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Kaur J, Singla P, Kaur I. Binary Pluronics based mixed micellar systems: Effective solution for improved solubilization of Biochanin A. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2024; 304:123279. [PMID: 37633096 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2023.123279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/28/2023]
Abstract
The present work was carried out to appraise the solubilization of Biochanin (BCA), a natural hydrophobic drug in pure Pluronics (P84, P123 and F127) as well as binary mixed micelles (P84-P123 and F127-P123) followed by an interactional study using various state of art techniques. The critical micelle concentration (CMC) of binary mixtures P84-P123 and F127-P123 was found to be significantly lower than pure Pluronics justifying the candidature of mixed micelles (MMs) as a better solubilizer for BCA. UV-visible studies revealed the enhanced solubility of BCA in P84-P123 (1:2) MMs (3.51 ± 0.087 mg/mL) and F127-P123 (1:2) MMs (2.94 ± 0.046 mg/mL) as compared to micelles of pure Pluronics (10% w/v), P84 (2.25 ± 0.039 mg/mL) and F127 (1.12 ± 0.036 mg/mL). Differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) results demonstrated significantly superior binding of BCA with P84-P123 (1:2) MM (Ka = 2.60 × 105 M-1) as compared to pure P84 (Ka = 1.415 × 105 M-1). Mixed micellization (P84-P123 (1:2)) leads to increase in micellar hydrodynamic diameter (Dh = 16.09 nm) as compared to pure Pluronic P84 micelles (Dh = 15.71 nm) which was further amplified (Dh = 17.69 nm) after BCA loading. Different formulations of pure and MMs were subjected to in vitro drug release and MMs were found to slow down BCA release as compared to pure Pluronics (P84, P123). The results obtained in this study proved that P84-P123 (1:2) MMs are superior and more effective for the solubilization of BCA than pure and other MMs. Thus, the examined MMs hold the potential for advancing the development of solubilization techniques for other hydrophobic drugs with significant pharmacological value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaspreet Kaur
- Department of Chemistry, UGC-Center for Advanced Studies, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar 143005, India
| | - Pankaj Singla
- School of Engineering, Merz Court, Claremont Road, Newcastle University, Newcastle UponTyne NE17RU, United Kingdom
| | - Inderpreet Kaur
- Department of Chemistry, UGC-Center for Advanced Studies, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar 143005, India.
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Janakiraman AK, Islam T, Liew KB, Elumalai M, Hanish Singh JC. Improved oral bioavailability of poorly water-soluble vorinostat by self-microemulsifying drug delivery system. BENI-SUEF UNIVERSITY JOURNAL OF BASIC AND APPLIED SCIENCES 2022. [DOI: 10.1186/s43088-022-00279-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Vorinostat is a histone deacetylase inhibitor suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA) with anticancer properties. However, it is plagued by low water solubility, low permeability (BCS class IV drug), and suboptimal pharmacokinetics. The purpose of the present study was to develop a self-microemulsifying drug delivery system (SMEDDS) to enhance the oral bioavailability of vorinostat. Capryol 90, labrasol, and polyethylene glycol (PEG 400) were selected as oil phase, surfactant, and co-surfactant, respectively. The vorinostat self-microemulsifying drug delivery systems were tested for self-microemulsifying time, phase separation, effect of pH, droplet size, zeta potential, dilution study, Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy analysis, and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM). A rat model in vivo pharmacokinetic study was conducted for the optimized formulation against vorinostat pure drug powder.
Results
The results from the characterization studies showed that the optimized formulation (F7) self-microemulsification time was 1.4 ± 0.05 min and no precipitation or phase separation was observed. The mean droplet size, polydispersity index (PDI), and zeta potential of the optimized formulation (F7) were found to be 272.9 ± 82.7 nm, 0.415, and − 57.2 mV, respectively. The pharmacokinetic parameters of the optimized formulation (F7) showed a 1.6-fold increase in maximum concentration (Cmax) and a 3.6-fold increase in area under the curve (AUC(0−∞)), in comparison with pure drug in suspension.
Conclusions
The findings suggest that SMEDDS formulation could be an effective method for increasing the oral bioavailability of vorinostat, which is poorly water soluble.
