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Sonntag E, Kolář J, Djukaj S, Lehocký R, Štěpánek F. Accelerated reactive dissolution model of drug release from long-acting injectable formulations. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2023:S0939-6411(23)00156-X. [PMID: 37321329 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2023.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Long-acting injectable formulations represent a rapidly emerging category of drug delivery systems that offer several advantages compared to orally administered medicines. Rather than having to frequently swallow tablets, the medication is administered to the patient by intramuscular or subcutaneous injection of a nanoparticle suspension that forms a local depot from which the drug is steadily released over a period of several weeks or months. The benefits of this approach include improved medication compliance, reduced fluctuations of drug plasma level, or the suppression of gastrointestinal tract irritation. The mechanism of drug release from injectable depot systems is complex, and there is a lack of models that would enable quantitative parametrisation of the process. In this work, an experimental and computational study of drug release from a long-acting injectable depot system is reported. A population balance model of prodrug dissolution from asuspension with specific particle size distribution has been coupled with the kinetics of prodrug hydrolysis to its parent drug and validated using in vitro experimental data obtained from an accelerated reactive dissolution test. Using the developed model, it is possible to predict the sensitivity of drug release profiles to the initial concentration and particle size distribution of the prodrug suspension, and subsequently simulate various drug dosing scenarios. Parametric analysis of the system has identified the boundaries of reaction- and dissolution-limited drug release regimes, and the conditions for the existence of a quasi-steady state. This knowledge is crucial for the rational design of drug formulations in terms of particle size distribution, concentration and intended duration of drug release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Sonntag
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 3, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Kolář
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 3, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Suada Djukaj
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 3, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Róbert Lehocký
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 3, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - František Štěpánek
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 3, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic.
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2
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Predicting the Temperature Evolution during Nanomilling of Drug Suspensions via a Semi-Theoretical Lumped-Parameter Model. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14122840. [PMID: 36559333 PMCID: PMC9788500 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14122840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Although temperature can significantly affect the stability and degradation of drug nanosuspensions, temperature evolution during the production of drug nanoparticles via wet stirred media milling, also known as nanomilling, has not been studied extensively. This study aims to establish both descriptive and predictive capabilities of a semi-theoretical lumped parameter model (LPM) for temperature evolution. In the experiments, the mill was operated at various stirrer speeds, bead loadings, and bead sizes, while the temperature evolution at the mill outlet was recorded. The LPM was formulated and fitted to the experimental temperature profiles in the training runs, and its parameters, i.e., the apparent heat generation rate Qgen and the apparent overall heat transfer coefficient times surface area UA, were estimated. For the test runs, these parameters were predicted as a function of the process parameters via a power law (PL) model and machine learning (ML) model. The LPM augmented with the PL and ML models was used to predict the temperature evolution in the test runs. The LPM predictions were also compared with those of an enthalpy balance model (EBM) developed recently. The LPM had a fitting capability with a root-mean-squared error (RMSE) lower than 0.9 °C, and a prediction capability, when augmented with the PL and ML models, with an RMSE lower than 4.1 and 2.1 °C, respectively. Overall, the LPM augmented with the PL model had both good descriptive and predictive capability, whereas the one with the ML model had a comparable predictive capability. Despite being simple, with two parameters and obviating the need for sophisticated numerical techniques for its solution, the semi-theoretical LPM generally predicts the temperature evolution similarly or slightly better than the EBM. Hence, this study has provided a validated, simple model for pharmaceutical engineers to simulate the temperature evolution during the nanomilling process, which will help to set proper process controls for thermally labile drugs.
