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Cholujova D, Bujnakova ZL, Dutkova E, Valuskova Z, Csicsatkova N, Suroviakova K, Marinkovicova ME, Zbellova L, Koklesova L, Sedlak J, Hideshima T, Anderson KC, Jakubikova J. Exploring the anti-myeloma potential of composite nanoparticles As 4S 4/Fe 3O 4: Insights from in vitro, ex vivo and in vivo studies. NANOMEDICINE : NANOTECHNOLOGY, BIOLOGY, AND MEDICINE 2024; 62:102777. [PMID: 39111377 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2024.102777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2024] [Revised: 07/19/2024] [Accepted: 07/21/2024] [Indexed: 08/15/2024]
Abstract
Given the profound multiple myeloma (MM) heterogeneity in clonal proliferation of malignant plasma cells (PCs) and anti-MM therapeutic potential of nanotherapies, it is inevitable to develop treatment plan for patients with MM. Two composite nanoparticles (NPs), As4S4/Fe3O4 (4:1) and As4S4/Fe3O4 (1:1) demonstrated effective anti-MM activity in in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo in xenograft mouse model. Composite NPs triggered activation of p-ERK1/2/p-JNK, and downregulation of c-Myc, p-PI3K, p-4E-BP1; G2/M cell cycle arrest with increase in cyclin B1, histones H2AX/H3, activation of p-ATR, p-Chk1/p-Chk2, p-H2AX/p-H3; and caspase- and mitochondria-dependent apoptosis induction. NPs attenuated the stem cell-like side population in MM cells, both alone and in the presence of stroma. For a higher clinical response rate, As4S4/Fe3O4 (4:1) observed synergism with dexamethasone and melphalan, while As4S4/Fe3O4 (1:1) showed synergistic effects in combination with bortezomib, lenalidomide and pomalidomide anti-MM agents, providing the framework for further clinical evaluation of composite NPs in MM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danka Cholujova
- Cancer Research Institute, Department of Tumor Immunology, Biomedical Research Center, v. v. i., Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, 84505 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Zdenka Lukacova Bujnakova
- Institute of Geotechnics, Department of Mechanochemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Watsonova 45, 04001 Košice, Slovakia
| | - Erika Dutkova
- Institute of Geotechnics, Department of Mechanochemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Watsonova 45, 04001 Košice, Slovakia
| | - Zuzana Valuskova
- Cancer Research Institute, Department of Tumor Immunology, Biomedical Research Center, v. v. i., Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, 84505 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Nikoleta Csicsatkova
- Cancer Research Institute, Department of Tumor Immunology, Biomedical Research Center, v. v. i., Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, 84505 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Katarina Suroviakova
- Cancer Research Institute, Department of Tumor Immunology, Biomedical Research Center, v. v. i., Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, 84505 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Maria Elisabeth Marinkovicova
- Cancer Research Institute, Department of Tumor Immunology, Biomedical Research Center, v. v. i., Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, 84505 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Linda Zbellova
- Cancer Research Institute, Department of Tumor Immunology, Biomedical Research Center, v. v. i., Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, 84505 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Lenka Koklesova
- Cancer Research Institute, Department of Tumor Immunology, Biomedical Research Center, v. v. i., Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, 84505 Bratislava, Slovakia; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, 03601 Martin, Slovakia
| | - Jan Sedlak
- Cancer Research Institute, Department of Tumor Immunology, Biomedical Research Center, v. v. i., Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, 84505 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Teru Hideshima
- Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Department of Medical Oncology, Jerome Lipper Multiple Myeloma Center, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Kenneth C Anderson
- Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Department of Medical Oncology, Jerome Lipper Multiple Myeloma Center, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jana Jakubikova
- Cancer Research Institute, Department of Tumor Immunology, Biomedical Research Center, v. v. i., Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, 84505 Bratislava, Slovakia; Centre for Advanced Materials Application, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, 84511 Bratislava, Slovakia.
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Liu F, Deng Y, Wang A, Yang T, Ke H, Tang Y, Wu H, Chen H. Harness arsenic in medicine: current status of arsenicals and recent advances in drug delivery. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2024; 21:867-880. [PMID: 38913024 DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2024.2372363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2024] [Accepted: 06/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Arsenicals have a special place in the history of human health, acting both as poison and medicine. Having been used to treat a variety of diseases in the past, the success of arsenic trioxide (ATO) in treating acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) in the last century marked its use as a drug in modern medicine. To expand their role against cancer, there have been clinical uses of arsenicals worldwide and progress in the development of drug delivery for various malignancies, especially solid tumors. AREAS COVERED In this review, conducted on Google Scholar [1977-2024], we start with various forms of arsenicals, highlighting the well-known ATO. The mechanism of action of arsenicals in cancer therapy is then overviewed. A summary of the research progress in developing new delivery approaches (e.g. polymers, inorganic frameworks, and biomacromolecules) in recent years is provided, addressing the challenges and opportunities in treating various malignant tumors. EXPERT OPINION Reducing toxicity and enhancing therapeutic efficacy are guidelines for designing and developing new arsenicals and drug delivery systems. They have shown potential in the fight against cancer and emerging pathogens. New technologies and strategies can help us harness the potency of arsenicals and make better products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Precision Diagnostics and Therapeutics Development, and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yibin Deng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Precision Diagnostics and Therapeutics Development, and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Anru Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Precision Diagnostics and Therapeutics Development, and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Tao Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Precision Diagnostics and Therapeutics Development, and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Hengte Ke
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Precision Diagnostics and Therapeutics Development, and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yongan Tang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Precision Diagnostics and Therapeutics Development, and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Hong Wu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Huabing Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Precision Diagnostics and Therapeutics Development, and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Drug Research and Translational Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Precision Diagnostics and Therapeutics Development, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
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Li J, Wang Q, Han Y, Jiang L, Lu S, Wang B, Qian W, Zhu M, Huang H, Qian P. Development and application of nanomaterials, nanotechnology and nanomedicine for treating hematological malignancies. J Hematol Oncol 2023; 16:65. [PMID: 37353849 PMCID: PMC10290401 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-023-01460-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Hematologic malignancies (HMs) pose a serious threat to patients' health and life, and the five-year overall survival of HMs remains low. The lack of understanding of the pathogenesis and the complex clinical symptoms brings immense challenges to the diagnosis and treatment of HMs. Traditional therapeutic strategies for HMs include radiotherapy, chemotherapy, targeted therapy and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Although immunotherapy and cell therapy have made considerable progress in the last decade, nearly half of patients still relapse or suffer from drug resistance. Recently, studies have emerged that nanomaterials, nanotechnology and nanomedicine show great promise in cancer therapy by enhancing drug targeting, reducing toxicity and side effects and boosting the immune response to promote durable immunological memory. In this review, we summarized the strategies of recently developed nanomaterials, nanotechnology and nanomedicines against HMs and then proposed emerging strategies for the future designment of nanomedicines to treat HMs based on urgent clinical needs and technological progress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinxin Li
- Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine and Bone Marrow Transplantation Center of the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Liangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University Medical Center, 1369 West Wenyi Road, Hangzhou, China
- Institute of Hematology, Zhejiang University and Zhejiang Engineering Laboratory for Stem Cell and Immunotherapy, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Qiwei Wang
- Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine and Bone Marrow Transplantation Center of the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Liangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University Medical Center, 1369 West Wenyi Road, Hangzhou, China
- Institute of Hematology, Zhejiang University and Zhejiang Engineering Laboratory for Stem Cell and Immunotherapy, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Yingli Han
- Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine and Bone Marrow Transplantation Center of the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Liangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University Medical Center, 1369 West Wenyi Road, Hangzhou, China
- Institute of Hematology, Zhejiang University and Zhejiang Engineering Laboratory for Stem Cell and Immunotherapy, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Lingli Jiang
- Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine and Bone Marrow Transplantation Center of the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Liangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University Medical Center, 1369 West Wenyi Road, Hangzhou, China
- Institute of Hematology, Zhejiang University and Zhejiang Engineering Laboratory for Stem Cell and Immunotherapy, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Siqi Lu
- Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine and Bone Marrow Transplantation Center of the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Liangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University Medical Center, 1369 West Wenyi Road, Hangzhou, China
- Institute of Hematology, Zhejiang University and Zhejiang Engineering Laboratory for Stem Cell and Immunotherapy, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Beini Wang
- Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine and Bone Marrow Transplantation Center of the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Liangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University Medical Center, 1369 West Wenyi Road, Hangzhou, China
- Institute of Hematology, Zhejiang University and Zhejiang Engineering Laboratory for Stem Cell and Immunotherapy, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Wenchang Qian
- Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine and Bone Marrow Transplantation Center of the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Liangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University Medical Center, 1369 West Wenyi Road, Hangzhou, China
- Institute of Hematology, Zhejiang University and Zhejiang Engineering Laboratory for Stem Cell and Immunotherapy, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Meng Zhu
- Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine and Bone Marrow Transplantation Center of the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Liangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University Medical Center, 1369 West Wenyi Road, Hangzhou, China
- Institute of Hematology, Zhejiang University and Zhejiang Engineering Laboratory for Stem Cell and Immunotherapy, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - He Huang
- Liangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University Medical Center, 1369 West Wenyi Road, Hangzhou, China.
