1
|
Lu X, Fan M, Ma Y, Feng Y, Pan L. Redox-sensitive hydrogel based on hyaluronic acid with selenocystamine cross-linking for the delivery of Limosilactobacillus reuteri in a DSS-induced colitis mouse model. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 276:133855. [PMID: 39032895 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.133855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Revised: 06/30/2024] [Accepted: 07/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024]
Abstract
Disrupted gut microbiota homeostasis is an important cause of inflammatory colitis. Studies have shown that effective supplementation with probiotics can maintain microbial homeostasis and alleviate colitis. Here, to increase the viability of probiotics in the harsh gastrointestinal environments and enable targeted delivery, a redox-sensitive selenium hyaluronic acid (HA-Se) hydrogel encapsulating probiotics was developed. HA was modified with selenocystamine dihydrochloride and crosslinked by an amide reaction to generate a redox-sensitive hydrogel with stable mechanical properties, a low hemolysis rate and satisfactory biocompatibility. The HA-Se hydrogel exhibited suitable sensitivity to 10 mM GSH or 100 μM H2O2. The encapsulation of Limosilactobacillus reuteri (LR) in the HA-Se hydrogel (HA-Se-LR) significantly increased the survival rate of the probiotics in simulated gastric and intestinal fluid. HA-Se-LR administration increased the survival rate of mice with dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis, significantly alleviated oxidative stress and inflammation, and increased the effect of LR on microbiota α diversity. These results indicate that the HA-Se hydrogel constructed in this study can be used as a delivery platform to treat colitis, expanding the targeted applications of the natural polymer HA in disease treatment and the administration of probiotics as drugs to alleviate disease symptoms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xi Lu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710000, China.
| | - Mingming Fan
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710000, China
| | - Yuzhe Ma
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710000, China
| | - Yimeng Feng
- Mathematics Teaching and Research Group, Dajindian Town Junior High School, Zhengzhou 450000, China
| | - Lei Pan
- Tangdu Hospital, Air Force Military Medical University, Xi'an 710000, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Stoilov B, Truong VK, Gronthos S, Vasilev K. Noninvasive and Microinvasive Nanoscale Drug Delivery Platforms for Hard Tissue Engineering. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2023; 6:2925-2943. [PMID: 37565698 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.3c00095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
Bone tissue plays a crucial role in protecting internal organs and providing structural support and locomotion of the body. Treatment of hard tissue defects and medical conditions due to physical injuries, genetic disorders, aging, metabolic syndromes, and infections is more often a complex and drawn out process. Presently, dealing with hard-tissue-based clinical problems is still mostly conducted via surgical interventions. However, advances in nanotechnology over the last decades have led to shifting trends in clinical practice toward noninvasive and microinvasive methods. In this review article, recent advances in the development of nanoscale platforms for bone tissue engineering have been reviewed and critically discussed to provide a comprehensive understanding of the advantages and disadvantages of noninvasive and microinvasive methods for treating medical conditions related to hard tissue regeneration and repair.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Borislav Stoilov
- Biomedical Nanoengineering Laboratory, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Bedford Park, Adelaide, South Australia 5042, Australia
| | - Vi Khanh Truong
- Biomedical Nanoengineering Laboratory, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Bedford Park, Adelaide, South Australia 5042, Australia
| | - Stan Gronthos
- School of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide/SAHMRI, North Terrace, Adelaide, South Australia 5001, Australia
| | - Krasimir Vasilev
- Biomedical Nanoengineering Laboratory, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Bedford Park, Adelaide, South Australia 5042, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Ou YH, Goh WJ, Lim SH. Form & formulation approaches for COntRollable Release in 3D printed Colonic Targeting (CORR3CT) budesonide tablet. Int J Pharm 2023; 635:122680. [PMID: 36754183 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2023.122680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) represents a group of chronic and debilitating inflammatory diseases affecting various parts of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. The disease incidence and prevalence have been growing worldwide since the early 21st century and this upward trend is expected to continue. Due to a complex and variable clinical presentation across different patients, the efficacy of a one-size-fits-all