by unwanted aversive memories such as in PTSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anlong Jiang
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON M5T 1R8, Canada
| | - Chanjuan Zhou
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON M5T 1R8, Canada
| | - James Samsom
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON M5T 1R8, Canada
| | - Shuxin Yan
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON M5T 1R8, Canada
| | - Dian Zheng Yu
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON M5T 1R8, Canada
| | - Zheng-Ping Jia
- Neurosciences & Mental Health, The Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Ave., M5G 1X8, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Albert H C Wong
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON M5T 1R8, Canada; Department of Pharmacology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada; Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5T 1R8, Canada
| | - Fang Liu
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON M5T 1R8, Canada; Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5T 1R8, Canada; Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada.
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4
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Herrera R, Rosbe K, Tugizov SM. Inactivation of HIV-1 in Polarized Infant Tonsil Epithelial Cells by Human Beta-Defensins 2 and 3 Tagged with the Protein Transduction Domain of HIV-1 Tat. Viruses 2021; 13:v13102043. [PMID: 34696473 PMCID: PMC8538026 DOI: 10.3390/v13102043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Revised: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) of HIV-1 may occur during pregnancy, labor, and breastfeeding; however, the molecular mechanism of MTCT of virus remains poorly understood. Infant tonsil mucosal epithelium may sequester HIV-1, serving as a transient reservoir, and may play a critical role in MTCT. Innate immune proteins human beta-defensins 2 (hBD-2) and -3 may inactivate intravesicular virions. To establish delivery of hBD-2 and -3 into vesicles containing HIV-1, we tagged hBDs with the protein transduction domain (PTD) of HIV-1 Tat, which facilitates an efficient translocation of proteins across cell membranes. Our new findings showed that hBD-2 and -3 proteins tagged with PTD efficiently penetrated polarized tonsil epithelial cells by endocytosis and direct penetration. PTD-initiated internalization of hBD-2 and -3 proteins into epithelial cells led to their subsequent penetration of multivesicular bodies (MVB) and vacuoles containing HIV-1. Furthermore, PTD played a role in the fusion of vesicles containing HIV-1 with lysosomes, where virus was inactivated. PTD-initiated internalization of hBD-2 and -3 proteins into ex vivo tonsil tissue explants reduced the spread of virus from epithelial cells to CD4+ T lymphocytes, CD68+ macrophages, and CD1c+ dendritic cells, suggesting that this approach may serve as an antiviral strategy for inactivating intraepithelial HIV-1 and reducing viral MTCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rossana Herrera
- Department of Medicine, University of California–San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Ave., San Francisco, CA 94143, USA;
| | - Kristina Rosbe
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of California–San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94115, USA;
| | - Sharof M. Tugizov
- Department of Medicine, University of California–San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Ave., San Francisco, CA 94143, USA;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-(415)-514-3177; Fax: +1-(415)-476-9364
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5
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Yu S, Yang H, Li T, Pan H, Ren S, Luo G, Jiang J, Yu L, Chen B, Zhang Y, Wang S, Tian R, Zhang T, Zhang S, Chen Y, Yuan Q, Ge S, Zhang J, Xia N. Efficient intracellular delivery of proteins by a multifunctional chimaeric peptide in vitro and in vivo. Nat Commun 2021; 12:5131. [PMID: 34446736 PMCID: PMC8390694 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-25448-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein delivery with cell-penetrating peptide is opening up the possibility of using targets inside cells for therapeutic or biological applications; however, cell-penetrating peptide-mediated protein delivery commonly suffers from ineffective endosomal escape and low tolerance in serum, thereby limiting in vivo efficacy. Here, we present an intracellular protein delivery system consisting of four modules in series: cell-penetrating peptide, pH-dependent membrane active peptide, endosome-specific protease sites and a leucine zipper. This system exhibits enhanced delivery efficiency and serum tolerance, depending on proteolytic cleavage-facilitated endosomal escape and leucine zipper-based dimerisation. Intravenous injection of protein phosphatase 1B fused with this system successfully suppresses the tumour necrosis factor-α-induced systemic inflammatory response and acetaminophen-induced acute liver failure in a mouse model. We believe that the strategy of using multifunctional chimaeric peptides is valuable for the development of cell-penetrating peptide-based protein delivery systems, and facilitate the development of biological macromolecular drugs for use against intracellular targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyuan Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Centers of Biological Products, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Han Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Centers of Biological Products, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Tingdong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Centers of Biological Products, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Haifeng Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Centers of Biological Products, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Shuling Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Centers of Biological Products, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Guoxing Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Centers of Biological Products, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Jinlu Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Centers of Biological Products, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Linqi Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Centers of Biological Products, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Binbing Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Centers of Biological Products, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Yali Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Centers of Biological Products, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Shaojuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Centers of Biological Products, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Rui Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Centers of Biological Products, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Tianying Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Centers of Biological Products, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Shiyin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Centers of Biological Products, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Yixin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Centers of Biological Products, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Quan Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Centers of Biological Products, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China.
| | - Shengxiang Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Centers of Biological Products, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China.
| | - Jun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Centers of Biological Products, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Ningshao Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Centers of Biological Products, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China.
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6
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The distribution and changes of glycoalkaloids in potato tubers under different storage time based on MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry imaging. Talanta 2021; 221:121453. [PMID: 33076076 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2020.121453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Glycoalkaloids (GAs) are toxic secondary metabolites in potatoes, which are harmful to human body. The storage time has a great influence on the biosynthesis and distribution of GAs. In present study, an imaging mass microscope (iMScope) was used to investigate the distribution and changes of GAs in potato tubers under different storage time (0, 10, 15, 20, 30, 40 and 60 days). We established a growth model with logistic equation to evaluate the growth trends of four major GAs in sprout, periderm and medulla. The results showed that the growth rate and relative contents of four GAs in sprout and periderm were significantly higher than that in medulla. In addition, four GAs also presented different change trends. For dehydrosolanine and α-solanine, rapid growth period of these two GAs in sprout (about at the day 23, similar to these in medulla) was later than which period in periderm (about at the day 17), while rapid growth of dehydrochaconine and α-chaconine appeared at almost the same time (about at the day 20). Based on the biosynthesis and metabolism of GAs, we have made possible explanations for these results. This study is useful for comprehending the metabolism of GAs in different parts and monitoring food safety in potatoes.
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7
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Meloni BP, Chen Y, Harrison KA, Nashed JY, Blacker DJ, South SM, Anderton RS, Mastaglia FL, Winterborn A, Knuckey NW, Cook DJ. Poly-Arginine Peptide-18 (R18) Reduces Brain Injury and Improves Functional Outcomes in a Nonhuman Primate Stroke Model. Neurotherapeutics 2020; 17:627-634. [PMID: 31833045 PMCID: PMC7283416 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-019-00809-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Poly-arginine peptide-18 (R18) is neuroprotective in different rodent middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) stroke models. In this study, we examined whether R18 treatment could reduce ischemic brain injury and improve functional outcome in a nonhuman primate (NHP) stroke model. A stroke was induced in male cynomolgus macaques by MCAO distal to the orbitofrontal branch of the MCA through a right pterional craniotomy, using a 5-mm titanium aneurysm clip for 90 min. R18 (1000 nmol/kg) or saline vehicle was administered intravenously 60 min after the onset of MCAO. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI; perfusion-weighted imaging, diffusion-weighted imaging, or T2-weighted imaging) of the brain was performed 15 min, 24 h, and 28 days post-MCAO, and neurological outcome was assessed using the NHP stroke scale (NHPSS). Experimental endpoint was 28 days post-MCAO, treatments were randomized, and all procedures were performed blinded to treatment status. R18 treatment reduced infarct lesion volume by up to 65.2% and 69.7% at 24 h and 28 days poststroke, respectively. Based on NHPSS scores, R18-treated animals displayed reduced functional deficits. This study confirms the effectiveness of R18 in reducing the severity of ischemic brain injury and improving functional outcomes after stroke in a NHP model, and provides further support for its clinical development as a stroke neuroprotective therapeutic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno P Meloni
- Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, Nedlands, Western Australia, 6009, Australia
- Department of Neurosurgery, QEII Medical Centre, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
- Centre for Neuromuscular and Neurological Disorders, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Yining Chen
- Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kathleen A Harrison
- Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Joseph Y Nashed
- Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - David J Blacker
- Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, Nedlands, Western Australia, 6009, Australia
- Department of Neurosurgery, QEII Medical Centre, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
- Department of Neurology, QEII Medical Centre, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Samantha M South
- Office of Research Enterprise, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Ryan S Anderton
- Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, Nedlands, Western Australia, 6009, Australia
- Centre for Neuromuscular and Neurological Disorders, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- School of Heath Sciences, and Institute for Health Research, The University Notre Dame Australia, Fremantle, Australia
| | - Frank L Mastaglia
- Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, Nedlands, Western Australia, 6009, Australia
- Department of Neurosurgery, QEII Medical Centre, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Andrew Winterborn
- Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Neville W Knuckey
- Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, Nedlands, Western Australia, 6009, Australia
- Department of Neurosurgery, QEII Medical Centre, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
- Centre for Neuromuscular and Neurological Disorders, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Douglas J Cook
- Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada.