- Institute of Hematology, Zhejiang University and Zhejiang Engineering Laboratory for Stem Cell and Immunotherapy, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Pengxu Qian
- Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine and Bone Marrow Transplantation Center of the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
- Liangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University Medical Center, 1369 West Wenyi Road, Hangzhou, China.
- Institute of Hematology, Zhejiang University and Zhejiang Engineering Laboratory for Stem Cell and Immunotherapy, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
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Lukáčová Bujňáková Z, Melnyk I, Dutková E, Varhač R, Jakubíková J, Cholujová D, Tóthová E, Storozhuk L, Briančin J. Nano-bio Interface between As 4S 4 Nanoparticles and Albumin Influenced by Wet Stirred Media Milling. Int J Pharm 2023; 640:123046. [PMID: 37178791 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2023.123046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Arsenic sulfide (As4S4) nanoparticles have been intensively researched as a promising drug in a cancer treatment. For the first time, the interaction between As4S4 and bovine serum albumin has been studied in this paper. Initially, the sorption kinetics of albumin on the surface of nanoparticles was investigated. Subsequently, its structural changes influenced by interaction with the As4S4 nanoparticles during wet stirred media milling were studied in deep. Both the dynamic and static quenching were detected after analyzing the fluorescence quenching spectra. From the synchronous fluorescence spectra it was investigated, that the fluorescence intensity for tyrosine residues decreased by about 55%, and for tryptophan it was about 80%. It indicates the fluorescence from tryptophan is more intense and gets more efficiently quenched than those from tyrosine residues in presence of As4S4, implying that the tryptophan can be closer to the binding site. From the circular dichroisms and FTIR spectra it was observed that conformation of the protein remains almost unchanged. The content of appropriate secondary structures was determined by deconvolution of the absorption peak attributed to the amide I band in FTIR spectra. The preliminary anti-tumor cytotoxic effect of prepared albumin-As4S4 system was also tested on multiple myeloma cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Inna Melnyk
- Institute of Geotechnics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Watsonova 45, 04001 Košice, Slovakia
| | - Erika Dutková
- Institute of Geotechnics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Watsonova 45, 04001 Košice, Slovakia
| | - Rastislav Varhač
- Faculty of Science, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University in Košice, Šrobárova 2, 04154 Košice, Slovakia
| | - Jana Jakubíková
- Cancer Research Institute BMC, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 84505 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Danka Cholujová
- Cancer Research Institute BMC, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 84505 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Erika Tóthová
- Institute of Geotechnics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Watsonova 45, 04001 Košice, Slovakia
| | - Liudmyla Storozhuk
- Institute of Geotechnics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Watsonova 45, 04001 Košice, Slovakia; Healthcare Biomagnetic and Nanomaterials Laboratory, University College London, 21 Albemarle Street, London W1S 4BS, United Kingdom
| | - Jaroslav Briančin
- Institute of Geotechnics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Watsonova 45, 04001 Košice, Slovakia
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Realgar (As 4S 4), a traditional Chinese medicine, induces acute promyelocytic leukemia cell death via the Bcl-2/Bax/Cyt-C/AIF signaling pathway in vitro. Aging (Albany NY) 2022; 14:7109-7125. [PMID: 36098742 PMCID: PMC9512515 DOI: 10.18632/aging.204281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) is a specific subtype of acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) characterized by the proliferation of abnormal promyelocytes. Realgar, a Chinese medicine containing arsenic, can be taken orally. Traditional Chinese medicine physicians have employed realgar to treat APL for over a thousand years. Therefore, realgar may be a promising candidate for the treatment of APL. Nevertheless, the underlying mechanism behind realgar therapy is largely unclear. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of realgar on cell death in the APL cell line (NB4) in vitro and to elucidate the underlying mechanism. In this study, after APL cells were treated with different concentrations of realgar, the cell survival rate, apoptotic assay, morphological changes, ATP levels and cell cycle arrest were assessed. The expression of Bcl-2, Bax, Cytochrome C (Cyt-C) and apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF) at the mRNA and protein levels were also measured by immunofluorescence, quantitative PCR (qPCR) and Western blotting. We found that realgar could significantly inhibit APL cell proliferation and cell death in a time- and dose-dependent manner. Realgar effectively decreased the ATP levels in APL cells. Realgar also induced APL cell cycle arrest at the S and G2/M phases. Following realgar treatment, the mRNA and protein levels of Bcl-2 were significantly downregulated, whereas the levels of Bax, Cyt-C, and AIF were significantly upregulated. In summary, realgar can induce APL cell death via the Bcl-2/Bax/Cyt-C/AIF signaling pathway, suggesting that realgar may be an effective therapeutic for APL.
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Xi J, Fang JH, Xiong XM, Gui C, Wang YX, Zhang XQ. Acid Water-ground Nano-realgar Is Superior to Crude Realgar in Promoting Apoptosis of MCF-7 Breast Cancer Cells. Curr Med Sci 2022; 42:720-732. [DOI: 10.1007/s11596-022-2605-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Zheng X, Zhang Z, Chen J, Liang H, Chen X, Qin Y, Shohag MJI, Wei Y, Gu M. Comparative evaluation of in vivo relative bioavailability and in vitro bioaccessibility of arsenic in leafy vegetables and its implication in human exposure assessment. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 423:126909. [PMID: 34454790 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.126909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Arsenic (As) contamination in vegetables is a severe threat to human health. However, the evaluation of As relative bioavailability (As-RBA) or bioaccessibility in vegetables is still unexplored. The study sought to evaluate the As-RBA in commonly consumed ten leaf vegetables collected from As-polluted farmlands. Additionally, the As-RBA was determined using rat bioassay and compared with As bioaccessibility through five commonly used in vitro methods, including UBM (Unified BARGE Method), SBRC (Solubility Bioavailability Research Consortium), DIN (Deutsches Institut für Normung e.V.), IVG (In Vitro Gastrointestinal), and PBET (Physiologically Based Extraction Test). Results showed that the As-RBA values were 14.3-54.0% among different vegetables. Notably, significant in vivo-in vitro correlations (IVIVC) were observed between the As-RBA and the As bioaccessibility determined by the PBET assay (r2 = 0.763-0.847). However, the other assays (r2 = 0.417-0.788) showed a comparatively weaker relationship. The estimation of As-RBA using derived IVIVC to assess As exposure risk via vegetable consumption confirmed that As exposure risk based on As-RBA was lower than that the total As concentrations. Therefore, it was concluded that PBET could better predict the As-RBA in vegetables than other in vitro assays. Furthermore, As-RBA values should be considered for accurate health risk assessment of As in vegetables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoman Zheng
- Cultivation Base of Guangxi Key Laboratory for Agro-Environment and Agro-Products Safety, College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Zengyu Zhang
- Cultivation Base of Guangxi Key Laboratory for Agro-Environment and Agro-Products Safety, College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Jiancheng Chen
- Cultivation Base of Guangxi Key Laboratory for Agro-Environment and Agro-Products Safety, College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Huanting Liang
- Cultivation Base of Guangxi Key Laboratory for Agro-Environment and Agro-Products Safety, College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Xue Chen
- Cultivation Base of Guangxi Key Laboratory for Agro-Environment and Agro-Products Safety, College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Yan Qin
- Cultivation Base of Guangxi Key Laboratory for Agro-Environment and Agro-Products Safety, College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - M J I Shohag
- Department of Agriculture, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Science and Technology University, Gopalganj 8100, Bangladesh
| | - Yanyan Wei
- Cultivation Base of Guangxi Key Laboratory for Agro-Environment and Agro-Products Safety, College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China.
| | - Minghua Gu
- Cultivation Base of Guangxi Key Laboratory for Agro-Environment and Agro-Products Safety, College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China.