commercial formulation for IBD remains limited. Here, we present the development of a novel adjustable and controllable release, 3D printed colonic targeting (CORR3CT) dosage form of budesonide, to reduce off-targeting adverse effects and to potentially replace the use of enemas, which are invasive and commonly associated with poor adherence. An in vitro Gastrointestinal Simulated System (GISS) model was employed in this study to examine the ability of the 3D printed tablets to deliver budesonide to various targeted sites along the gastrointestinal tract. CORR3CT tablet with Pill-in-pill configurations were designed, fabricated and the relationship between the 3D printed design and resultant dissolution profiles were established. The 3D printed tablets also exhibited excellent and comparable dose accuracy and quality versus commercial tablets, while enhancing the delivery of budesonide to the targeted colon region. Overall, this study has laid the foundational proof of concept demonstrating controllable targeting of oral therapeutics along the gastrointestinal tract using 3D printing technologies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi Hsuan Ou
- Craft Health Pte Ltd, 83 Science Park Drive, Singapore Science Park 1, The Curie, #03-01A, Singapore 118258, Singapore
| | - Wei Jiang Goh
- Craft Health Pte Ltd, 83 Science Park Drive, Singapore Science Park 1, The Curie, #03-01A, Singapore 118258, Singapore
| | - Seng Han Lim
- Craft Health Pte Ltd, 83 Science Park Drive, Singapore Science Park 1, The Curie, #03-01A, Singapore 118258, Singapore.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Markovic M, Ben-Shabat S, Nagendra Manda J, Abramov-Harpaz K, Regev C, Miller Y, Aponick A, Zimmermann EM, Dahan A. PLA 2-Triggered Activation of Cyclosporine-Phospholipid Prodrug as a Drug Targeting Approach in Inflammatory Bowel Disease Therapy. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14030675. [PMID: 35336048 PMCID: PMC8950246 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14030675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2022] [Revised: 03/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Oral medication with activity specifically at the inflamed sites throughout the gastrointestinal tract and limited systemic exposure would be a major advance in our therapeutic approach to inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). For this purpose, we have designed a prodrug by linking active drug moiety to phospholipid (PL), the substrate of phospholipase A2 (PLA2). PLA2 expression and activity is significantly elevated in the inflamed intestinal tissues of IBD patients. Since PLA2 enzyme specifically hydrolyses the sn-2 bond within PLs, in our PL-based prodrug approach, the sn-2 positioned FA is replaced with cyclosporine, so that PLA2 may be exploited as the prodrug-activating enzyme, releasing the free drug from the PL-complex. Owing to the enzyme overexpression, this may effectively target free cyclosporine to the sites of inflammation. Four PL-cyclosporine prodrugs were synthesized, differing by their linker length between the PL and the drug moiety. To study the prodrug activation, a novel enzymatically enriched model was developed, the colonic brush border membrane vesicles (cBBMVs); in this model, tissue vesicles were produced from colitis-induced (vs. healthy) rat colons. PLA2 overexpression (3.4-fold) was demonstrated in diseased vs. healthy cBBMVs. Indeed, while healthy cBBMVs induced only marginal activation, substantial prodrug activation was evident by colitis-derived cBBMVs. Together with the PLA2 overexpression, these data validate our drug targeting strategy. In the diseased cBBMVs, quick and complete activation of the entire dose was obtained for the 12-carbon linker prodrug, while slow and marginal activation was obtained for the 6/8-carbon linkers. The potential to target the actual sites of inflammation and treat any localizations throughout the GIT, together with the extended therapeutic index, makes this orally delivered prodrug approach an exciting new therapeutic strategy for IBD treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Milica Markovic
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel; (M.M.); (S.B.-S.)
| | - Shimon Ben-Shabat
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel; (M.M.); (S.B.-S.)
| | | | - Karina Abramov-Harpaz
- Department of Chemistry, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel; (K.A.-H.); (C.R.); (Y.M.)
- Ilse Katz Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel
| | - Clil Regev
- Department of Chemistry, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel; (K.A.-H.); (C.R.); (Y.M.)
- Ilse Katz Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel
| | - Yifat Miller
- Department of Chemistry, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel; (K.A.-H.); (C.R.); (Y.M.)
- Ilse Katz Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel
| | - Aaron Aponick
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32603, USA; (J.N.M.); (A.A.)
| | - Ellen M. Zimmermann
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA;
| | - Arik Dahan
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel; (M.M.); (S.B.-S.)
