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Kavita, Om H, Chand U, Kushawaha PK. Postbiotics: An alternative and innovative intervention for the therapy of inflammatory bowel disease. Microbiol Res 2024; 279:127550. [PMID: 38016379 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2023.127550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 11/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) is a persistent gastrointestinal (GI) tract inflammatory disease characterized by downregulated mucosal immune activities and a disrupted microbiota environment in the intestinal lumen. The involvement of bacterium postbiotics as mediators between the immune system and gut microbiome could be critical in determining why host-microbial relationships are disrupted in IBD. Postbiotics including Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), Organic acids, Proteins, Vitamins, Bacteriocins, and Tryptophan (Trp) are beneficial bioactive compounds formed via commensal microbiota in the gut environment during the fermentation process that can be used to improve consumer health. The use of metabolites or fragments from microorganisms can be a very attractive treatment and prevention technique in modern medicine. Postbiotics are essential in the immune system's development since they alter the barrier tightness, and the gut ecology and indirectly shape the microbiota's structure. As a result, postbiotics may be beneficial in treating or preventing various diseases, even some for which there is no effective causative medication. Postbiotics may be a promising tool for the treatment of IBD in individuals of all ages, genders, and even geographical locations. Direct distribution of postbiotics may provide a new frontier in microbiome-based therapy for IBD since it allows both the management of host homeostasis and the correction of the negative implications of dysbiosis. Further studies of the biological effects of these metabolites are expected to reveal innovative applications in medicine and beyond. This review attempts to explore the possible postbiotic-based interventions for the treatment of IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kavita
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Sciences, Central University of Punjab, VPO Ghudda, Bathinda, Punjab 151401, India
| | - Hari Om
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Sciences, Central University of Punjab, VPO Ghudda, Bathinda, Punjab 151401, India
| | - Umesh Chand
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Sciences, Central University of Punjab, VPO Ghudda, Bathinda, Punjab 151401, India
| | - Pramod Kumar Kushawaha
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Sciences, Central University of Punjab, VPO Ghudda, Bathinda, Punjab 151401, India.
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Bhattacharjee A, Roy PK. Conjoint hepatobiliary-enterohepatic cycles for amyloid excretion and enhancing its drug-induced clearance: a systems biology approach to Alzheimer's disease. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2023; 41:10507-10524. [PMID: 36510663 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2022.2154842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The liver is the major organ responsible for metabolism of amyloid-beta, the primary toxic misfolded protein responsible for Alzheimer's disease (AD). The present study focuses on the crucial role of liver in AD. We have developed a framework that formulates and integrates two reciprocal transport processes of amyloid, via hepato-biliary and enterohepatic circulations (EHC). Our system analysis approach shows that activating the liver X-receptor (LXR) can reduce amyloid-beta formation by increasing expression of the genes: ATP-binding-cassette-transporter (ABCA1) and Stearoyl-CoA-desaturase (SCD). Besides, activating the pregnane-X-receptor (PXR) can enhance the clearance of amyloid-beta by increasing the expression of the genes: ATP-Binding-Cassette-Superfamily-G-member-2 (ABCG2) and multidrug-resistance protein-1 (MDR1). We also identified receptor-like apical sodium-dependent bile-acid transporter (ASBT) of intestinal enterocyte, showing affinity towards amyloid-beta, suggesting amyloid-beta's possible reuptake from intestinal contents to the systemic circulation through this receptor. Further, we have performed protein-protein interaction to evaluate the binding affinity of amyloid-beta to these receptors. Moreover, we undertook molecular docking and molecular dynamic simulation of some repurposed drugs (rifampicin, 24-hydroxycholesterols, resveratrol, cilostazol) which can target the aforesaid receptors to enhance amyloid-beta's fecal clearance, reduce amyloid-beta formation, and prevent the reuptake of amyloid-beta from intestinal feces. Additionally, network pharmacology and synergism analysis were utilized to validate our hypothesis and identify the drug combinations, respectively. Gene-ontology investigation, network pharmacology, and consolidated pathway analysis validate the alteration of the above-mentioned gene expression profiles. Furthermore, our neuropharmacological synergism study identifies the optimal combination of the repurposed drugs. Finally, our findings on candidate drugs are substantiated by clinical-trial outcomes.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anindita Bhattacharjee
- School of Bio-Medical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (B.H.U.), Varanasi, India
| | - Prasun K Roy
- School of Bio-Medical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (B.H.U.), Varanasi, India
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3
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Vázquez-Gómez G, Petráš J, Dvořák Z, Vondráček J. Aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) and pregnane X receptor (PXR) play both distinct and common roles in the regulation of colon homeostasis and intestinal carcinogenesis. Biochem Pharmacol 2023; 216:115797. [PMID: 37696457 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2023.115797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023]
Abstract
Both aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) and pregnane X receptor (PXR) belong among key regulators of xenobiotic metabolism in the intestinal tissue. AhR in particular is activated by a wide range of environmental and dietary carcinogens. The data accumulated over the last two decades suggest that both of these transcriptional regulators play a much wider role in the maintenance of gut homeostasis, and that both transcription factors may affect processes linked with intestinal tumorigenesis. Intestinal epithelium is continuously exposed to a wide range of AhR, PXR and dual AhR/PXR ligands formed by intestinal microbiota or originating from diet. Current evidence suggests that specific ligands of both AhR and PXR can protect intestinal epithelium against inflammation and assist in the maintenance of epithelial barrier integrity. AhR, and to a lesser extent also PXR, have been shown to play a protective role against inflammation-induced colon cancer, or, in mouse models employing overactivation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling. In contrast, other evidence suggests that both receptors may contribute to modulation of transformed colon cell behavior, with a potential to promote cancer progression and/or chemoresistance. The review focuses on both overlapping and separate roles of the two receptors in these processes, and on possible implications of their activity within the context of intestinal tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerardo Vázquez-Gómez
- Department of Cytokinetics, Institute of Biophysics of the CAS, Královopolská 135, 61265 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Petráš
- Department of Cytokinetics, Institute of Biophysics of the CAS, Královopolská 135, 61265 Brno, Czech Republic; Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Zdeněk Dvořák
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Vondráček
- Department of Cytokinetics, Institute of Biophysics of the CAS, Královopolská 135, 61265 Brno, Czech Republic.
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Wallenwein CM, Ashtikar M, Hofhaus G, Haferland I, Thurn M, König A, Pinter A, Dressman J, Wacker MG. How wound environments trigger the release from Rifampicin-loaded liposomes. Int J Pharm 2023; 633:122606. [PMID: 36632921 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2023.122606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 12/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic wounds often contain high levels of proinflammatory cytokines that prolong the wound-healing process. Patients suffering from these conditions are likely to benefit from topical rifampicin therapy. Although recent research indicates considerable anti-inflammatory properties of the antibiotic, currently, there are no commercial topical wound healing products available. To address this medical need, a liposomal drug delivery system was developed. A mechanistic investigation outlined major influences of wound environments that affect the release kinetics and, as a consequence, local bioavailability. METHODS Liposomes were prepared using the thin-film hydration method and subsequently freeze-dried at the pilot scale to improve their stability. We investigated the influence of oxidation, plasma proteins, and lipolysis on the in vitro release of rifampicin and its two main degradation products using the Dispersion Releaser technology. A novel simulated wound fluid provided a standardized environment to study critical influences on the release. It reflects the pathophysiological environment regarding pH, buffer capacity, and protein content. RESULTS During storage, the liposomes efficiently protect rifampicin from degradation. After the dispersion of the vesicles in simulated wound fluid, despite the significant albumin binding (>70%), proteins have no considerable effect on the release. Also, the presence of lipase at pathophysiologically elevated concentrations did not trigger the liberation of rifampicin. Surprisingly, the oxidative environment of the wound bed represents the strongest accelerating influence and triggers the release. CONCLUSION A stable topical delivery system of rifampicin has been developed. Once the formulation comes in contact with simulated wound fluid, drug oxidation accelerates the release. The influence of lipases that are assumed to trigger the liberation from liposomes depends on the drug-to-lipid ratio. Considering that inflamed tissues exhibit elevated levels of oxidative stress, the trigger mechanism identified for rifampicin contributes to targeted drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chantal M Wallenwein
- Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology ITMP, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Mukul Ashtikar
- Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology ITMP, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Götz Hofhaus
- Department of Dermatology, Venerology, and Allergology, University Hospital, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Isabel Haferland
- Cryo Electron Microscopy, CellNetworks, BioQuant, Universitätsklinikum Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Manuela Thurn
- Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology ITMP, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Anke König
- Cryo Electron Microscopy, CellNetworks, BioQuant, Universitätsklinikum Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Andreas Pinter
- Cryo Electron Microscopy, CellNetworks, BioQuant, Universitätsklinikum Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jennifer Dressman
- Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology ITMP, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Matthias G Wacker
- National University of Singapore, Department of Pharmacy, 4 Science Drive 2, Singapore 117544, Singapore.
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Kubota H, Ishizawa M, Kodama M, Nagase Y, Kato S, Makishima M, Sakurai K. Vitamin D Receptor Mediates Attenuating Effect of Lithocholic Acid on Dextran Sulfate Sodium Induced Colitis in Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24043517. [PMID: 36834927 PMCID: PMC9965401 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 02/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Bile acids are major components of bile; they emulsify dietary lipids for efficient digestion and absorption and act as signaling molecules that activate nuclear and membrane receptors. The vitamin D receptor (VDR) is a receptor for the active form of vitamin D and lithocholic acid (LCA), a secondary bile acid produced by the intestinal microflora. Unlike other bile acids that enter the enterohepatic circulation, LCA is poorly absorbed in the intestine. Although vitamin D signaling regulates various physiological functions, including calcium metabolism and inflammation/immunity, LCA signaling remains largely unknown. In this study, we investigated the effect of the oral administration of LCA on colitis in a mouse model using dextran sulfate sodium (DSS). Oral LCA decreased the disease activity of colitis in the early phase, which is a phenotype associated with the suppression of histological injury, such as inflammatory cell infiltration and goblet cell loss. These protective effects of LCA were abolished in VDR-deleted mice. LCA decreased the expression of inflammatory cytokine genes, but this effect was at least partly observed in VDR-deleted mice. The pharmacological effect of LCA on colitis was not associated with hypercalcemia, an adverse effect induced by vitamin D compounds. Therefore, LCA suppresses DSS-induced intestinal injury in its action as a VDR ligand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hitomi Kubota
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Nihon University School of Medicine, 30-1 Oyaguchi-kamicho, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8610, Japan
- Department of Surgery, The Nippon Dental University School of Life Dentistry, 2-3-16 Fujimi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-8158, Japan
| | - Michiyasu Ishizawa
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Nihon University School of Medicine, 30-1 Oyaguchi-kamicho, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8610, Japan
- Correspondence: (M.I.); (M.M.); Tel.: +81-3-3972-8111 (M.I. & M.M.)
| | - Makoto Kodama
- Department of Pathology, Tokyo Yamate Medical Center, 3-22-1 Hyakunin-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 169-0073, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Nagase
- Department of Pathology, Tokyo Yamate Medical Center, 3-22-1 Hyakunin-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 169-0073, Japan
| | - Shigeaki Kato
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Iryo Sosei University, 5-5-1 Iino, Chuodai, Iwaki, Fukushima 970-8044, Japan
- Research Institute of Innovative Medicine, Tokiwa Foundation, Kaminodai-57 Jobankamiyunagayamachi, Iwaki, Fukushima 972-8322, Japan
| | - Makoto Makishima
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Nihon University School of Medicine, 30-1 Oyaguchi-kamicho, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8610, Japan
- Correspondence: (M.I.); (M.M.); Tel.: +81-3-3972-8111 (M.I. & M.M.)