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Taymouri S, Amiri N, Rabbani M, Minaiyan M, Baradaran A. Preparation and characterization of a hydroxypropyl methylcellulose based wafer for simultaneous delivery of phenytoin and insulin as wound dressing material. Pharm Dev Technol 2022; 27:301-312. [PMID: 35238273 DOI: 10.1080/10837450.2022.2049606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
In this study, a novel wafer based on Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) was prepared as a wound dressing for the simultaneous delivery of phenytoin (PT) and insulin; evaluation of the cutaneous wound repair property was performed too. Due to its low water solubility, PT was encapsulated in polymeric micelles (PM) by the film hydration method at different polymer/drug ratios and characterized in terms of particle size (PS), polydispersity index (PdI), zeta potential (ZP), drug loading (DL) %, entrapment efficiency (EE) %, and drug release. Then, the optimized PT loaded PM (PT-PM) was embedded in the wafers prepared from the HPMC polymer, alone or in combination with Carbopol 940 (CB) and xanthan gum (XG). This wafer also contained a fixed amount of insulin (PT-PM-Insulin-wafer). The obtained wafers were evaluated in terms of morphology, water uptake ability, porosity, bioadhesion and hardness features. Finally, the efficacy of the PT-PM-Insulin-wafer was assessed in full-thickness excision wound models. The optimized PT-PM showed the PS of 84.05 ± 1.80 nm, PdI of 0.28 ± 0.22, ZP of -3.38 ± 0.26 mV, DL of 15.63 ± 0.01%, EE of 92.66 ± 0.08%, and the release efficiency of 59.95 ± 0.03%. The results obtained from the XRD studies of PT-PM also demonstrated the transition of the crystalline nature of the PT to the amorphous form, while FTIR studies showed some intermolecular interaction of PT and the Soluplus® copolymer chain. It was also found that the incorporation of XG into HPMC wafers influenced the microstructure, thus increasing the porosity, water uptake ability and bioadhesion. Compared with other groups, the PT-PM-Insulin-wafer group showed the enhancement of wound closure through increasing collagen deposition and re-epithelialization. The present study, therefore, revealed that the PT-PM-Insulin-wafer group might have very promising applications for wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somayeh Taymouri
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy and Novel Drug Delivery Systems Research Centre, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Negin Amiri
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy and Novel Drug Delivery Systems Research Centre, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Rabbani
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mohsen Minaiyan
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Azar Baradaran
- Department of Pathology, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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Yang J, Ma Y, Luo Q, Liang Z, Lu P, Song F, Zhang Z, Zhou T, Zhang J. Improving the solubility of vorinostat using cyclodextrin inclusion complexes: The physicochemical characteristics, corneal permeability and ocular pharmacokinetics of the drug after topical application. Eur J Pharm Sci 2022; 168:106078. [PMID: 34838620 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2021.106078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Vorinostat (suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid, SAHA), an FDA-approved drug for cutaneous T cell lymphoma, has antiangiogenic and anti-inflammatory activity and thus has therapeutic potential for inflammatory corneal neovascularization (CNV). However, its practical administration is limited due to its poor aqueous solubility and permeability. This study aimed to enhance the corneal permeability of SAHA by promoting its inclusion into a complex with hydroxypropyl-β-CD (HPβCD) for topical application. In phase-solubility studies, the solubility of SAHA with HPβCD and sulfobutyl ether-β-CD (SEβCD) was assessed at different temperatures, and complexation efficiencies (K) were calculated. The inclusion complexes (ICs) were prepared and characterized by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), infrared spectrometry (IR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) after freeze-drying. The phase-solubility study showed that the complexation efficiencies of SAHA were higher in HPβCD solutions (297.35 M-1, 115.28 M-1 and 122.75 M-1) than in SEβCD solutions (169.75 M-1, 91.33 M-1 and 96.49 M-1) at 4 °C, 25 °C and 37 °C. HPβCD was selected for SAHA-IC preparation, and characterization revealed IC formation. SAHA existed in an amorphous state in the ICs. The ex vivo corneal permeability of SAHA was also evaluated and found to be greater when formulated as an HPβCD solution than as a suspension. Irritation assays in rabbit eyes showed that the SAHA-IC solution was not irritating after topical application. The ocular pharmacokinetics of SAHA in New Zealand White rabbits were assessed following topical administration (0.2%), and a 0.2% SAHA suspension was used as the control. Compared to its formulation as a suspension, the formulation of SAHA as an HPβCD solution increased its corneal bioavailability by more than 3-fold and its conjunctival bioavailability by more than 2-fold. Thus, IC formation was effective at improving the ocular bioavailability of SAHA. This study provides an important alternative approach for developing liquid pharmaceutical formulations of SAHA for topical ocular applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Yang
- Henan Eye Institute, Henan Eye Hospital, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No. 7 Weiwu Road, Zhengzhou 450003, China
| | - Yu Ma
- Henan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 156 Jinshui East Road, Zhengzhou 450000, China
| | - Qing Luo
- Department of Pharmacy, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou University People's Hospital, No. 7 Weiwu Road, Zhengzhou 450003, China
| | - Zhen Liang
- Henan Eye Institute, Henan Eye Hospital, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No. 7 Weiwu Road, Zhengzhou 450003, China
| | - Ping Lu
- Henan Eye Institute, Henan Eye Hospital, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No. 7 Weiwu Road, Zhengzhou 450003, China
| | - Fei Song
- Henan Eye Institute, Henan Eye Hospital, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No. 7 Weiwu Road, Zhengzhou 450003, China
| | - Zhen Zhang
- Henan Eye Institute, Henan Eye Hospital, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No. 7 Weiwu Road, Zhengzhou 450003, China
| | - Tianyang Zhou
- Henan Eye Institute, Henan Eye Hospital, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No. 7 Weiwu Road, Zhengzhou 450003, China
| | - Junjie Zhang
- Henan Eye Institute, Henan Eye Hospital, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No. 7 Weiwu Road, Zhengzhou 450003, China.