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Queen's University Kingston Health Sciences Centre, Kingston, Ontario, Canada.
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Dalhousie University Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.
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8
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Cho SB, Eum WS, Shin MJ, Kwon HJ, Park JH, Choi YJ, Park J, Han KH, Kang JH, Kim DS, Cho SW, Kim DW, Choi SY. Transduced Tat-aldose Reductase Protects Hippocampal Neuronal Cells against Oxidative Stress-induced Damage. Exp Neurobiol 2019; 28:612-627. [PMID: 31698553 PMCID: PMC6844837 DOI: 10.5607/en.2019.28.5.612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Revised: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Aldose reductase (AR) protein, a member of the NADPH-dependent aldo-keto reductase family, reduces a wide range of aldehydes and enhances cell survival by inhibition of oxidative stress. Oxidative stress is known as one of the major pathological factor in ischemia. Since the precise function of AR protein in ischemic injury is fully unclear, we examined the function of AR protein in hippocampal neuronal (HT-22) cells and in an animal model of ischemia in this study. Cell permeable Tat-AR protein was produced by fusion of protein transduction domain in Tat for delivery into the cells. Tat-AR protein transduced into HT-22 cells and significantly inhibited cell death and regulated the mitogen-activate protein kinases (MAPKs), Bcl-2, Bax, and Caspase-3 under oxidative stress condition. In an ischemic animal model, Tat-AR protein transduced into the brain tissues through the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and drastically decreased neuronal cell death in hippocampal CA1 region. These results indicate that transduced Tat-AR protein has protective effects against oxidative stress-induced neuronal cell death in vitro and in vivo, suggesting that Tat-AR protein could be used as potential therapeutic agent in ischemic injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su Bin Cho
- Department of Biomedical Science and Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea
| | - Won Sik Eum
- Department of Biomedical Science and Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea
| | - Min Jea Shin
- Department of Biomedical Science and Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea
| | - Hyun Jung Kwon
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Research Institute of Oral Sciences, College of Dentistry, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung 25457, Korea
| | - Jung Hwan Park
- Department of Biomedical Science and Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea
| | - Yeon Joo Choi
- Department of Biomedical Science and Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea
| | - Jinseu Park
- Department of Biomedical Science and Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea
| | - Kyu Hyung Han
- Department of Biomedical Science and Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea
| | - Ju Hyeon Kang
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan 31538, Korea
| | - Duk-Soo Kim
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan 31538, Korea
| | - Sung-Woo Cho
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Korea
| | - Dae Won Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Research Institute of Oral Sciences, College of Dentistry, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung 25457, Korea
| | - Soo Young Choi
- Department of Biomedical Science and Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea
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9
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Jensen K, WuWong DJ, Wong S, Matsuyama M, Matsuyama S. Pharmacological inhibition of Bax-induced cell death: Bax-inhibiting peptides and small compounds inhibiting Bax. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2019; 244:621-629. [PMID: 30836793 DOI: 10.1177/1535370219833624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
IMPACT STATEMENT Bax induces mitochondria-dependent programed cell death. While cytotoxic drugs activating Bax have been developed for cancer treatment, clinically effective therapeutics suppressing Bax-induced cell death rescuing essential cells have not been developed. This mini-review will summarize previously reported Bax inhibitors including peptides, small compounds, and antibodies. We will discuss potential applications and the future direction of these Bax inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelsey Jensen
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - David Jasen WuWong
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Sean Wong
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Mieko Matsuyama
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Shigemi Matsuyama
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
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10
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Liverani E, Mondrinos MJ, Sun S, Kunapuli SP, Kilpatrick LE. Role of Protein Kinase C-delta in regulating platelet activation and platelet-leukocyte interaction during sepsis. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0195379. [PMID: 29617417 PMCID: PMC5884571 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0195379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Sepsis is characterized by an intense systemic inflammatory response activating a cascade of proinflammatory events resulting in leukocyte dysregulation and host tissue damage. The lung is particularly susceptible to systemic inflammation, leading to acute lung injury. Key to inflammation-induced lung damage is the excessive migration of neutrophils across the vascular endothelium. The mechanisms which regulate neutrophil activation and migration in sepsis are not well defined but there is growing evidence that platelets are actively involved and play a key role in microvascular permeability and neutrophil-mediated organ damage. We previously identified PKC-delta (PKCδ) as a critical regulator of the inflammatory response in sepsis and demonstrated PKCδ inhibition was lung protective. However, the role of PKCδ in sepsis-induced platelet activation and platelet-leukocyte interactions is not known. In this study, rats underwent sham surgery or cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) to induce sepsis. Following surgeries, a PKCδ inhibitor (200μg/kg) or vehicle (PBS) was administered intra-tracheally. At 24 hours post-surgeries, lung tissue, BAL fluid, and blood samples were collected. While sepsis caused thrombocytopenia, the remaining circulating platelets were activated as demonstrated by increased p-selectin expression, elevated plasma PF4, and enhanced platelet-leukocyte aggregate formation compared to Sham animals. Platelet activation was associated with increased platelet PKCδ activity. Inhibition of PKCδ attenuated sepsis-induced platelet activation, secretion and aggregate formation. Sepsis-induced thrombocytopenia was also significantly reduced and circulating platelet numbers were similar to sham animals. In the lung, sepsis induced significant influx of platelets and neutrophils and the development of lung injury. Administration of the PKCδ inhibitor decreased platelet and neutrophil influx, and was lung protective. Thus, PKCδ inhibition modulated platelet activity both locally and systemically, decreased neutrophil influx into the lung, and was lung protective. We demonstrate for the first time that PKCδ plays an important role in platelet activation and platelet-neutrophil interaction during sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Liverani
- Sol Sherry Thrombosis Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Center for Inflammation, Translational and Clinical Lung Research, Department of Thoracic Medicine and Surgery, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Mark J. Mondrinos
- Sol Sherry Thrombosis Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Center for Inflammation, Translational and Clinical Lung Research, Department of Thoracic Medicine and Surgery, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Shuang Sun
- Center for Inflammation, Translational and Clinical Lung Research, Department of Thoracic Medicine and Surgery, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Satya P. Kunapuli
- Sol Sherry Thrombosis Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Physiology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Laurie E. Kilpatrick
- Sol Sherry Thrombosis Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Center for Inflammation, Translational and Clinical Lung Research, Department of Thoracic Medicine and Surgery, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Physiology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
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11
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Patruno M, Melotti L, Gomiero C, Sacchetto R, Topel O, Martinello T. A mini-review of TAT-MyoD fused proteins: state of the art and problems to solve. Eur J Transl Myol 2017; 27:6039. [PMID: 29299217 PMCID: PMC5745379 DOI: 10.4081/ejtm.2017.6039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2016] [Revised: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The transcriptional activator TAT is a small peptide essential for viral replication and possesses the property of entering the cells from the extracellular milieu, acting as a membrane shuttle. In order to safely differentiate cells an innovative methodology, based on the fusion of transcription factors and the TAT sequence, is discussed in this short review. In several studies, it has been demonstrated that TAT protein can be observed in the cell nucleus after few hours from the inoculation although its way of action is not fully understood. However, further studies will be necessary to develop this methodology for clinical purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Patruno
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova, Italy
| | - Luca Melotti
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova, Italy
| | - Chiara Gomiero
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova, Italy
| | - Roberta Sacchetto
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova, Italy
| | - Ohad Topel
- VTH - Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Tiziana Martinello
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova, Italy
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12
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CPP-Assisted Intracellular Drug Delivery, What Is Next? Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17111892. [PMID: 27854260 PMCID: PMC5133891 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17111892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2016] [Revised: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 11/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
For the past 20 years, we have witnessed an unprecedented and, indeed, rather miraculous event of how cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs), the naturally originated penetrating enhancers, help overcome the membrane barrier that has hindered the access of bio-macromolecular compounds such as genes and proteins into cells, thereby denying their clinical potential to become potent anti-cancer drugs. By taking the advantage of the unique cell-translocation property of these short peptides, various payloads of proteins, nucleic acids, or even nanoparticle-based carriers were delivered into all cell types with unparalleled efficiency. However, non-specific CPP-mediated cell penetration into normal tissues can lead to widespread organ distribution of the payloads, thereby reducing the therapeutic efficacy of the drug and at the same time increasing the drug-induced toxic effects. In view of these challenges, we present herein a review of the new designs of CPP-linked vehicles and strategies to achieve highly effective yet less toxic chemotherapy in combating tumor oncology.
