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Sajjadi S, Shayanfar A, Kiafar F, Siahi-Shadbad M. Tacrolimus: Physicochemical stability challenges, analytical methods, and new formulations. Int J Pharm X 2024; 8:100285. [PMID: 39328187 PMCID: PMC11426107 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpx.2024.100285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2024] [Revised: 09/13/2024] [Accepted: 09/14/2024] [Indexed: 09/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Tacrolimus, a potent immunosuppressant, is widely used in several formulations to treat organ rejection in transplant patients. However, its physicochemical stability poses significant challenges, including thermal instability, photostability issues, low solubility, and drug-excipient incompatibility. This review article focuses on the details of these challenges and discusses the analytical methods employed to study tacrolimus stability, such as thermal, spectroscopic, and chromatographic methods in different formulations. New formulations to enhance tacrolimus stability are explored, including lipid-based nanocarriers, polymers, and thin film freezing. Researchers and formulators can optimize tacrolimus formulations to improve efficacy and patient outcomes by understanding and addressing these stability challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Sajjadi
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Pharmaceutical and Food Control Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ali Shayanfar
- Pharmaceutical Analysis Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Farhad Kiafar
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mohammadreza Siahi-Shadbad
- Pharmaceutical and Food Control Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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2
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Sekar V, Vedhachalam D, Vb A, Sivaraman S, Janakarajan V, Sethuraman S, Shiroor SG, Geoffroy JMM. Combating Alcohol Adduct Impurity in Immunosuppressant Drug Product Manufacturing: A Scientific Investigation for Enhanced Process Control. Pharm Res 2024; 41:983-1006. [PMID: 38561580 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-024-03695-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This research aims to elucidate critical impurities in process validation batches of tacrolimus injection formulations, focusing on identification and characterization of previously unreported impurity at RRT 0.42, identified as the tacrolimus alcohol adduct. The potential root causes for the formation of new impurity was determined using structured risk assessment by cause and effect fishbone diagram. The primary objective was to propose mitigation plan and demonstrate the control of impurities with 6 month accelerated stability results in development batches. METHODS The investigation utilizes method validation and characterization studies to affirm the accuracy of quantifying the tacrolimus alcohol adduct. The research methodology employed different characterization techniques like rotational rheometer, ICP‒MS, MALDI-MS, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, and DEPT-135 NMR for structural elucidation. Additionally, the exact mass of the impurity is validated using electrospray ionization mass spectra. RESULTS Results indicate successful identification and characterization of the tacrolimus alcohol adduct. The study further explores the transformation of Tacrolimus monohydrate under various conditions, unveiling the formation of Tacrolimus hydroxy acid and proposing the existence of a novel degradation product, the Tacrolimus alcohol adduct. Six-month data from development lots utilizing Manufacturing Process II demonstrate significantly lower levels of alcohol adducts. CONCLUSIONS Manufacturing Process II, selectively locates Tacrolimus within the micellar core of HCO-60, this prevent direct contact of ethanol with Tacrolimus which minimizes impurity alcohol adduct formation. This research contributes to the understanding of tacrolimus formulations, offering ways to safeguard product integrity and stability during manufacturing and storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasanthakumar Sekar
- Pfizer Healthcare India Private Limited, Medicinal Sciences-Pharmaceutical Sciences Small Molecules, Pfizer Research & Development, 8th Floor, Block C, IIT Madras Research Park, Kanagam Road, Taramani, Chennai, India, 600113.
