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Wang X, Wang Q, Cai D, Yu J, Liu X, Yin F, Zhou D. In vitro plasma hydrolysis of phenolic esters and their absorption kinetics in rats: Controlled release of phenolic compounds and enhanced health benefits. Food Chem 2024; 435:137647. [PMID: 37804730 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.137647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2023] [Revised: 09/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/09/2023]
Abstract
Phenolic esters are considered as promising functional food ingredients. However, their digestion, absorption and metabolism are still unclear. Tyrosol acyl esters (TYr-Es), hydroxytyrosol acyl esters (HTy-Es) and alkyl gallates (A-GAs) were hydrolyzed by carboxylesterase in plasma and exhibited slow release of polyphenols (phenolic acids). In vitro hydrolysis degrees initially increased and then decreased with the increasing carbon chain length (C2-C16). TYr-Es exhibited higher hydrolysis degrees compared to HTy-Es, and hydrolysis degrees of TYr-Es and HTy-Es were markedly higher than those of A-GAs. Due to the fast hydrolysis rates of TYr-Es and HTy-Es, they were undetectable in all rat plasma samples collected at several times within 24 h after administration. Whereas, A-GAs could be detected in rat plasmas and three absorption peaks were found in the pharmacokinetic profiles. Importantly, the T1/2, MRT, AUC0-∞, AUC0-t in octyl gallate group were longer (or stronger) than those in propyl gallate and dodecyl gallate groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinmiao Wang
- SKL of Marine Food Processing & Safety Control, National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, Collaborative Innovation Center of Seafood Deep Processing, Liaoning Province Key Laboratory for Marine Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, People's Republic of China
| | - Qian Wang
- SKL of Marine Food Processing & Safety Control, National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, Collaborative Innovation Center of Seafood Deep Processing, Liaoning Province Key Laboratory for Marine Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, People's Republic of China
| | - Dong Cai
- SKL of Marine Food Processing & Safety Control, National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, Collaborative Innovation Center of Seafood Deep Processing, Liaoning Province Key Laboratory for Marine Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinghan Yu
- SKL of Marine Food Processing & Safety Control, National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, Collaborative Innovation Center of Seafood Deep Processing, Liaoning Province Key Laboratory for Marine Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyang Liu
- SKL of Marine Food Processing & Safety Control, National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, Collaborative Innovation Center of Seafood Deep Processing, Liaoning Province Key Laboratory for Marine Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, People's Republic of China
| | - Fawen Yin
- SKL of Marine Food Processing & Safety Control, National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, Collaborative Innovation Center of Seafood Deep Processing, Liaoning Province Key Laboratory for Marine Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, People's Republic of China.
| | - Dayong Zhou
- SKL of Marine Food Processing & Safety Control, National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, Collaborative Innovation Center of Seafood Deep Processing, Liaoning Province Key Laboratory for Marine Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, People's Republic of China
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2
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Rashad AY, Daabees HG, Elagawany M, Shahin M, Abdel Moneim AE, Rostom SAF. A New Avenue for Enhanced Treatment of Hyperuricemia and Oxidative Stress: Design, Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Some Novel Mutual Prodrugs Involving Febuxostat Conjugated with Different Antioxidants. Bioorg Chem 2023; 140:106818. [PMID: 37688830 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2023.106818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 08/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/11/2023]
Abstract
Febuxostat (FEB) is the first non-purine xanthine oxidase inhibitor (XOI) used for the treatment of hyperuricemia and gout. The oxidative stress induced by reactive oxygen species (ROS) which accompany purine metabolism by XO, could contribute to cellular damage and several pathological conditions. In this view, the present work addresses the evaluation of combining the hypouricemic effect of FEB and the free radical scavenging potential of various natural antioxidants in a single chemical entity by implementing the "mutual prodrug" strategy. Accordingly, a series of five ester prodrugs containing FEB together with different naturally occurring antioxidants namely, thioctic acid (4), thymol (5), menthol (6), vanillin (7), and guaiacol (8) was synthesized. Prominently, all the chemically conjugated prodrugs (4 - 8) revealed an obvious increase in the hypouricemic and antioxidant potentials when compared with their corresponding promoieties and physical mixtures. Moreover, they showed a potential protective effect against CCl4-induced hepatotoxicity and oxidative stress, together with no cytotoxicity on normal breast cells (MCF10A). Furthermore, the in vitro chemical and enzymatic stability studies of the prodrugs (4 - 8) using a developed HPLC method, verified their stability in different pHs, and rapid hydrolysis in rabbit plasma and liver homogenate to their parent metabolites. Moreover, the prodrugs (4 - 8) showed higher lipophilicity and lower aqueous solubility when compared to the parent drugs. Finally, the obtained merits from the implementation of the mutual prodrug strategy would encourage further application in the development of promising candidates with high therapeutic efficacy and improved safety profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aya Y Rashad