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13
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The role of Prdx6 in the protection of cells of the crystalline lens from oxidative stress induced by UV exposure. Jpn J Ophthalmol 2016; 60:408-18. [PMID: 27379999 DOI: 10.1007/s10384-016-0461-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2015] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The immediate aim of this study was to investigate alterations in peroxiredoxin (Prdx) 6 at posttranslational levels, and the levels of protein oxidation, lipid peroxidation, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) in lens epithelial cells (LECs) after exposure to severe oxidative stress, such as ultraviolet-B (UV-B). Our ultimate aim was to provide new information on antioxidant defenses in the lens and their regulation, thereby broadening existing knowledge of the role of Prdx6 in lens physiology and pathophysiology. METHODS The expression of the hyperoxidized form of Prdx6 and oxidation of protein were analyzed by western blotting and the OxyBlot assay in human LECs (hLECs). ROS levels were quantified using DCFH-DA dye, and cell viability was quantified by the MTS and TUNEL assays. To evaluate the protective effect of Prdx6, we cultured lenses with or without the TAT transduction domain (TAT-HA-Prdx6) and observed (and photographed) the cultures at specified time-points after the exposure to UV-B for the development of opacity. RESULTS Prdx6 in hLECs was hyperoxidized after exposure to high amounts of UV-B. UV-B treatment of hLECs increased the levels of cell death, protein oxidation, and ROS. hLECs exposed to UV-B showed higher levels of ROS, which could be reduced by the application of extrinsic TAT-HA-Prdx6, attenuating UV-B-induced lens opacity and apoptotic cell death. CONCLUSION Excessive oxidative stress induces the hyperoxidation of Prdx6 and may reduce the ability of Prdx6 to protect LECs against ROS or stresses. Because extrinsic Prdx6 could attenuate UV-B-induced abuse, this molecule may have a potential in preventing cataractogenesis.
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14
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Rabideau AE, Pentelute BL. Delivery of Non-Native Cargo into Mammalian Cells Using Anthrax Lethal Toxin. ACS Chem Biol 2016; 11:1490-501. [PMID: 27055654 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.6b00169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The intracellular delivery of peptide and protein therapeutics is a major challenge due to the plasma membrane, which acts as a barrier between the extracellular environment and the intracellular milieu. Over the past two decades, a nontoxic PA/LFN delivery platform derived from anthrax lethal toxin has been developed for the transport of non-native cargo into the cytosol of cells in order to understand the translocation process through a protective antigen (PA) pore and to probe intracellular biological functions. Enzyme-mediated ligation using sortase A and native chemical ligation are two facile methods used to synthesize these non-native conjugates, inaccessible by recombinant technology. Cargo molecules that translocate efficiently include enzymes from protein toxins, antibody mimic proteins, and peptides of varying lengths and non-natural amino acid compositions. The PA pore has been found to effectively convey over 30 known cargos other than native lethal factor (LF; i.e., non-native) with diverse sequences and functionalities on the LFN transporter protein. All together these studies demonstrated that non-native cargos must adopt an unfolded or extended conformation and contain a suitable charge composition in order to efficiently pass through the PA pore. This review provides insight into design parameters for the efficient delivery of new cargos using PA and LFN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy E. Rabideau
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Chemistry, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Bradley Lether Pentelute
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Chemistry, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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15
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Regan L, Hinrichsen MR, Oi C. Protein engineering strategies with potential applications for altering clinically relevant cellular pathways at the protein level. Expert Rev Proteomics 2016; 13:481-93. [PMID: 27031866 DOI: 10.1586/14789450.2016.1172966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
All diseases can be fundamentally viewed as the result of malfunctioning cellular pathways. Protein engineering offers the potential to develop new tools that will allow these dysfunctional pathways to be better understood, in addition to potentially providing new routes to restore proper function. Here we discuss different approaches that can be used to change the intracellular activity of a protein by intervening at the protein level: targeted protein sequestration, protein recruitment, protein degradation, and selective inhibition of binding interfaces. The potential of each of these tools to be developed into effective therapeutic treatments will also be discussed, along with any major barriers that currently block their translation into the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynne Regan
- a Department of Molecular Biophysics & Biochemistry , Yale University , New Haven , CT , USA.,b Department of Chemistry , Yale University , New Haven , CT , USA.,c Integrated Graduate Program in Physical and Engineering Biology , Yale University , New Haven , CT , USA
| | - Michael R Hinrichsen
- a Department of Molecular Biophysics & Biochemistry , Yale University , New Haven , CT , USA
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16
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Zaro JL, Shen WC. Cationic and amphipathic cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs): Their structures and in vivo studies in drug delivery. Front Chem Sci Eng 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s11705-015-1538-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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17
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Li M, Song S, Li S, Feng J, Hua Z. The Blockade of NF-κB Activation by a Specific Inhibitory Peptide Has a Strong Neuroprotective Role in a Sprague-Dawley Rat Kernicterus Model. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:30042-52. [PMID: 26499797 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.673525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Kernicterus, the permanent nerve damage occurring as a result of bilirubin precipitation, still occurs worldwide and may lead to death or permanent neurological impairments. However, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear, and effective therapeutic strategies are lacking. The present study aims to investigate the activation of NF-κB and to identify the effect of NF-κB inhibition on the newborn rat kernicterus model. The NF-κB essential modifier-binding domain peptide (NBD), coupled with the HIV trans-activator of transcription peptide (TAT) was used to inhibit NF-κB. NF-κB was significantly activated in the cerebrum at 1 and 3 h (p < 0.05) after the model was established, as measured by EMSA. NF-κB activation was inhibited by intraperitoneal administration of TAT-NBD. The general conditions of the TAT-NBD-treated rats were improved; meanwhile, these rats performed much better on the neurological evaluation, the rotarod test, and the Morris water maze test (p < 0.05) than the vehicle-treated rats at 28 days. Furthermore, the morphology of the nerve cells was better preserved in the TAT-NBD group, and these cells displayed less neurodegeneration and astrocytosis. Simultaneously, apoptosis in the brain was attenuated, and the levels of the TNF-α and IL-1β proteins were decreased (p < 0.01). These results suggested that NF-κB was activated, and inhibition of NF-κB activation by TAT-NBD not only attenuated the acute neurotoxicity, apoptosis, and inflammation, but also improved the long term neurobehavioral impairments in the kernicterus model rats in vivo. Thus, inhibiting NF-κB activation might be a potential therapeutic approach for kernicterus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengwen Li
- From the Department of Neonatology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400000, China, the Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing, 400000, China, the Chongqing Key Laboratory of Translational Medical Research in Cognitive Development and Learning and Memory Disorders, Chongqing, 400000, China
| | - Sijie Song
- From the Department of Neonatology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400000, China, the Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing, 400000, China, the Key Laboratory of Pediatrics in Chongqing, Chongqing, 400000, China, and
| | - Shengjun Li
- From the Department of Neonatology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400000, China, the Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing, 400000, China
| | - Jie Feng
- From the Department of Neonatology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400000, China, the Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing, 400000, China
| | - Ziyu Hua
- From the Department of Neonatology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400000, China, the Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing, 400000, China, the Chongqing International Science and Technology Cooperation Center for Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing, 400000, China
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18