| | - Devarajan Vedhachalam
- Pfizer Healthcare India Private Limited, Medicinal Sciences-Pharmaceutical Sciences Small Molecules, Pfizer Research & Development, 8th Floor, Block C, IIT Madras Research Park, Kanagam Road, Taramani, Chennai, India, 600113
| | - ArunKumar Vb
- Pfizer Healthcare India Private Limited, Medicinal Sciences-Pharmaceutical Sciences Small Molecules, Pfizer Research & Development, 8th Floor, Block C, IIT Madras Research Park, Kanagam Road, Taramani, Chennai, India, 600113
| | - Sivananthan Sivaraman
- Pfizer Healthcare India Private Limited, Medicinal Sciences-Pharmaceutical Sciences Small Molecules, Pfizer Research & Development, 8th Floor, Block C, IIT Madras Research Park, Kanagam Road, Taramani, Chennai, India, 600113
| | - Venkatakrishnan Janakarajan
- Pfizer Healthcare India Private Limited, Medicinal Sciences-Pharmaceutical Sciences Small Molecules, Pfizer Research & Development, 8th Floor, Block C, IIT Madras Research Park, Kanagam Road, Taramani, Chennai, India, 600113
| | - Sai Sethuraman
- Pfizer Healthcare India Private Limited, Medicinal Sciences-Pharmaceutical Sciences Small Molecules, Pfizer Research & Development, 8th Floor, Block C, IIT Madras Research Park, Kanagam Road, Taramani, Chennai, India, 600113
| | - Sandeep G Shiroor
- Pfizer, Medicinal Sciences-Pharmaceutical Sciences Small Molecules, Pfizer Research & Development, 375 North Field Drive, Lake Forest, Illinois, 60045, USA
| | - Jean-Marie M Geoffroy
- Pfizer, Medicinal Sciences-Pharmaceutical Sciences Small Molecules, Pfizer Research & Development, 375 North Field Drive, Lake Forest, Illinois, 60045, USA
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3
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Recent advances in novel formulation approaches for tacrolimus delivery in treatment of various ocular diseases. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2022.103945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Yang HJ, Zhang ZL, Yan LB, Chen ZQ, ju Lin X, Cheng X, Zhou JM, Wang DS, Lian YY. Modification of nanoscale polymeric adsorbent for the preparative separation and purification of tacrolimus from fermentation broth of Streptomyces tsukubaensis. J Chromatogr A 2022; 1675:463180. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2022.463180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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5
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Recent progress in colloidal nanocarriers loaded in situ gel in ocular therapeutics. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2022.103327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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6
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Rebibo L, Tam C, Sun Y, Shoshani E, Badihi A, Nassar T, Benita S. Topical tacrolimus nanocapsules eye drops for therapeutic effect enhancement in both anterior and posterior ocular inflammation models. J Control Release 2021; 333:283-297. [PMID: 33798665 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2021.03.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Tacrolimus has shown efficacy in eye inflammatory diseases. However, due to the drug lability, its formulation into a stable ophthalmic product remains a challenge. Tacrolimus-loaded nanocapsules (NCs) were designed for ocular instillation. Further, the stability and effects of the formulation were analyzed under different experimental conditions. Physicochemical characterization of the NCs revealed suitable homogeneous size and high encapsulation efficiency. Moreover, the lyophilized formulation was stable at ICH long term and accelerated storage conditions, for at least 18 and 3 months, respectively. The tacrolimus NCs did not elicit any eye irritation in rabbits after single- and multiple-dose applications. Additionally, ex vivo penetration assays on isolated porcine cornea and pharmacokinetics analyses in various rabbit eye compartments demonstrated the superiority of the NCs in retention and permeation into the anterior chamber of the eye compared to the free drug dissolved in oil. Moreover, multiple dose ocular instillation of the NCs in rats allowed high tacrolimus levels in the eye with very low plasma concentrations. Finally, the developed delivery system achieved a significant decrease in four typical inflammatory markers in a murine model of keratitis, an anterior chamber inflammation. Furthermore, these NCs, applied as eye drops, displayed clinical and histological efficacy in the mainly posterior chamber inflammation model of murine, experimental auto-immune uveitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie Rebibo
- Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel.
| | - Connie Tam
- Department of Ophthalmic Research, Cole Eye Institute and Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA.
| | - Yan Sun
- Department of Ophthalmic Research, Cole Eye Institute and Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | | | | | - Taher Nassar
- Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel.
| | - Simon Benita
- Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel; BioNanoSim Ltd., Jerusalem, Israel.