| | - Kenichi Sakurai
- Department of Surgery, The Nippon Dental University School of Life Dentistry, 2-3-16 Fujimi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-8158, Japan
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Larabi AB, Masson HLP, Bäumler AJ. Bile acids as modulators of gut microbiota composition and function. Gut Microbes 2023; 15:2172671. [PMID: 36740850 PMCID: PMC9904317 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2023.2172671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Changes in the composition of gut-associated microbial communities are associated with many human illnesses, but the factors driving dysbiosis remain incompletely understood. One factor governing the microbiota composition in the gut is bile. Bile acids shape the microbiota composition through their antimicrobial activity and by activating host signaling pathways that maintain gut homeostasis. Although bile acids are host-derived, their functions are integrally linked to bacterial metabolism, which shapes the composition of the intestinal bile acid pool. Conditions that change the size or composition of the bile acid pool can trigger alterations in the microbiota composition that exacerbate inflammation or favor infection with opportunistic pathogens. Therefore, manipulating the composition or size of the bile acid pool might be a promising strategy to remediate dysbiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anaïs B. Larabi
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Hugo L. P. Masson
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Andreas J. Bäumler
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA, USA
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Isosteviol attenuates DSS-induced colitis by maintaining intestinal barrier function through PDK1/AKT/NF-κB signaling pathway. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 114:109532. [PMID: 36508925 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.109532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2022] [Revised: 11/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) are chronic debilitating inflammatory disorders of the gastrointestinal tract that is characterized by intestinal epithelial barrier dysfunction and excessive activation of the mucosal immune system. Isosteviol (IS) has been reported to possess anti-inflammatory properties. In this study, we aimed to investigate effects and mechanisms of IS against intestinal inflammation. C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into Sham, IS, dextran sodium sulfate (DSS), and DSS + IS groups. In vivo colitis model was established using 3.0 % DSS. In vitro, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α)-treated Caco-2 cells were used as an inflammatory model. Clinical characteristics, histological performance, proinflammatory cytokine expression, and intestinal barrier function were measured. In addition, activation of the pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 1/protein kinase B/nuclear factor-κB (PDK1/AKT/NF-κB) signaling pathway was determined by western blotting and quantitative polymerase chain reaction. The results showed that IS mitigated DSS-induced colitis by reducing body weight loss, colonic shortening, and disease activity index score, and by inhibiting expressions of proinflammatory cytokines IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α. IS restored impaired barrier function by regulating tight junctions and intestinal epithelial permeability. Furthermore, we found that IS ameliorated intestinal barrier injury by regulating PDK1/AKT/NF-κB signaling pathway. In conclusion, our results demonstrate that IS attenuates experimental colitis by preserving intestinal barrier function, probably mediated by PDK1/AKT/NF-κB signaling pathway. These findings highlight the potential of IS as a therapeutic agent for IBD.
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8
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Flannigan KL, Nieves KM, Szczepanski HE, Serra A, Lee JW, Alston LA, Ramay H, Mani S, Hirota SA. The Pregnane X Receptor and Indole-3-Propionic Acid Shape the Intestinal Mesenchyme to Restrain Inflammation and Fibrosis. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2023; 15:765-795. [PMID: 36309199 PMCID: PMC9883297 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2022.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Fibrosis is a common complication of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs). The pregnane X receptor (PXR) (encoded by NR1I2) suppresses intestinal inflammation and has been shown to influence liver fibrosis. In the intestine, PXR signaling is influenced by microbiota-derived indole-3-propionic acid (IPA). Here, we sought to assess the role of the PXR in regulating intestinal inflammation and fibrosis. METHODS Intestinal inflammation was induced using dextran sulfate sodium (DSS). Fibrosis was assessed in wild-type (WT), Nr1i2-/-, epithelial-specific Nr1i2-/-, and fibroblast-specific Nr1i2-/- mice. Immune cell influx was quantified by flow cytometry and cytokines by Luminex. Myofibroblasts isolated from WT and Nr1i2-/- mice were stimulated with cytomix or lipopolysaccharide, and mediator production was assessed by quantitative polymerase chain reaction and Luminex. RESULTS After recovery from DSS-induced colitis, WT mice exhibited fibrosis, a response that was exacerbated in Nr1i2-/- mice. This was correlated with greater neutrophil infiltration and innate cytokine production. Deletion of the PXR in fibroblasts, but not the epithelium, recapitulated this phenotype. Inflammation and fibrosis were reduced by IPA administration, whereas depletion of the microbiota exaggerated intestinal fibrosis. Nr1i2-deficient myofibroblasts were hyperresponsive to stimulation, producing increased levels of inflammatory mediators compared with WT cells. In biopsies from patients with active Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC), expression of NR1I2 was reduced, correlating with increased expression of fibrotic and innate immune genes. Finally, both CD and UC patients exhibited reduced levels of fecal IPA. CONCLUSIONS These data highlight a role for IPA and its interactions with the PXR in regulating the mesenchyme and the development of inflammation and fibrosis, suggesting microbiota metabolites may be a vital determinant in the progression of fibrotic complications in IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle L Flannigan
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada; Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada; Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Kristoff M Nieves
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada; Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada; Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Holly E Szczepanski
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada; Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada; Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Alex Serra
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada; Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada; Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Joshua W Lee
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada; Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada; Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Laurie A Alston
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada; Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Hena Ramay
- International Microbiome Centre, University of Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Sridhar Mani
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - Simon A Hirota
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada; Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada; Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada; Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.
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9
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Min YW, Rezaie A, Pimentel M. Bile Acid and Gut Microbiota in Irritable Bowel Syndrome. J Neurogastroenterol Motil 2022; 28:549-561. [PMID: 36250362 PMCID: PMC9577585 DOI: 10.5056/jnm22129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Gut microbiota and their metabolites like bile acid (BA) have been investigated as causes of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) symptoms. Primary BAs are synthesized and conjugated in the liver and released into the duodenum. BA biotransformation by gut microbiota begins in the intestine and results in production of a broad range of secondary BAs. Deconjugation is considered the gateway reaction for further modification and is mediated by bile salt hydrolase, which is widely expressed by the gut microbiota. However, gut bacteria that convert primary BAs to secondary BAs belong to a limited number of species, mainly Clostridiales. Like gut microbiota modify BA profile, BAs can shape gut microbiota via direct and indirect actions. BAs have prosecretory effects and regulates gut motility. BAs can also affect gut sensitivity. Because of the vital role of the gut microbiota and BAs in gut function, their bidirectional relationship may contribute to the pathophysiology of IBS. Individuals with IBS have been reported to have altered microbial profiles and modified BA profiles. A significant increase in fecal primary BA and a corresponding decrease in secondary BA have been observed in IBS with predominant diarrhea. In addition, primary BA was positively correlated with IBS symptoms. In IBS with predominant diarrhea, bacteria with reduced abundance mainly belonged to the genera in Ruminococcaceae and exhibited a negative correlation with primary BAs. Integrating the analysis of the gut microbiota and BAs could better understanding of IBS pathophysiology. The gap in this field needs to be further filled in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Won Min
- Medically Associated Science and Technology (MAST) Program, Cedars-Sinai, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ali Rezaie
- Medically Associated Science and Technology (MAST) Program, Cedars-Sinai, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Karsh Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Mark Pimentel
- Medically Associated Science and Technology (MAST) Program, Cedars-Sinai, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Karsh Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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10
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Bautista-Olivier CD, Elizondo G. PXR as the tipping point between innate immune response, microbial infections, and drug metabolism. Biochem Pharmacol 2022; 202:115147. [PMID: 35714683 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2022.115147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Pregnane X receptor (PXR) is a xenosensor that acts as a transcription factor in the cell nucleus to protect cells from toxic insults. In response to exposure to several chemical agents, PXR induces the expression of enzymes and drug transporters that biotransform xenobiotic and endobiotic and eliminate metabolites. Recently, PXR has been shown to have immunomodulatory effects that involve cross-communication with molecular pathways in innate immunity cells. Conversely, several inflammatory factors regulate PXR signaling. This review examines the crosstalk between PXR and nuclear factor kappa B (NFkB), Toll-like receptors (TLRs), and inflammasome components. Discussions of the consequences of these interactions on immune responses to infections caused by viruses, bacteria, fungi, and parasites are included together with a review of the effects of microorganisms on PXR-associated drug metabolism. This paper aims to encourage researchers to pursue studies that will better elucidate the relationship between PXR and the immune system and thus inform treatment development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Guillermo Elizondo
- Departamento de Biología Celular, CINVESTAV-IPN, Av. IPN 2508, C.P. 07360, Ciudad de México, Mexico.
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11
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Role of Bile Acids and Nuclear Receptors in Acupuncture in Improving Crohn's Disease. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2022; 2022:5814048. [PMID: 35600949 PMCID: PMC9122672 DOI: 10.1155/2022/5814048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 11/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Nuclear receptors (NRs) are ligand-dependent transcription factors that regulate the transcription of target genes. Bile acids (BAs) can be used as effector molecules to regulate physiological processes in the gut, and NRs are important receptors for bile acid signaling. Relevant studies have shown that NRs are closely related to the occurrence of Crohn's disease (CD). Although the mechanism of NRs in CD has not been clarified completely, growing evidence shows that NRs play an important role in regulating intestinal immunity, mucosal barrier, and intestinal flora. NRs can participate in the progress of CD by mediating inflammation, immunity, and autophagy. As the important parts of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) therapy, acupuncture and moxibustion in the treatment of CD curative mechanism can get a lot of research support. At the same time, acupuncture and moxibustion can regulate the changes of related NRs. Therefore, to explore whether acupuncture can regulate BA circulation and NRs expression and then participate in the disease progression of CD, a new theoretical basis for acupuncture treatment of CD is provided.
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Nieves KM, Hirota SA, Flannigan KL. Xenobiotic receptors and the regulation of intestinal homeostasis: harnessing the chemical output of the intestinal microbiota. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2022; 322:G268-G281. [PMID: 34941453 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00160.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The commensal bacteria that reside in the gastrointestinal tract exist in a symbiotic relationship with the host, driving the development of the immune system and maintaining metabolic and tissue homeostasis in the local environment. The intestinal microbiota has the capacity to generate a wide array of chemical metabolites to which the cells of the intestinal mucosa are exposed. Host cells express xenobiotic receptors, such as the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) and the pregnane X receptor (PXR), that can sense and respond to chemicals that are generated by nonhost pathways. In this review, we outline the physiological and immunological processes within the intestinal environment that are regulated by microbial metabolites through the activation of the AhR and the PXR, with a focus on ligands generated by the stepwise catabolism of tryptophan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristoff M Nieves
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Simon A Hirota
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Disease, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Kyle L Flannigan
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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13
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Implication of Intestinal Barrier Dysfunction in Gut Dysbiosis and Diseases. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10020289. [PMID: 35203499 PMCID: PMC8869546 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10020289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The intestinal mucosal barrier, also referred to as intestinal barrier, is widely recognized as a critical player in gut homeostasis maintenance as it ensures the complex crosstalk between gut microbes (both commensals and pathogens) and the host immune system. Highly specialized epithelial cells constantly cope with several protective and harmful agents to maintain the multiple physiological functions of the barrier as well as its integrity. However, both genetic defects and environmental factors can break such equilibrium, thus promoting gut dysbiosis, dysregulated immune-inflammatory responses, and even the development of chronic pathological conditions. Here, we review and discuss the molecular and cellular pathways underlying intestinal barrier structural and functional homeostasis, focusing on potential alterations that may undermine this fine balance.