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The Art of Positronics in Contemporary Nanomaterials Science: A Case Study of Sub-Nanometer Scaled Glassy Arsenoselenides. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15010302. [PMID: 35009450 PMCID: PMC8745817 DOI: 10.3390/ma15010302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The possibilities surrounding positronics, a versatile noninvasive tool employing annihilating positrons to probe atomic-deficient sub-nanometric imperfections in a condensed matter, are analyzed in application to glassy arsenoselenides g-AsxSe100-x (0 < x < 65), subjected to dry and wet (in 0.5% PVP water solution) nanomilling. A preliminary analysis was performed within a modified two-state simple trapping model (STM), assuming slight contributions from bound positron-electron (Ps, positronium) states. Positron trapping in g-AsxSe100-x/PVP nanocomposites was modified by an enriched population of Ps-decay sites in PVP. This was proven within a three-state STM, assuming two additive inputs in an overall trapping arising from distinct positron and Ps-related states. Formalism of x3-x2-CDA (coupling decomposition algorithm), describing the conversion of Ps-decay sites into positron traps, was applied to identify volumetric nanostructurization in wet-milled g-As-Se, with respect to dry-milled ones. Under wet nanomilling, the Ps-decay sites stabilized in inter-particle triple junctions filled with PVP replaced positron traps in dry-milled substances, the latter corresponding to multi-atomic vacancies in mostly negative environments of Se atoms. With increased Se content, these traps were agglomerated due to an abundant amount of Se-Se bonds. Three-component lifetime spectra with nanostructurally- and compositionally-tuned Ps-decay inputs and average lifetimes serve as a basis to correctly understand the specific "rainbow" effects observed in the row from pelletized PVP to wet-milled, dry-milled, and unmilled samples.
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Wang S, Liu X, Wang S, Ouyang L, Li H, Ding J, Deng G, Zhou W. Imatinib co-loaded targeted realgar nanocrystal for synergistic therapy of chronic myeloid leukemia. J Control Release 2021; 338:190-200. [PMID: 34428479 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2021.08.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Discovery of BCR-ABL1 tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) has revolutionized the therapy of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), a malignant myeloproliferative disease characterized by abnormal activation of BCR-ABL fusion oncoprotein with protein tyrosine kinase (PTK) activity. However, the long-term treatment outcomes with TKIs are strongly limited by multiple drug resistances, resulting in relapse albeit with initial high response rate. Here, we reported a realgar (As4S4) nanocrystal-based delivery system to reverse drug resistance for synergistic CML therapy. While As4S4 is extremely insoluble in water, bovine serum albumin (BSA) was rationally screened to effectively stabilize As4S4 nanocrystal with uniformed size of ~40 nm. Imatinib (IMA), a representative TKIs, can be readily loaded into the hydrophobic domain of BSA to develop As4S4/IMA co-delivery system. Mechanistically, IMA inhibits PTK activity, while As4S4 degrades BCR-ABL1, which co-contribute to tumor suppression via complementary pathways for synergistic effect. Moreover, the nanosystem was modified with folic acid (FA) to enable tumor targetability, which has been demonstrated both in vitro and in vivo, resulting in robust tumor growth inhibition and significantly prolonged mice survival without any noticeable adverse effects. This work designed a synergistic nanoplatform for targeted CML therapy, provided a strategy to address the key limitation of As4S4 for biomedical applications, and highlighted the advantages of the combination between traditional Chinese and western medicine for diseases treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengmei Wang
- The First Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan 410007, China
| | - Xuanjun Liu
- The First Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan 410007, China; Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China
| | - Shengfeng Wang
- The First Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan 410007, China; Department of Pharmacy, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China
| | - Linqi Ouyang
- The First Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan 410007, China
| | - Hui Li
- Hunan Traditional Chinese Medical College, Zhuzhou, Hunan 412008, China
| | - Jinsong Ding
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China
| | - Guiming Deng
- The First Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan 410007, China
| | - Wenhu Zhou
- The First Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan 410007, China; Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China.
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Liu G, Song Y, Li C, Liu R, Chen Y, Yu L, Huang Q, Zhu D, Lu C, Yu X, Xiao C, Liu Y. Arsenic compounds: The wide application and mechanisms applied in acute promyelocytic leukemia and carcinogenic toxicology. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 221:113519. [PMID: 33984805 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Arsenic (As), as well as its various compounds have been widely used for nearly 4000 years either as drugs or poisons. These compounds are valuable in the treatment of various diseases ranging from dermatosis to cancer, thereby emphasizing their important roles as therapeutic agents. The ability of As compounds, especially arsenic trioxide (ATO) in the treatment of acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL), has fundamentally altered people's understanding of the poison, and has become a major factor in the re-emergence of Western medicine candidates to treat leukemia and other solid tumors. However, long-term exposure to As has been correlated with numerous disadvantageous influences on health, particularly carcinogenesis. Importantly, accumulating evidence suggests that biotransformation of As, as a step to eliminate As from the human body, can induce alterations at the genetic and epigenetic levels, resulting in therapeutic effects or carcinogenesis. In this article, we aimed to provide a systematic overview of the primary contributions associated with As and its compounds, as well as the detailed mechanisms applied in APL cells and carcinogenic toxicology. This review may help to understand the underlying mechanisms and safe wide clinical applications of medicinal As along with its compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangzhi Liu
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Yurong Song
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Chenxi Li
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Rui Liu
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Youwen Chen
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Liuchunyang Yu
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Qingcai Huang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Dongjie Zhu
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Cheng Lu
- Institute of Basic Research in Clinical Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Xue Yu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Cheng Xiao
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yuanyan Liu
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China.
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11
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Maeda H, Shiobara R, Tanaka M, Kajinami A, Nakayama H. Effect of mechanochemical inclusion of triamterene into sulfobutylether-β-cyclodextrin and its improved dissolution behavior. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2021; 47:535-541. [PMID: 33185132 DOI: 10.1080/03639045.2020.1850759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The formation of inclusion complexes between triamterene (TT) and cyclodextrins (CDs) to increase the water apparent solubility of TT was investigated. UV data showed that the binding constant of the TT/sulfobutylether-β-cyclodextrin (SBE-β-CD) inclusion complex was 510 L/mol. The phenyl ring of TT was inserted into the secondary hydroxy face of SBE-β-CD, as demonstrated by 1H-1H rotating frame nuclear Overhauser effect spectroscopy NMR. Physicochemical properties of solid TT/SBE-β-CD complexes prepared by physical mixing, kneading, freeze-drying, and mechanochemical methods were studied by X-ray diffraction and 13C cross-polarization and magic angle spinning NMR. With the mechanochemical method, the diffraction peak corresponding to TT disappeared, indicating the formation of an inclusion complex. The results of the dissolution test revealed that the solid complex obtained by the mechanochemical method improved the dissolution of TT. The water apparent solubility of TT can be improved by simple mechanical mixing without organic solvents, and improved bioavailability after oral administration is expected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideko Maeda
- Laboratory of Functional Molecular Chemistry, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Ryoma Shiobara
- Laboratory of Functional Molecular Chemistry, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Masafumi Tanaka
- Laboratory of Functional Molecular Chemistry, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Akihiko Kajinami
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Nakayama
- Laboratory of Functional Molecular Chemistry, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, Kobe, Japan
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12
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Purification, Detoxification, and Incineration Methods of Minerals and Metals in Traditional Medicine Formulations of Sri Lanka. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2021; 2021:6634553. [PMID: 33510804 PMCID: PMC7822661 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6634553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Background Herbo-mineral therapies are very popular in traditional medical systems and formulations consisting of specific minerals or metals or mixture of both and mixed with organic components derived from plants. Purification/detoxification or incineration procedures play an important role to detoxify these and metals and minerals. Objective In the present review, an attempt was made to gather herbo-mineral formulations which are used commonly in traditional medicinal systems in Sri Lanka and recapitulate the purification/detoxification or incineration techniques. Method Commonly used herbo-mineral formulations are collected from a text book of Vatikaaprakarana. However, the purification/detoxification and incineration techniques for all minerals/metals are not mentioned in Vatikaaprakarana, and these techniques were collected from journal articles published between 1st January 2000 and 1st June 2020 through searching PubMed (US National Library of Medicine, USA), Science Direct (RELX Group, Netherlands), and Semantic Scholar (Allen Institute for Artificial Intelligence, USA). Results Ten herbo-mineral formulations were selected, and purification/detoxification or incineration techniques were described in brief for copper sulphate, aluminum sulfate, borex powder, sulphur, sodium chloride, cinnabar, arsenicals, realgar, orpiment, ammonium chloride, magnesium silicate, zinc, and mercury. Conclusion The review has demonstrated different types of purification/detoxification or incineration techniques of minerals used in herbo-mineral preparations. In addition, there is an urgent need for comprehensive survey or evaluation to check whether purification/detoxification or incineration techniques of metals/minerals are practiced properly in the country.