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Sun K, Hu K. Preparation and Characterization of Tacrolimus-Loaded SLNs in situ Gel for Ocular Drug Delivery for the Treatment of Immune Conjunctivitis. Drug Des Devel Ther 2021; 15:141-150. [PMID: 33469266 PMCID: PMC7811375 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s287721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The aim of this study is to develop a novel in situ gel of tacrolimus-loaded SLNs (solid lipid nanoparticles) for ocular drug delivery. Methods The optimal formulation was characterized by surface morphology, particle size, zeta potential, entrapment efficiency, drug loading and in vitro release behavior. In vivo studies were also conducted to evaluate the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic results. Results In this study, TAC-SLNs ISG were prepared using homogenization followed by probe sonication method. The average particle size of TAC-SLNs ISG was observed to be 122.3±4.3 nm. Compared with TAC-SLNs, in situ gel did not increase particle size, and there was no significant difference between them. The results of viscosity measurement showed that TAC SLNs-ISG were typical of pseudo plastic systems and showed a marked increase in viscosity as temperature increased and ultimately formed a rigid gel (32°C). In vitro and in vivo studies illustrated the sustained release model of the drug from TAC-SLNs ISG. Animal model showed that TAC-SLNs ISG had good pharmacodynamics when compared with eye drops and SLNs. Conclusion Our results demonstrated that TAC SLNs-ISG had the potential for being an ideal ocular drug delivery system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kexin Sun
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Chongqing Eye Institute, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Ke Hu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Chongqing Eye Institute, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
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Prajapati M, Eiriksson FF, Loftsson T. Stability characterization, kinetics and mechanism of tacrolimus degradation in cyclodextrin solutions. Int J Pharm 2020; 586:119579. [PMID: 32599134 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2020.119579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 06/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Tacrolimus is a macrolide lactone and potent immunosuppressant. It is highly lipophilic and has very limited aqueous solubility. Tacrolimus is highly susceptible to hydrolysis which results in very limited stability in aqueous solutions. Besides this, tacrolimus also undergoes dehydration and epimerization. Cyclodextrin (CD) complexation can increase the solubility and stability of hydrophobic drugs in aqueous solutions through the formation of drug/CD complexes. The aim of this study was to investigate degradation kinetics, mechanism and stability of tacrolimus in aqueous CD solutions, with the ultimate goal of developing an aqueous vehicle for ophthalmic delivery. For this, phase-solubility and kinetic studies in aqueous solutions containing different CDs at different pH values were performed. Mass spectrometry studies were also performed to elucidate the degradation mechanism of the drug in aqueous CD solution. The study showed that the drug has maximum stability between pH 4 and 6 and hydrolysis was the main cause of tacrolimus degradation in aqueous 2-hydroxypropyl-βCD (HPβCD) solutions. βCD and its derivatives were the better CD solubilizers for tacrolimus. The solubility and stability studies were further conducted with CD and surfactants, which is tyloxapol, tween 80 and poloxamer 407, where the combination provided better results compared to individual components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manisha Prajapati
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Iceland, Hofsvallagata 53, 107 Reykjavik, Iceland.
| | | | - Thorsteinn Loftsson
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Iceland, Hofsvallagata 53, 107 Reykjavik, Iceland.