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14
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Niu X, Wu T, Li G, Gu X, Tian Y, Cui H. Insights into the critical role of the PXR in preventing carcinogenesis and chemotherapeutic drug resistance. Int J Biol Sci 2022; 18:742-759. [PMID: 35002522 PMCID: PMC8741843 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.68724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Pregnane x receptor (PXR) as a nuclear receptor is well-established in drug metabolism, however, it has pleiotropic functions in regulating inflammatory responses, glucose metabolism, and protects normal cells against carcinogenesis. Most studies focus on its transcriptional regulation, however, PXR can regulate gene expression at the translational level. Emerging evidences have shown that PXR has a broad protein-protein interaction network, by which is implicated in the cross signaling pathways. Furthermore, the interactions between PXR and some critical proteins (e.g., p53, Tip60, p300/CBP-associated factor) in DNA damage pathway highlight its potential roles in this field. A thorough understanding of how PXR maintains genome stability and prevents carcinogenesis will help clinical diagnosis and finally benefit patients. Meanwhile, due to the regulation of CYP450 enzymes CYP3A4 and multidrug resistance protein 1 (MDR1), PXR contributes to chemotherapeutic drug resistance. It is worthy of note that the co-factor of PXR such as RXRα, also has contributions to this process, which makes the PXR-mediated drug resistance more complicated. Although single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) vary between individuals, the amino acid substitution on exon of PXR finally affects PXR transcriptional activity. In this review, we have summarized the updated mechanisms that PXR protects the human body against carcinogenesis, and major contributions of PXR with its co-factors have made on multidrug resistance. Furthermore, we have also reviewed the current promising antagonist and their clinic applications in reversing chemoresistance. We believe our review will bring insight into PXR-targeted cancer therapy, enlighten the future study direction, and provide substantial evidence for the clinic in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaxia Niu
- Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, 730000, Lanzhou, China
| | - Ting Wu
- Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, 730000, Lanzhou, China
| | - Gege Li
- Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, 730000, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xinsheng Gu
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan 442000, Hubei, China
| | - Yanan Tian
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, Texas A&M University, USA
| | - Hongmei Cui
- Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, 730000, Lanzhou, China
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15
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Niu H, Zhou X, Gong P, Jiao Y, Zhang J, Wu Y, Lyu L, Liang C, Chen S, Han X, Zhang L. Effect of Lactobacillus rhamnosus MN-431 Producing Indole Derivatives on Complementary Feeding-Induced Diarrhea Rat Pups Through the Enhancement of the Intestinal Barrier Function. Mol Nutr Food Res 2021; 66:e2100619. [PMID: 34806832 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.202100619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE Many infants suffer from complementary feeding-induced diarrhea (CFID). Studies have shown that intestinal microbes can enhance the intestinal barrier and prevent diarrhea by producing indole derivatives that promote pregnane X receptor (PXR) expression. METHODS AND RESULTS In this study, the indole test and determination of the PXR concentration are performed on tryptophan broth cultures of 320-suspected Lactobacillus and Enterococcus strains. Four strains that produce indole derivatives that promote the expression of PXR are screened as potential functional probiotics. Both Lactobacillus rhamnosus MN-431 (L. rhamnosus MN-431) and Lactobacillus oris FN-448 (L. oris FN-448) can colonize the intestine of rat pups, and L. rhamnosus MN-431 can significantly decrease the incidence of diarrhea and intestinal permeability in rat pups. Using real-time qPCR and the analysis of the intestinal morphology using immunohistochemistry, it is observed that the metabolized tryptophan from L. rhamnosus MN-431 can reduce small intestinal mucosal damage by stimulating PXR/NF-κB signaling and activating PXR and aryl hydrocarbon receptor. The intestinal barrier is also enhanced by promoting the expression of tight junction proteins such as Occludin and zonula occludens-1 in baby rats. CONCLUSION The results demonstrate that L. rhamnosus MN-431 can metabolize tryptophan to prevent infantile CFID by promoting the expression of PXR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyue Niu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150001, China
| | | | - Pimin Gong
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Yuehua Jiao
- Drug Safety Evaluation Center, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150040, China
| | - Jiliang Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150001, China
| | - Yifan Wu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150001, China
| | - Linzheng Lyu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150001, China
| | - Cong Liang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150001, China
| | - Shiwei Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150001, China
| | - Xue Han
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150001, China
| | - Lanwei Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
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16
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Iacucci M, Jeffery L, Acharjee A, Nardone OM, Zardo D, Smith SCL, Bazarova A, Cannatelli R, Shivaji UN, Williams J, Gkoutos G, Ghosh S. Ultra-high Magnification Endocytoscopy and Molecular Markers for Defining Endoscopic and Histologic Remission in Ulcerative Colitis-An Exploratory Study to Define Deep Remission. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2021; 27:1719-1730. [PMID: 34019073 PMCID: PMC8528147 DOI: 10.1093/ibd/izab059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endoscopic and histological remission are both important treatment goals in patients with ulcerative colitis (UC). We aimed to define cellular architecture, expression of molecular markers, and their correlation with endoscopic scores assessed by ultra-high magnification endocytoscopy (ECS) and histological scores. METHODS Patients with UC (n = 29) were prospectively recruited. The correlation among ECS score (ECSS), Mayo endoscopic score (MES), and histological scores were determined. Area under curve were plotted to determine the best thresholds for ECSS that predicted histological remission by Robarts (RHI) and Nancy Histological Index (NHI).Soluble analytes relevant to inflammation were measured in serum and mucosal culture supernatants using ProcartaPlex Luminex assays and studied by partial least square discriminant analysis and logistic model. Mucosal RNA sequencing and bioinformatics analysis were performed to define differentially expressed genes/pathways. RESULTS Endocytoscope scoring system correlated strongly with RHI (r = 0.89; 95% CI, 0.51-0.98) and NHI (r = 0.86; 95% CI, 0.42-0.98) but correlated poorly with MES (r = 0.28; 95% CI, 0.27-0.70). We identified soluble brain-derived neurotrophic factors (BDNF), macrophage inflammatory proteins (MIP-1 α) and soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (sVCAM-1) predicted histological remission. Mucosal biopsy cultures also identified sVCAM-1 associated with healed mucosa. RNA-seq analysis identified gene expressions shared between ECSS, RHI, or NHI defined healing. A number of gene expressions and pathways were identified including inflammation and metabolic and tumor suppressors that discriminated healed from nonhealed mucosa. CONCLUSIONS Endocytoscopy represents an interesting tool that may sit between endoscopy and histology-but closer to the latter-identifying gene expression markers and pathways that are also identified by histology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marietta Iacucci
- Institute of Immunology & Immunotherapy University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- NIHR Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Facilities University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Trust, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University of Birmingham and University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - Louisa Jeffery
- Institute of Immunology & Immunotherapy University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Animesh Acharjee
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, Centre for Computational Biology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- NIHR Surgical Reconstruction and Microbiology Research Centre, University Hospital Birmingham, Birmingham
| | - Olga Maria Nardone
- Institute of Immunology & Immunotherapy University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Davide Zardo
- University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - Samuel C L Smith
- Institute of Immunology & Immunotherapy University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Alina Bazarova
- Institute for Biological Physics, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Rosanna Cannatelli
- Institute of Immunology & Immunotherapy University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Uday N Shivaji
- Institute of Immunology & Immunotherapy University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University of Birmingham and University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - John Williams
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, Centre for Computational Biology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Georgios Gkoutos
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, Centre for Computational Biology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- NIHR Surgical Reconstruction and Microbiology Research Centre, University Hospital Birmingham, Birmingham
- MRC Health Data Research UK (HDR), Birmingham, UK
| | - Subrata Ghosh
- Institute of Immunology & Immunotherapy University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- NIHR Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Facilities University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Trust, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University of Birmingham and University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
- APC Microbiome Ireland, College of Medicine and Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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17
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Zhao GP, Wang XY, Li JW, Wang R, Ren FZ, Pang GF, Li YX. Imidacloprid increases intestinal permeability by disrupting tight junctions. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 222:112476. [PMID: 34214772 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.112476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The neonicotinoid pesticide, imidacloprid (IMI), is frequently detected in the environment and in foods. It is absorbed and metabolized by the intestine; however, its effects on intestinal barrier integrity are not well studied. We investigated whether IMI disrupts the permeability of the intestinal epithelial barrier via in vivo tests on male Wistar rats, in vitro assays using the human intestinal epithelial cell line, Caco-2, and in silico analyses. A repeated oral dose 90-day toxicity study was performed (0.06 mg/kg body weight/day). IMI exposure significantly increased intestinal permeability, which led to significantly elevated serum levels of endotoxin and inflammatory biomarkers (tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-1 beta) without any variation in body weight. Decreased transepithelial electrical resistance with increased permeability was also observed in 100 nM and 100 μM IMI-treated Caco-2 cell monolayers. Amounts of tight junction proteins in IMI-treated colon tissues and between IMI-treated Caco-2 cells were significantly lower than those of controls. Increased levels of myosin light chain phosphorylation, myosin light chain kinase (MLCK), and p65 subunit of nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB p65) phosphorylation were found in IMI-exposed cells compared with control cells. Furthermore, the barrier loss caused by IMI was rescued by the MLCK inhibitor, ML-7, and cycloheximide. Pregnane X receptor (PXR, NR1I2) was inhibited by low-dose IMI treatment. In silico analysis indicated potent binding sites between PXR and IMI. Together, these data illustrate that IMI induces intestinal epithelial barrier disruption and produces an inflammatory response, involving the down-regulation of tight junctions and disturbance of the PXR-NF-κB p65-MLCK signaling pathway. The intestinal barrier disruption caused by IMI deserves attention in assessing the safety of this neonicotinoid pesticide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Ping Zhao
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China; Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Food Quality, Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Xiao-Yu Wang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China; Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Food Quality, Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Jin-Wang Li
- School of Food and Health, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Ran Wang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China; Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Food Quality, Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Fa-Zheng Ren
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China; Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Food Quality, Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Guo-Fang Pang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China; Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Food Quality, Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China; Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing 100176, China
| | - Yi-Xuan Li
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China; Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Food Quality, Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China.
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18
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Sun R, Xu C, Feng B, Gao X, Liu Z. Critical roles of bile acids in regulating intestinal mucosal immune responses. Therap Adv Gastroenterol 2021; 14:17562848211018098. [PMID: 34104213 PMCID: PMC8165529 DOI: 10.1177/17562848211018098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Bile acids are a class of cholesterol derivatives that have been known for a long time for their critical roles in facilitating the digestion and absorption of lipid from the daily diet. The transformation of primary bile acids produced by the liver to secondary bile acids appears under the action of microbiota in the intestine, greatly expanding the molecular diversity of the intestinal environment. With the discovery of several new receptors of bile acids and signaling pathways, bile acids are considered as a family of important metabolites that play pleiotropic roles in regulating many aspects of human overall health, especially in the maintenance of the microbiota homeostasis and the balance of the mucosal immune system in the intestine. Accordingly, disruption of the process involved in the metabolism or circulation of bile acids is implicated in many disorders that mainly affect the intestine, such as inflammatory bowel disease and colon cancer. In this review, we discuss the different metabolism profiles in diseases associated with the intestinal mucosa and the diverse roles of bile acids in regulating the intestinal immune system. Furthermore, we also summarize recent advances in the field of new drugs that target bile acid signaling and highlight the importance of bile acids as a new target for disease intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Xiang Gao
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital of Tongji University, Shanghai, China
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19
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Wahlang B, Alexander NC, Li X, Rouchka EC, Kirpich IA, Cave MC. Polychlorinated biphenyls altered gut microbiome in CAR and PXR knockout mice exhibiting toxicant-associated steatohepatitis. Toxicol Rep 2021; 8:536-547. [PMID: 33777700 PMCID: PMC7985695 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2021.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 03/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are persistent organic pollutants associated with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Previously, we demonstrated that the PCB mixture, Aroclor1260, exacerbated NAFLD, reflective of toxicant-associated steatohepatitis, in diet-induced obese mice, in part through pregnane-xenobiotic receptor (PXR) and constitutive androstane receptor (CAR) activation. Recent studies have also reported PCB-induced changes in the gut microbiome that consequently impact NAFLD. Therefore, the objective of this study is to examine PCB effects on the gut-liver axis and characterize the role of CAR and PXR in microbiome alterations. C57Bl/6 (wildtype, WT), CAR and PXR knockout mice were fed a high fat diet and exposed to Aroclor1260 (20 mg/kg, oral gavage, 12 weeks). Metagenomics analysis of cecal samples revealed that CAR and/or PXR ablation increased bacterial alpha diversity regardless of exposure status. CAR and PXR ablation also increased bacterial composition (beta diversity) versus WT; Aroclor1260 altered beta diversity only in WT and CAR knockouts. Distinct changes in bacterial abundance at different taxonomic levels were observed between WT and knockout groups; however Aroclor1260 had modest effects on bacterial abundance within each genotype. Notably, both knockout groups displayed increased Actinobacteria and Verrucomicrobia abundance. In spite of improved bacterial diversity, the knockout groups however failed to show protection from PCB-induced hepato- and intestinal- toxicity including decreased mRNA levels of ileal permeability markers (occludin, claudin3). In summary, CAR and PXR ablation significantly altered gut microbiome in diet-induced obesity while Aroclor1260 compromised intestinal integrity in knockout mice, implicating interactions between PCBs and CAR, PXR on the gut-liver axis.