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Salama AH, Basha M, Salama AAA. Micellar buccal film for safe and effective control of seizures: Preparation, in vitro characterization, ex vivo permeation studies and in vivo assessment. Eur J Pharm Sci 2021; 166:105978. [PMID: 34418574 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2021.105978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2021] [Revised: 08/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The current research article focused on formulating an easily applied, water-based buccal film loaded with the antiepileptic drug, lamotrigine (LTG). The designed film can be comfortably administered by epileptic patients to ensure a controllable therapeutic efficacy against seizures. The solubility of LTG in water was significantly improved by micellar solubilization. Upon testing several surfactants, three of them (Synperonic PE/P84, Brij L23, and Brij 78) achieved maximum possible solubility for LTG and were characterized for their micellar size, cloud point, and % transmittance. Selected micellar systems were incorporated within a buccal film prepared using solvent casting method based on either gelatin or polyvinylpyrrolidone (3%w/v) with 1.5%w/v propylene glycol as a plasticizer. Different micellar films were characterized for their physicochemical characteristics, swelling index, folding endurance, drug content uniformity, and in vitro LTG release. From the tested formulations, one formulation; LTG-BF1 (in which Brij 78 was used for the micellar solubilization and gelatin as the matrix former), was selected as the optimum and extensively studied for mucoadhesion, ex vivo permeation studies by Franz diffusion cells and confocal laser scanning microscopy. Results showed superior enhanced permeation of micellar film. LTG-BF1 was evaluated for the in vivo performance using rats. Status epilepticus was induced in rats by injecting Pentylenetetrazol (PTZ) i.p. at an initial dose of 30 mg/kg, followed by 10 mg/kg every10 min till 60 min. A group of rats receiving the designed buccal formulation (20 mg/kg) was compared with a group receiving the same dose of the oral market product and the normal control and PTZ groups. Rats receiving LTG-BF1 recorded reduced seizure scores at all stages, longer latency time, and higher threshold PTZ dose compared to PTZ and market product groups. In addition, LTG-BF1 reduced brain concentrations of TNF-α and TGF-β with an elevation of EAAT2 and GABA brain contents compared to PTZ and market product groups and ameliorated neuronal damage. In conclusion, LTG-loaded buccal micellar film proved a superior antiepileptic effect in PTZ induced acute epileptic model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alaa H Salama
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ahram Canadian University, 6(th) of October City, Cairo, Egypt; Pharmaceutical Technology Department, Pharmaceutical and Drug Industries Research Division, National Research Centre, Dokki, Cairo, 12622 Egypt.
| | - Mona Basha
- Pharmaceutical Technology Department, Pharmaceutical and Drug Industries Research Division, National Research Centre, Dokki, Cairo, 12622 Egypt
| | - Abeer A A Salama
- Pharmacology Department, Medical Research Division, National Research Centre, Dokki, Cairo, 12622 Egypt
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Sequential Release of Paclitaxel and Imatinib from Core-Shell Microparticles Prepared by Coaxial Electrospray for Vaginal Therapy of Cervical Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22168760. [PMID: 34445466 PMCID: PMC8395827 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 08/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
To optimize the anti-tumor efficacy of combination therapy with paclitaxel (PTX) and imatinib (IMN), we used coaxial electrospray to prepare sequential-release core–shell microparticles composed of a PTX-loaded sodium hyaluronate outer layer and an IMN-loaded PLGA core. The morphology, size distribution, drug loading, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), Fourier transform infrared spectra (FTIR), in vitro release, PLGA degradation, cellular growth inhibition, in vivo vaginal retention, anti-tumor efficacy, and local irritation in a murine orthotopic cervicovaginal tumor model after vaginal administration were characterized. The results show that such core–shell microparticles were of spherical appearance, with an average size of 14.65 μm and a significant drug-loading ratio (2.36% for PTX, 19.5% for IMN, w/w), which might benefit cytotoxicity against cervical-cancer-related TC-1 cells. The DSC curves indicate changes in the phase state of PTX and IMN after encapsulation in microparticles. The FTIR spectra show that drug and excipients are compatible with each other. The release profiles show sequential characteristics in that PTX was almost completely released in 1 h and IMN was continuously released for 7 days. These core–shell microparticles showed synergistic inhibition in the growth of TC-1 cells. Such microparticles exhibited prolonged intravaginal residence, a >90% tumor inhibitory rate, and minimal mucosal irritation after intravaginal administration. All results suggest that such microparticles potentially provide a non-invasive local chemotherapeutic delivery system for the treatment of cervical cancer by the sequential release of PTX and IMN.