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Mondrinos MJ, Knight LC, Kennedy PA, Wu J, Kauffman M, Baker ST, Wolfson MR, Kilpatrick LE. Biodistribution and Efficacy of Targeted Pulmonary Delivery of a Protein Kinase C-δ Inhibitory Peptide: Impact on Indirect Lung Injury. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2015; 355:86-98. [PMID: 26243739 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.115.224832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 08/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Sepsis and sepsis-induced lung injury remain a leading cause of death in intensive care units. We identified protein kinase C-δ (PKCδ) as a critical regulator of the acute inflammatory response and demonstrated that PKCδ inhibition was lung-protective in a rodent sepsis model, suggesting that targeting PKCδ is a potential strategy for preserving pulmonary function in the setting of indirect lung injury. In this study, whole-body organ biodistribution and pulmonary cellular distribution of a transactivator of transcription (TAT)-conjugated PKCδ inhibitory peptide (PKCδ-TAT) was determined following intratracheal (IT) delivery in control and septic [cecal ligation and puncture (CLP)] rats to ascertain the impact of disease pathology on biodistribution and efficacy. There was negligible lung uptake of radiolabeled peptide upon intravenous delivery [<1% initial dose (ID)], whereas IT administration resulted in lung retention of >65% ID with minimal uptake in liver or kidney (<2% ID). IT delivery of a fluorescent-tagged (tetramethylrhodamine-PKCδ-TAT) peptide demonstrated uniform spatial distribution and cellular uptake throughout the peripheral lung. IT delivery of PKCδ-TAT at the time of CLP surgery significantly reduced PKCδ activation (tyrosine phosphorylation, nuclear translocation and cleavage) and acute lung inflammation, resulting in improved lung function and gas exchange. Importantly, peptide efficacy was similar when delivered at 4 hours post-CLP, demonstrating therapeutic relevance. Conversely, spatial lung distribution and efficacy were significantly impaired at 8 hours post-CLP, which corresponded to marked histopathological progression of lung injury. These studies establish a functional connection between peptide spatial distribution, inflammatory histopathology in the lung, and efficacy of this anti-inflammatory peptide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark J Mondrinos
- Center for Inflammation, Clinical and Translational Lung Research (M.J.M., P.A.K., J.W., M.K., S.T.B., M.R.W., L.E.K.), Department of Physiology (M.J.M., P.A.K., J.W., S.T.B., M.R.W., L.E.K.), Sol Sherry Thrombosis Research Center (M.J.M., L.C.K., L.E.K.), Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine (M.R.W.), and Department of Radiology (L.C.K.), Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Linda C Knight
- Center for Inflammation, Clinical and Translational Lung Research (M.J.M., P.A.K., J.W., M.K., S.T.B., M.R.W., L.E.K.), Department of Physiology (M.J.M., P.A.K., J.W., S.T.B., M.R.W., L.E.K.), Sol Sherry Thrombosis Research Center (M.J.M., L.C.K., L.E.K.), Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine (M.R.W.), and Department of Radiology (L.C.K.), Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Paul A Kennedy
- Center for Inflammation, Clinical and Translational Lung Research (M.J.M., P.A.K., J.W., M.K., S.T.B., M.R.W., L.E.K.), Department of Physiology (M.J.M., P.A.K., J.W., S.T.B., M.R.W., L.E.K.), Sol Sherry Thrombosis Research Center (M.J.M., L.C.K., L.E.K.), Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine (M.R.W.), and Department of Radiology (L.C.K.), Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Jichuan Wu
- Center for Inflammation, Clinical and Translational Lung Research (M.J.M., P.A.K., J.W., M.K., S.T.B., M.R.W., L.E.K.), Department of Physiology (M.J.M., P.A.K., J.W., S.T.B., M.R.W., L.E.K.), Sol Sherry Thrombosis Research Center (M.J.M., L.C.K., L.E.K.), Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine (M.R.W.), and Department of Radiology (L.C.K.), Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Matthew Kauffman
- Center for Inflammation, Clinical and Translational Lung Research (M.J.M., P.A.K., J.W., M.K., S.T.B., M.R.W., L.E.K.), Department of Physiology (M.J.M., P.A.K., J.W., S.T.B., M.R.W., L.E.K.), Sol Sherry Thrombosis Research Center (M.J.M., L.C.K., L.E.K.), Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine (M.R.W.), and Department of Radiology (L.C.K.), Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Sandy T Baker
- Center for Inflammation, Clinical and Translational Lung Research (M.J.M., P.A.K., J.W., M.K., S.T.B., M.R.W., L.E.K.), Department of Physiology (M.J.M., P.A.K., J.W., S.T.B., M.R.W., L.E.K.), Sol Sherry Thrombosis Research Center (M.J.M., L.C.K., L.E.K.), Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine (M.R.W.), and Department of Radiology (L.C.K.), Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Marla R Wolfson
- Center for Inflammation, Clinical and Translational Lung Research (M.J.M., P.A.K., J.W., M.K., S.T.B., M.R.W., L.E.K.), Department of Physiology (M.J.M., P.A.K., J.W., S.T.B., M.R.W., L.E.K.), Sol Sherry Thrombosis Research Center (M.J.M., L.C.K., L.E.K.), Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine (M.R.W.), and Department of Radiology (L.C.K.), Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Laurie E Kilpatrick
- Center for Inflammation, Clinical and Translational Lung Research (M.J.M., P.A.K., J.W., M.K., S.T.B., M.R.W., L.E.K.), Department of Physiology (M.J.M., P.A.K., J.W., S.T.B., M.R.W., L.E.K.), Sol Sherry Thrombosis Research Center (M.J.M., L.C.K., L.E.K.), Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine (M.R.W.), and Department of Radiology (L.C.K.), Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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Liao X, Rabideau AE, Pentelute BL. Delivery of antibody mimics into mammalian cells via anthrax toxin protective antigen. Chembiochem 2014; 15:2458-66. [PMID: 25250705 PMCID: PMC4498471 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201402290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Antibody mimics have significant scientific and therapeutic utility for the disruption of protein-protein interactions inside cells; however, their delivery to the cell cytosol remains a major challenge. Here we show that protective antigen (PA), a component of anthrax toxin, efficiently transports commonly used antibody mimics to the cytosol of mammalian cells when conjugated to the N-terminal domain of LF (LFN). In contrast, a cell-penetrating peptide (CPP) was not able to deliver any of these antibody mimics into the cell cytosol. The refolding and binding of a transported tandem monobody to Bcr-Abl (its protein target) in chronic myeloid leukemia cells were confirmed by co-immunoprecipitation. We also observed inhibition of Bcr-Abl kinase activity and induction of apoptosis caused by the monobody. In a separate case, we show disruption of key interactions in the MAPK signaling pathway after PA-mediated delivery of an affibody binder that targets hRaf-1. We show for the first time that PA can deliver bioactive antibody mimics to disrupt intracellular protein-protein interactions. This technology adds a useful tool to expand the applications of these modern agents to the intracellular milieu.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Liao
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology77 Massachusetts Avenue 18-596, Cambridge, MA 02193 (USA) E-mail:
| | - Amy E Rabideau
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology77 Massachusetts Avenue 18-596, Cambridge, MA 02193 (USA) E-mail:
| | - Bradley L Pentelute
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology77 Massachusetts Avenue 18-596, Cambridge, MA 02193 (USA) E-mail:
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20
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Identification and characterization of a novel cell-penetrating peptide of 30Kc19 protein derived from Bombyx mori. Process Biochem 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2014.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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21
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A survey on "Trojan Horse" peptides: opportunities, issues and controlled entry to "Troy". J Control Release 2014; 194:53-70. [PMID: 25151981 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2014.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2014] [Revised: 08/08/2014] [Accepted: 08/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs), often vividly termed as the "Trojan Horse" peptides, have attracted considerable interest for the intracellular delivery of a wide range of cargoes, such as small molecules, peptides, proteins, nucleic acids, contrast agents, nanocarriers and so on. Some preclinical and clinical developments of CPP conjugates demonstrate their promise as therapeutic agents for drug discovery. There is increasing evidence to suggest that CPPs have the potential to cross several bio-barriers (e.g., blood-brain barriers, intestinal mucosa, nasal mucosa and skin barriers). Despite revolutionary process in many aspects, there are a lot of basic issues unclear for these entities, such as internalization mechanisms, translocation efficiency, translocation kinetics, metabolic degradation, toxicity, side effect, distribution and non-specificity. Among them, non-specificity remains a major drawback for the in vivo application of CPPs in the targeted delivery of cargoes. So far, diverse organelle-specific CPPs or controlled delivery strategies have emerged and improved their specificity. In this review, we will look at the opportunities of CPPs in clinical development, bio-barriers penetration and nanocarriers delivery. Then, a series of basic problems of CPPs will be discussed. Finally, this paper will highlight the use of various controlled strategies in the organelle-specific delivery and targeted delivery of CPPs. The purpose of this review will be to emphasize most influential advance in this field and present a fundamental understanding for challenges and utilizations of CPPs. This will accelerate their translation as efficient vectors from the in vitro setting into the clinic arena, and retrieve the entry art to "Troy".