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Key Words
- ACHS, anniston community healthy survey
- AhR, arylhydrocarbon receptor
- Aroclor1260
- CAR, constitutive androstane receptor
- Camp, cathelicidin anti-microbial peptide
- Cdh5, adhesion molecule VE-cadherin
- Cldn, claudin
- Fasn, fatty acid synthase
- Fgf15, fibroblast growth factor 15
- Gut-liver
- HFD, high fat diet
- HOMA, homeostasis model assessment
- IBD, inflammatory bowel diseases
- LDA, linear discriminant analysis
- LEfSe, linear discriminant analysis effect size
- Microbiome
- Muc, mucin
- NAFLD
- NAFLD, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease
- NASH, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis
- OTU, operational taxonomic unit
- Ocln, occludin
- PCBs
- PCBs, polychlorinated biphenyls
- PXR, pregnane-xenobiotic receptor
- Pck1, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase 1
- Ppara, peroxisome-proliferator activated receptor alpha
- RER, respiratory exchange rate
- Reg3g, regenerating islet-derived protein 3-gamma
- TASH
- TASH, toxicant-associated steatohepatitis
- Tff3, trefoil factor 3
- Tjp1, tight junction protein 1
- Tnfa, tumor necrosis factor
- WT, wildtype
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Affiliation(s)
- Banrida Wahlang
- UofL Superfund Research Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | | | - Xiaohong Li
- Department of Anatomical Sciences and Neurobiology, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
- KBRIN Bioinformatics Core, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Eric C. Rouchka
- KBRIN Bioinformatics Core, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, J.B. Speed School of Engineering, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Irina A. Kirpich
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Matthew C. Cave
- UofL Superfund Research Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
- Robley Rex Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Louisville, KY, USA
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20
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Bioinformatis analysis reveals possible molecular mechanism of PXR on regulating ulcerative colitis. Sci Rep 2021; 11:5428. [PMID: 33686088 PMCID: PMC7940411 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-83742-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic, recurrent inflammatory disease of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a type of IBD. Pregnane X Receptor (PXR) is a member of the nuclear receptor superfamily. In order to deepen understanding and exploration of the molecular mechanism of regulation roles of PXR on UC, biological informatics analysis was performed. First, 878 overlapping differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between UC and normal samples were obtained from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database (GSE59071 and GSE38713) by using the "limma" R language package. Then WGCNA analysis was performed by 878 DEGs to obtain co-expression modules that were positively and negatively correlated with clinical traits. GSEA analysis of PXR results obtained the signal pathways enriched in the PXR high and low expression group and the active genes of each signal pathway. Then the association of PXR with genes that are both active in high expression group and negatively related to diseases (gene set 1), or both active in low expression group and negatively related to diseases (gene set 2) was analyzed by String database. Finally, carboxylesterase 2 (CES2), ATP binding cassette subfamily G member 2 (ABCG2), phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PCK1), PPARG coactivator 1 alpha (PPARGC1A), cytochrome P450 family 2 subfamily B member 6 (CYP2B6) from gene set 1 and C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 8 (CXCL8) from gene set 2 were screened out. After the above analysis and reverse transcriptase quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) verification, we speculated that PXR may exert a protective role on UC by promoting CES2, ABCG2, PCK1, PPARGC1A, CYP2B6 expression and inhibiting CXCL8 expression in their corresponding signal pathway in intestinal tissue.
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21
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Ferrer M, Aguilera M, Martinez V. Effects of Rifaximin on Luminal and Wall-Adhered Gut Commensal Microbiota in Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:E500. [PMID: 33419066 PMCID: PMC7825446 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22020500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Rifaximin is a broad-spectrum antibiotic that ameliorates symptomatology in inflammatory/functional gastrointestinal disorders. We assessed changes in gut commensal microbiota (GCM) and Toll-like receptors (TLRs) associated to rifaximin treatment in mice. Adult C57BL/6NCrl mice were treated (7/14 days) with rifaximin (50/150 mg/mouse/day, PO). Luminal and wall-adhered ceco-colonic GCM were characterized by fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) and microbial profiles determined by terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP). Colonic expression of TLR2/3/4/5/7 and immune-related markers was assessed (RT-qPCR). Regardless the period of treatment or the dose, rifaximin did not alter total bacterial counts or bacterial biodiversity. Only a modest increase in Bacteroides spp. (150 mg/1-week treatment) was detected. In control conditions, only Clostridium spp. and Bifidobacterium spp. were found attached to the colonic epithelium. Rifaximin showed a tendency to favour their adherence after a 1-week, but not 2-week, treatment period. Minor up-regulation in TLRs expression was observed. Only the 50 mg dose for 1-week led to a significant increase (by 3-fold) in TLR-4 expression. No changes in the expression of immune-related markers were observed. Rifaximin, although its antibacterial properties, induces minor changes in luminal and wall-adhered GCM in healthy mice. Moreover, no modulation of TLRs or local immune systems was observed. These findings, in normal conditions, do not rule out a modulatory role of rifaximin in inflammatory and or dysbiotic states of the gut.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Ferrer
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Barcelona, Spain; (M.F.); (M.A.)
- Neuroscience Institute, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mònica Aguilera
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Barcelona, Spain; (M.F.); (M.A.)
- Neuroscience Institute, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Vicente Martinez
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Barcelona, Spain; (M.F.); (M.A.)
- Neuroscience Institute, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédicaen Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
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Transcriptional programmes underlying cellular identity and microbial responsiveness in the intestinal epithelium. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2021; 18:7-23. [PMID: 33024279 PMCID: PMC7997278 DOI: 10.1038/s41575-020-00357-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The intestinal epithelium serves the unique and critical function of harvesting dietary nutrients, while simultaneously acting as a cellular barrier separating tissues from the luminal environment and gut microbial ecosystem. Two salient features of the intestinal epithelium enable it to perform these complex functions. First, cells within the intestinal epithelium achieve a wide range of specialized identities, including different cell types and distinct anterior-posterior patterning along the intestine. Second, intestinal epithelial cells are sensitive and responsive to the dynamic milieu of dietary nutrients, xenobiotics and microorganisms encountered in the intestinal luminal environment. These diverse identities and responsiveness of intestinal epithelial cells are achieved in part through the differential transcription of genes encoded in their shared genome. Here, we review insights from mice and other vertebrate models into the transcriptional regulatory mechanisms underlying intestinal epithelial identity and microbial responsiveness, including DNA methylation, chromatin accessibility, histone modifications and transcription factors. These studies are revealing that most transcription factors involved in intestinal epithelial identity also respond to changes in the microbiota, raising both opportunities and challenges to discern the underlying integrative transcriptional regulatory networks.
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Gu Z, Duan M, Sun Y, Leng T, Xu T, Gu Y, Gu Z, Lin Z, Yang L, Ji M. Effects of Vitamin D3 on Intestinal Flora in a Mouse Model of Inflammatory Bowel Disease Treated with Rifaximin. Med Sci Monit 2020; 26:e925068. [PMID: 33177483 PMCID: PMC7670830 DOI: 10.12659/msm.925068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rifaximin is an antimicrobial agent used to treat inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Vitamin D3 can control IBD due to its effects on inflammatory cytokines. The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of vitamin D3 on the intestinal flora of a dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced mouse model treated with rifaximin. MATERIAL AND METHODS The mouse model of IBD was developed using DSS (4%) administered via the drinking water. Twenty-four male C57BL6 mice were divided into the control group with a normal diet (N=6), the DSS group with a normal diet (N=6), the DSS group with a normal diet treated with rifaximin (N=6), and the DSS group with a normal diet treated with rifaximin and vitamin D3 (N=6). After 14 days, the colonic tissue was studied histologically. Serum levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and interleukin-1ß (IL-1ß) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) were used to measure the level of IL-6 and P65, and phospho-p65 was measured by western blot. 16S rRNA gene sequencing was used to analyze fecal samples. RESULTS In the DSS mouse model of IBD, rifaximin reduced the inflammation severity of the colon and reduced the expression of phospho-p65, p65, TNF-alpha, and IL-6. In the DSS+rifaximin+vitamin D3 group, the therapeutic influences of rifaximin, in terms of weight loss and colonic disease activity, were significantly reduced, and the gut microbiota of the mice were completely changed in composition and diversity. CONCLUSIONS In a mouse model of IBD, treatment with vitamin D3 significantly increased the metabolism of rifaximin and reduced its therapeutic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zijun Gu
- School of Nursing, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China (mainland)
| | - Mingxiu Duan
- School of Public Health, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, China (mainland)
| | - Yan Sun
- School of Nursing, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China (mainland)
| | - Tian Leng
- School of Nursing, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China (mainland)
| | - Ting Xu
- School of Nursing, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China (mainland)
| | - Yang Gu
- School of Nursing, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China (mainland)
| | - Zejuan Gu
- School of Nursing, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China (mainland).,The First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China (mainland)
| | - Zheng Lin
- School of Nursing, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China (mainland).,The First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China (mainland)
| | - Lu Yang
- School of Nursing, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China (mainland)
| | - Minghui Ji
- School of Nursing, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China (mainland)
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Zhang G, Liu M, Song M, Wang J, Cai J, Lin C, Li Y, Jin X, Shen C, Chen Z, Cai D, Gao Y, Zhu C, Lin C, Liu C. Patchouli alcohol activates PXR and suppresses the NF-κB-mediated intestinal inflammatory. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2020; 248:112302. [PMID: 31614203 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2019.112302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Revised: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE The pregnane-X-receptor (PXR) is involved in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Patchouli alcohol (PA) has anti-inflammatory effects; however, the effect of PA on IBD pathogenesis remains largely unknown. AIM OF THE STUDY The aim of the present study was to investigate the anti-inflammatory effect of PA, primarily focused on crosstalk between PA-mediated PXR activation and NF-κB inhibition. MATERIALS AND METHODS We evaluated the anti-inflammatory effect of PA with respect to PXR/NF-κB signalling using in vitro and in vivo models. In vitro, PA, identified as a PXR agonist, was evaluated by hPXR transactivation assays and through assessing for CYP3A4 expression and activity. NF-κB inhibition was analysed based on NF-κB luciferase assays, NF-κB-mediated pro-inflammatory gene expression, and NF-κB nuclear translocation after activation of PXR by PA. In vivo, colonic mPXR and NF-κB signalling were analysed to assess PA-mediated the protective effect against dextran sulphate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis. Furthermore, pharmacological inhibition of PXR was further evaluated by examining PA protection against DSS-induced colitis. RESULTS PA induced CYP3A4 expression and activity via an hPXR-dependent mechanism. PA-mediated PXR activation attenuated inflammation by inhibiting NF-κB activity and nuclear translocation. The anti-inflammatory effect of PA on NF-κB was abolished by PXR knockdown. PA prevented DSS-induced inflammation by regulating PXR/NF-κB signalling, whereas pharmacological PXR inhibition abated PA-mediated suppressive effects on NF-κB inflammation signalling. CONCLUSIONS PA activates PXR signalling and suppresses NF-κB signalling, consequently causing amelioration of inflammation. Our results highlight the importance of PXR-NF-κB crosstalk in colitis and suggest a novel therapeutic reagent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guohui Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510405, China; Zhuhai Precision Medicine Center, Zhuhai People(')s Hospital, Zhuhai, China
| | - Meijing Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510405, China; Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Big Data-Based Precision Medicine, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Meng Song
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510405, China
| | - Jueyu Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510405, China
| | - Jiazhong Cai
- Pi-Wei Institute, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510405, China
| | - Chuanquan Lin
- Pi-Wei Institute, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510405, China
| | - Yanwu Li
- Pi-Wei Institute, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510405, China
| | - Xin Jin
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510405, China
| | - Chuangpeng Shen
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510405, China
| | - Zhao Chen
- The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 500095, China
| | - Dake Cai
- The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 500095, China
| | - Yong Gao
- Pi-Wei Institute, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510405, China.
| | - Chenchen Zhu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510405, China
| | - Chaozhan Lin
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510405, China.
| | - Changhui Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510405, China.