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Athira KV, Sadanandan P, Chakravarty S. Repurposing Vorinostat for the Treatment of Disorders Affecting Brain. Neuromolecular Med 2021; 23:449-465. [PMID: 33948878 DOI: 10.1007/s12017-021-08660-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Based on the findings in recent years, we summarize the therapeutic potential of vorinostat (VOR), the first approved histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor, in disorders of brain, and strategies to improve drug efficacy and reduce side effects. Scientific evidences provide a strong case for the therapeutic utility of VOR in various disorders affecting brain, including stroke, Alzheimer's disease, frontotemporal dementia, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, spinal muscular atrophy, X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy, epilepsy, Niemann-Pick type C disease, and neuropsychiatric disorders. Further elucidation of the neuroprotective and neurorestorative properties of VOR using proper clinical study designs could provide momentum towards its clinical application. To improve the therapeutic prospect, concerns on systemic toxicity and off-target actions need to be addressed along with the improvement in formulation and delivery aspects, especially with respect to solubility, permeability, and pharmacokinetic properties. Newer approaches in this regard include poly(ethylene glycol)-b-poly(DL-lactic acid) micelles, VOR-pluronic F127 micelles, encapsulation of iron complexes of VOR into PEGylated liposomes, human serum albumin bound VOR nanomedicine, magnetically guided layer-by-layer assembled nanocarriers, as well as convection-enhanced delivery. Even though targeting specific class or isoform of HDAC is projected as advantageous over pan-HDAC inhibitor like VOR, in terms of adverse effects and efficacy, till clinical validation, the idea is debated. As the VOR treatment-related adverse changes are mostly found reversible, further optimization of the therapeutic strategies with respect to dose, dosage regimen, and formulations of VOR could propel its clinical prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- K V Athira
- Department of Pharmacology, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences Health Sciences Campus, Kochi, 682 041, Kerala, India.
| | - Prashant Sadanandan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry & Analysis, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences Health Sciences Campus, Kochi, 682 041, Kerala, India
| | - Sumana Chakravarty
- Applied Biology Division, CSIR- Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Tarnaka, Uppal Road, Hyderabad, 500007, Telangana, India.
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Farooq MA, Xinyu H, Jabeen A, Ahsan A, Seidu TA, Kutoka PT, Wang B. Enhanced cellular uptake and cytotoxicity of vorinostat through encapsulation in TPGS-modified liposomes. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2020; 199:111523. [PMID: 33360624 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2020.111523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Vorinostat (VOR) is known as one of the histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi) for cancer treatment, and the FDA approves it for cutaneous T cell lymphoma therapy. Poor solubility, permeability, and less anti-cancer activity are the main challenges for the effective delivery of VOR against various cancers. So, our team assumed that the surface-coated liposomes might improve the physicochemical properties of biopharmaceutics classification system class IV drugs such as VOR. The present study aimed to enhance the cytotoxicity and improve cellular uptake using TPGS-coated liposomes in breast cancer cells. Liposomes were fabricated by the film hydration following the probe ultra-sonication method. OR-LIPO and TPGS-VOR-LIPO showed an average particle size of 211.97 ± 3.42 nm with PDI 0.2168 ± 0.006 and 176.99 ± 2.06 nm with PDI 0.175 ± 0.018, respectively. TPGS-coated liposomes had better stability and revealed more than 80 % encapsulation efficiency than conventional liposomes. Transmission electron microscopy confirmed the TPGS coating around liposomes. Moreover, TPGS-coated liposomes enhanced the solubility and showed sustained release of VOR over 48 h. DSC and PXRD analysis also reveal an amorphous state of VOR within the liposomal formulation. MTT assay result indicates that the superior cytotoxic effect of surface-modified liposomes contrasts with the conventional and free VOR solution, respectively. Fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry results also presented an enhanced cellular uptake of TPGS-coated liposomes against breast cancer cells, respectively. The current investigation's final results declared that TPGS-coated liposomes are promising drug carriers for the effective delivery of hydrophobic drugs for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Asim Farooq
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211198, PR China
| | - Huang Xinyu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211198, PR China
| | - Amna Jabeen
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Lahore College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Anam Ahsan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, 030801, PR China
| | - Theodora Amanda Seidu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211198, PR China
| | - Perpetua Takunda Kutoka
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211198, PR China
| | - Bo Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211198, PR China.