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13
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Preparation and characterization of stable fluorescent As4S4/ZnS/Fe3O4 nanosuspension capped by Poloxamer 407 and folic acid. APPLIED NANOSCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s13204-020-01345-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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14
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Temperature-sensitive gel-loaded composite nanomedicines for the treatment of cervical cancer by vaginal delivery. Int J Pharm 2020; 586:119616. [PMID: 32650113 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2020.119616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2020] [Revised: 06/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
In this study, toad venom (TV) and realgar were loaded into a poloxamer 188/407 (F127/F188)-based temperature-sensitive in situ gel (TISG) and encapsulated in solid lipid nanoparticles (TV-SLN) or ground nano-realgar (NR) to improve drug release and reduce local irritation after vaginal administration. The combination of TV-SLN and NR (TV-SLN/NR) greatly enhanced the inhibition of tumor cell proliferation and was most effective at a dose ratio of 2:3 (w/w). After TV-SLN/NR treatment, S and G0/G1 phase arrest were observed in HeLa and SKOV-3 cells and the inhibitory effects on proliferation were stronger than those in the conventional powder group. The gelation temperature of TV-SLN and NR-loaded TISG (TV-SLN/NR-TISG) using the selected formulation was 33 ± 0.91 °C. The cumulative release of the drug increased as the dissolution of gel progressed, showing a linear relationship (r > 0.99). TV-SLN/NR-TISG enabled the sustained release of cargo by adhesion to the vaginal mucosa and showed excellent biocompatibility during continuous administration for 7 days. We specifically demonstrated the effectiveness of the TISG for the vaginal delivery of TV-SLN and NR, supporting its important clinical implications for the treatment of cervical cancer.
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15
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Free‐volume structure of polyvinylpyrrolidone‐capped glassy As
2
Se
3
nanocomposites prepared by mechanical milling. POLYM ENG SCI 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.25101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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16
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Xu R, Song P, Wang J, Wu Z, Yan L, Zhao W, Liu Y, Ma W, Latta M, Li H, Chen P. Bioleaching of realgar nanoparticles using the extremophilic bacterium Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans DLC-5. ELECTRON J BIOTECHN 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejbt.2019.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
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17
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Holomb R, Kondrat O, Mitsa V, Veres M, Czitrovszky A, Feher A, Tsud N, Vondráček M, Veltruská K, Matolín V, Prince KC. Super-bandgap light stimulated reversible transformation and laser-driven mass transport at the surface of As 2S 3 chalcogenide nanolayers studied in situ. J Chem Phys 2018; 149:214702. [PMID: 30525731 DOI: 10.1063/1.5053228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The super-bandgap laser irradiation of the in situ prepared As-S chalcogenide films was found to cause drastic structural transformations and unexpected selective diffusion processes, leading to As enrichment on the nanolayer surface. Excitation energy dependent synchrotron radiation photoelectron spectroscopy showed complete reversibility of the molecular transformations and selective laser-driven mass transport during "laser irradiation"-"thermal annealing" cycles. Molecular modeling and density functional theory calculations performed on As-rich cage-like clusters built from basic structural units indicate that the underlying microscopic mechanism of laser induced transformations is connected with the realgar-pararealgar transition in the As-S structure. The detected changes in surface composition as well as the related local and molecular structural transformations are analyzed and a model is proposed and discussed in detail. It is suggested that the formation of a concentration gradient is a result of bond cleavage and molecular reorientation during transformations and anisotropic molecular diffusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Holomb
- Uzhhorod National University, 88000 Uzhhorod, Ukraine
| | - O Kondrat
- Uzhhorod National University, 88000 Uzhhorod, Ukraine
| | - V Mitsa
- Uzhhorod National University, 88000 Uzhhorod, Ukraine
| | - M Veres
- Wigner Research Centre for Physics, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, 1121 Budapest, Hungary
| | - A Czitrovszky
- Wigner Research Centre for Physics, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, 1121 Budapest, Hungary
| | - A Feher
- Pavol Jozef Šafárik University in Košice, Park Angelinum 9, Košice, Slovak Republic
| | - N Tsud
- Department of Surface and Plasma Science, Charles University, 18000 Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - M Vondráček
- Institute of Physics, Academy of Science of the Czech Republic, Na Slovance 2, CZ-182 21 Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - K Veltruská
- Department of Surface and Plasma Science, Charles University, 18000 Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - V Matolín
- Department of Surface and Plasma Science, Charles University, 18000 Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - K C Prince
- Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., 34149 Basovizza, Trieste, Italy
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18
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Zhao Y, Onda K, Sugiyama K, Yuan B, Tanaka S, Takagi N, Hirano T. Antitumor effects of arsenic disulfide on the viability, migratory ability, apoptosis and autophagy of breast cancer cells. Oncol Rep 2018; 41:27-42. [PMID: 30320388 PMCID: PMC6278372 DOI: 10.3892/or.2018.6780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study, the antitumor effects of arsenic disulfide (As2S2) on the proliferative, survival and migratory ability of human breast cancer MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells were investigated, and its potential underlying molecular mechanisms with an emphasis on cell cycle arrest, apoptosis induction, autophagy induction and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation were determined. The results indicated that As2S2 significantly inhibited the viability, survival and migration of breast cancer cells in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, it was identified that As2S2 induced cell cycle arrest primarily at G2/M phase in the two breast cancer cell lines by regulating the expression of associated proteins, including cyclin B1 and cell division cycle protein 2. In addition to cell cycle arrest, As2S2 also triggered the induction of apoptosis in cells by activating the expression of pro-apoptotic proteins, including caspase-7 and −8, as well as increasing the B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2)-associated X protein/Bcl-2 ratio, while decreasing the protein expression of anti-apoptotic B-cell lymphoma extra-large. In addition, As2S2 stimulated the accumulation of microtubule-associated protein 1A/1B-light chain 3 (LC3)-II and increased the LC3-II/LC3-I ratio, indicating the occurrence of autophagy. As2S2 treatment also inhibited the protein expression of matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), but increased the intracellular accumulation of ROS in the two breast cancer cell lines, which may assist in alleviating metastasis and attenuating the progression of breast cancer. Taken together, the results of the present study suggest that As2S2 inhibits the progression of human breast cancer cells through the regulation of cell cycle arrest, intrinsic and extrinsic apoptosis, autophagy, MMP-9 signaling and ROS generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxue Zhao
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji, Tokyo 192‑0392, Japan
| | - Kenji Onda
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji, Tokyo 192‑0392, Japan
| | - Kentaro Sugiyama
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji, Tokyo 192‑0392, Japan
| | - Bo Yuan
- Department of Applied Biochemistry, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji, Tokyo 192‑0392, Japan
| | - Sachiko Tanaka
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji, Tokyo 192‑0392, Japan
| | - Norio Takagi
- Department of Applied Biochemistry, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji, Tokyo 192‑0392, Japan
| | - Toshihiko Hirano
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji, Tokyo 192‑0392, Japan
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Combination of LC/MS and GC/MS based metabolomics to study the hepatotoxic effect of realgar nanoparticles in rats. Chin J Nat Med 2018; 15:684-694. [PMID: 28991530 DOI: 10.1016/s1875-5364(17)30098-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Realgar nanoparticles (NPs) are increasingly used as therapeutic agents for their enhanced anti-proliferation effect and cytotoxicity on cancer cells. However, the alteration of particle size may enhance biological reactivity as well as toxicity. A LC/MS and GC/MS based metabolomics approach was employed to explore the mechanism of realgar NPs-induced hepatotoxicity and identify potential biomarkers. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were administrated intragastrically with realgar or realgar NPs at a dose of 1.0 g·kg-1·d-1 for 28 days and toxic effects of realgar NPs on liver tissues were examined by biochemical indicator analysis and histopathologic examination. Increased levels of serum enzymes and high hepatic steatosis were discovered in the realgar NPs treated group. Multivariate data analysis revealed that rats with realgar NPs-induced hepatotoxicity could be distinctively differentiated from the animals in the control and realgar treated groups. In addition, 21 and 32 endogenous metabolites were apparently changed in the serum and live extracts, respectively. Realgar NPs might induce free fatty acid and triglyceride accumulation, resulting in hepatotoxicity. In conclusion, the present study represents the first comprehensive LC/MS- and GC/MS-based metabolomics analysis of realgar NPs-induced hepatotoxicity, which may help further research of nanotoxicity.