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Damanhour University, Damanhour, El-Buhaira 22516, Egypt
| | - Hoda G Daabees
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Damanhour University, Damanhour, El-Buhaira 22516, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Elagawany
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Damanhour University, Damanhour, El-Buhaira 22516, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Shahin
- Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Damanhour University, Damanhour, El-Buhaira 22516, Egypt
| | - Ahmed E Abdel Moneim
- Zoology and Entomology Department, Faculty of Science, Helwan University, Cairo 11795, Egypt
| | - Sherif A F Rostom
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21521, Egypt.
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3
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Wang X, Wang Q, Hu Y, Yin F, Liu X, Zhou D. Hydrolysis and transport characteristics of tyrosol-SCFA esters in rat intestine and blood: Two-step release of tyrosol and SCFAs to enhance the beneficial effects. Food Chem 2023; 414:135710. [PMID: 36821923 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.135710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
The models of rat everted gut sac and hydrolysis by rat plasma were used to clarify the hydrolysis and transport characteristics of tyrosol-SCFA esters (TYr-SEs). HPLC-UV results indicated that TYr-SEs could be hydrolyzed by intestinal lipase, which showed sustained release of SCFAs and TYr. Meanwhile, TYr-SEs and the liberated SCFAs and TYr could cross the membrane and were transported into blood circulation. TYr-SEs were further hydrolyzed by carboxylesterase in plasma. Obviously, the hydrolysis of TYr-SEs in blood also showed sustained release of SCFAs and TYr. Especially, the rates of hydrolysis and transport correlated positively with the acyl chain lengths. Besides, the above rates of the TYr-SE with a straight chain were greater than those of its isomer with a branched chain. Therefore, the above-mentioned two-step release of SCFAs and TYr clearly demonstrated that TYr-SEs would be an effective approach to enhance the beneficial health effects of SCFAs and TYr.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinmiao Wang
- School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, PR China
| | - Qian Wang
- School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, PR China
| | - Yuanyuan Hu
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, PR China; Development of Food Industry, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, PR China
| | - Fawen Yin
- School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, PR China; National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, PR China.
| | - Xiaoyang Liu
- School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, PR China; National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, PR China
| | - Dayong Zhou
- School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, PR China; National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, PR China
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4
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Wang X, Wang Q, Yu J, Guo X, Tong P, Yin F, Liu X, Zhou D. The potential of hydroxytyrosol fatty acid esters to enhance oral bioavailabilities of hydroxytyrosol and fatty acids: Continuous and slow-release ability in small intestine and blood. Food Chem 2023; 422:136246. [PMID: 37126954 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.136246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 04/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
HPLC-UV analysis in rat everted gut sac and in vitro simulated digestion models indicated that hydroxytyrosol fatty acid esters (HTy-Es) could be hydrolyzed by pancreatic lipase to slow-release of free fatty acids (FAs) and HTy. Meanwhile, the HTy-Es, the liberated FAs and the HTy could cross the membrane and were transported into blood circulation. HTy-Es were further hydrolyzed by carboxylesterase in in vitro rat plasma hydrolysis model, which also showed slow-release of FAs (C1-C4) and HTy. Especially, the rates of hydrolysis and transport initially increased and then decreased with the increasing alkyl chain length. Besides, the above rates of the HTy-Es with a straight chain were greater than those of its isomer with a branched chain. Therefore, the above-mentioned continuous and slow-release of FAs and HTy in small intestine and blood clearly demonstrated that HTy-Es would be an effective approach to enhance oral bioavailabilities of free fatty acids and hydroxytyrosol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinmiao Wang
- School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, PR China
| | - Qian Wang
- School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, PR China
| | - Jinghan Yu
- School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, PR China
| | - Xu Guo
- School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, PR China
| | - Peiyong Tong
- School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, PR China
| | - Fawen Yin
- School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, PR China; National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Marine Food Processing and Safety Control, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, PR China.