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Niu J, Yuan M, Chen C, Wang L, Tang Z, Fan Y, Liu X, Ma YJ, Gan Y. Berberine-Loaded Thiolated Pluronic F127 Polymeric Micelles for Improving Skin Permeation and Retention. Int J Nanomedicine 2020; 15:9987-10005. [PMID: 33324058 PMCID: PMC7733396 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s270336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Challenges associated with local antibacterial and anti-inflammatory drugs include low penetration and retention of drugs at the expected action site. Additionally, improving these challenges allows for the prevention of side effects that are caused by drug absorption into the systemic circulation and helps to safely treat local skin diseases. Methods In the current study, we successfully prepared a thiolated pluronic F127 polymer micelles (BTFM), which binds to keratin through a disulphide bond, to produce skin retention. In addition, the small particle size of polymer micelles promotes the penetration of carriers into the skin. The current study was divided into two experiments: an in vitro experiment; an in vivo experiment that involved the penetration of the micelle-loaded drugs into the skin of rats, the skin irritation test and the anti-inflammatory activity of the drug-loaded micelles on dimethyl benzene-induced ear edema in mice. Results Results from our in vitro transdermal experiment revealed that the amount of drug absorbed through the skin was decreased after the drug was loaded in the BTFM. Further, results from the vivo study, which used fluorescence microscopy to identify the location of the BTFM after penetration, revealed that there was strong fluorescence in the epidermis layer, but there was no strong fluorescence in the deep skin layer. In addition, the BTFM had a very good safety profile with no potentially hazardous skin irritation and transdermal administration of BTFM could significantly suppress ear edema induced by dimethyl benzene. Therefore, these findings indicated that BTFM reduced the amount of drug that entered the systemic circulation. Our results also demonstrated that the BTFM had a certain affinity for keratin. Conclusion Our experimental results suggest that the BTFM may be an effective drug carrier for local skin therapy with good safety profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangxiu Niu
- College of Food and Drug, Luoyang Normal University, Luoyang 471934, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming Yuan
- College of Food and Drug, Luoyang Normal University, Luoyang 471934, People's Republic of China
| | - Chenchen Chen
- College of Food and Drug, Luoyang Normal University, Luoyang 471934, People's Republic of China
| | - Liye Wang
- College of Food and Drug, Luoyang Normal University, Luoyang 471934, People's Republic of China
| | - Zigui Tang
- Department of Pharmacy, Henan Medical College, Zhengzhou 451191, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanli Fan
- College of Food and Drug, Luoyang Normal University, Luoyang 471934, People's Republic of China
| | - Xianghui Liu
- College of Food and Drug, Luoyang Normal University, Luoyang 471934, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Jiao Ma
- College of Food and Drug, Luoyang Normal University, Luoyang 471934, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Gan
- College of Food and Drug, Luoyang Normal University, Luoyang 471934, People's Republic of China
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Recent advancement and development of chitin and chitosan-based nanocomposite for drug delivery: Critical approach to clinical research. ARAB J CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2020.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
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Simvastatin-loaded nanoemulsions: development, characterization, stability study and toxicity assays. Ther Deliv 2020; 11:497-505. [PMID: 32842914 DOI: 10.4155/tde-2020-0067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: The aim of this study is to prepare and characterize simvastatin-loaded nanoemulsions (SIM-LN) as well as evaluate their physicochemical properties and toxicity. Methodology & results: The SIM-LN were prepared, their characteristics evaluated for 30 days, and after that, the SIM-LN toxicity was evaluated using Vero cell culture and the in vivo model of Caenorhabditis elegans. The prepared SIM-LN had an average droplet size of 139 ± 22 nm, with high encapsulation rate (>98.4%). The storage at room temperature proved to be the most optimal condition. Toxicity assays demonstrated no toxicity. Conclusion: It was demonstrated that the surfactants used as emulsifiers optimized the properties without side effects, because no toxicity was measured in preliminary tests.
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Cushnie TPT, Cushnie B, Echeverría J, Fowsantear W, Thammawat S, Dodgson JLA, Law S, Clow SM. Bioprospecting for Antibacterial Drugs: a Multidisciplinary Perspective on Natural Product Source Material, Bioassay Selection and Avoidable Pitfalls. Pharm Res 2020; 37:125. [PMID: 32529587 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-020-02849-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Bioprospecting is the exploration, extraction and screening of biological material and sometimes indigenous knowledge to discover and develop new drugs and other products. Most antibiotics in current clinical use (eg. β-lactams, aminoglycosides, tetracyclines, macrolides) were discovered using this approach, and there are strong arguments to reprioritize bioprospecting over other strategies in the search for new antibacterial drugs. Academic institutions should be well positioned to lead the early stages of these efforts given their many thousands of locations globally and because they are not constrained by the same commercial considerations as industry. University groups can lack the full complement of knowledge and skills needed though (eg. how to tailor screening strategy to biological source material). In this article, we review three key aspects of the bioprospecting literature (source material and in vitro antibacterial and toxicity testing) and present an integrated multidisciplinary perspective on (a) source material selection, (b) legal, taxonomic and other issues related to source material, (c) cultivation methods, (d) bioassay selection, (e) technical standards available, (f) extract/compound dissolution, (g) use of minimum inhibitory concentration and selectivity index values to identify progressible extracts and compounds, and (h) avoidable pitfalls. The review closes with recommendations for future study design and information on subsequent steps in the bioprospecting process.