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Borghouts C, Delis N, Brill B, Weiss A, Mack L, Lucks P, Groner B. A membrane penetrating peptide aptamer inhibits STAT3 function and suppresses the growth of STAT3 addicted tumor cells. JAKSTAT 2013; 1:44-54. [PMID: 24058750 PMCID: PMC3670134 DOI: 10.4161/jkst.18947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2011] [Revised: 12/05/2011] [Accepted: 12/05/2011] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer cells are characterized by the aberrant activation of signaling pathways governing proliferation, survival, angiogenesis, migration and immune evasion. These processes are partially regulated by the transcription factor STAT3. This factor is inappropriately activated in diverse tumor types. Since tumor cells can become dependent on its persistent activation, STAT3 is a favorable drug target. Here, we describe the functional characterization of the recombinant STAT3 inhibitor, rS3-PA. This inhibitor is based on a 20 amino acid peptide which specifically interacts with the dimerization domain of STAT3. It is integrated into a thioredoxin scaffold and fused to a protein transduction domain. Protein gel blot and immunofluorescence analyses showed that rS3-PA is efficiently taken up by cells via an endocytosis independent mechanism. Intracellularly, it reduces the phosphorylation of STAT3 and enhances its degradation. This leads to the downregulation of STAT3 target gene expression on the mRNA and protein levels. Subsequently, tumor cell proliferation, survival and migration and the induction of angiogenesis are inhibited. In contrast, normal cells remain unaffected. Systemic administration of rS3-PA at doses of 7.5 mg/kg reduced P-STAT3 levels and significantly inhibited tumor growth up to 35% in a glioblastoma xenograft mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corina Borghouts
- Georg-Speyer-Haus; Institute for Biomedical Research; Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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Cellular Uptake Mechanism and Therapeutic Utility of a Novel Peptide in Targeted-Delivery of Proteins into Neuronal Cells. Pharm Res 2013; 30:2108-17. [DOI: 10.1007/s11095-013-1068-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2013] [Accepted: 04/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Gopal V. Bioinspired peptides as versatile nucleic acid delivery platforms. J Control Release 2013; 167:323-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2013.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2012] [Revised: 02/11/2013] [Accepted: 02/21/2013] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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25
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A protein delivery system using 30Kc19 cell-penetrating protein originating from silkworm. Biomaterials 2012; 33:9127-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2012.08.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2012] [Accepted: 08/28/2012] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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26
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Yu R, Guo X, Huang L, Zeng Z, Zhang H. The novel peptide PACAP-TAT with enhanced traversing ability attenuates the severe lung injury induced by repeated smoke inhalation. Peptides 2012; 38:142-9. [PMID: 22982609 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2012.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2012] [Revised: 09/04/2012] [Accepted: 09/04/2012] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) is a potential therapeutic peptide with anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative effects. In order to increase the efficiency of traversing biological barriers, a novel fusion peptide PACAP-TAT was produced by tagging PACAP at its C-terminus with 11-amino acid TAT protein transduction domain. The results of characteristic assays showed that PACAP-TAT activated PACAP specific receptor PAC1 with the same potency as PACAP and PACAP-TAT crossed blood-brain barrier (BBB), blood-air barrier (BAB) and blood-testis barrier (BTB) with the efficiency about 2.5-fold higher than that of PACAP. Both PACAP-TAT and PACAP were used treat the mice with lung injury induced by repeated smoke inhalation. It was shown that both PACAP-TAT and PACAP decreased the mortality, increased the body weight and inhibited the edema and vascular permeability in the lungs of the mice received repeated smoke inhalation, while PACAP-TAT displayed more marked effects than PACAP. PACAP-TAT decreased myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity, increased catalase (CAT) activity and down-regulated interleukin 6 (IL-6) and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in the lungs with a significantly higher efficiency than PACAP. The histopathological analysis also showed that PACAP-TAT attenuated the cell filtration and bronchi epithelial hyperplasia more significantly than PACAP. Moreover the leukocyte count in blood and the serum superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in the mice treated with PACAP-TAT were significantly different from that in mice treated with PACAP (p<0.05). All these data indicated that PACAP-TAT with increased traversing ability was more effective than PACAP in protecting the mice from the lung injury induced by repeated smoke inhalation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongjie Yu
- Biomedical Institute of Jinan University, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, PR China.
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27
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Ma Y, Gong C, Ma Y, Fan F, Luo M, Yang F, Zhang YH. Direct cytosolic delivery of cargoes in vivo by a chimera consisting of D- and L-arginine residues. J Control Release 2012; 162:286-94. [PMID: 22824782 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2012.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2012] [Revised: 05/31/2012] [Accepted: 07/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The ability of cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) to deliver a range of membrane-impermeable molecules into living cells makes them attractive potential vehicles for therapeutics. However, in vivo, the efficiency of CPP delivery to the cytosol remains unsatisfactory owing to endosomal entrapment and/or systemic toxicity, which severely restrict their bioavailability and efficacy in in vivo applications. In this study, we developed a series of novel chimeras consisting of various numbers of d- and l-arginine residues and investigated their cellular uptake behaviors and systemic toxicities. We demonstrated that the intracellular distribution, uptake efficiency, and systemic toxicity of these oligoarginines were all significantly affected by the number of d-arginine residues in the peptide sequence. We also found that a hybrid peptide, (rR)(3)R(2), possessed low systemic toxicity, high uptake efficiency, and, remarkably, achieved efficient cytosolic delivery not only in cultured cells but also in living tissue cells in mice after intravenous injection, implying that this heterogeneous motif might have promising applications in the delivery of cargoes of small sizes directed to cytosolic targets in vivo. Our studies into the uptake mechanism of (rR)(3)R(2) indicate that its cellular uptake was not affected by pharmacological or physical inhibitors of endocytosis but by the elimination of the membrane potential, suggesting that (rR)(3)R(2) does not enter the cells via endocytosis but rather through direct membrane translocation driven by the membrane potential. The results here might provide useful guidelines for the design and application of CPPs in drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Ma
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics-Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
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Zhang H, Ma Y, Gu J, Liao B, Li J, Wong J, Jin Y. Reprogramming of somatic cells via TAT-mediated protein transduction of recombinant factors. Biomaterials 2012; 33:5047-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2012.03.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2012] [Accepted: 03/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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29
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Fu A, Wang Y, Zhan L, Zhou R. Targeted delivery of proteins into the central nervous system mediated by rabies virus glycoprotein-derived peptide. Pharm Res 2012; 29:1562-9. [PMID: 22231987 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-012-0667-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2011] [Accepted: 01/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Delivery of therapeutic proteins across the blood-brain barrier (BBB) is severely limited by their size and biochemical properties. Here we showed that a 39-amino acid peptide derived from the rabies virus glycoprotein (RDP) was exploited as an efficient protein carrier for brain-targeting delivery. METHODS Three proteins with different molecular weight and pI, β-galactosidase (β-Gal), luciferase (Luc) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), were fused to RDP and intravenously injected into the mice respectively. The slices of different tissues with X-Gal staining were used to examine whether RDP could deliver β-Gal targeted into the CNS. The time-course relationship of RDP-Luc was studied to confirm the transport efficiency of RDP. The neuroprotective function of RDP-BDNF was examined in mouse experimental stroke to explore the pharmacological effect of RDP fusion protein. RESULTS The results showed that the fusion proteins rapidly and specific entered the nerve cells in 15 min, and the t(1/2) was about 1 hr. Furthermore, RDP-BDNF fusion protein showed the neuroprotective properties in mouse experimental stroke including reduction of stroke volume and neural deficit. CONCLUSIONS RDP provides an effective approach for the targeted delivery of biological active proteins into the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ailing Fu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Tian Sheng Road, Beibei District, Chongqing, 400716, China.