| | - Xiaoyang Liu
- School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, PR China; National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Marine Food Processing and Safety Control, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, PR China
| | - Dayong Zhou
- School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, PR China; National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Marine Food Processing and Safety Control, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, PR China
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5
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Rashad AY, Daabees HG, Elagawany M, Shahin M, Abdel Moneim AE, Rostom SA. Towards the Development of Dual Hypouricemic and Anti-inflammatory Candidates: Design, Synthesis, Stability Studies and Biological Evaluation of Some Mutual Ester Prodrugs of Febuxostat-NSAIDs. Bioorg Chem 2023; 135:106502. [PMID: 37030108 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2023.106502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/26/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
Treatment of gout involves two basic approaches: reducing the serum uric acid mainly by xanthine oxidase inhibitors (XOIs) and alleviating the intensity of the accompanying acute arthritic inflammation using non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Febuxostat (FEB) is the first non-purine XOI approved for the treatment of hyperuricemia and gout. The present study aims at combining the hypouricemic effect of FEB and the anti-inflammatory (AI) properties of NSAIDs in a single entity by adopting the "mutual prodrug" approach. Accordingly, a series of seven ester prodrugs comprising basically FEB together with different NSAIDs namely, diclofenac (4), ibuprofen (5), ketoprofen (6), indomethacin (7), naproxen (8), ketorolac (9) and etodolac (10) was synthesized. All the investigated seven prodrugs (4-10) were equipotent or even superior to their corresponding parent drugs in the hypouricemic and AI activities, together with a gastrointestinal (GI) safety profile. Among this series, the prodrug FEB-DIC (4) showed excellent dual in vivo hypouricemic and anti-inflammatory activity (43.60 % and 15.96 %, respectively) when compared to the parent drugs FEB and diclofenac (36.82 % and 12.10 %, respectively) and its physical mixture (37.28 % and 12.41 %, respectively). Investigation of the in vitro chemical stability and hydrolysis of the prodrug (4) in aqueous and biological samples using a developed HPLC method confirmed its stability in various pHs, whereas rapid hydrolysis to the parent drugs in liver homogenate and human plasma was proven. Finally, it is concluded that the mutual prodrug approach could be successfully used in drug design and development for overcoming undesirable difficulties without losing the desired activities of the parent drugs.