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3
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Milling of pharmaceutical powder carrier excipients: Application of central composite design. ADV POWDER TECHNOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apt.2022.103881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Brokešová J, Niederquell A, Kuentz M, Zámostný P, Vraníková B, Šklubalová Z. Powder cohesion and energy to break an avalanche: Can we address surface heterogeneity? Int J Pharm 2022; 626:122198. [PMID: 36115463 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.122198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jana Brokešová
- Charles University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Akademika Heyrovského, 1203/8, 500 05 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Andreas Niederquell
- Charles University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Akademika Heyrovského, 1203/8, 500 05 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic; University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland, Institute of Pharma Technology, Hofackerstrasse, 30, CH-4132 Muttenz, Switzerland
| | - Martin Kuentz
- University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland, Institute of Pharma Technology, Hofackerstrasse, 30, CH-4132 Muttenz, Switzerland
| | - Petr Zámostný
- UCT Prague, Faculty of Chemical Technology, Department of Organic Technology, Technická, 5, 166 28, Prague 6, Dejvice, Czech Republic
| | - Barbora Vraníková
- Charles University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Akademika Heyrovského, 1203/8, 500 05 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Zdenka Šklubalová
- Charles University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Akademika Heyrovského, 1203/8, 500 05 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic.
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Guner G, Elashri S, Mehaj M, Seetharaman N, Yao HF, Clancy DJ, Bilgili E. An Enthalpy-Balance Model for Timewise Evolution of Temperature during Wet Stirred Media Milling of Drug Suspensions. Pharm Res 2022; 39:2065-2082. [PMID: 35915319 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-022-03346-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Nanosuspensions have been used for enhancing the bioavailability of poorly soluble drugs. This study explores the temperature evolution during their preparation in a wet stirred media mill using a coupled experimental-enthalpy balance approach. METHODS Milling was performed at three levels of stirrer speed, bead loading, and bead sizes. Temperatures were recorded over time, then simulated using an enthalpy balance model by fitting the fraction of power converted to heat ξ. Moreover, initial and final power, ξ, and temperature profiles at 5 different test runs were predicted by power-law (PL) and machine learning (ML) approaches. RESULTS Heat generation was higher at the higher stirrer speed and bead loading/size, which was explained by the higher power consumption. Despite its simplicity with a single fitting parameter ξ, the enthalpy balance model fitted the temperature evolution well with root mean squared error (RMSE) of 0.40-2.34°C. PL and ML approaches provided decent predictions of the temperature profiles in the test runs, with RMSE of 0.93-4.17 and 1.00-2.17°C, respectively. CONCLUSIONS We established the impact of milling parameters on heat generation-power and demonstrated the simulation-prediction capability of an enthalpy balance model when coupled to the PL-ML approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gulenay Guner
- Otto H. York Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Sherif Elashri
- Otto H. York Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Mirsad Mehaj
- Otto H. York Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Natasha Seetharaman
- Otto H. York Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Helen F Yao
- GlaxoSmithKline, Drug Product Development, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, PA, 19426, USA
| | - Donald J Clancy
- GlaxoSmithKline, Drug Product Development, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, PA, 19426, USA
| | - Ecevit Bilgili
- Otto H. York Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ, USA.
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Guner G, Seetharaman N, Elashri S, Mehaj M, Bilgili E. Analysis of heat generation during the production of drug nanosuspensions in a wet stirred media mill. Int J Pharm 2022; 624:122020. [PMID: 35842083 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.122020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Although heat is generated during the wet stirred media milling of drug suspensions, leading to notable temperature rise, a comprehensive analysis of heat generation does not exist. Hence, we investigated the impact of stirrer speed, bead loading, and bead size at three levels on the evolution of suspension temperature at the mill outlet during the milling of fenofibrate. The particle sizes and viscosities of the milled suspensions and power were measured. Our results suggest that stirrer speed had the most significant impact on the temperature increase, followed by bead loading and bead size. Both the time when the temperature reached 22 °C and the temperature at 5 min of milling were strongly correlated with the power. Assessing the impacts of the process parameters on the temperature rise, cycle time, power, and median particle size holistically, an optimal milling process was identified: 3000 rpm with 50% loading of 200 or 400 µm beads. A power number correlation was established to calculate power at any milling condition which determines the heat generation rate. Overall, this study indicated the importance of developing a good understanding of heat generation during nanomilling for development of a robust milling process especially for thermally labile drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gulenay Guner
- Otto H. York Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ, United States
| | - Natasha Seetharaman
- Otto H. York Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ, United States
| | - Sherif Elashri
- Otto H. York Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ, United States
| | - Mirsad Mehaj
- Otto H. York Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ, United States
| | - Ecevit Bilgili
- Otto H. York Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ, United States.