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Forced degradation of tacrolimus and the development of a UHPLC method for impurities determination. ACTA PHARMACEUTICA (ZAGREB, CROATIA) 2019; 69:363-380. [PMID: 31259735 DOI: 10.2478/acph-2019-0025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
An ultra-high performance liquid chromatography method for simultaneous determination of tacrolimus impurities in pharmaceutical dosage forms has been developed. Appropriate chromatographic separation was achieved on a BEH C18 column using gradient elution with a total run time of 14 min. The method was applied to analyses of commercial samples and was validated in terms of linearity, precision, accuracy, sensitivity and specificity. It was found to be linear, precise and accurate in the range of 0.05 to 0.6 % of the impurities level in pharmaceutical dosage forms. Stability indicating power of the method was demonstrated by the results of forced degradation studies. The forced degradation study in solution revealed tacrolimus instability under stress alkaline, thermal, light and photolytic conditions and in the presence of a radical initiator or metal ions. The drug was stable at pH 3-5. Solid-state degradation studies conducted on amorphous tacrolimus demonstrated its sensitivity to light, elevated temperature, humidity and oxidation.
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Siegl C, König-Schuster M, Nakowitsch S, Koller C, Graf P, Unger-Manhart N, Schindlegger Y, Kirchoff N, Knecht C, Prieschl-Grassauer E, Sipos W. Pharmacokinetics of topically applied tacrolimus dissolved in Marinosolv, a novel aqueous eye drop formulation. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2019; 134:88-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2018.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Revised: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/18/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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In Vitro and In Vivo Assessment of FK506 Analogs as Novel Antifungal Drug Candidates. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2018; 62:AAC.01627-18. [PMID: 30181374 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01627-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 08/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
FK506 (tacrolimus) is an FDA-approved immunosuppressant indicated for the prevention of allograft rejections in patients undergoing organ transplants. In mammals, FK506 inhibits the calcineurin-nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT) pathway to prevent T-cell proliferation by forming a ternary complex with its binding protein, FKBP12, and calcineurin. FK506 also exerts antifungal activity by inhibiting calcineurin, which is essential for the virulence of human-pathogenic fungi. Nevertheless, FK506 cannot be used directly as an antifungal drug due to its immunosuppressive action. In this study, we analyzed the cytotoxicity, immunosuppressive activity, and antifungal activity of four FK506 analogs, 31-O-demethyl-FK506, 9-deoxo-FK506, 9-deoxo-31-O-demethyl-FK506, and 9-deoxo-prolyl-FK506, in comparison with that of FK506. The four FK506 analogs generally possessed lower cytotoxicity and immunosuppressive activity than FK506. The FK506 analogs, except for 9-deoxo-prolyl-FK506, had strong antifungal activity against Cryptococcus neoformans and Candida albicans, which are two major invasive pathogenic yeasts, due to the inhibition of the calcineurin pathway. Furthermore, the FK506 analogs, except for 9-deoxo-prolyl-FK506, had strong antifungal activity against the invasive filamentous fungus Aspergillus fumigatus Notably, 9-deoxo-31-O-demethyl-FK506 and 31-O-demethyl-FK506 exhibited robust synergistic antifungal activity with fluconazole, similar to FK506. Considering the antifungal efficacy, cytotoxicity, immunosuppressive activity, and synergistic effect with commercial antifungal drugs, we selected 9-deoxo-31-O-demethyl-FK506 for further evaluation of its in vivo antifungal efficacy in a murine model of systemic cryptococcosis. Although 9-deoxo-31-O-demethyl-FK506 alone was not sufficient to treat the cryptococcal infection, when it was used in combination with fluconazole, it significantly extended the survival of C. neoformans-infected mice, confirming the synergistic in vivo antifungal efficacy between these two agents.