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Yoshinari K. Role of Nuclear Receptors PXR and CAR in Xenobiotic-Induced Hepatocyte Proliferation and Chemical Carcinogenesis. Biol Pharm Bull 2020; 42:1243-1252. [PMID: 31366862 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b19-00267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Nuclear receptors pregnane X receptor (PXR) and constitutive active/androstane receptor (CAR) are xenobiotic-responsible transcriptional factors that belong to the same subfamily and are expressed abundantly in the liver. They play crucial roles in various liver functions including xenobiotic disposition and energy metabolism. CAR is also involved in xenobiotic-induced hepatocyte proliferation and hepatocarcinogenesis in rodents. However, there are some open questions on the association between chemical carcinogenesis and these nuclear receptors. These include the molecular mechanism for CAR-mediated hepatocyte proliferation and hepatocarcinogenesis. Another important question is whether PXR is associated with hepatocyte proliferation. We have recently reported a novel and unique function of PXR associated with murine hepatocyte proliferation: PXR activation alone does not induce hepatocyte proliferation but accelerates hepatocyte proliferation induced by various types of stimuli including CAR- or peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha activating compounds, liver injury, and growth factors. We have also reported a role of yes-associated protein (YAP), a transcriptional cofactor controlling organ size and cell growth under the Hippo pathway, in CAR-mediated hepatocyte proliferation in mice. In this review, I will introduce our recent results as well as related studies on the roles of PXR and CAR in xenobiotic-induced hepatocyte proliferation and their molecular mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kouichi Yoshinari
- Laboratory of Molecular Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka
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26
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Erickson SL, Alston L, Nieves K, Chang TKH, Mani S, Flannigan KL, Hirota SA. The xenobiotic sensing pregnane X receptor regulates tissue damage and inflammation triggered by C difficile toxins. FASEB J 2019; 34:2198-2212. [PMID: 31907988 PMCID: PMC7027580 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201902083rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Revised: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Clostridioides difficile (formerly Clostridium difficile; C difficile), the leading cause of nosocomial antibiotic‐associated colitis and diarrhea in the industrialized world, triggers colonic disease through the release two toxins, toxin A (TcdA) and toxin B (TcdB), glucosyltransferases that modulate monomeric G‐protein function and alter cytoskeletal function. The initial degree of the host immune response to C difficile and its pathogenic toxins is a common indicator of disease severity and infection recurrence. Thus, targeting the intestinal inflammatory response during infection could significantly decrease disease morbidity and mortality. In the current study, we sought to interrogate the influence of the pregnane X receptor (PXR), a modulator of xenobiotic and detoxification responses, which can sense and respond to microbial metabolites and modulates inflammatory activity, during exposure to TcdA and TcdB. Following intrarectal exposure to TcdA/B, PXR‐deficient mice (Nr1i2−/−) exhibited reduced survival, an effect that was associated with increased levels of innate immune cell influx. This exacerbated response was associated with a twofold increase in the expression of Tlr4. Furthermore, while broad‐spectrum antibiotic treatment (to deplete the intestinal microbiota) did not alter the responses in Nr1i2−/− mice, blocking TLR4 signaling significantly reduced TcdA/B‐induced disease severity and immune responses in these mice. Lastly, to assess the therapeutic potential of targeting the PXR, we activated the PXR with pregnenolone 16α‐carbonitrile (PCN) in wild‐type mice, which greatly reduced the severity of TcdA/B‐induced damage and intestinal inflammation. Taken together, these data suggest that the PXR plays a role in the host's response to TcdA/B and may provide a novel target to dampen the inflammatory tissue damage in C difficile infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah L Erickson
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Laurie Alston
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Kristoff Nieves
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Thomas K H Chang
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Sridhar Mani
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Kyle L Flannigan
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Simon A Hirota
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
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Tanaka Y, Uchi H, Ito T, Furue M. Indirubin-pregnane X receptor-JNK axis accelerates skin wound healing. Sci Rep 2019; 9:18174. [PMID: 31796845 PMCID: PMC6890704 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-54754-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Indirubin is a potent anti-inflammatory phytochemical derived from indigo naturalis. It is also endogenously produced in the intestine and detected in the circulation in mammals. Indirubin exerts its biological functions via two xenobiotic receptor systems: aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) and pregnane X receptor (PXR); however, its effects on wound healing remain elusive. To investigate whether indirubin promotes wound healing, we utilized an in vitro scratch injury assay and in vivo full-thickness mouse skin ulcer model and assessed wound closure. Indirubin significantly accelerated wound closure in both the scratch assay and the skin ulcer model. Using inhibitors of cell proliferation or migration, indirubin was found to upregulate the migratory but not the proliferative capacity of keratinocytes. Activation of AHR/PXR by indirubin was confirmed by their nuclear translocation and subsequent upregulation of CYP1A1 (AHR), or UGT1A1 mRNA (PXR) and also by luciferase reporter assay (PXR). Although both AHR and PXR were activated by indirubin, its pro-migratory capacity was canceled by PXR inhibition but not by AHR inhibition and was dependent on the JNK pathway. Moreover, activated PXR was detected in the nuclei of re-epithelialized keratinocytes in human skin ulcers. In conclusion, this study shows that the indirubin-PXR-JNK pathway promotes skin wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuka Tanaka
- Department of Dermatology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Uchi
- Department of Dermatology, National Hospital Organization Kyushu Cancer Center, Fukuoka, 811-1395, Japan
| | - Takamichi Ito
- Department of Dermatology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Masutaka Furue
- Department of Dermatology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan. .,Research and Clinical Center for Yusho and Dioxin, Kyushu University Hospital, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan. .,Division of Skin Surface Sensing, Department of Dermatology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan.
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Keely SJ, Steer CJ, Lajczak-McGinley NK. Ursodeoxycholic acid: a promising therapeutic target for inflammatory bowel diseases? Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2019; 317:G872-G881. [PMID: 31509435 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00163.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The secondary bile acid ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) has long been known to have medicinal properties. As the therapeutically active component of bear bile, it has been used for centuries in traditional Chinese medicine to treat a range of conditions, while manufactured UDCA has been used for decades in Western medicine to treat cholestatic liver diseases. The beneficial qualities of UDCA are thought to be due to its well-established cytoprotective and anti-inflammatory actions. In addition to its established role in treating liver diseases, UDCA is now under investigation for numerous conditions associated with inflammation and apoptosis, including neurological, ocular, metabolic, and cardiovascular diseases. Here, we review the growing evidence base from in vitro and in vivo models to suggest that UDCA may also have a role to play in the therapy of inflammatory bowel diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J Keely
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Education and Research Centre, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Clifford J Steer
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota.,Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Development, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Natalia K Lajczak-McGinley
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Education and Research Centre, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
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Pregnane X receptor activation constrains mucosal NF-κB activity in active inflammatory bowel disease. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0221924. [PMID: 31581194 PMCID: PMC6776398 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0221924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The Pregnane X Receptor (PXR) is a principal signal transducer in mucosal responses to xenobiotic stress. It is well-recognized that inflammatory bowel disease is accompanied by xenobiotic stress, but the importance of the PXR in limiting inflammatory responses in inflammatory bowel disease remains obscure at best. Methods We stimulate a total of 106 colonic biopsies from 19 Crohn’s disease patients with active disease, 36 colonic biopsies from 8 control patients, colonic organoids and various cell culture models (either proficient or genetically deficient with respect to PXR) in vitro with the PXR ligand rifampicin or vehicle. Effects on NF-κB activity are assessed by measuring interleukin-8 (IL-8) and interleukin-1ß (IL-1ß) mRNA levels by qPCR and in cell culture models by NF-κB reporter-driven luciferase activity and Western blot for signal transduction elements. Results We observe a strict inverse correlation between colonic epithelial PXR levels and NF-κB target gene expression in colonic biopsies from Crohn’s disease patients. PXR, activated by rifampicin, is rate-limiting for mucosal NF-κB activation in IBD. The correlation between colonic epithelial PXR levels and NF-κB target gene expression was also observed in intestinal organoids system. Furthermore, in preclinical in vitro models of intestinal inflammation, including intestinal organoids, genetic inactivation of PXR unleashes NF-κB-dependent signal transduction whereas conversely NF-κB signaling reduces levels of PXR expression. Conclusions Our data indicate that the PXR is a major and clinically relevant antagonist of NF-κB activity in the intestinal epithelial compartment during inflammatory bowel disease.
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30
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Emerging roles of bile acids in mucosal immunity and inflammation. Mucosal Immunol 2019; 12:851-861. [PMID: 30952999 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-019-0162-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Revised: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Bile acids are cholesterol-derived surfactants that circulate actively between the liver and ileum and that are classically recognized for emulsifying dietary lipids to facilitate absorption. More recent studies, however, have revealed new functions of bile acids; as pleotropic signaling metabolites that regulate diverse metabolic and inflammatory pathways in multiple cell types and tissues through dynamic interactions with both germline-encoded host receptors and the microbiota. Accordingly, perturbed bile acid circulation and/or metabolism is now implicated in the pathogenesis of cholestatic liver diseases, metabolic syndrome, colon cancer, and inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs). Here, we discuss the three-dimensional interplay between bile acids, the microbiota, and the mucosal immune system, focusing on the mechanisms that regulate intestinal homeostasis and inflammation. Although the functions of bile acids in mucosal immune regulation are only beginning to be appreciated, targeting bile acids and their cellular receptors has already proven an important area of new drug discovery.