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20
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Zhao Y, Onda K, Yuan B, Tanaka S, Kiyomi A, Sugiyama K, Sugiura M, Takagi N, Hirano T. Arsenic disulfide‑induced apoptosis and its potential mechanism in two‑ and three‑dimensionally cultured human breast cancer MCF‑7 cells. Int J Oncol 2018; 52:1959-1971. [PMID: 29620191 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2018.4357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
In China, arsenic disulfide (As2S2) has been used for the treatment of hematological malignancies. The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of As2S2 on the human breast cancer MCF‑7 cell line cultured in both two‑dimensional (2D) monolayers and three‑dimensional (3D) spheroids to explore its therapeutic potential in breast cancer treatment. Cellular viability and the induction of apoptosis were examined with a cell counting kit‑8 (CCK‑8) assay and flow cytometric analysis, respectively. Alterations in the expression levels of apoptosis‑associated proteins, including Bcl‑2‑associated X protein (Bax), B‑cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl‑2), p53, and caspase‑7, as well as the cell survival‑associated proteins, phosphatidylinositol 3‑kinase (PI3K), Akt, and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), were assessed by western blotting. Although a dose‑dependent reduction in cell viability, which occurred in association with the induction of apoptosis triggered by the addition of 2‑24 µM As2S2, was observed in both 2D‑ and 3D‑culture systems, 3D spheroids were less sensitive to the cytotoxic effect of As2S2 compared with the 2D cultured cells. A significant increase in the expression levels of Bax, p53, and caspase‑7 was observed in treated 2D‑cultured cells, whereas a similar increase in the expression levels of Bax was only confirmed in treated 3D spheroids, although there was a trend towards the increased expression of p53 and caspase‑7 in the 3D spheroids. These results suggested that these molecules are closely associated with As2S2‑mediated cytotoxicity in the two culture systems, and further suggested that the difference in the sensitivity to As2S2 between 2D monolayers and 3D spheroids may be attributed to the differential alterations in the expression levels of proteins associated with cell mortality. Significant downregulation of the expression levels of Bcl‑2, PI3K, Akt and mTOR was observed in the two culture systems. Taken together, the results of the present study demonstrated that As2S2 inhibits cell viability and induces apoptosis in both 2D‑ and 3D‑ cultured MCF‑7 cells, which may be associated with activation of the pro‑apoptotic pathway and the inhibition of pro‑survival signaling. These results have provided novel insights into clinical applications of As2S2 in the treatment of patients with breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxue Zhao
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji, Tokyo 192‑0392, Japan
| | - Kenji Onda
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji, Tokyo 192‑0392, Japan
| | - Bo Yuan
- Department of Applied Biochemistry, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan
| | - Sachiko Tanaka
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji, Tokyo 192‑0392, Japan
| | - Anna Kiyomi
- Department of Drug Safety and Risk Management, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan
| | - Kentaro Sugiyama
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji, Tokyo 192‑0392, Japan
| | - Munetoshi Sugiura
- Department of Drug Safety and Risk Management, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan
| | - Norio Takagi
- Department of Applied Biochemistry, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan
| | - Toshihiko Hirano
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji, Tokyo 192‑0392, Japan
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Real-time monitoring of the UV-induced formation of quantum dots on a milliliter, microliter, and nanoliter scale. Mikrochim Acta 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s00604-017-2149-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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22
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Ma Q, Wang C, Li X, Guo H, Meng J, Liu J, Xu H. Fabrication of water-soluble polymer-encapsulated As4S4 to increase oral bioavailability and chemotherapeutic efficacy in AML mice. Sci Rep 2016; 6:29348. [PMID: 27383126 PMCID: PMC4935940 DOI: 10.1038/srep29348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2016] [Accepted: 06/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Realgar (As4S4) has been demonstrated to be effective for the treatment of acute myeloid leukemia (AML); it has the advantages of no drug resistance and oral administration. Nevertheless, its poor solubility has been an obstacle to its bioavailability, requiring high-dose administration over a long period. We investigated whether crushing realgar crystals to the nanoscale and encapsulating the particles in a water-soluble polymer in one step using hot-melt extrusion would increase the bioavailability of As4S4. Raw As4S4 (r-As4S4) and water-soluble polymer were processed via co-rotating twin screw extrusion. The resulting product (e-As4S4) was characterized by SEM, XRD, and DLS. The cytotoxicity and therapeutic effects of e-As4S4 were evaluated in vivo and in vitro. The results show that e-As4S4 dissolved rapidly in water, forming a stable colloid solution. The average size of e-As4S4 particles was 680 nm, which was reduced by more than 40-fold compared with that of r-As4S4. The bioavailability of e-As4S4 was up to 12.6-fold higher than that of r-As4S4, and it inhibited the proliferation of HL-60 cells much more effectively than did r-As4S4, inducing apoptosis and significantly reducing the infiltration of HL-60 cells into the bone marrow, spleen, and liver. This in turn prolonged the survival of AML mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Ma
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, P. R. China
| | - Chuan Wang
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, P. R. China
| | - Xiaojin Li
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, P. R. China
| | - Hua Guo
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, P. R. China
| | - Jie Meng
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, P. R. China
| | - Jian Liu
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, P. R. China
| | - Haiyan Xu
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, P. R. China
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Wang H, Liu Z, Gou Y, Qin Y, Xu Y, Liu J, Wu JZ. Apoptosis and necrosis induced by novel realgar quantum dots in human endometrial cancer cells via endoplasmic reticulum stress signaling pathway. Int J Nanomedicine 2015; 10:5505-12. [PMID: 26357474 PMCID: PMC4560518 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s83838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Realgar (AS4S4) has been used in traditional medicines for malignancy, but the poor water solubility is still a major hindrance to its clinical use. Realgar quantum dots (RQDs) were therefore synthesized with improved water solubility and bioavailability. Human endometrial cancer JEC cells were exposed to various concentrations of RQDs to evaluate their anticancer effects and to explore mechanisms by the MTT assay, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), flow cytometry, real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and Western blot analysis. Results revealed that the highest photoluminescence quantum yield of the prepared RQDs was up to approximately 70%, with the average size of 5.48 nm. RQDs induced antipro-liferative activity against JEC cells in a concentration-dependent manner. In light microscopy and TEM examinations, RQDs induced vacuolization and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) dilation in JEC cells in a concentration-dependent manner. ER stress by RQDs were further confirmed by increased expression of GADD153 and GRP78 at both mRNA and protein levels. ER stress further led to JEC cell apoptosis and necrosis, as evidenced by flow cytometry and mitochondrial membrane potential detection. Our findings demonstrated that the newly synthesized RQDs were effective against human endometrial cancer cells. The underlying mechanism appears to be, at least partly, due to ER stress leading to apoptotic cell death and necrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Wang
- Research Center for Medicine and Biology, Zunyi Medical College, Zunyi, People's Republic of China ; Guizhou Provincial College-based Key Lab for Tumor Prevention and Treatment with Distinctive Medicines, Zunyi Medical College, Zunyi, People's Republic of China ; Department of Microbiolog, Zunyi Medical College, Zunyi, People's Republic of China y
| | - Zhengyun Liu
- Key Lab for Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical College, Zunyi, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Gou
- Department of Microbiolog, Zunyi Medical College, Zunyi, People's Republic of China y
| | - Yu Qin
- Key Lab for Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical College, Zunyi, People's Republic of China
| | - Yaze Xu
- Pharmacy School, Zunyi Medical College, Zunyi, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Liu
- Key Lab for Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical College, Zunyi, People's Republic of China
| | - Jin-Zhu Wu
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, People's Republic of China