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30
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Novoselov VI, Ravin VK, Sharapov MG, Sofin AD, Kukushkin NI, Fesenko EE. Modified peroxiredoxins as prototypes of drugs with powerful antioxidant action. Biophysics (Nagoya-shi) 2011. [DOI: 10.1134/s0006350911050137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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31
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Todorova R. Comparative analysis of the methods of drug and protein delivery for the treatment of cancer, genetic diseases and diagnostics. Drug Deliv 2011; 18:586-98. [DOI: 10.3109/10717544.2011.600783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
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32
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Miyaji Y, Walter S, Chen L, Kurihara A, Ishizuka T, Saito M, Kawai K, Okazaki O. Distribution of KAI-9803, a novel δ-protein kinase C inhibitor, after intravenous administration to rats. Drug Metab Dispos 2011; 39:1946-53. [PMID: 21712433 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.111.040725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
KAI-9803 is composed of a selective δ-protein kinase C (δPKC) inhibitor peptide derived from the δV1-1 portion of δPKC (termed "cargo peptide"), conjugated reversibly to the cell-penetrating peptide 11-amino acid, arginine-rich sequence of the HIV type 1 transactivator protein (TAT₄₇₋₅₇; termed "carrier peptide") via a disulfide bond. KAI-9803 administration at the end of ischemia has been found to reduce cardiac damage caused by ischemia-reperfusion in a rat model of acute myocardial infarction. In the study presented here, we examined the TAT₄₇₋₅₇-mediated distribution of KAI-9803 in rats after a single intravenous bolus administration (1 mg/kg). ¹⁴C-KAI-9803 was rapidly delivered to many tissues, including the heart (1.21 μg eq/g tissue), while being quickly cleared from the systemic circulation. The microautoradiography analysis showed that ¹⁴C-KAI-9803 was effectively delivered into various cells, including cardiac myocytes and cardiac endothelial cells within 1 min after dosing. The tissue distribution of ¹²⁵I-labeled KAI-9803 was compared to that of ¹²⁵I-labeled cargo peptide; this comparison demonstrated that the distribution of KAI-9803 to tissues such as the liver, kidney, and heart was facilitated by the reversible conjugation to TAT₄₇₋₅₇. In an in vitro cardiomyocyte study, the extent of ¹²⁵I-KAI-9803 internalization was greater at 37°C than that at 4°C, whereas the internalization of the ¹²⁵I-cargo peptide at 37°C was not observed, indicating that the uptake of ¹²⁵I-KAI-9803 into the cardiomyocytes was mediated by the TAT₄₇₋₅₇ carrier. Our studies demonstrated that after a single intravenous administration, KAI-9803 can be delivered into the target cells in the liver, kidney, and heart by a TAT₄₇₋₅₇-mediated mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihiro Miyaji
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratories, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., 1-2-58 Hiromachi, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 140-8710, Japan.
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Brittain JM, Duarte DB, Wilson SM, Zhu W, Ballard C, Johnson PL, Liu N, Xiong W, Ripsch MS, Wang Y, Fehrenbacher JC, Fitz SD, Khanna M, Park CK, Schmutzler BS, Cheon BM, Due MR, Brustovetsky T, Ashpole NM, Hudmon A, Meroueh SO, Hingtgen CM, Brustovetsky N, Ji RR, Hurley JH, Jin X, Shekhar A, Xu XM, Oxford GS, Vasko MR, White FA, Khanna R. Suppression of inflammatory and neuropathic pain by uncoupling CRMP-2 from the presynaptic Ca²⁺ channel complex. Nat Med 2011; 17:822-9. [PMID: 21642979 DOI: 10.1038/nm.2345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2010] [Accepted: 03/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The use of N-type voltage-gated calcium channel (CaV2.2) blockers to treat pain is limited by many physiological side effects. Here we report that inflammatory and neuropathic hypersensitivity can be suppressed by inhibiting the binding of collapsin response mediator protein 2 (CRMP-2) to CaV2.2 and thereby reducing channel function. A peptide of CRMP-2 fused to the HIV transactivator of transcription (TAT) protein (TAT-CBD3) decreased neuropeptide release from sensory neurons and excitatory synaptic transmission in dorsal horn neurons, reduced meningeal blood flow, reduced nocifensive behavior induced by formalin injection or corneal capsaicin application and reversed neuropathic hypersensitivity produced by an antiretroviral drug. TAT-CBD3 was mildly anxiolytic without affecting memory retrieval, sensorimotor function or depression. At doses tenfold higher than that required to reduce hypersensitivity in vivo, TAT-CBD3 caused a transient episode of tail kinking and body contortion. By preventing CRMP-2-mediated enhancement of CaV2.2 function, TAT-CBD3 alleviated inflammatory and neuropathic hypersensitivity, an approach that may prove useful in managing chronic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel M Brittain
- Program in Medical Neurosciences, Paul and Carole Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
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Gao S, Simon MJ, Morrison B, Banta S. A plasmid display platform for the selection of peptides exhibiting a functional cell-penetrating phenotype. Biotechnol Prog 2011; 26:1796-800. [PMID: 20938973 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) represent a promising nonviral platform for the delivery of therapeutic cargos to cells and tissues. However, these peptides are often nonspecific, and their mechanism of action is still a subject of debate, which hinders the design of new CPPs. The alternative to rational protein design is the combinatorial approach to protein engineering, whereby large libraries of peptides are created and a screening or selection procedure is used to identify members with the desired phenotype(s). Here we describe a novel procedure for selecting peptides with a CPP phenotype using a plasmid display (PD) platform to link the peptides to their encoding DNA sequences. The PD system is based on genetic fusions to a DNA binding domain. The plasmid was designed to concomitantly express a fluorescent reporter protein to serve as a mock therapeutic cargo indicating its functional delivery into a cell. We have demonstrated this selection strategy using a control CPP (the TAT peptide) in the PC12 neuronal-like cell line. In the absence of transfection reagents, TAT was unable to deliver the protein/DNA complexes. The inclusion of the HA2 peptide from the hemagglutinin protein and the addition of polyethylenimine (PEI) were similarly ineffective. The addition of Lipofectamine, however, enabled the TAT-mediated delivery of the protein/DNA complexes, which was significantly better than control experiments without a CPP. This new PD selection platform will be a valuable new approach for use in identifying unique CPPs from randomized libraries with novel abilities and specificities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Gao
- Dept. of Chemical Engineering, Columbia University in City of New York, New York, NY 10027, USA
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35
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Cai B, Lin Y, Xue XH, Fang L, Wang N, Wu ZY. TAT-mediated delivery of neuroglobin protects against focal cerebral ischemia in mice. Exp Neurol 2011; 227:224-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2010.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2010] [Revised: 11/08/2010] [Accepted: 11/09/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Cell-Penetrating Penta-Peptides (CPP5s): Measurement of Cell Entry and Protein-Transduction Activity. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2010; 3:3594-3613. [PMID: 21359136 PMCID: PMC3045100 DOI: 10.3390/ph3123594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Previously, we developed cell-penetrating penta-peptides (CPP5s). In the present study, VPTLK and KLPVM, two representative CPP5s, were used to characterize the cell-penetration and protein-transduction activities of these small molecules. Various inhibitors of endocytosis and pinocytosis (chlorpromazine, cytochalasin D, Filipin III, amiloride, methyl-β-cyclodextrin, and nocodazole) were tested. Only cytochalasin D showed suppression of CPP5 entry, though the effect was partial. In addition, CPP5s were able to enter a proteoglycan-deficient CHO cell line. These results suggest that pinocytosis and endocytosis may play only a minor role in the cell entry of CPP5s. By mass spectrometry, we determined that the intracellular concentration of VPTLK ranged from 20 nM to 6.0 μM when the cells were cultured in medium containing 1 μM – 1.6 mM VPTLK. To determine the protein-transduction activity of CPP5s, the Tex-LoxP EG cell line, which has a Cre-inducible green fluorescent protein (GFP) gene, was used. VPTLK and KLPVM were added to the N-terminus of Cre, and these fusion proteins were added to the culture medium of Tex-LoxP EG cells. Both VPTLK-Cre and KLPVM-Cre were able to turn on GFP expression in these cells, suggesting that CPP5s have protein-transduction activity. Since CPP5s have very low cytotoxic activity, even at a concentration of 1.6 mM in the medium, CPP5s could be utilized as a new tool for drug delivery into cells.