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Rosette C, Agan FJ, Rosette N, Moro L, Mazzetti A, Hassan C, Gerloni M. Rifamycin SV exhibits strong anti-inflammatory in vitro activity through pregnane X receptor stimulation and NFκB inhibition. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2019; 34:172-180. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dmpk.2019.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Revised: 12/24/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Hudson G, Flannigan KL, Venu VKP, Alston L, Sandall CF, MacDonald JA, Muruve DA, Chang TKH, Mani S, Hirota SA. Pregnane X Receptor Activation Triggers Rapid ATP Release in Primed Macrophages That Mediates NLRP3 Inflammasome Activation. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2019; 370:44-53. [PMID: 31004077 PMCID: PMC6542184 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.118.255679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The pregnane X receptor (PXR) is a ligand-activated nuclear receptor that acts as a xenobiotic sensor, responding to compounds of foreign origin, including pharmaceutical compounds, environmental contaminants, and natural products, to induce transcriptional events that regulate drug detoxification and efflux pathways. As such, the PXR is thought to play a key role in protecting the host from xenobiotic exposure. More recently, the PXR has been reported to regulate the expression of innate immune receptors in the intestine and modulate inflammasome activation in the vasculature. In the current study, we report that activation of the PXR in primed macrophages triggers caspase-1 activation and interleukin-1β release. Mechanistically, we show that this response is nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain, leucine-rich repeat, and pyrin domain-containing 3-dependent and is driven by the rapid efflux of ATP and P2X purinoceptor 7 activation following PXR stimulation, an event that involves pannexin-1 gating, and is sensitive to inhibition of Src-family kinases. Our findings identify a mechanism whereby the PXR drives innate immune signaling, providing a potential link between xenobiotic exposure and the induction of innate inflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace Hudson
- Departments of Physiology and Pharmacology (G.H., K.L.F., V.K.P.V., L.A., S.A.H.), Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (C.F.S., J.A.M.), Medicine (D.A.M.), and Immunology, Microbiology, and Infectious Diseases (S.A.H.), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada (T.K.H.C.); and Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York (S.M.)
| | - Kyle L Flannigan
- Departments of Physiology and Pharmacology (G.H., K.L.F., V.K.P.V., L.A., S.A.H.), Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (C.F.S., J.A.M.), Medicine (D.A.M.), and Immunology, Microbiology, and Infectious Diseases (S.A.H.), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada (T.K.H.C.); and Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York (S.M.)
| | - Vivek Krishna Pulakazhi Venu
- Departments of Physiology and Pharmacology (G.H., K.L.F., V.K.P.V., L.A., S.A.H.), Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (C.F.S., J.A.M.), Medicine (D.A.M.), and Immunology, Microbiology, and Infectious Diseases (S.A.H.), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada (T.K.H.C.); and Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York (S.M.)
| | - Laurie Alston
- Departments of Physiology and Pharmacology (G.H., K.L.F., V.K.P.V., L.A., S.A.H.), Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (C.F.S., J.A.M.), Medicine (D.A.M.), and Immunology, Microbiology, and Infectious Diseases (S.A.H.), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada (T.K.H.C.); and Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York (S.M.)
| | - Christina F Sandall
- Departments of Physiology and Pharmacology (G.H., K.L.F., V.K.P.V., L.A., S.A.H.), Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (C.F.S., J.A.M.), Medicine (D.A.M.), and Immunology, Microbiology, and Infectious Diseases (S.A.H.), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada (T.K.H.C.); and Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York (S.M.)
| | - Justin A MacDonald
- Departments of Physiology and Pharmacology (G.H., K.L.F., V.K.P.V., L.A., S.A.H.), Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (C.F.S., J.A.M.), Medicine (D.A.M.), and Immunology, Microbiology, and Infectious Diseases (S.A.H.), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada (T.K.H.C.); and Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York (S.M.)
| | - Daniel A Muruve
- Departments of Physiology and Pharmacology (G.H., K.L.F., V.K.P.V., L.A., S.A.H.), Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (C.F.S., J.A.M.), Medicine (D.A.M.), and Immunology, Microbiology, and Infectious Diseases (S.A.H.), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada (T.K.H.C.); and Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York (S.M.)
| | - Thomas K H Chang
- Departments of Physiology and Pharmacology (G.H., K.L.F., V.K.P.V., L.A., S.A.H.), Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (C.F.S., J.A.M.), Medicine (D.A.M.), and Immunology, Microbiology, and Infectious Diseases (S.A.H.), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada (T.K.H.C.); and Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York (S.M.)
| | - Sridhar Mani
- Departments of Physiology and Pharmacology (G.H., K.L.F., V.K.P.V., L.A., S.A.H.), Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (C.F.S., J.A.M.), Medicine (D.A.M.), and Immunology, Microbiology, and Infectious Diseases (S.A.H.), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada (T.K.H.C.); and Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York (S.M.)
| | - Simon A Hirota
- Departments of Physiology and Pharmacology (G.H., K.L.F., V.K.P.V., L.A., S.A.H.), Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (C.F.S., J.A.M.), Medicine (D.A.M.), and Immunology, Microbiology, and Infectious Diseases (S.A.H.), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada (T.K.H.C.); and Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York (S.M.)
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HDAC1 and HDAC2 independently regulate common and specific intrinsic responses in murine enteroids. Sci Rep 2019; 9:5363. [PMID: 30926862 PMCID: PMC6441098 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-41842-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Both HDAC1 and HDAC2 are class I deacetylases acting as erasers of lysine-acetyl marks on histones and non-histone proteins. Several histone deacetylase inhibitors, either endogenous to the cell, such as the ketogenic β-hydroxybutyrate metabolite, or exogenous, such as butyrate, a microbial-derived metabolite, regulate HDAC activity. Different combinations of intestinal epithelial cell (IEC)-specific Hdac1 and/or Hdac2 deletion differentially alter mucosal homeostasis in mice. Thus, HDAC1 and HDAC2 could act as sensors and transmitters of environmental signals to the mucosa. In this study, enteroid culture models deleted for Hdac1 or Hdac2 were established to determine IEC-specific function as assessed by global transcriptomic and proteomic approaches. Results show that Hdac1 or Hdac2 deficiency altered differentiation of Paneth and goblet secretory cells, which sustain physical and chemical protection barriers, and increased intermediate secretory cell precursor numbers. Furthermore, IEC Hdac1- and Hdac2-dependent common and specific biological processes were identified, including oxidation-reduction, inflammatory responses, and lipid-related metabolic processes, as well as canonical pathways and upstream regulators related to environment-dependent signaling through steroid receptor pathways, among others. These findings uncover unrecognized regulatory similarities and differences between Hdac1 and Hdac2 in IEC, and demonstrate how HDAC1 and HDAC2 may complement each other to regulate the intrinsic IEC phenotype.
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Nuclear Receptors in the Pathogenesis and Management of Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Mediators Inflamm 2019; 2019:2624941. [PMID: 30804707 PMCID: PMC6360586 DOI: 10.1155/2019/2624941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Revised: 12/01/2018] [Accepted: 12/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Nuclear receptors (NRs) are ligand-dependent transcription factors that regulate the transcription of target genes. Previous epidemiological and genetic studies have documented the association of NRs with the risk of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Although the mechanisms of action of NRs in IBD have not been fully established, accumulating evidence has demonstrated that NRs play complicated roles in regulating intestinal immunity, mucosal barriers, and intestinal flora. As one of the first-line medications for the treatment of IBD, 5-aminosalicylic acid (5-ASA) activates peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) to attenuate colitis. The protective roles of rifaximin and rifampicin partly depend on promoting pregnane X receptor (PXR) expression. The aims of this review are to discuss the roles of several important NRs, such as PPARγ, PXR, vitamin D receptor (VDR), farnesoid X receptor (FXR), and RAR-related orphan receptor gammat (RORγt), in the pathogenesis of IBD and management strategies based on targeting these receptors.
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Hegyi P, Maléth J, Walters JR, Hofmann AF, Keely SJ. Guts and Gall: Bile Acids in Regulation of Intestinal Epithelial Function in Health and Disease. Physiol Rev 2019; 98:1983-2023. [PMID: 30067158 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00054.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial cells line the entire surface of the gastrointestinal tract and its accessory organs where they primarily function in transporting digestive enzymes, nutrients, electrolytes, and fluid to and from the luminal contents. At the same time, epithelial cells are responsible for forming a physical and biochemical barrier that prevents the entry into the body of harmful agents, such as bacteria and their toxins. Dysregulation of epithelial transport and barrier function is associated with the pathogenesis of a number of conditions throughout the intestine, such as inflammatory bowel disease, chronic diarrhea, pancreatitis, reflux esophagitis, and cancer. Driven by discovery of specific receptors on intestinal epithelial cells, new insights into mechanisms that control their synthesis and enterohepatic circulation, and a growing appreciation of their roles as bioactive bacterial metabolites, bile acids are currently receiving a great deal of interest as critical regulators of epithelial function in health and disease. This review aims to summarize recent advances in this field and to highlight how bile acids are now emerging as exciting new targets for disease intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Hegyi
- Momentum Translational Gastroenterology Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences-University of Szeged , Szeged , Hungary ; Institute for Translational Medicine, Medical School, University of Pécs , Pécs , Hungary ; Momentum Epithelial Cell Signalling and Secretion Research Group and First Department of Medicine, University of Szeged , Szeged , Hungary ; Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Gastroenterology, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College London , London , United Kingdom ; Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California ; and Department of Molecular Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Education and Research Centre, Beaumont Hospital , Dublin , Ireland
| | - Joszef Maléth
- Momentum Translational Gastroenterology Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences-University of Szeged , Szeged , Hungary ; Institute for Translational Medicine, Medical School, University of Pécs , Pécs , Hungary ; Momentum Epithelial Cell Signalling and Secretion Research Group and First Department of Medicine, University of Szeged , Szeged , Hungary ; Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Gastroenterology, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College London , London , United Kingdom ; Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California ; and Department of Molecular Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Education and Research Centre, Beaumont Hospital , Dublin , Ireland
| | - Julian R Walters
- Momentum Translational Gastroenterology Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences-University of Szeged , Szeged , Hungary ; Institute for Translational Medicine, Medical School, University of Pécs , Pécs , Hungary ; Momentum Epithelial Cell Signalling and Secretion Research Group and First Department of Medicine, University of Szeged , Szeged , Hungary ; Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Gastroenterology, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College London , London , United Kingdom ; Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California ; and Department of Molecular Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Education and Research Centre, Beaumont Hospital , Dublin , Ireland
| | - Alan F Hofmann
- Momentum Translational Gastroenterology Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences-University of Szeged , Szeged , Hungary ; Institute for Translational Medicine, Medical School, University of Pécs , Pécs , Hungary ; Momentum Epithelial Cell Signalling and Secretion Research Group and First Department of Medicine, University of Szeged , Szeged , Hungary ; Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Gastroenterology, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College London , London , United Kingdom ; Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California ; and Department of Molecular Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Education and Research Centre, Beaumont Hospital , Dublin , Ireland
| | - Stephen J Keely
- Momentum Translational Gastroenterology Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences-University of Szeged , Szeged , Hungary ; Institute for Translational Medicine, Medical School, University of Pécs , Pécs , Hungary ; Momentum Epithelial Cell Signalling and Secretion Research Group and First Department of Medicine, University of Szeged , Szeged , Hungary ; Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Gastroenterology, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College London , London , United Kingdom ; Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California ; and Department of Molecular Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Education and Research Centre, Beaumont Hospital , Dublin , Ireland
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Mucosal immune cells in the intestinal tract are continuously exposed to a barrage of both foreign and endogenously generated metabolites, termed xenobiotics, and endobiotics, respectively. This review summarizes recent insights into the mechanisms by which xenobiotics and endobiotics regulate intestinal immunity and inflammation. RECENT FINDINGS The community of enteric microbes (i.e., microbiota) has profound impacts on the development and function of the mucosal immune system. The composition and function of gut microbiota is dynamically regulated by diet, and this interplay dictates which and how many immunomodulatory xenobiotics are present in the intestine. Microbiota also regulate the concentration and composition of circulating bile acids, an abundant class of liver-derived endobiotics with pleotropic immunoregulatory activities. A growing body of literature is emerging that sheds new light on the mechanisms by which xenobiotics and endobiotics interact with germline-encoded receptors and transporters to shape mucosal immune function. SUMMARY The complex and dynamic interplay among xenobiotics, endobiotics, and the mucosal immune system is a new frontier in mucosal immunology that is proving fruitful for the discovery of novel and pharmacologically accessible mechanisms with relevance to human inflammatory diseases.
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Duszka K, Wahli W. Enteric Microbiota⁻Gut⁻Brain Axis from the Perspective of Nuclear Receptors. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19082210. [PMID: 30060580 PMCID: PMC6121494 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19082210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Revised: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Nuclear receptors (NRs) play a key role in regulating virtually all body functions, thus maintaining a healthy operating body with all its complex systems. Recently, gut microbiota emerged as major factor contributing to the health of the whole organism. Enteric bacteria have multiple ways to influence their host and several of them involve communication with the brain. Mounting evidence of cooperation between gut flora and NRs is already available. However, the full potential of the microbiota interconnection with NRs remains to be uncovered. Herewith, we present the current state of knowledge on the multifaceted roles of NRs in the enteric microbiota–gut–brain axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalina Duszka
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Walter Wahli
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological, 11 Mandalay Road, Singapore 308232, Singapore.
- Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, Génopode, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
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Bruzzese E, Pesce M, Sarnelli G, Guarino A. Pharmacokinetic drug evaluation of rifaximin for treatment of diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2018; 14:753-760. [PMID: 29897844 DOI: 10.1080/17425255.2018.1488964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Rifaximin is a poorly absorbable antibiotic with a broad-spectrum activity against both Gram-negative and -positive bacteria. It is active in the small intestine due to its high bile solubility, whereas in the aqueous environment of the colon, it shows limited efficacy against highly susceptible bacteria. These unique pharmacokinetic properties limit its systemic effects and can correct gut microflora imbalances. Thus, rifaximin has become a major therapeutic agent in several gastrointestinal diseases in which an imbalance in gut microflora may play a role, including diarrhea predominant irritable bowel syndrome (IBS-D). Area covered: This is an up-to-date review focusing on the efficacy of rifaximin in the treatment of IBS-D in both adult and pediatric populations. We will review the pharmacokinetic properties of rifaximin, including its absorption in health and disease, mechanisms of action, and interactions with other drugs. Expert opinion: Given its safety profile and its negligible absorption, rifaximin is a suitable treatment for IBS-D, in both adults and children. The possibility of modulating gut microbiota composition without side effects has made this drug an appealing therapeutic agent in highly prevalent gastrointestinal diseases. However, to date, monitoring for the development of resistant bacterial strains during long-term rifaximin use is still lacking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugenia Bruzzese
- a Department of Translational Medical Science , 'Federico II' University of Naples 80131 , Naples , Italy
| | - Marcella Pesce
- b Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery , 'Federico II' University of Naples 80131 , Naples , Italy.,c Division of Neurogastroenterology & Motility, Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology , Great Ormond Street , Hospital, London , UK
| | - Giovanni Sarnelli
- b Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery , 'Federico II' University of Naples 80131 , Naples , Italy
| | - Alfredo Guarino
- a Department of Translational Medical Science , 'Federico II' University of Naples 80131 , Naples , Italy
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Mackowiak B, Hodge J, Stern S, Wang H. The Roles of Xenobiotic Receptors: Beyond Chemical Disposition. Drug Metab Dispos 2018; 46:1361-1371. [PMID: 29759961 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.118.081042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the past 20 years, the ability of the xenobiotic receptors to coordinate an array of drug-metabolizing enzymes and transporters in response to endogenous and exogenous stimuli has been extensively characterized and well documented. The constitutive androstane receptor (CAR) and the pregnane X receptor (PXR) are the xenobiotic receptors that have received the most attention since they regulate the expression of numerous proteins important to drug metabolism and clearance and formulate a central defensive mechanism to protect the body against xenobiotic challenges. However, accumulating evidence has shown that these xenobiotic sensors also control many cellular processes outside of their traditional realms of xenobiotic metabolism and disposition, including physiologic and/or pathophysiologic responses in energy homeostasis, cell proliferation, inflammation, tissue injury and repair, immune response, and cancer development. This review will highlight recent advances in studying the noncanonical functions of xenobiotic receptors with a particular focus placed on the roles of CAR and PXR in energy homeostasis and cancer development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan Mackowiak
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Jessica Hodge
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Sydney Stern
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Hongbing Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, Maryland
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40
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Huang CW, Chen YT, Tsai HL, Yeh YS, Su WC, Ma CJ, Tsai TN, Wang JY. EGFR expression in patients with stage III colorectal cancer after adjuvant chemotherapy and on cancer cell function. Oncotarget 2017; 8:114663-114676. [PMID: 29383110 PMCID: PMC5777722 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.23072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)/RAS/RAF/MEK/MAPK pathway plays a crucial role in the carcinogenesis, invasion and metastasis of colorectal cancer (CRC). However, its role in the prognosis and prediction of relapse in patients with stage III CRC after adjuvant chemotherapy remains controversial. In the present study, the clinicopathological features of 173 patients with stage III CRC who underwent radical resection and adjuvant chemotherapy with the fluoropyrimidine/folinic acid, and oxaliplatin (FOLFOX) regimen, and their prognostic values of EGFR expression were retrospectively analyzed. By conducting an in vitro CRC cell line study through the knockdown of EGFR expression, we analyzed cell proliferation, colony formation and migration. Positive EGFR expression and an abnormal postoperative serum carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) level were found to be significant independent negative predictive factors for postoperative relapse. Furthermore, positive EGFR expression was a significant independent negative prognostic factor for disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS). Additionally, an in vitro cell line study showed that the knockdown of EGFR expression significantly reduced CRC cell proliferation, colony formation and migration. The results of in vitro and in vivo experiments demonstrated that EGFR expression had a prognostic value for OS and DFS, as well as predictive roles for postoperative relapse, in patients with stage III CRC. By analyzing both EGFR expression and the postoperative CEA, the patients with stage III CRC who were at a high risk of postoperative relapse, or mortality following adjuvant chemotherapy could be identified. In short, CRC cells with EGFR expression would exhibit a highly malignant behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Wen Huang
- Division of Colorectal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ting Chen
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Department of Pathology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Hsiang-Lin Tsai
- Division of Colorectal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yung-Sung Yeh
- Division of Colorectal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Division of Trauma and Surgical Critical Care, Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Chih Su
- Division of Colorectal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Jen Ma
- Division of Colorectal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Division of General and Digestive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Tsen-Ni Tsai
- Division of Colorectal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Jaw-Yuan Wang
- Division of Colorectal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Center for Biomarkers and Biotech Drugs, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Research Center for Environmental Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Research Center for Natural Products and Drug Development, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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41
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The Intricate Link among Gut "Immunological Niche," Microbiota, and Xenobiotics in Intestinal Pathology. Mediators Inflamm 2017; 2017:8390595. [PMID: 29118468 PMCID: PMC5651127 DOI: 10.1155/2017/8390595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2017] [Revised: 07/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) are diseases characterized by various degrees of inflammation involving the gastrointestinal tract. Ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease are characterized by a dysregulated immune response leading to structural gut alterations in genetically predisposed individuals. Diverticular disease is characterized by abnormal immune response to normal gut microbiota. IBDs are linked to a lack of physiological tolerance of the mucosal immune system to resident gut microbiota and pathogens. The disruption of immune tolerance involves inflammatory pathways characterized by an unbalance between the anti-inflammatory regulatory T cells and the proinflammatory Th1/Th17 cells. The interaction among T cell subpopulations and their related cytokines, mediators of inflammation, gut microbiota, and the intestinal mucosa constitute the gut “immunological niche.” Several evidences have shown that xenobiotics, such as rifaximin, can positively modulate the inflammatory pathways at the site of gut immunological niche, acting as anti-inflammatory agents. Xenobiotics may interfere with components of the immunological niche, leading to activation of anti-inflammatory pathways and inhibition of several mediators of inflammation. In summary, xenobiotics may reduce disease-related gut mucosal alterations and clinical symptoms. Studying the complex interplay between gut immunological niche and xenobiotics will certainly open new horizons in the knowledge and therapy of intestinal pathologies.
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42
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Astragaloside II promotes intestinal epithelial repair by enhancing L-arginine uptake and activating the mTOR pathway. Sci Rep 2017; 7:12302. [PMID: 28951595 PMCID: PMC5614914 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-12435-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Astragaloside II (AS II) extracted from Astragalus membranaceus has been reported to promote tissue wound repair. However, the effect of AS II on inflammatory bowel disease is unknown. We investigated the effects and mechanism of AS II on intestinal wound healing in both in vitro and in vivo models. Human intestinal Caco-2 cells were treated with multiple concentrations of AS II to assess cell proliferation, scratch wound closure, L-arginine uptake, cationic amino acid transporter activity, and activation of the mTOR signaling pathway. These effects were also measured in a mouse model of colitis. AS II promoted wound closure and increased cell proliferation, L-arginine uptake, CAT1 and CAT2 protein levels, total protein synthesis, and phosphorylation of mTOR, S6K, and 4E-BP1 in Caco-2 cells. These effects were suppressed by lysine or rapamycin treatment, suggesting that the enhanced arginine uptake mediates AS II-induced wound healing. Similar results were also observed in vivo. Our findings indicate that AS II can contribute to epithelial barrier repair following intestinal injury, and may offer a therapeutic avenue in treating irritable bowel disease.