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Qin YU, Wang H, Liu ZY, Liu J, Wu JZ. Realgar quantum dots induce apoptosis and necrosis in HepG2 cells through endoplasmic reticulum stress. Biomed Rep 2015; 3:657-662. [PMID: 26405541 DOI: 10.3892/br.2015.489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2015] [Accepted: 06/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Realgar (As4S4) has been used in traditional Chinese medicines for treatment of malignancies. However, the poor water solubility of realgar limits its clinical application. To overcome this problem, realgar quantum dots (RQDs; 5.48±1.09 nm) were prepared by a photoluminescence method. The mean particle size was characterized by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Our recent studies revealed that the RQDs were effective against tumor growth in tumor-bearing mice without producing apparent toxicity. The present study investigated their anticancer effects and mechanisms in human hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2) cells. The HepG2 cells and human normal liver (L02) cells were used to determine the cytotoxicity of RQDs. The portion of apoptotic and dead cells were measured by flow cytometry with Annexin V-fluorescein isothiocyanate/propidium iodide double staining. Apoptosis-related proteins and genes were examined by western blot analysis and reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction, and the mitochondrial membrane potential was assayed by confocal microscope with JC-1 as a probe. RQDs exhibited cytotoxicity in a concentration-dependent manner and HepG2 cells were more sensitive compared with normal L02 cells. At 15 µg/ml, 20% of the cells were apoptotic, while 60% of the cells were necrotic at 30 µg/ml. The anti-apoptosis protein Bcl-2 was dose-dependently decreased, while pro-apoptotic protein Bax was increased. There was a loss of mitochondrial membrane potential and expression of the stress genes C/EBP-homologous protein 10 and glucose-regulated protein 78 was increased by RQDs. RQDs were effective in the inhibition of HepG2 cell proliferation and this effect was due to induction of apoptosis and necrosis through endoplasmic reticulum stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y U Qin
- Key Laboratory for Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical College, Zunyi, Guizhou 563003, P.R. China
| | - Huan Wang
- The Research Center for Medicine and Biology, Zunyi Medical College, Zunyi, Guizhou 563003, P.R. China
| | - Zheng-Yun Liu
- Key Laboratory for Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical College, Zunyi, Guizhou 563003, P.R. China
| | - Jie Liu
- Key Laboratory for Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical College, Zunyi, Guizhou 563003, P.R. China
| | - Jin-Zhu Wu
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, P.R. China
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Chen B, Liu Q, Popowich A, Shen S, Yan X, Zhang Q, Li XF, Weinfeld M, Cullen WR, Le XC. Therapeutic and analytical applications of arsenic binding to proteins. Metallomics 2015; 7:39-55. [DOI: 10.1039/c4mt00222a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Knowledge of arsenic binding to proteins advances the development of bioanalytical techniques and therapeutic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beibei Chen
- Division of Analytical and Environmental Toxicology
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology
- University of Alberta
- Edmonton, Canada
| | - Qingqing Liu
- Division of Analytical and Environmental Toxicology
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology
- University of Alberta
- Edmonton, Canada
| | | | - Shengwen Shen
- Division of Analytical and Environmental Toxicology
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology
- University of Alberta
- Edmonton, Canada
| | - Xiaowen Yan
- Division of Analytical and Environmental Toxicology
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology
- University of Alberta
- Edmonton, Canada
| | - Qi Zhang
- Division of Analytical and Environmental Toxicology
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology
- University of Alberta
- Edmonton, Canada
| | - Xing-Fang Li
- Division of Analytical and Environmental Toxicology
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology
- University of Alberta
- Edmonton, Canada
| | | | - William R. Cullen
- Department of Chemistry
- University of British Columbia
- Vancouver, Canada
| | - X. Chris Le
- Division of Analytical and Environmental Toxicology
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology
- University of Alberta
- Edmonton, Canada
- Department of Chemistry
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Stability studies of As 4 S 4 nanosuspension prepared by wet milling in Poloxamer 407. Int J Pharm 2015; 478:187-192. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2014.11.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2014] [Revised: 11/14/2014] [Accepted: 11/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Shi F, Feng N, Omari-Siaw E. Realgar nanoparticle-based microcapsules: preparation and in-vitro/in-vivo characterizations. J Pharm Pharmacol 2014; 67:35-42. [DOI: 10.1111/jphp.12314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2014] [Accepted: 07/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Objectives
The aim of this study was to prepare microcapsules for the oral delivery of realgar nanoparticles (RN) that are also capable of improving its stability.
Methods
RN and RN-based microcapsules (RNM) were prepared using ball milling and solvent evaporation techniques, respectively. Properties such as particle size, ζ-potential (ZP), morphology and X-ray diffractometer (XRD) were investigated. In addition, drug release, bioavailability and antitumour studies were also performed.
Key findings
The nanoparticles appeared round or elliptical in shape with a mean size of 85.4 ± 3.5 nm and a ZP of −34.3 ± 1.7 mV. The obtained RNM appeared spherical and not aggregated with a relatively narrow size distribution. XRD analysis revealed that ball milling technique did not change the crystallinity of the realgar powder. RN and RNM exhibited considerable higher release of As2S2, bioavailability and antitumour efficacies compared with crude realgar. Furthermore, RNM could protect RN directly exposed to the air and light, and therefore increased the stability of the RN.
Conclusions
The developed RNM demonstrated a greater potential as a delivery system for realgar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Shi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Nianping Feng
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Baláž P, Baláž M, Bujňáková Z. Mechanochemistry in Technology: From Minerals to Nanomaterials and Drugs. Chem Eng Technol 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ceat.201300669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Tian Y, Wang X, Xi R, Pan W, Jiang S, Li Z, Zhao Y, Gao G, Liu D. Enhanced antitumor activity of realgar mediated by milling it to nanosize. Int J Nanomedicine 2014; 9:745-57. [PMID: 24516332 PMCID: PMC3916444 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s56391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Realgar is a poorly water-soluble compound that exhibits poor bioavailability. To improve this, the authors reduced the particle size of realgar to nanoscale by high-energy ball milling and optimized the preparation process under which (realgar weight 40 g, milling time 9 hours, milling speed 38 Hz, milling temperature −20°C) realgar nanoparticles (NPs) with an average size of 78±8.3 nm were prepared. The average particle size of realgar was characterized by laser scattering, and its apparent shape was observed by transmission electron microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The solubility of realgar was enhanced after milling until the particles were in the nanoscale region without altering its properties, as confirmed by a scanning electron microscopy energy-dispersive spectrometer. Realgar NPs had higher cytotoxicity on the selected cell lines, namely human breast cancer (MCF7), human hepatoma (HepG2), and human lung cancer (A549) cell lines, than coarse realgar. In addition, a pharmacokinetics study performed in rats indicated that the relative bioavailability of realgar NPs was 216.9% compared with coarse realgar; a biodistribution study performed in mice showed that after intragastric administration of realgar NPs, higher arsenic concentration was reached in the tumor, heart, liver, spleen, lung, and kidney compared with the administration of coarse realgar, as confirmed by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry to determine the concentration of arsenic. This study indicated that high-energy ball milling is an effective way to reduce the average particle size of realgar, and compared with coarse realgar, the cytotoxicity and bioavailability of realgar NPs were significantly improved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Tian
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaobo Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China ; Department of Pharmacy, 210th Hospital of People's Liberation Army, Dalian, People's Republic of China
| | - Ronggang Xi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China ; Department of Pharmacy, 210th Hospital of People's Liberation Army, Dalian, People's Republic of China
| | - Weisan Pan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuang Jiang
- Department of Pharmacy, 210th Hospital of People's Liberation Army, Dalian, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhao Li
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Zhao
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Guanghui Gao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Liaoning Institute for Food and Drug Control, Shenyang, People's Republic of China, People's Republic of China
| | - Dan Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, 210th Hospital of People's Liberation Army, Dalian, People's Republic of China
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Mártha C, Kürti L, Farkas G, Jójárt-Laczkovich O, Szalontai B, Glässer E, Deli MA, Szabó-Révész P. Effects of polymers on the crystallinity of nanonized meloxicam during a co-grinding process. Eur Polym J 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2013.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Hu XM, Yuan B, Tanaka S, Zhou Q, Onda K, Toyoda H, Hirano T. Involvement of oxidative stress associated with glutathione depletion and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase activation in arsenic disulfide-induced differentiation in HL-60 cells. Leuk Lymphoma 2013; 55:392-404. [DOI: 10.3109/10428194.2013.802779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Liu D, Zhi D, Zhou T, Yu Q, Wan F, Bai Y, Li H. Realgar bioleaching solution is a less toxic arsenic agent in suppressing the Ras/MAPK pathway in Caenorhabditis elegans. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2013; 35:292-299. [PMID: 23376179 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2013.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2012] [Revised: 12/29/2012] [Accepted: 01/02/2013] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