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Zhang Y, Luo J, Hu B, Ma T. Efficacy and safety of tacrolimus combined with glucocorticoid treatment for IgA nephropathy: a meta-analysis. J Int Med Res 2018; 46:3236-3250. [PMID: 29882450 PMCID: PMC6134674 DOI: 10.1177/0300060518776566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective As a classical immunosuppressant, tacrolimus (TAC) has been widely used in organ transplantation therapy, but the general benefits of TAC for the treatment of IgA nephropathy (IgAN) remain uncertain. We conducted a meta-analysis to examine the effects of TAC combined with glucocorticoid on IgAN. Methods We searched the information databases PubMed/Medline, Embase, Science Citation Index, Chinese Biomedical Literature and the Chinese databases VIP, CNKI and Wan Fang for randomized controlled trials of TAC combined with glucocorticoid as a therapy for IgAN. Results Ten relevant studies involving 472 patients were included in a meta-analysis. Overall, the TAC group showed a significant decrease in proteinuria compared with the control group (MD: −0.18 g/d, 95% CI: −0.32 to −0.04). No increased risk of adverse events was observed (OR: 0.93, 95% CI: 0.65 to 1.33). In general, the TAC group showed good tolerance. Conclusion Evidence to date clearly indicates that TAC combined with glucocorticoid is quite effective in reducing proteinuria and albuminuria in patients with IgAN. Moreover, we found that patients receiving TAC therapy did not show an increased risk of side effects compared with control group patients. TAC combined with glucocorticoid is a promising medication and merits further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Zhang
- 1 Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei, China
| | - Jun Luo
- 2 Department of Pediatrics, Renhe Hospital, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei, China
| | - Bin Hu
- 3 Department of Nephrology, Renhe Hospital, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei, China
| | - Tean Ma
- 1 Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei, China
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Wan QJ, Hu HF, He YC, Luan SD, Chen HT, Li T, Xu Y, Xu HL, Liao Y. Tacrolimus combined with low-dose corticosteroids is an effective and safe therapeutic option for refractory IgA nephropathy. Exp Ther Med 2016; 12:1934-1938. [PMID: 27602099 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2016.3523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2015] [Accepted: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tacrolimus (TAC) has been shown to improve remission from proteinuria in patients with refractory IgA nephropathy (IgAN); however, the efficacy and safety of TAC in such patients have not been fully explored. Therefore, the present study was conducted to evaluate the tolerance to and efficacy of TAC combined with low-dose corticosteroids in patients with refractory IgAN. This was a single-center retrospective study. A total of 28 patients with refractory IgAN were randomly included and received TAC plus corticosteroid; 26 patients received TAC and prednisone, and 2 patients received TAC and methylprednisolone. In addition, all patients were treated with an angiotensin inhibitor. Total urinary protein excretion, serum albumin, blood glucose, complete remission (CR), partial remission (PR), cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL), serum creatinine (Scr) and estimated GFR (eGFR) were tested at baseline and at 3, 6 and 12 months after the initiation of treatment in all patients. The primary endpoints were CR and PR. Secondary endpoints included changes of Scr, eGFR, clinical data and adverse events. After 12 months, CR was achieved in 40.1% of patients and PR in 43.4%, yielding a total response rate of 83.5%, and the total urinary protein excretion, serum albumin, cholesterol and LDL results were improved significantly compared with those at baseline. Proteinuria and serum albumin results were significantly improved by month 3 of treatment. Two patients relapsed during months 3-6 of follow-up. At the 12-month follow-up, renal function was improved compared with the baseline level as evidenced by eGFR and Scr, respectively. The blood glucose level was stable. One case of pneumococcal pneumonia developed in a patient treated with TAC plus low-dose methylprednisolone and one case of upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage was found in a patient treated with TAC plus low-dose prednisone; both cases completely recovered after treatment. In conclusion, TAC combined with low-dose corticosteroids may be an effective and safe therapeutic option for the treatment of refractory IgAN. However, given the small number of patients in this study, further prospective randomized controlled trials are required with a larger sample of participants and longer follow-up period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi-Jun Wan
- Department of Nephrology, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518035, P.R. China
| | - Hao-Fei Hu
- Department of Nephrology, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518035, P.R. China
| | - Yong-Cheng He
- Department of Nephrology, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518035, P.R. China
| | - Shao-Dong Luan
- Department of Nephrology, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518035, P.R. China