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Rapoport M, Salman L, Sabag O, Patel MS, Lorberboum-Galski H. Successful TAT-mediated enzyme replacement therapy in a mouse model of mitochondrial E3 deficiency. J Mol Med (Berl) 2010; 89:161-70. [PMID: 21079907 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-010-0693-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2010] [Revised: 10/21/2010] [Accepted: 10/26/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Medicine today offers no cure for patients suffering from mitochondrial disorders, such as lipoamide dehydrogenase (LAD; also known as E3) deficiency, and treatment is limited to symptomatic care. LAD is one of the components of the α-ketoacid dehydrogenase complexes, which are mitochondrial multienzyme complexes crucial for the metabolism of carbohydrates and amino acids. Recently, we tested the therapeutic approach for treating mitochondrial disorders whereby the activity of multicomponent complexes in the mitochondria is restored by TAT-mediated enzyme replacement therapy (ERT). The LAD deficiency disease was used before as a proof-of-principle in vitro, in patients' cells, utilizing the TAT-LAD fusion protein. In this report, we present successful TAT-mediated ERT in an in vivo mouse model using E3-deficient mice. We demonstrate the delivery of TAT-LAD into E3-deficient mice tissues and that a single administration of TAT-LAD results in a significant increase in the enzymatic activity of the mitochondrial multienzyme complex pyruvate dehydrogenase complex within the liver, heart and, most importantly, the brain of TAT-LAD-treated E3-deficient mice. We believe that this TAT-mediated ERT approach could change the management of mitochondrial disorders and of other metabolic diseases in modern medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matan Rapoport
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute for Medical Research-Israel-Canada, The Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, 91120, Israel
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Simon MJ, Kang WH, Gao S, Banta S, Morrison B. Increased delivery of TAT across an endothelial monolayer following ischemic injury. Neurosci Lett 2010; 486:1-4. [PMID: 20851169 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2010.09.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2010] [Revised: 08/26/2010] [Accepted: 09/10/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
There is a great need for the development of vehicles capable of delivering therapeutic cargoes across the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and into brain cells. Cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs), such as TAT, present one such solution, and have been used successfully in vivo to deliver neuroprotective cargoes to the brain in models of stroke and seizure. However, a significant discrepancy exists in the literature, as other groups have not had the same success. One commonality between the successful studies is a compromised BBB. In this study, we hypothesized that ischemic injury increases the transport of TAT across an endothelial monolayer (comprised of bEnd.3 cells) in vitro and, consequently, increases TAT-mediated delivery into astrocytes on the other side. In the 24h following in vitro ischemia (oxygen-glucose deprivation), transendothelial electrical resistance (TEER) significantly decreased, indicating disruption of BBB integrity. Concomitantly, the transport of a green fluorescent protein (GFP)-TAT fusion protein significantly increased, and the transduction of GFP-TAT into astrocytes cultured on the other side of the endothelial monolayer significantly increased. These results explain why TAT-mediated delivery of therapeutic cargoes is successful in the ischemic brain but not in the uninjured brain with an intact BBB, highlighting the necessity for continued development of delivery vehicles. We conclude that although TAT may not be an efficient vehicle for trans-BBB delivery across an intact BBB, it may have utility in clinical situations when the BBB is disrupted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa J Simon
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, United States
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Järver P, Mäger I, Langel Ü. In vivo biodistribution and efficacy of peptide mediated delivery. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2010; 31:528-35. [PMID: 20828841 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2010.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2010] [Revised: 07/28/2010] [Accepted: 07/29/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
To transverse the plasma membrane and gain access to the cellular interior is one of the major obstacles for many novel pharmaceutical molecules. Since the late 1990s, cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) have been utilized as transport vectors for a broad spectrum of 'biological cargoes', ranging from inert gold particles to multifaceted macromolecules such as proteins and plasmids. Numerous studies have shown that CPPs are efficient carriers for bioactive cargoes in vitro. However, even though CPPs are versatile transport vectors, this does not guarantee they can be developed into useful pharmaceutical molecules. Nevertheless, recent progress in the field has shown CPPs to be effective for in vivo delivery with retained biological activity of a wide variety of bioactive cargoes into virtually any mammalian tissue. This review will focus on recent developments and applications for CPP delivery and distribution in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Järver
- School of Biotechnology, Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), Stockholm, Sweden
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A novel concept in antiangiogenic and antitumoral therapy: multitarget destabilization of short-lived mRNAs by the zinc finger protein ZFP36L1. Oncogene 2010; 29:5989-6003. [PMID: 20802528 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2010.341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Angiogenesis inhibitors have shown clinical benefits in patients with advanced cancer, but further therapeutic improvement is needed. We have previously shown that the zinc finger protein 36, C3H type-like 1 (ZFP36L1) enhances vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) mRNA decay through its interaction with AU-rich elements within VEGF 3'-untranslated region. In this study, we evaluated the possibility to develop an antiangiogenic and antitumoral strategy using the mRNA-destabilizing activity of ZFP36L1. We engineered a cell-penetrating ZFP36L1, by fusing it to the protein transduction domains (PTDs) TAT derived from HIV, or the polyarginine peptides R7 or R9. PTD-ZFP36L1 fusion proteins were expressed in bacterial cells and affinity-purified to homogeneity. TAT-, R7- and R9-ZFP36L1 were efficiently internalized into living cells and decreased both endogenous VEGF mRNA half-life and VEGF protein levels in vitro. Importantly, a single injection of R9-TIS11b fusion protein into a high-VEGF expressing tissue in vivo (in this study, the mouse adrenal gland) markedly decreased VEGF expression. We further evaluated the effect of R9-ZFP36L1 on tumor growth using Lewis Lung Carcinoma (LL/2) cells implanted subcutaneously into nude mice. Intratumoral injection of R9-ZFP36L1 significantly reduced tumor growth and markedly decreased the expression of multiple angiogenic and inflammatory cytokines, including VEGF, acidic fibroblast growth factor, tumor necrosis factor α, interleukin (IL)-1α and IL-6, with a concomitant obliteration of tumor vascularization. These findings indicate that R9-ZFP36L1 fusion protein may represent a novel antiangiogenic and antitumoral agent, and supports the emerging idea that modulation of mRNA stability represents a promising therapeutic approach to treat cancer.
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TAT is not capable of transcellular delivery across an intact endothelial monolayer in vitro. Ann Biomed Eng 2010; 39:394-401. [PMID: 20737289 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-010-0144-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2010] [Accepted: 08/12/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Developing delivery vehicles capable of penetrating cell barriers is critical for drug delivery to the brain due to the presence of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) are one potential solution since they can enter cells; however, it is unclear whether CPPs can pass through cell barriers. In this study, the ability of the TAT CPP to cross an endothelial barrier without disrupting the integrity of its tight junctions was investigated. Endothelial cell monolayers (bEnd.3) were exposed to the TAT peptide, and cell integrity was quantified by zona occludens-1 immunofluorescence, trans-endothelial electrical resistance, and hydraulic conductivity. None of these parameters were significantly altered following exposure to TAT. To evaluate the passage of TAT through the monolayer, the permeability of a green fluorescent protein (GFP)-TAT fusion protein was not significantly different from the permeability of GFP or fluorescent dextrans of similar sizes. Furthermore, GFP-TAT was unable to significantly transduce astrocytes on the opposite side of the bEnd.3 monolayer. We conclude, therefore, that although TAT may not be an efficient delivery vehicle for trans-BBB delivery, our TAT construct may have utility in delivering therapeutic cargos to endothelial cells or to the brain parenchyma after BBB disruption.
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Cronican JJ, Thompson DB, Beier KT, McNaughton BR, Cepko CL, Liu DR. Potent delivery of functional proteins into Mammalian cells in vitro and in vivo using a supercharged protein. ACS Chem Biol 2010; 5:747-52. [PMID: 20545362 PMCID: PMC2924640 DOI: 10.1021/cb1001153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
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The inability of proteins to potently penetrate mammalian cells limits their usefulness as tools and therapeutics. When fused to superpositively charged GFP, proteins rapidly (within minutes) entered five different types of mammalian cells with potency up to ∼100-fold greater than that of corresponding fusions with known protein transduction domains (PTDs) including Tat, oligoarginine, and penetratin. Ubiquitin-fused supercharged GFP when incubated with human cells was partially deubiquitinated, suggesting that proteins delivered with supercharged GFP can access the cytosol. Likewise, supercharged GFP delivered functional, nonendosomal recombinase enzyme with greater efficiencies than PTDs in vitro and also delivered functional recombinase enzyme to the retinae of mice when injected in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- James J. Cronican
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138
| | - David B. Thompson
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138
| | - Kevin T. Beier
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Genetics, and Department of Opthamology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Brian R. McNaughton
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138
| | - Constance L. Cepko
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Genetics, and Department of Opthamology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - David R. Liu
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138
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Okamoto T, Inozume T, Mitsui H, Kanzaki M, Harada K, Shibagaki N, Shimada S. Overexpression of GRIM-19 in Cancer Cells Suppresses STAT3-Mediated Signal Transduction and Cancer Growth. Mol Cancer Ther 2010; 9:2333-43. [DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-09-1147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Choi YS, Lee JY, Suh JS, Kwon YM, Lee SJ, Chung JK, Lee DS, Yang VC, Chung CP, Park YJ. The systemic delivery of siRNAs by a cell penetrating peptide, low molecular weight protamine. Biomaterials 2010; 31:1429-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2009.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2009] [Accepted: 11/02/2009] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Manipulation of cellular GSH biosynthetic capacity via TAT-mediated protein transduction of wild-type or a dominant-negative mutant of glutamate cysteine ligase alters cell sensitivity to oxidant-induced cytotoxicity. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2009; 243:35-45. [PMID: 19914271 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2009.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2009] [Revised: 11/04/2009] [Accepted: 11/06/2009] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The glutathione (GSH) antioxidant defense system plays a central role in protecting mammalian cells against oxidative injury. Glutamate cysteine ligase (GCL) is the rate-limiting enzyme in GSH biosynthesis and is a heterodimeric holoenzyme composed of catalytic (GCLC) and modifier (GCLM) subunits. As a means of assessing the cytoprotective effects of enhanced GSH biosynthetic capacity, we have developed a protein transduction approach whereby recombinant GCL protein can be rapidly and directly transferred into cells when coupled to the HIV TAT protein transduction domain. Bacterial expression vectors encoding TAT fusion proteins of both GCL subunits were generated and recombinant fusion proteins were synthesized and purified to near homogeneity. The TAT-GCL fusion proteins were capable of heterodimerization and formation of functional GCL holoenzyme in vitro. Exposure of Hepa-1c1c7 cells to the TAT-GCL fusion proteins resulted in the time- and dose-dependent transduction of both GCL subunits and increased cellular GCL activity and GSH levels. A heterodimerization-competent, enzymatically deficient GCLC-TAT mutant was also generated in an attempt to create a dominant-negative suppressor of GCL. Transduction of cells with a catalytically inactive GCLC(E103A)-TAT mutant decreased cellular GCL activity in a dose-dependent manner. TAT-mediated manipulation of cellular GCL activity was also functionally relevant as transduction with wild-type GCLC(WT)-TAT or mutant GCLC(E103A)-TAT conferred protection or enhanced sensitivity to H(2)O(2)-induced cell death, respectively. These findings demonstrate that TAT-mediated transduction of wild-type or dominant-inhibitory mutants of the GCL subunits is a viable means of manipulating cellular GCL activity to assess the effects of altered GSH biosynthetic capacity.