To explore other arsenic derivatives with anticancer effects and fewer adverse effects, realgar bioleaching solution (RBS) has been found to be a viable approach. Here we used C. elegans as a model organism to its possible efficacy for anti-cancer effect of RBS. Our results indicated that RBS significantly suppressed the multivulva (Muv) phenotype of let-60 ras(gf) mutant that was positive correlated to arsenic concentrations in worms and also inhibited Muv phenotype of lin-15(lf) upstream of Ras/MAPK pathway, but did not affect the Muv phenotype resulting from loss-of-function mutations of lin-l(lf) downstream of Ras/MAPK pathway, which may be mechanism-based. In toxicity tests, RBS did not lead to reduction resulting from arsenic trioxide (ATO) in the number of pharyngeal pumping which was orthologous to vertebrate heart beating in wild type C. elegans. Overall, RBS was likely to be a potential anti-cancer drug candidate with high efficiency and low toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongling Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life sciences, Lanzhou University, Tianshui Road No. 222, Lanzhou 730000, PR China
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Mancini I, Defant A. Bioactive Poly(Arsenic) Compounds. BIOMEDICAL INORGANIC POLYMERS 2013; 54:175-95. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-41004-8_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Sugimoto S, Niwa T, Nakanishi Y, Danjo K. Novel ultra-cryo milling and co-grinding technique in liquid nitrogen to produce dissolution-enhanced nanoparticles for poorly water-soluble drugs. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2012; 60:325-33. [PMID: 22382412 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.60.325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A novel ultra-cryo milling micronization technique for pharmaceutical powders using liquid nitrogen (LN2 milling) was used to grind phenytoin, a poorly water-soluble drug, to improve its dissolution rate. LN2 milling produced particles that were much finer and more uniform in size and shape than particles produced by jet milling. However, the dissolution rate of LN2-milled phenytoin was the same as that of unground phenytoin due to agglomeration of the submicron particles. To overcome this, phenytoin was co-ground with polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP). The dissolution rate of co-ground phenytoin was much higher than that of original phenytoin, single-ground phenytoin, a physical mixture of phenytoin and PVP, or jet-milled phenytoin. X-Ray diffraction showed that the crystalline state of mixtures co-ground by LN2 milling remained unchanged. The equivalent improvement in dissolution, whether phenytoin was co-ground or separately ground and then mixed with PVP, suggested that even when co-ground, the grinding of PVP and phenytoin occurs essentially independently. Mixing original PVP with ground phenytoin provided a slight improvement in dissolution, indicating that the particle size of PVP is important for improving dissolution. When mixed with ground phenytoin, PVP ground by LN2 milling aided the wettability and dispersion of phenytoin, enhancing utilization of the large surface area of ground phenytoin. Co-grinding phenytoin with other excipients such as Eudragit L100, hypromellose, hypromellose acetate-succinate, microcrystalline cellulose, hydroxypropylcellulose and carboxymethyl cellulose also improved the dissolution profile, indicating an ultra-cryo milling and co-grinding technique in liquid nitrogen has a broad applicability of the dissolution enhancement of phenytoin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shohei Sugimoto
- Department of Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, Nagoya, Japan
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Huang Y, Tian Y, Zhang Z, Peng C. A HILIC–MS/MS method for the simultaneous determination of seven organic acids in rat urine as biomarkers of exposure to realgar. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2012; 905:37-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2012.07.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2012] [Revised: 07/19/2012] [Accepted: 07/29/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Cryogenic grinding of electrospun poly-ε-caprolactone mesh submerged in liquid media. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2012; 32:1366-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2012.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2011] [Revised: 02/17/2012] [Accepted: 04/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Man S, Gao W, Wei C, Liu C. Anticancer drugs from traditional toxic Chinese medicines. Phytother Res 2012; 26:1449-65. [PMID: 22389143 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.4609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2011] [Revised: 12/12/2011] [Accepted: 12/19/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Many anticancer drugs are obtained from natural sources. Nature produces a variety of toxic compounds, which are often used as anticancer drugs. Up to now, there are at least 120 species of poisonous botanicals, animals and minerals, of which more than half have been found to possess significant anticancer properties. In spite of their clinical toxicity, they exhibit pharmacological effects and have been used as important traditional Chinese medicines for the different stages of cancer. The article reviews many structures such as alkaloids of Camptotheca acuminata, Catharanthus roseus and Cephalotaxus fortunei, lignans of Dysosma versipellis and Podophyllum emodi, ketones of Garcinia hanburyi, terpenoids of Mylabris and Ginkgo biloba, diterpenoids of Tripterygium wilfordii, Euphorbia fischeriana, Euphorbia lathyris, Euphorbia kansui, Daphne genkwa, Pseudolarix kaempferi and Brucea javanica, triterpenoids of Melia toosendan, steroids of Periploca sepium, Paris polyphylla and Venenum Bufonis, and arsenic compounds including Arsenicum and Realgar. By comparing their related phytochemistry, toxic effects and the recent advances in understanding the mechanisms of action, this review puts forward some ideals and examples about how to increase antitumour activity and/or reduce the side effects experienced with Chinese medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuli Man
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, (Tianjin University of Science and Technology), Ministry of Education, Tianjin, 300457, PR China
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Enhanced skin permeation of piroxicam and pranoprofen induced from nanoparticles dispersed in propylene glycol aqueous solution. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/s1773-2247(12)50017-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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An YL, Nie F, Wang ZY, Zhang DS. Preparation and characterization of realgar nanoparticles and their inhibitory effect on rat glioma cells. Int J Nanomedicine 2011; 6:3187-94. [PMID: 22238507 PMCID: PMC3254263 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s26237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim Our objective was to prepare a new nano-sized realgar particle and characterize its anti-tumor effect on tumor cells. Methods Nanoparticles were prepared by coprecipitation and were detected by transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive spectrometry (EDS), and dynamic light scattering. An anti-proliferative effect of realgar nanoparticles on rat glioma (C6) cells was determined by the MTT assay. Cell cycle and apoptosis rates were observed by flow cytometry. Apoptosis-related gene expression was detected by immunofluorescence staining. Results Realgar nanoparticles were successfully prepared. The particles were spherical, with an average diameter of approximately 80 nm, and contained arsenic and sulfur elements. Realgar nanoparticles inhibited C6 cell proliferation and induced apoptosis in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Treatment of C6 cells with realgar nanoparticles significantly increased the proportions of cells in S and G2/M phases, decreased the proportion of cells in G0/G1 phase, downregulated Bcl-2 expression, and substantially upregulated Bax expression. Conclusion Realgar nanoparticles significantly inhibited C6 glioma cell proliferation and promoted cell apoptosis by inducing the upregulation of Bax and downregulation of Bcl-2 expression. Realgar nanoparticles are a promising in vitro anti-cancer strategy and may be applicable for human cancer therapy studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-li An
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular and Functional Imaging, Department of Radiology, Zhongda Hospital, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
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Chen S, Fang Y, Ma L, Liu S, Li X. Realgar-induced apoptosis and differentiation in all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA)-sensitive NB4 and ATRA-resistant MR2 cells. Int J Oncol 2011; 40:1089-96. [PMID: 22134377 PMCID: PMC3584620 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2011.1276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2011] [Accepted: 10/24/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Realgar has been used in Western medicine and Chinese traditional medicine since ancient times, and its promising anticancer activity has attracted much attention in recent years, especially for acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL). However, the therapeutic action of realgar treatment for APL remains to be fully elucidated. Cellular cytotoxicity, proliferation, apoptosis and differentiation were comprehensively investigated in realgar-treated cell lines derived from PML-RARα+ APL patient, including the all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA)-sensitive NB4 and ATRA-resistant MR2 cell lines. For analysis of key regulators of apoptosis and differentiation, gene expression profiles were performed in NB4 cells. Realgar was found to induce apoptosis and differentiation in both cell lines, and these effects were exerted simultaneously. Gene expression profiles indicated that genes influenced by realgar treatment were involved in the modulation of signal transduction, translation, transcription, metabolism and the immune response. Given its low toxicity, realgar is a promising alternative reagent for the therapy of APL. Our data contribute to an understanding of the underlying mechanism responsible for the therapeutic effects of realgar in the clinical treatment of APL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyu Chen
- Department of Oncology, Xin Hua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, PR China.