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Use of Bead Mixtures as a Novel Process Optimization Approach to Nanomilling of Drug Suspensions. Pharm Res 2021; 38:1279-1296. [PMID: 34169438 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-021-03064-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE We aimed to evaluate the feasibility of cross-linked polystyrene (CPS)-yttrium-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) bead mixtures as a novel optimization approach for fast, effective production of drug nanosuspensions during wet stirred media milling (WSMM). METHODS Aqueous suspensions of 10% fenofibrate (FNB, drug), 7.5% HPC-L, and 0.05% SDS were wet-milled at 3000-4000 rpm and 35%-50% volumetric loading of CPS:YSZ bead mixtures (CPS:YSZ 0:1-1:0 v:v). Laser diffraction, SEM, viscometry, DSC, and XRPD were used for characterization. An nth-order model described the breakage kinetics, while a microhydrodynamic model allowed us to gain insights into the impact of bead materials. RESULTS CPS beads achieved the lowest specific power consumption, whereas YSZ beads led to the fastest breakage. Breakage followed second-order kinetics. Optimum conditions were identified as 3000 rpm and 50% loading of 0.5:0.5 v/v CPS:YSZ mixture from energy-cycle time-heat dissipation perspectives. The microhydrodynamic model suggests that YSZ beads experienced more energetic/forceful collisions with smaller contact area as compared with CPS beads owing to the higher density-elastic modulus of the former. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrated the feasibility of CPS-YSZ bead mixtures and rationalized its optimal use in WSMM through their modulation of breakage kinetics, energy utilization, and heat dissipation.
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Bilgili E, Guner G. Mechanistic Modeling of Wet Stirred Media Milling for Production of Drug Nanosuspensions. AAPS PharmSciTech 2020; 22:2. [PMID: 33222036 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-020-01876-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug nanocrystals have been used for a wide range of drug delivery platforms in the pharmaceutical industry, especially for bioavailability enhancement of poorly water-soluble drugs. Wet stirred media milling (WSMM) is the most widely used process for producing dense, stable suspensions of drug nanoparticles, also referred to as nanosuspensions. Despite a plethora of review papers on the production and applications of drug nanosuspensions, modeling of WSMM has not been thoroughly covered in any review paper before. The aim of this review paper is to briefly expose the pharmaceutical scientists and engineers to various modeling approaches, mostly mechanistic, including computational fluid dynamics (CFD), discrete element method (DEM), population balance modeling (PBM), coupled methods, the stress intensity-number model (SI-SN model), and the microhydrodynamic (MHD) model with a main focus on the MHD model for studying the WSMM process. A total of 71 studies, 30 on drugs and 41 on other materials, were reviewed. Analysis of the pharmaceutics literature reveals that WSMM modeling is largely based on empirical, statistically based modeling approaches, and mechanistic modeling could help pharmaceutical engineers develop a fundamental process understanding. After a review of the salient features and various pros-cons of each modeling approach, recent advances in microhydrodynamic modeling and process insights gained therefrom were highlighted. The SI-SN and MHD models were analyzed and critiqued objectively. Finally, the review points out potential research directions such as more mechanistic and accurate CFD-DEM-PBM simulations and the coupling of the MHD-PBM models with the CFD.