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Altaani B, Haddad R, Al-Tarakji A, Alrabadi N. Hydrolysis kinetics of the prodrug myristyl nicotinate. Pharm Dev Technol 2022; 27:1083-1092. [PMID: 36440492 DOI: 10.1080/10837450.2022.2152460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Myristyl nicotinate is a prodrug of nicotinic acid. In this research, the kinetics of hydrolysis for myristyl nicotinate was studied in an aqueous phosphate buffer solution within a 5-10 pH range and constant ionic strength at a high temperature which was 80 °C to perform accelerated hydrolysis experiments. The effect of temperature, ionic strength, buffer concentrations, and buffer type was studied. The degradation was monitored using a validated HPLC method. The kinetics of hydrolysis of myristyl nicotinate was also studied in skin and liver homogenates. The hydrolysis was found to follow pseudo-first-order kinetics. The rate constant was calculated from the slope of a linear plot of Ln transformation (Ln) of the remaining parent prodrug concentration versus time. The hydrolysis was found pH- dependent, and a pH rate profile was constructed. Moreover, the hydrolysis rate of the prodrug was found to be buffer species dependent. Carbonate buffer has the most catalytic effect over borate and phosphate buffers. The effect of temperature on the kinetics of hydrolysis of myristyl nicotinate in phosphate buffer at pH 9 at 343, 348, 353, and 358°K was studied. The hydrolysis was found to follow the Arrhenius equation. From the Arrhenius plot, the half-life at 25 °C, and the activation energy were calculated and were found to be 466.5 days and 24.57 kcal mol-1, respectively. The hydrolysis of the prodrug was faster in liver and skin homogenates than those in aqueous buffer solutions. The pseudo-first-order rate constants were found to be 0.012, 0.028 min-1 for myristyl nicotinate in the liver, and skin homogenates, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bashar Altaani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Razan Haddad
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jadara University, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Aliaa Al-Tarakji
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Nasr Alrabadi
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
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Zhou M, Zhang RH, Wang M, Xu GB, Liao SG. Prodrugs of triterpenoids and their derivatives. Eur J Med Chem 2017; 131:222-236. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Revised: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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8
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Baseri H, Lotfollahi MN. Effects of expansion parameters on characteristics of gemfibrozil powder produced by rapid expansion of supercritical solution process. POWDER TECHNOL 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2013.12.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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9
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Chen X, Gao J, Jiang Y, Huang P, Xie Y, Pi R, Zhu S, Yao M. Determination of newly synthesized lipoic acid-niacin dimer in rat plasma by UPLC/electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry: assay development, validation and application to a pharmacokinetic study. Biomed Chromatogr 2013; 28:213-7. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.3006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2013] [Revised: 07/02/2013] [Accepted: 07/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Sun Yat-sen University; 132 Waihuan Road East, Guangzhou 510006 Higher Education Mega Center Guangzhou China
| | - Jingwen Gao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Sun Yat-sen University; 132 Waihuan Road East, Guangzhou 510006 Higher Education Mega Center Guangzhou China
| | - Yiming Jiang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Sun Yat-sen University; 132 Waihuan Road East, Guangzhou 510006 Higher Education Mega Center Guangzhou China
| | - Ping Huang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Sun Yat-sen University; 132 Waihuan Road East, Guangzhou 510006 Higher Education Mega Center Guangzhou China
| | - Yuhui Xie
- Food and Drug Administration of Guangdong Province; Dongfeng road 753-2, Yuexiu district Guangzhou China
| | - Rongbiao Pi
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Sun Yat-sen University; 132 Waihuan Road East, Guangzhou 510006 Higher Education Mega Center Guangzhou China
| | - Shuzhen Zhu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Sun Yat-sen University; 132 Waihuan Road East, Guangzhou 510006 Higher Education Mega Center Guangzhou China
| | - Meicun Yao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Sun Yat-sen University; 132 Waihuan Road East, Guangzhou 510006 Higher Education Mega Center Guangzhou China
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10
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Formation of gemfibrozil with narrow particle size distribution via rapid expansion of supercritical solution process (RESS). POWDER TECHNOL 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2012.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Qandil AM. Prodrugs of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), more than meets the eye: a critical review. Int J Mol Sci 2012; 13:17244-74. [PMID: 23247285 PMCID: PMC3546748 DOI: 10.3390/ijms131217244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2012] [Revised: 11/29/2012] [Accepted: 12/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The design and the synthesis of prodrugs for nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) have been given much attention by medicinal chemists, especially in the last decade. As a therapeutic group, NSAIDs are among the most widely used prescribed and over the counter (OTC) medications. The rich literature about potential NSAID prodrugs clearly shows a shift from alkyl, aryalkyl or aryl esters with the sole role of masking the carboxylic acid group, to more elaborate conjugates that contain carefully chosen groups to serve specific purposes, such as enhancement of water solubility and dissolution, nitric oxide release, hydrogen sulfide release, antioxidant activity, anticholinergic and acetylcholinesterase inhibitory (AChEI) activity and site-specific targeting and delivery. This review will focus on NSAID prodrugs that have been designed or were, later, found to possess intrinsic pharmacological activity as an intact chemical entity. Such intrinsic activity might augment the anti-inflammatory activity of the NSAID, reduce its side effects or transform the potential therapeutic use from classical anti-inflammatory action to something else. Reports discussed in this review will be those of NO-NSAIDs, anticholinergic and AChEI-NSAIDs, Phospho-NSAIDs and some miscellaneous agents. In most cases, this review will cover literature dealing with these NSAID prodrugs from the year 2006 and later. Older literature will be used when necessary, e.g., to explain the chemical and biological mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amjad M Qandil
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Department, College of Pharmacy, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh 11426, Saudi Arabia.