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43
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Eissa N, Hussein H, Kermarrec L, Grover J, Metz-Boutigue MHE, Bernstein CN, Ghia JE. Chromofungin Ameliorates the Progression of Colitis by Regulating Alternatively Activated Macrophages. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1131. [PMID: 28951733 PMCID: PMC5599789 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Ulcerative colitis (UC) is characterized by a functional dysregulation of alternatively activated macrophage (AAM) and intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) homeostasis. Chromogranin-A (CHGA) secreted by neuroendocrine cells is implicated in intestinal inflammation and immune dysregulation. CHGA undergoes proteolytic processing to generate CHGA-derived peptides. Chromofungin (CHR: CHGA47–66) is a short CHGA-derived peptide encoded by CHGA Exon-IV and is involved in innate immune regulation, but the basis is poorly investigated. We investigated the expression of CHR in colonic tissue of patients with active UC and assessed the effects of the CHR in dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) colitis in mice and on macrophages and human colonic epithelial cells. We found that mRNA expression of CHR correlated positively with mRNA levels of AAM markers and gene expression of tight junction (TJ) proteins and negatively with mRNA levels of interleukin (IL)-8, IL-18, and collagen in patients with active UC. Moreover, AAM markers correlated positively with gene expression of TJ proteins and negatively with IL-8, IL-18, and collagen gene expression. Experimentally, intracolonic administration of CHR protected against DSS-induced colitis by priming macrophages into AAM, reducing colonic collagen deposition, and maintaining IECs homeostasis. This effect was associated with a significant increase of AAM markers, reduction of colonic IL-18 release and conservation of gene expression of TJ proteins. In vitro, CHR enhanced AAM polarization and increased the production of anti-inflammatory mediators. CHR-treated AAM conditioned medium increased Caco-2 cell migration, viability, proliferation, and mRNA levels of TJ proteins, and decreased oxidative stress-induced apoptosis and proinflammatory cytokines release. Direct CHR treatments had the same effect. In conclusion, CHR treatment reduces the severity of colitis and the inflammatory process via enhancing AAM functions and maintaining IECs homeostasis. CHR is involved in the pathogenesis of inflammation in experimental colitis. These findings provide insight into the mechanisms of colonic inflammation and could lead to new therapeutic strategies for UC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nour Eissa
- Immunology Department, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.,Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Hayam Hussein
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | | | - Jasmine Grover
- Immunology Department, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Marie-Hélène Et Metz-Boutigue
- INSERM U977, Biomatériaux et Ingéniérie tissulaire, Institut Leriche 2éme étage, Hôpital Civil, Porte de l'Hôpital, Strasbourg, France
| | - Charles N Bernstein
- Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Gastroenterology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.,University of Manitoba IBD Clinical and Research Centre, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Jean-Eric Ghia
- Immunology Department, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.,Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.,Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Gastroenterology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.,University of Manitoba IBD Clinical and Research Centre, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
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44
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Guo X, Yan M. Pregnane X Receptor Polymorphisms and Risk of Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Meta-Analysis. Immunol Invest 2017; 46:566-576. [PMID: 28742404 DOI: 10.1080/08820139.2017.1322101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolan Guo
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ming Yan
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Geriatric Gastroenterology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
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45
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Abstract
The human gastrointestinal tract is populated by a diverse, highly mutualistic microbial flora, which is known as the microbiome. Disruptions to the microbiome have been shown to be associated with severe pathologies of the host, including metabolic disease, cancer, and inflammatory bowel disease. Mood and behavior are also susceptible to alterations in the gut microbiota. A particularly striking example of the symbiotic effects of the microbiome is the immune system, whose cells depend critically on a diverse array of microbial metabolites for normal development and behavior. This includes metabolites that are produced by bacteria from dietary components, metabolites that are produced by the host and biochemically modified by gut bacteria, and metabolites that are synthesized de novo by gut microbes. In this review, we highlight the role of the intestinal microbiome in human metabolic and inflammatory diseases and focus in particular on the molecular mechanisms that govern the gut-immune axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Siegmund Postler
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Sankar Ghosh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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46
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Seow CL, Lau AJ. Differential activation of pregnane X receptor by carnosic acid, carnosol, ursolic acid, and rosmarinic acid. Pharmacol Res 2017; 120:23-33. [PMID: 28288941 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2017.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2016] [Revised: 02/24/2017] [Accepted: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Pregnane X receptor (PXR) regulates the expression of many genes, including those involved in drug metabolism and transport, and has been linked to various diseases, including inflammatory bowel disease. In the present study, we determined whether carnosic acid and other chemicals in rosemary extract (carnosol, ursolic acid, and rosmarinic acid) are PXR activators. As assessed in dual-luciferase reporter gene assays, carnosic acid, carnosol, and ursolic acid, but not rosmarinic acid, activated human PXR (hPXR) and mouse PXR (mPXR), whereas carnosol and ursolic acid, but not carnosic acid or rosmarinic acid, activated rat PXR (rPXR). Dose-response experiments indicated that carnosic acid, carnosol, and ursolic acid activated hPXR with EC50 values of 0.79, 2.22, and 10.77μM, respectively. Carnosic acid, carnosol, and ursolic acid, but not rosmarinic acid, transactivated the ligand-binding domain of hPXR and recruited steroid receptor coactivator-1 (SRC-1), SRC-2, and SRC-3 to the ligand-binding domain of hPXR. Carnosic acid, carnosol, and ursolic acid, but not rosmarinic acid, increased hPXR target gene expression, as shown by an increase in CYP3A4, UGT1A3, and ABCB1 mRNA expression in LS180 human colon adenocarcinoma cells. Rosmarinic acid did not attenuate the extent of hPXR activation by rifampicin, suggesting it is not an antagonist of hPXR. Overall, carnosic acid, carnosol, and ursolic acid, but not rosmarinic acid, are hPXR agonists, and carnosic acid shows species-dependent activation of hPXR and mPXR, but not rPXR. The findings provide new mechanistic insight on the effects of carnosic acid, carnosol, and ursolic acid on PXR-mediated biological effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Ling Seow
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Aik Jiang Lau
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
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Ward JBJ, Lajczak NK, Kelly OB, O'Dwyer AM, Giddam AK, Ní Gabhann J, Franco P, Tambuwala MM, Jefferies CA, Keely S, Roda A, Keely SJ. Ursodeoxycholic acid and lithocholic acid exert anti-inflammatory actions in the colon. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2017; 312:G550-G558. [PMID: 28360029 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00256.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Revised: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Ward JB, Lajczak NK, Kelly OB, O'Dwyer AM, Giddam AK, Ní Gabhann J, Franco P, Tambuwala MM, Jefferies CA, Keely S, Roda A, Keely SJ. Ursodeoxycholic acid and lithocholic acid exert anti-inflammatory actions in the colon. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 312: G550-G558, 2017. First published March 30, 2017; doi:10.1152/ajpgi.00256.2016.-Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) comprise a group of common and debilitating chronic intestinal disorders for which currently available therapies are often unsatisfactory. The naturally occurring secondary bile acid, ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA), has well-established anti-inflammatory and cytoprotective actions and may therefore be effective in treating IBD. We aimed to investigate regulation of colonic inflammatory responses by UDCA and to determine the potential impact of bacterial metabolism on its therapeutic actions. The anti-inflammatory efficacy of UDCA, a nonmetabolizable analog, 6α-methyl-UDCA (6-MUDCA), and its primary colonic metabolite lithocholic acid (LCA) was assessed in the murine dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) model of mucosal injury. The effects of bile acids on cytokine (TNF-α, IL-6, Il-1β, and IFN-γ) release from cultured colonic epithelial cells and mouse colonic tissue in vivo were investigated. Luminal bile acids were measured by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. UDCA attenuated release of proinflammatory cytokines from colonic epithelial cells in vitro and was protective against the development of colonic inflammation in vivo. In contrast, although 6-MUDCA mimicked the effects of UDCA on epithelial cytokine release in vitro, it was ineffective in preventing inflammation in the DSS model. In UDCA-treated mice, LCA became the most common colonic bile acid. Finally, LCA treatment more potently inhibited epithelial cytokine release and protected against DSS-induced mucosal inflammation than did UDCA. These studies identify a new role for the primary metabolite of UDCA, LCA, in preventing colonic inflammation and suggest that microbial metabolism of UDCA is necessary for the full expression of its protective actions.NEW & NOTEWORTHY On the basis of its cytoprotective and anti-inflammatory actions, the secondary bile acid ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) has well-established uses in both traditional and Western medicine. We identify a new role for the primary metabolite of UDCA, lithocholic acid, as a potent inhibitor of intestinal inflammatory responses, and we present data to suggest that microbial metabolism of UDCA is necessary for the full expression of its protective effects against colonic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph B J Ward
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Natalia K Lajczak
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Orlaith B Kelly
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Aoife M O'Dwyer
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Ashwini K Giddam
- School of Biomedical Science and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Joan Ní Gabhann
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Therapeutics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Placido Franco
- Department. of Chemistry, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Murtaza M Tambuwala
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ulster University, Coleraine, Northern Ireland; and
| | - Caroline A Jefferies
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Simon Keely
- School of Biomedical Science and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Aldo Roda
- Department. of Chemistry, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Stephen J Keely
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland;
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Cuomo R, Barbara G, Annibale B. Rifaximin and diverticular disease: Position paper of the Italian Society of Gastroenterology (SIGE). Dig Liver Dis 2017; 49:595-603. [PMID: 28215517 DOI: 10.1016/j.dld.2017.01.164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2016] [Revised: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Management of diverticular disease has significantly improved in the last decade. Antibiotic treatment is used for symptom relief and prevention of complications. In Italy, the non-absorbable antibiotic rifaximin is one of the most frequently used drugs, and it is perceived as the reference drug to treat symptomatic diverticular disease. Its non-systemic absorption and high faecal concentrations have oriented rifaximin use to the gastrointestinal tract, where rifaximin exerts eubiotic effects representing an additional value to its antibiotic activity. This position paper was commissioned by the Italian Society of Gastroenterology governing board for a panel of experts (RC, GB, BA) to highlight the indications for treatment of diverticular disease. There is a lack of rationale for drug use for the primary prevention of diverticulitis in patients with diverticulosis; thus, rifaximin use should be avoided. The cyclic use of rifaximin, in association with high-fibre intake, is safe and useful for the treatment of symptomatic uncomplicated diverticular disease, even if the cost-efficacy of long-term treatment remains to be determined. The use of rifaximin in the prevention of diverticulitis recurrence is promising, but the low therapeutic advantage needs to be verified. No evidence is available on the efficacy of rifaximin treatment on acute uncomplicated diverticulitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosario Cuomo
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Federico II University, Napoli, Italy
| | - Giovanni Barbara
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Bruno Annibale
- Medical-Surgical Science and Translational Medicine Department, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy.
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He L, Zhou X, Huang N, Li H, Li T, Yao K, Tian Y, Hu CAA, Yin Y. Functions of pregnane X receptor in self-detoxification. Amino Acids 2017; 49:1999-2007. [PMID: 28534176 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-017-2435-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Pregnane X receptor (PXR, NR1I2), a member of the nuclear receptor superfamily, is a crucial regulator of nutrient metabolism and metabolic detoxification such as metabolic syndrome, xenobiotic metabolism, inflammatory responses, glucose, cholesterol and lipid metabolism, and endocrine homeostasis. Notably, much experimental and clinical evidence show that PXR senses xenobiotics and triggers the detoxification response to prevent diseases such as diabetes, obesity, intestinal inflammatory diseases and liver fibrosis. In this review we summarize recent advances on remarkable metabolic and regulatory versatility of PXR, and we emphasizes its role and potential implication as an effective modulator of self-detoxification in animals and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liuqin He
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central, Ministry of Agriculture, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Healthy Livestock and Poultry, Changsha, 410125, Hunan, China.,University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xihong Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central, Ministry of Agriculture, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Healthy Livestock and Poultry, Changsha, 410125, Hunan, China
| | - Niu Huang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, Hunan, China
| | - Huan Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, Hunan, China
| | - Tiejun Li
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central, Ministry of Agriculture, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Healthy Livestock and Poultry, Changsha, 410125, Hunan, China.,Hunan Co-Innovation Center of Animal Production Safety, Changsha, 410128, Hunan, China
| | - Kang Yao
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central, Ministry of Agriculture, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Healthy Livestock and Poultry, Changsha, 410125, Hunan, China. .,College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, Hunan, China. .,Hunan Co-Innovation Center of Animal Production Safety, Changsha, 410128, Hunan, China.
| | - Yanan Tian
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, Hunan, China.,Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, Texas A & M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Chien-An Andy Hu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of New Mexico, Health Sciences Center, MSC08 4670, Albuquerque, USA
| | - Yulong Yin
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central, Ministry of Agriculture, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Healthy Livestock and Poultry, Changsha, 410125, Hunan, China. .,Hunan Co-Innovation Center of Animal Production Safety, Changsha, 410128, Hunan, China.
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Xu B, Li YL, Xu M, Yu CC, Lian MQ, Tang ZY, Li CX, Lin Y. Geniposide ameliorates TNBS-induced experimental colitis in rats via reducing inflammatory cytokine release and restoring impaired intestinal barrier function. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2017; 38:688-698. [PMID: 28260798 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2016.168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Geniposide is an iridoid glycosides purified from the fruit of Gardenia jasminoides Ellis, which is known to have antiinflammatory, anti-oxidative and anti-tumor activities. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of geniposide on experimental rat colitis and to reveal the related mechanisms. Experimental rat colitis was induced by rectal administration of a TNBS solution. The rats were treated with geniposide (25, 50 mg·kg-1·d-1, ig) or with sulfasalazine (SASP, 100 mg·kg-1·d-1, ig) as positive control for 14 consecutive days. A Caco-2 cell monolayer exposed to lipopolysaccharides (LPS) was used as an epithelial barrier dysfunction model. Transepithelial electrical resistance (TER) was measured to evaluate intestinal barrier function. In rats with TNBS-induced colitis, administration of geniposide or SASP significantly increased the TNBS-decreased body weight and ameliorated TNBS-induced experimental colitis and related symptoms. Geniposide or SASP suppressed inflammatory cytokine (TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6) release and neutrophil infiltration (myeloperoxidase activity) in the colon. In Caco-2 cells, geniposide (25-100 μg/mL) ameliorated LPS-induced endothelial barrier dysfunction via dose-dependently increasing transepithelial electrical resistance (TER). The results from both in vivo and in vitro studies revealed that geniposide down-regulated NF-κB, COX-2, iNOS and MLCK protein expression, up-regulated the expression of tight junction proteins (occludin and ZO-1), and facilitated AMPK phosphorylation. Both AMPK siRNA transfection and AMPK overexpression abrogated the geniposide-reduced MLCK protein expression, suggesting that geniposide ameliorated barrier dysfunction via AMPK-mediated inhibition of the MLCK pathway. In conclusion, geniposide ameliorated TNBS-induced experimental rat colitis by both reducing inflammation and modulating the disrupted epithelial barrier function via activating the AMPK signaling pathway.
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