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Zhao W, Lu X, Yuan Y, Liu C, Yang B, Hong H, Wang G, Zeng F. Effect of size and processing method on the cytotoxicity of realgar nanoparticles in cancer cell lines. Int J Nanomedicine 2011; 6:1569-77. [PMID: 21845047 PMCID: PMC3152475 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s21373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, the effects of the size and Chinese traditional processing (including elutriation, water cleaning, acid cleaning, alkali cleaning) on realgar nanoparticles (RN)-induced antitumor activity in human osteosarcoma cell lines (MG-63) and hepatoma carcinoma cell lines (HepG-2) were investigated. The human normal liver cell line (L-02) was used as control. RN was prepared by high-energy ball milling technology. The results showed that with the assistance of sodium dodecyl sulfate, the size of realgar could be reduced to 127 nm after 12 hours’ ball milling. The surface charge was decreased from 0.83 eV to −17.85 eV and the content of As2O3 clearly increased. Except for elutriation, the processing methods did not clearly change the size of the RN, but the content of As2O3 was reduced dramatically. In vitro MTT tests indicated that in the two cancer cell lines, RN cytotoxicity was more intense than that of the coarse realgar nanoparticles, and cytotoxicity was typically time- and concentration-dependent. Also, RN cytotoxicities in the HepG-2 and L-02 cells all increased with increasing milling time. Due to the reduction of the As2O3 content, water cleaning, acid cleaning, and alkali cleaning decreased RN cytotoxicity in HepG-2, but RN after elutriation, with the lowest As2O3 (3.5 mg/g) and the smallest size (109.3 nm), showed comparable cytotoxicity in HepG-2 to RN without treatment. Meanwhile, RN-induced cytotoxicity in L-02 cells was clearly reduced. Therefore, it can be concluded that RN may provide a strong antiproliferation effect in the MG-63 and HepG-2 cells. Elutriation processing is a suitable approach to limit the dangerous side-effects of As2O3, while maintaining the effectiveness of RN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weizhong Zhao
- The State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
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Zhang YN, Sun GX, Huang Q, Williams PN, Zhu YG. A cultural practice of drinking realgar wine leading to elevated urinary arsenic and its potential health risk. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2011; 37:889-892. [PMID: 21450346 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2011.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2010] [Revised: 02/15/2011] [Accepted: 02/28/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Toasting friends and family with realgar wines and painting children's foreheads and limbs with the leftover realgar/alcohol slurries is an important customary ritual during the Dragon Boat Festival (DBF); a Chinese national holiday and ancient feast day celebrated throughout Asia. Realgar is an arsenic sulfide mineral, and source of highly toxic inorganic arsenic. Despite the long history of realgar use during the DBF, associated risk to human health by arsenic ingestion or percutaneous adsorption is unknown. To address this urine samples were collected from a cohort of volunteers who were partaking in the DBF festivities. The total concentration of arsenic in the wine consumed was 70 mg L⁻¹ with all the arsenic found to be inorganic. Total arsenic concentrations in adult urine reached a maximum of ca. 550 μg L⁻¹ (mean 220.2 μg L⁻¹) after 16 h post-ingestion of realgar wine, while face painting caused arsenic levels in children's urine to soar to 100 μg L⁻¹ (mean 85.3 μg L⁻¹) 40 h after the initial paint application. The average concentration of inorganic arsenic in the urine of realgar wine drinkers on average doubled 16 h after drinking, although this was not permanent and levels subsided after 28 h. As would be expected in young children, the proportions of organic arsenic in the urine remained high throughout the 88-h monitoring period. However, even when arsenic concentrations in the urine peaked at 40 h after paint application, concentrations in the urine only declined slightly thereafter, suggesting pronounced longer term dermal accumulation and penetration of arsenic. Drinking wines blended with realgar or using realgar based paints on children does result in the significant absorption of arsenic and therefore presents a potentially serious and currently unquantified health risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Nan Zhang
- State Key Lab of Regional and Urban Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
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Wu J, Shao Y, Liu J, Chen G, Ho PC. The medicinal use of realgar (As₄S₄) and its recent development as an anticancer agent. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2011; 135:595-602. [PMID: 21497649 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2011.03.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2010] [Revised: 03/30/2011] [Accepted: 03/30/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Arsenicals have been known as poisons and paradoxically as therapeutic agents. In the early 1970s, Chinese physicians from Harbin revived the medicinal use of arsenicals as anticancer agents. Notable success was observed in the treatment of acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) with arsenic trioxide (ATO). The FDA approved ATO injection in the year 2000 for the treatment of APL. In contrast, the clinical use of the other arsenical, realgar (As₄S₄), is currently much less established, though it has also long been used in medical history. According to ancient medical records and recent findings in clinical trials, realgar was found as effective as ATO, but with relatively good oral safety profiles even on chronic administration. These give realgar an advantage over ATO in maintenance treatment. Though there is increasing understanding on the mechanisms of action and metabolic profiles of ATO, similar aspects of realgar are unclear to date. MATERIALS AND METHODS We outline the use of realgar in traditional medicines, especially in traditional Chinese medicines (TCM) from ancient times to present. The clinical and experimental observations on realgar as a therapeutic agent are described with an emphasis on those findings that may imply the rationale and future directions of realgar as a potential anticancer drug candidate. RESULTS There is an increasing understanding in the mechanisms of action of realgar as an antileukemic agent. However, there is still sparse information on its metabolism and toxicity profiles. CONCLUSIONS Realgar is poorly soluble in water. Recently, several types of realgar nanoparticles (NPs) have been developed. Some of these realgar NPs also possess the unique optical properties of quantum dots. The activities and bioavailability of realgar NPs are much influenced by their sizes, making realgar an interesting biomedical and pharmaceutical research candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinzhu Wu
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Harbin Institute of Technology, No. 92 West DaZhi Street, Harbin 150001, People's Republic of China.
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Zhang YN, Sun GX, Williams PN, Huang Q, Zhu YG. Assessment of the solubility and bioaccessibility of arsenic in realgar wine using a simulated gastrointestinal system. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2011; 409:2357-2360. [PMID: 21470664 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2010] [Revised: 02/17/2011] [Accepted: 03/01/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Consumption of arsenic (As) wine is a traditional activity during the classic Chinese festival of Duanwu, colloquially known worldwide as the Dragon Boat Day. Arsenic wine is drunk on the morning of the fifth day of the fifth lunar calendar month to commemorate the death of Qu Yuan, a famed Chinese poet who drowned himself in protest of a corrupt government, and to protect against ill fortune. Although realgar minerals are characteristically composed of sparingly soluble tetra-arsenic tetra-sulfides (As(4)S(4)), purity does vary with up to 10% of As being present as non-sulfur bound species, such as arsenate (As(V)) and arsenite (As(III)). Despite, the renewed interest in As speciation and the bioaccessibility of the active As components in realgar based Chinese medicines, little is known about the safety surrounding the cultural practice of drinking As wine. In a series of experiments the speciation and solubility of As in a range of wines were investigated. Furthermore, a simulated gastrointestinal system was employed to predict the impact of digestive processes on As bioavailability. The predominant soluble As species found in all the wines were As(III) and As(V). Based on typical As wine recipes employing 0.1 g realgar mL(-1) wine, the concentration of dissolved As ranged from ca. 100 to 400 mg L(-1) depending on the ethanol content of the preparation: with the As solubility found to be higher in wines with a lower proportion of ethanol. Based on a common 100 mL measure of wine with a concentration of 400 mg As L(-1), the amount of soluble As would equate to around half of the acute minimal lethal dose for adults. This is likely an underestimate of the bioaccessible concentration, as a three-fold increase in bioaccessibility could be observed in the intestinal phase based on the results from the stimulated gastrointestinal system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Nan Zhang
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
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Liu J, Liang SX, Lu YF, Miao JW, Wu Q, Shi JS. Realgar and realgar-containing Liu-Shen-Wan are less acutely toxic than arsenite and arsenate. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2011; 134:26-31. [PMID: 21129479 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2010.11.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2010] [Revised: 11/04/2010] [Accepted: 11/21/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Liu-Shen-Wan (LSW) is a widely-used traditional Chinese medicine containing realgar (As(4)S(4)). AIM OF THE STUDY Realgar has been included in many traditional medicines, and is often taken as arsenite for risk assessment in realgar-containing traditional remedies. Is realgar toxicologically similar to arsenite? MATERIALS AND METHOD Mice were orally given LSW (60 and 200mg/kg; 200mg LSW contains 27 mg realgar), realgar (30 mg/kg, equivalent to 21 mg As/kg), and the equivalent As dose as sodium arsenite (NaAsO(2)), or as arsenate (Na(2)HAsO(4)). Acute toxicity and tissue As accumulation were determined 8h later. RESULTS Arsenite and arsenate increased serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels, indicative of liver injury; blood urea nitrogen (BUN) was also increased by arsenite and arsenate, indicative of nephrotoxicity. No elevations of ALT and BUN were observed in LSW and realgar groups. Histopathology showed more damage in arsenite- and arsenate-treated liver and kidneys, while in realgar- and LSW- treated animals, only mild alterations were seen. Hepatic and renal As contents were dramatically increased to 6200 and 3350ng/g, respectively, after arsenite, but only increased to 260 and 180 ng/g after LSW. The expressions of arsenic-sensitive stress genes, namely metallothionein-1 and heme oxygenase-1, were increased after arsenite or arsenate by 3-10-folds, but were unaltered after LWS and realgar. CONCLUSIONS Realgar and LSW are much less toxic than arsenite and arenate. The use of total As content to evaluate the safety of realgar-containing traditional medicines is not scientifically sound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Liu
- The Key Lab of Pharmacology, Zunyi Medical College, Zunyi 563000, China.
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Zhou Z, Li D, Yang H, Zhu Y, Yang S. Synthesis of d–f coordination polymer nanoparticles and their application in phosphorescence and magnetic resonance imaging. Dalton Trans 2011; 40:11941-4. [DOI: 10.1039/c1dt11441g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Yamamoto K, Limwikrant W, Moribe K. Analysis of Molecular Interactions in Solid Dosage Forms; Challenge to Molecular Pharmaceutics. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2011; 59:147-54. [DOI: 10.1248/cpb.59.147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Keiji Yamamoto
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University
| | | | - Kunikazu Moribe
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University
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Polymer-directed assembly of water-soluble realgar nanocomposites for antimicrobial applications. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s11706-010-0111-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Niwa T, Nakanishi Y, Danjo K. One-step preparation of pharmaceutical nanocrystals using ultra cryo-milling technique in liquid nitrogen. Eur J Pharm Sci 2010; 41:78-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2010.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2010] [Revised: 05/17/2010] [Accepted: 05/30/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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