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Affiliation(s)
- T P Tim Cushnie
- Faculty of Medicine, Mahasarakham University, 269 Nakornsawan Road, Mahasarakham, 44000, Thailand.
| | - Benjamart Cushnie
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Mahasarakham University, Kantarawichai, Thailand
| | - Javier Echeverría
- Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Winita Fowsantear
- Faculty of Medicine, Mahasarakham University, 269 Nakornsawan Road, Mahasarakham, 44000, Thailand
| | - Sutthiwan Thammawat
- Faculty of Medicine, Mahasarakham University, 269 Nakornsawan Road, Mahasarakham, 44000, Thailand
| | | | - Samantha Law
- National Collection of Industrial, Food and Marine Bacteria (NCIMB) Ltd, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Simon M Clow
- PMI BioPharma Solutions LLC, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
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14
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Molupe N, Babu B, Oluwole DO, Prinsloo E, Gai L, Shen Z, Mack J, Nyokong T. Photodynamic activity of 2,6-diiodo-3,5-dithienylvinyleneBODIPYs and their folate-functionalized chitosan-coated Pluronic® F-127 micelles on MCF-7 breast cancer cells. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2020. [DOI: 10.1142/s1088424619501773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A 2,6-diiodo-3,5-dithienylvinyleneBODIPY dye was prepared and encapsulated with folate-chitosan capped Pluronic[Formula: see text] F-127 to provide drug delivery systems for photodynamic therapy (PDT). Moderately enhanced singlet oxygen quantum yields were observed for the dye encapsulation complexes in water. The in vitro dark cytotoxicity and photodynamic activity were investigated on the human breast adenocarcinoma (MCF-7) cell line. Minimal dark cytotoxicity was observed for the BODIPY dyes in 5% DMSO and when encapsulated in folate-functionalized chitosan-coated Pluronic[Formula: see text] F-127 micelles, since the cell viability values are consistently greater than 80% over the 0-40 [Formula: see text] concentration range. Upon irradiation of the samples, significant cytocidal activity was observed for the encapsulation complex of a 2,6-diiodo-8-dimethylaminophenyl-3,5-dithienylvinyleneBODIPY dye with less than 50% viable cells observed at concentrations [Formula: see text].
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Affiliation(s)
- Nthabeleng Molupe
- Institute for Nanotechnology Innovation, Department of Chemistry, Rhodes University, Makhanda 6140, South Africa
| | - Balaji Babu
- Institute for Nanotechnology Innovation, Department of Chemistry, Rhodes University, Makhanda 6140, South Africa
| | - David O. Oluwole
- Institute for Nanotechnology Innovation, Department of Chemistry, Rhodes University, Makhanda 6140, South Africa
| | - Earl Prinsloo
- Biotechnology Innovation Centre, Rhodes University, Makhanda 6140, South Africa
| | - Lizhi Gai
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China
| | - Zhen Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China
| | - John Mack
- Institute for Nanotechnology Innovation, Department of Chemistry, Rhodes University, Makhanda 6140, South Africa
| | - Tebello Nyokong
- Institute for Nanotechnology Innovation, Department of Chemistry, Rhodes University, Makhanda 6140, South Africa
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15
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Mike Motloung B, Edward Sekhosana K, Managa M, Prinsloo E, Nyokong T. The photophysicochemical properties and photodynamic therapy activity of phenyldiazenyl phenoxy substituted phthalocyanines when incorporated into Pluronic® F127 micelles. Polyhedron 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2019.114157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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16
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Peng N, Yang M, Tang Y, Zou T, Guo F, Wu K, Wang X, Li X, Liu Y. Amphiphilic hexadecyl-quaternized chitin micelles for doxorubicin delivery. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 130:615-621. [PMID: 30831169 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.02.170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Revised: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
A series of amphiphilic chitin derivatives were synthesized by conjugating hexadecyl groups (degree of substitute of hexadecyl groups (DSH) = 0.11, 0.18, and 0.24) onto the backbone of quaternized chitins (degree of substitute of quaternary ammonium groups (DSQ) = 0.36). The amphiphilic chitin derivatives could self-assemble into cationic micelles with hydrophobic alkyl side chain as core and hydrophilic quaternary ammonium groups as shell in deionized water. The biocompatible cationic micelles with an average particle size of 332.4-385.0 nm showed a drug loading content (DLC) of 10.2%-15.1%. The release behavior of DOX from micelles strongly depended on the DSH values of chitin derivatives. DOX-loaded micelles effectively inhibited the growth of HepG2 cells through being internalized into HepG2 cells, and releasing DOX into the cytoplasm and nucleus. This work presented a novel chitin-based nanocarrier for potential chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Peng
- Key Laboratory of Coal Conversion and New Carbon Materials of Hubei Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430081, China.