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Mitsui H, Okamoto T, Kanzaki M, Inozume T, Shibagaki N, Shimada S. Intradermal injections of polyarginine-containing immunogenic antigens preferentially elicit Tc1 and Th1 activation and antitumour immunity. Br J Dermatol 2009; 162:29-41. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2009.09490.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Simon MJ, Gao S, Kang WH, Banta S, Morrison B. TAT-mediated intracellular protein delivery to primary brain cells is dependent on glycosaminoglycan expression. Biotechnol Bioeng 2009; 104:10-9. [PMID: 19449355 DOI: 10.1002/bit.22377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Although some studies have shown that the cell penetrating peptide (CPP) TAT can enter a variety of cell lines with high efficiency, others have observed little or no transduction in vivo or in vitro under conditions mimicking the in vivo environment. The mechanisms underlying TAT-mediated transduction have been investigated in cell lines, but not in primary brain cells. In this study we demonstrate that transduction of a green fluorescent protein (GFP)-TAT fusion protein is dependent on glycosaminoglycan (GAG) expression in both the PC12 cell line and primary astrocytes. GFP-TAT transduced PC12 cells and did so with even higher efficiency following NGF differentiation. In cultures of primary brain cells, TAT significantly enhanced GFP delivery into astrocytes grown under different conditions: (1) monocultures grown in serum-containing medium; (2) monocultures grown in serum-free medium; (3) cocultures with neurons in serum-free medium. The efficiency of GFP-TAT transduction was significantly higher in the monocultures than in the cocultures. The GFP-TAT construct did not significantly enter neurons. Experimental modulation of GAG content correlated with alterations in TAT transduction in PC12 cells and astrocyte monocultures grown in the presence of serum. In addition, this correlation was predictive of TAT-mediated transduction in astrocyte monocultures grown in serum free medium and in coculture. We conclude that culture conditions affect cellular GAG expression, which in turn dictates TAT-mediated transduction efficiency, extending previous results from cell lines to primary cells. These results highlight the cell-type and phenotype-dependence of TAT-mediated transduction, and underscore the necessity of controlling the phenotype of the target cell in future protein engineering efforts aimed at creating more efficacious CPPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa J Simon
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, New York, NY 10027, USA
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Rapoport M, Lorberboum-Galski H. TAT-based drug delivery system--new directions in protein delivery for new hopes? Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2009; 6:453-63. [PMID: 19413454 DOI: 10.1517/17425240902887029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
There has been great progress in the use of TAT-based drug delivery systems for the delivery of different macromolecules into cells in vitro and in vivo, thus circumventing the bioavailability barrier that is a problem for so many drugs. There are many advantages to using this system, such as the ability to deliver these cargoes into all types of cells in culture and into all organs in vivo. This system can even deliver cargoes into the brain across the blood-brain barrier. In addition, the ability to target specific intracellular sub-localizations such as the nuclei, the mitochondria and lysosomes further expands the possibilities of this drug delivery system to the development of sub-cellular organelle-targeted therapy. The therapeutic applications seem almost unlimited, and the use of the TAT-based delivery system has extended from proteins to a large variety of cargoes such as oligonucleotides, imaging agents, low molecular mass drugs, nanoparticles, micelles and liposomes. In this review the most recent advances in the use of the TAT-based drug delivery system will be described, mainly discussing TAT-mediated protein delivery and the use of the TAT system for enzyme replacement therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matan Rapoport
- Faculty of Medicine Hebrew University, Department of Cellular Biochemistry and Human Genetics, Jerusalem, Israel
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Huang SF, Liu DB, Zeng JM, Yuan Y, Xiao Q, Sun CM, Li CL, Tao K, Wen JP, Huang ZG, Feng WL. Cloning, expression, purification, distribution and kinetics characterization of the bacterial beta-galactosidase fused to the cytoplasmic transduction peptide in vitro and in vivo. Protein Expr Purif 2009; 68:167-76. [PMID: 19573604 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2009.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2009] [Revised: 06/20/2009] [Accepted: 06/23/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Cytoplasmic transduction peptide (CTP) offers exciting therapeutic opportunities for the treatment of many diseases caused by cytoplasmic functional molecules. It can transduce large, biologically active proteins into the cytoplasmic compartment of several mammalian cells. However, other intriguing features of CTP, including its activity in vitro, and distribution and tissue infiltration abilities in vivo, remain to be explored. The present study was initiated to (1) further confirm the cytoplasmic localization preference and the enzymatic activity of the transduced CTP-beta-gal in vitro and (2) examine the kinetics and tissue distribution of the CTP-beta-gal fusion protein in mice. A CTP-beta-gal fusion protein was expressed in Escherichia coli and either transduced into BaF3-BCR/ABL cells or administered intravenously into female Balb/C mice at a dose of 100 microg per mouse. Its localization in BaF3-BCR/ABL cells was evaluated by immunocytochemistry and in situ X-gal staining, and its distribution in various tissues was analyzed both by in situ X-gal staining and quantitative enzymatic activity assay. beta-Galactosidase enzyme activity was observed in BaF3-BCR/ABL cells and in all tissues tested, with peak activity occurring at 15 min in most tissues and at 24h in brain. These data will not only allow rational selection of delivery schedules for therapeutic CTP, but will also aid the use of CTP fusion protein transduction in the development of protein therapeutics targeting the cytoplasmic compartment both in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Feng Huang
- Department of Clinical Hematology, Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical Diagnostics Designated by the Ministry of Education, Faculty of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China
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Duan Y, Learoyd J, Meliton AY, Clay BS, Leff AR, Zhu X. Inhibition of Pyk2 blocks airway inflammation and hyperresponsiveness in a mouse model of asthma. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2009; 42:491-7. [PMID: 19520918 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2008-0469oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The objective of this investigation was to determine the role of Pyk2, an intracellular nonreceptor protein tyrosine kinase for postadhesive inflammatory cell migration, on airway inflammation and hyperresponsiveness in immune-sensitized mice. Blockade of Pyk2 was effected by intraperitoneal administration of dominant-negative C-terminal Pyk2 fused to a TAT protein transduction domain (TAT-Pyk2-CT). Ovalbumin challenge elicited infiltration of both eosinophils and lymphocytes into airways, increased mucus-containing epithelial cells, and caused increased airway hyperresponsiveness to methacholine in immune-sensitized mice. Pretreatment with 10 mg/kg TAT-Pyk2-CT intraperitoneally blocked all of these effects and further decreased secretion of Th2 cytokine IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13 into the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. Intranasal administration of IL-5 caused eosinophil migration into the airway lumen, which was attenuated by systemic pretreatment with TAT-Pyk2-CT. In each paradigm, treatment with control protein TAT-GFP had no blocking effect. We conclude that Pyk2, which is essential for inflammatory cell migration in vitro, regulates airway inflammation, Th2 cytokine secretion, and airway hyperresponsiveness in the ovalbumin-sensitized mice during antigen challenge in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingli Duan
- Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, 5841 South Maryland Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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