| | - Hong-Tao Chen
- Department of Nephrology, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518035, P.R. China
| | - Tong Li
- Department of Nephrology, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518035, P.R. China
| | - Yi Xu
- Department of Nephrology, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518035, P.R. China
| | - Hui-Li Xu
- Department of Nephrology, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518035, P.R. China
| | - Ying Liao
- Department of Nephrology, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518035, P.R. China
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Rozman Peterka T, Grahek R, Hren J, Bastarda A, Bergles J, Urleb U. Solid state compatibility study and characterization of a novel degradation product of tacrolimus in formulation. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2015; 110:67-75. [PMID: 25804434 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2015.02.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2014] [Revised: 02/21/2015] [Accepted: 02/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Tacrolimus is macrolide drug that is widely used as a potent immunosuppressant. In the present work compatibility testing was conducted on physical mixtures of tacrolimus with excipients and on compatibility mixtures prepared by the simulation of manufacturing process used for the final drug product preparation. Increase in one major degradation product was detected in the presence of magnesium stearate based upon UHPLC analysis. The degradation product was isolated by preparative HPLC and its structure was elucidated by NMR and MS studies. Mechanism of the formation of this degradation product is proposed based on complementary degradation studies in a solution and structural elucidation data. The structure was proven to be alpha-hydroxy acid which is formed from the parent tacrolimus molecule through a benzilic acid type rearrangement reaction in the presence of divalent metallic cations. Degradation is facilitated at higher pH values.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rok Grahek
- Lek Pharmaceuticals d.d., Verovškova 57, SI-1526 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Jure Hren
- Lek Pharmaceuticals d.d., Verovškova 57, SI-1526 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Andrej Bastarda
- Lek Pharmaceuticals d.d., Verovškova 57, SI-1526 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Jure Bergles
- Lek Pharmaceuticals d.d., Verovškova 57, SI-1526 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Uroš Urleb
- Lek Pharmaceuticals d.d., Verovškova 57, SI-1526 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Chen S, Zhang H, Yan Q, Wang C, Han F, Zhang K, Zhao H, Li B. Regio- and Stereoselective Synthesis of Ferrocene-Containing β-Iodoallylic Esters and Ethers from the Iodofunctionalization of Ferrocenylallene with Carboxylic Acids, Phenols, and Alcohols. J Org Chem 2014; 79:5503-10. [DOI: 10.1021/jo5006262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shufeng Chen
- Department of Chemistry and
Chemical Engineering, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010021, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hongli Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and
Chemical Engineering, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010021, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qing Yan
- Department of Chemistry and
Chemical Engineering, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010021, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chenjun Wang
- Department of Chemistry and
Chemical Engineering, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010021, People’s Republic of China
| | - Fei Han
- Department of Chemistry and
Chemical Engineering, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010021, People’s Republic of China
| | - Kaixin Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and
Chemical Engineering, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010021, People’s Republic of China
| | - Haiying Zhao
- Department of Chemistry and
Chemical Engineering, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010021, People’s Republic of China
| | - Baoguo Li
- Department of Chemistry and
Chemical Engineering, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010021, People’s Republic of China
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Chen S, Gao Z, Zhao H, Li B. Palladium-Catalyzed Regio- and Stereoselective Arylesterification of Ferrocenylallene: A Synthetic Route to Ferrocene-Containing Disubstituted E-Allylic Esters. J Org Chem 2014; 79:1481-6. [DOI: 10.1021/jo402542u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shufeng Chen
- College of Chemistry and
Chemical Engineering, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010021, P. R. China
| | - Zhenlong Gao
- College of Chemistry and
Chemical Engineering, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010021, P. R. China
| | - Haiying Zhao
- College of Chemistry and
Chemical Engineering, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010021, P. R. China
| | - Baoguo Li
- College of Chemistry and
Chemical Engineering, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010021, P. R. China
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