| | - Mingyue Yang
- Key Laboratory of Coal Conversion and New Carbon Materials of Hubei Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430081, China
| | - Yan Tang
- Key Laboratory of Coal Conversion and New Carbon Materials of Hubei Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430081, China
| | - Tao Zou
- Key Laboratory of Coal Conversion and New Carbon Materials of Hubei Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430081, China
| | - Fen Guo
- Key Laboratory of Coal Conversion and New Carbon Materials of Hubei Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430081, China
| | - Kui Wu
- Key Laboratory of Coal Conversion and New Carbon Materials of Hubei Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430081, China
| | - Xiaoqiang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Coal Conversion and New Carbon Materials of Hubei Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430081, China
| | - Xiaofang Li
- Key Laboratory of Coal Conversion and New Carbon Materials of Hubei Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430081, China
| | - Yi Liu
- Key Laboratory of Coal Conversion and New Carbon Materials of Hubei Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430081, China; State Key Laboratory of Virology & Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine(MOE), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, China.
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17
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Molupe N, Babu B, Oluwole DO, Prinsloo E, Mack J, Nyokong T. The investigation of in vitro dark cytotoxicity and photodynamic therapy effect of a 2,6-dibromo-3,5-distyryl BODIPY dye encapsulated in Pluronic® F-127 micelles. J COORD CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/00958972.2018.1522536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nthabeleng Molupe
- aCentre for Nanotechnology Innovation, Department of Chemistry, Rhodes University, Makhanda, South Africa
| | - Balaji Babu
- aCentre for Nanotechnology Innovation, Department of Chemistry, Rhodes University, Makhanda, South Africa
| | - David O. Oluwole
- aCentre for Nanotechnology Innovation, Department of Chemistry, Rhodes University, Makhanda, South Africa
| | - Earl Prinsloo
- bBiotechnology Innovation Centre, Rhodes University, Makhanda, South Africa
| | - John Mack
- aCentre for Nanotechnology Innovation, Department of Chemistry, Rhodes University, Makhanda, South Africa
| | - Tebello Nyokong
- aCentre for Nanotechnology Innovation, Department of Chemistry, Rhodes University, Makhanda, South Africa
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18
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Rompicharla SVK, Trivedi P, Kumari P, Muddineti OS, Theegalapalli S, Ghosh B, Biswas S. Evaluation of Anti-Tumor Efficacy of Vorinostat Encapsulated Self-Assembled Polymeric Micelles in Solid Tumors. AAPS PharmSciTech 2018; 19:3141-3151. [PMID: 30132129 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-018-1149-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Vorinostat (VOR), a potent HDAC inhibitor, suffers from low solubility and poor absorption, which hinders its successful application in therapy, especially in the treatment of solid tumors. In this study, an effort to improve the physicochemical characteristics of VOR was made by encapsulating it in PEG-PLGA copolymeric micelles. VOR-loaded PEG-PLGA micelles (VOR-PEG-PLGA) were produced by thin-film hydration and physicochemically characterized. The PEG-PLGA micelles had an average size of 124.06 ± 2.6 nm, polydispersity index of 0.27 ± 0.1, and entrapment efficiency of 90 ± 2.1%. Micelles were characterized by TEM, DSC, and drug release studies. The drug release occurred in a sustained manner up to 72 h from PEG-PLGA micelles. In the in vitro cell-based studies using human breast cancer (MDA MB 231) and murine melanoma (B16F10) cell lines, VOR-PEG-PLGA micelles exhibited superior cellular internalization, enhanced cytotoxic activity, and greater apoptosis compared to free drug. Percent cell killing of 54.9% for VOR-PEG-PLGA-treated cells was observed after 24 h compared to 36% for free VOR in MDA MB 231 cell line. Further, significant tumor suppression was witnessed in B16F10 tumor-bearing mice treated with VOR-PEG-PLGA micelles with a 1.78-fold reduction in tumor volume compared to free VOR-treated animals. Overall, the VOR-PEG-PLGA micelles improved the biopharmaceutical properties of VOR, which resulted in enhanced anti-tumor efficacy. Therefore, the newly developed nano-formulation of VOR could be considered as an effective treatment option in solid tumors.