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Cui B, Lv Y, Gao F, Wang C, Zeng Z, Wang Y, Sun C, Zhao X, Shen Y, Liu G, Cui H. Improving abamectin bioavailability via nanosuspension constructed by wet milling technique. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2019; 75:2756-2764. [PMID: 30859694 DOI: 10.1002/ps.5386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Revised: 11/24/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Poorly water-soluble and photosensitive pesticide compounds are difficult to be formulated as environmentally friendly formulations with high efficacy. Conventional wettable powder, emulsifiable concentrate and emulsion in water have disadvantages of dust drift, overuse of organic solvent and low efficacy. Therefore, there is an urgent need to construct a novel formulation to improve the bioavailability of pesticides. RESULTS An abamectin nanosuspension was developed using a wet-milling method combined with orthogonal experimental design. The average particle sizes of the abamectin nanosuspension measured by dynamic light scattering, scanning electron microscope and transmission electron microscope were 233, 90 and 140 nm, respectively. The zeta potential and sliding angle on cabbage leaves were -36.9 mV and 62°. Retention and anti-photolysis were around 1.5 and 1.6 times those of emulsions in water. Furthermore, the biological activity of the nanosuspension towards diamondback moths was approximately twice that of conventional formulations. CONCLUSION This study provides an easy and scalable technique for constructing pesticide nanosuspensions. The preparation and composition of the nanosuspension avoid the use of organic solvents. Application of the highly effective nanoformulation will significantly enhance pesticide efficacy, and reduce the dosage and environmental pollution of the pesticide. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Cui
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Lv
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Fei Gao
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chunxin Wang
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhanghua Zeng
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Changjiao Sun
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiang Zhao
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yue Shen
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Guoqiang Liu
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Haixin Cui
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
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10
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Long B, Ryan KM, Padrela L. From batch to continuous — New opportunities for supercritical CO2 technology in pharmaceutical manufacturing. Eur J Pharm Sci 2019; 137:104971. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2019.104971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Revised: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 06/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Lehocký R, Pěček D, Saloň I, Štěpánek F. Occurrence and prevention of Pickering foams in pharmaceutical nano-milling. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2019; 143:91-97. [PMID: 31446043 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2019.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Revised: 08/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Particle size reduction to sub-micrometer dimensions in stirred media mills is an increasingly common formulation strategy used for improving the bioavailability of poorly aqueous soluble active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs). Due to their hydrophobic character, the API particles need to be stabilised by a surfactant in order to form a stable nano-suspension. This work is concerned with the understanding of an undesired phenomenon often encountered during the development and scale-up of wet nano-milling processes for hydrophobic APIs - the formation of foams. We investigate the microstructure, rheology and stability of these foams, and find them to be Pickering foams stabilised by solid particles at the gas-liquid interface rather than by a surfactant. By exploring the effect of surfactant concentration on the on-set of foaming in conjunction with the milling kinetics, we find a relationship between the specific surface area of the nano-suspension, the quantity of surfactant present in the formulation and the occurrence of foaming. We propose a mechanistic explanation of foam formation, and find that in order to prevent foaming, a large surfactant excess of approx. 100x above the critical micelle concentration has to be present in the solution in order to ensure a sufficiently rapid coverage of freshly exposed hydrophobic surfaces formed during the wet nano-milling process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Róbert Lehocký
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 3, Prague 6, 166 28, Czech Republic; Zentiva, k.s., U Kabelovny 130, Praha 10, 102 00, Czech Republic
| | - Daniel Pěček
- Zentiva, k.s., U Kabelovny 130, Praha 10, 102 00, Czech Republic
| | - Ivan Saloň
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 3, Prague 6, 166 28, Czech Republic
| | - František Štěpánek
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 3, Prague 6, 166 28, Czech Republic.
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Flach F, Breitung-Faes S, Kwade A. Scaling Wet Fine Grinding Processes of Organic Particles Using Stirred Media Mills. CHEM-ING-TECH 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/cite.201600148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Frederik Flach
- Technische Universtität Braunschweig; Institute for Particle Technology; Volkmaroder Straße 5 38104 Braunschweig Germany
| | - Sandra Breitung-Faes
- Technische Universtität Braunschweig; Institute for Particle Technology; Volkmaroder Straße 5 38104 Braunschweig Germany
| | - Arno Kwade
- Technische Universtität Braunschweig; Institute for Particle Technology; Volkmaroder Straße 5 38104 Braunschweig Germany
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Jakubec M, Klimša V, Hanuš J, Biegaj K, Heng JY, Štěpánek F. Formation of multi-compartmental drug carriers by hetero-aggregation of polyelectrolyte microgels. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2017.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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