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Mahdi MF, Alsaad HN. Design, synthesis and hydrolytic behavior of mutual prodrugs of NSAIDs with gabapentin using glycol spacers. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2012; 5:1080-91. [PMID: 24281258 PMCID: PMC3816658 DOI: 10.3390/ph5101080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2012] [Revised: 09/30/2012] [Accepted: 10/08/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The free –COOH present in NSAIDs is thought to be responsible for the GI irritation associated with all traditional NSAIDs. Exploitation of mutual prodrugs is an approach wherein the NSAID is covalently bounded to a second pharmacologically active carrier/drug with the ultimate aim of reducing the gastric irritation. In this study some NSAIDs were conjugated with gabapentin via ester bonds using glycol spacers with the expectation of reducing gastric adverse effects and obtaining synergistic analgesic effects. The kinetics of ester hydrolysis were studied in two different non enzymatic buffer solutions at pH 1.2 and 7.4, as well as in 80% human plasma using HPLC with chloroform -methanol as mobile phase. Compounds 9a–c with ethylene glycol spacers showed significant stability at buffer solutions with half lives ranging from about 8–25 h, while the underwent a reasonable plasma hydrolysis (49%–88%) in 2 h. Compound 9d with a propylene glycol spacer shows a higher rate of enzymatic hydrolysis than the corresponding ethylene glycol compound 9c. The result of compounds 9a-c indicate that these compounds may be stable during their passage through the GIT until reaching the blood circulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monther Faisal Mahdi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Mustansiriyah, Baghdad, 10052, Iraq.
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Zhong Y, Dai Z, Xu Y, Teng Y, Wu B. Synthesis, stability and pharmacological evaluation of a novel codrug consisting of lamivudine and ursolic acid. Eur J Pharm Sci 2012; 45:110-5. [PMID: 22085635 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2011.10.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2011] [Revised: 10/29/2011] [Accepted: 10/29/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
A novel codrug (LMX) was obtained from lamivudine (LMV) and ursolic acid (UA) coupled with ethyl chloroacetate through an amide and ester linkage. The structure of LMX was confirmed by ¹H NMR, ¹³C NMR, IR and HRMS. Herein, the in vitro non-enzymatic and enzymatic hydrolysis and in vivo pharmacological activities of LMX were studied. The kinetics of hydrolysis of LMX was studied in aqueous solution of pH 1-10, 80% buffered human plasma and in the presence of lipase from Porcine pancreas (EC 3.1.1.3) at 37°C. It is found that LMX hydrolysis rate was significantly faster in lipase with half-life of 1.4h compared to pH 7.4 phosphate buffer (t(1/2) 11.2h) and buffered human plasma (t(1/2) 5.4h). The decomposition rates in aqueous solution (pH 1-10) showed a U-shaped curve. LMX was comparatively stable between pH 3 and 6 (half-life >40 h). Pharmacological studies indicated that LMX had the dual action of anti-hepatitis B virus activity and hepatoprotective effects against acute liver injury. These findings suggest that LMX could be a promising candidate agent for the treatment of hepatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhong
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, PR China
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