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19
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Hsiao F, Huang PY, Aoyagi T, Chang SF, Liaw J. In vitro and in vivo assessment of delivery of hydrophobic molecules and plasmid DNAs with PEO–PPO–PEO polymeric micelles on cornea. J Food Drug Anal 2018; 26:869-878. [PMID: 29567259 PMCID: PMC9322236 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfda.2017.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Revised: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 09/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The stability and bio-distribution of genes or drug complexes with poly(ethylene oxide)-poly(propylene oxide)-poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO–PPO–PEO, Pluronic F-68) polymeric micelles (PM) are essential for an effective nanosized PM delivery system. We used Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) pairs with PM and measured the FRET ratio to assess the stability of PM in vitro and in vivo on the cornea. The FRET ratio reached a plateau at 0.8 with 3% PM. Differential scanning calorimetry measurement confirmed the complex formation of FRET pairs with PM. Confocal imaging with the fluorophores fluorescein isothiocyanate isomer I (FITC) and rhodamine B base (RhB) also showed the occurrence of FRET pairs in vitro. The fluorophores were mixed with 3% PM solution or the FITC-labeled PEO–PPO–PEO polymers (FITC-P) were mixed with RhB-labeled plasmids (RhB–DNA). In addition, the in vitro corneal permeation of FRET pair complexes with PM reached a 0.8 FRET ratio. One hour after eye drop administration, FRET pairs colocalized in the cytoplasm, and surrounded and entered the nuclei of cells in the cornea, and the polymers were located in the corneal epithelial layers, as detected through anti-PEG immunohistochemistry. Furthermore, fluorescence colocalization in the cytoplasm and cell nucleus of the corneal epithelium was confirmed in tissues where RhB or RhB–DNA complexed with FITC-P was found to accumulate. We demonstrate that at a concentration of 3%, PM can encapsulate FRET pairs or RhB–DNA and retain their integrity within the cornea 1 h after administration, suggesting the feasibility and stability of PEO–PPO–PEO polymers as a vehicle for drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feichin Hsiao
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wu-Hsing Street, Taipei 11031,
Taiwan
| | - Po-Yang Huang
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wu-Hsing Street, Taipei 11031,
Taiwan
| | - Takao Aoyagi
- Department of Materials and Applied Chemistry, College of Science and Technology, Nihon University, Chiyoda, Tokyo 101-8308,
Japan
| | - Shwu-Fen Chang
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wu-Hsing Street, Taipei 11031,
Taiwan
| | - Jiahorng Liaw
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wu-Hsing Street, Taipei 11031,
Taiwan
- Corresponding author. Fax: +886 2 23779873. E-mail address: (J. Liaw)
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20
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Mohamed EA, Abu Hashim II, Yusif RM, Shaaban AAA, El-Sheakh AR, Hamed MF, Badria FAE. Polymeric micelles for potentiated antiulcer and anticancer activities of naringin. Int J Nanomedicine 2018; 13:1009-1027. [PMID: 29497294 PMCID: PMC5823073 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s154325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Naringin is one of the most interesting phytopharmaceuticals that has been widely investigated for various biological actions. Yet, its low water solubility, limited permeability, and suboptimal bioavailability limited its use. Therefore, in this study, polymeric micelles of naringin based on pluronic F68 (PF68) were developed, fully characterized, and optimized. The optimized formula was investigated regarding in vitro release, storage stability, and in vitro cytotoxicity vs different cell lines. Also, cytoprotection against ethanol-induced ulcer in rats and antitumor activity against Ehrlich ascites carcinoma in mice were investigated. Nanoscopic and nearly spherical 1:50 micelles with the mean diameter of 74.80±6.56 nm and narrow size distribution were obtained. These micelles showed the highest entrapment efficiency (EE%; 96.14±2.29). The micelles exhibited prolonged release up to 48 vs 10 h for free naringin. The stability of micelles was confirmed by insignificant changes in drug entrapment, particle size, and retention (%) (91.99±3.24). At lower dose than free naringin, effective cytoprotection of 1:50 micelles against ethanol-induced ulcer in rat model has been indicated by significant reduction in mucosal damage, gastric level of malondialdehyde, gastric expression of tumor necrosis factor-alpha, caspase-3, nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells, and interleukin-6 with the elevation of gastric reduced glutathione and superoxide dismutase when compared with the positive control group. As well, these micelles provoked pronounced antitumor activity assessed by potentiated in vitro cytotoxicity particularly against colorectal carcinoma cells and tumor growth inhibition when compared with free naringin. In conclusion, 1:50 naringin-PF68 micelles can be represented as a potential stable nanodrug delivery system with prolonged release and enhanced antiulcer as well as antitumor activities.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Rehab Mohammad Yusif
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, College of Pharmacy, Taibah University, Al-Madinah Al-Munawarah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed Abdel Aziz Shaaban
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Ramadan El-Sheakh
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Mohammed Fawzy Hamed
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
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21
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Treshalina HM, Romanenko VI, Kaluzhny DN, Treshalin MI, Nikitin AA, Tikhomirov AS, Shchekotikhin AE. Development and pharmaceutical evaluation of the anticancer Anthrafuran/Cavitron complex, a prototypic parenteral drug formulation. Eur J Pharm Sci 2017; 109:631-637. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2017.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2017] [Revised: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 09/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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