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Markovic M, Abramov-Harpaz K, Regev C, Ben-Shabat S, Aponick A, Zimmermann EM, Miller Y, Dahan A. Prodrug-Based Targeting Approach for Inflammatory Bowel Diseases Therapy: Mechanistic Study of Phospholipid-Linker-Cyclosporine PLA 2-Mediated Activation. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23052673. [PMID: 35269813 PMCID: PMC8910962 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23052673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Therapeutics with activity specifically at the inflamed sites throughout the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) would be a major advance in our therapeutic approach to inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). We aimed to develop the prodrug approach that can allow such site-specific drug delivery. Currently, using cyclosporine as a drug of choice in IBD is limited to the most severe cases due to substantial systemic toxicities and narrow therapeutic index of this drug. Previously, we synthesized a series of a phospholipid-linker-cyclosporine (PLC) prodrugs designed to exploit the overexpression of phospholipase A2 (PLA2) in the inflamed intestinal tissues, as the prodrug-activating enzyme. Nevertheless, the extent and rate of prodrug activation differed significantly. In this study we applied in-vitro and modern in-silico tools based on molecular dynamics (MD) simulation, to gain insight into the dynamics and mechanisms of the PLC prodrug activation. We aimed to elucidate the reason for the significant activation change between different linker lengths in our prodrug design. Our work reveals that the PLC conjugate with the 12-carbon linker length yields the optimal prodrug activation by PLA2 in comparison to shorter linker length (6-carbons). This optimized length efficiently allows cyclosporine to be released from the prodrug to the active pocket of PLA2. This newly developed mechanistic approach, presented in this study, can be applied for future prodrug optimization to accomplish optimal prodrug activation and drug targeting in various conditions that include overexpression of PLA2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Milica Markovic
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel; (M.M.); (S.B.-S.)
| | - Karina Abramov-Harpaz
- Department of Chemistry, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel; (K.A.-H.); (C.R.)
- Ilse Katz Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel
| | - Clil Regev
- Department of Chemistry, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel; (K.A.-H.); (C.R.)
- Ilse Katz Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel
| | - Shimon Ben-Shabat
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel; (M.M.); (S.B.-S.)
| | - Aaron Aponick
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32603, USA;
| | - Ellen M. Zimmermann
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA;
| | - Yifat Miller
- Department of Chemistry, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel; (K.A.-H.); (C.R.)
- Ilse Katz Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel
- Correspondence: (Y.M.); (A.D.)
| | - Arik Dahan
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel; (M.M.); (S.B.-S.)
- Correspondence: (Y.M.); (A.D.)
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Prodrug Therapies for Infectious and Neurodegenerative Diseases. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14030518. [PMID: 35335894 PMCID: PMC8953076 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14030518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Prodrugs are bioreversible drug derivatives which are metabolized into a pharmacologically active drug following chemical or enzymatic modification. This approach is designed to overcome several obstacles that are faced by the parent drug in physiological conditions that include rapid drug metabolism, poor solubility, permeability, and suboptimal pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profiles. These suboptimal physicochemical features can lead to rapid drug elimination, systemic toxicities, and limited drug-targeting to disease-affected tissue. Improving upon these properties can be accomplished by a prodrug design that includes the careful choosing of the promoiety, the linker, the prodrug synthesis, and targeting decorations. We now provide an overview of recent developments and applications of prodrugs for treating neurodegenerative, inflammatory, and infectious diseases. Disease interplay reflects that microbial infections and consequent inflammation affects neurodegenerative diseases and vice versa, independent of aging. Given the high prevalence, personal, social, and economic burden of both infectious and neurodegenerative disorders, therapeutic improvements are immediately needed. Prodrugs are an important, and might be said a critical tool, in providing an avenue for effective drug therapy.
Collapse
|
7
|
Elz AS, Trevaskis NL, Porter CJH, Bowen JM, Prestidge CA. Smart design approaches for orally administered lipophilic prodrugs to promote lymphatic transport. J Control Release 2021; 341:676-701. [PMID: 34896450 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2021.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Challenges to effective delivery of drugs following oral administration has attracted growing interest over recent decades. Small molecule drugs (<1000 Da) are generally absorbed across the gastrointestinal tract into the portal blood and further transported to the systemic circulation via the liver. This can result in a significant reduction to the oral bioavailability of drugs that are metabolically labile and ultimately lead to ineffective exposure and treatment. Targeting drug delivery to the intestinal lymphatics is attracting increased attention as an alternative route of drug transportation providing multiple benefits. These include bypassing hepatic first-pass metabolism and selectively targeting disease reservoirs residing within the lymphatic system. The particular physicochemical requirements for drugs to be able to access the lymphatics after oral delivery include high lipophilicity (logP>5) and high long-chain triglyceride solubility (> 50 mg/g), properties required to enable drug association with the lipoprotein transport pathway. The majority of small molecule drugs, however, are not this lipophilic and therefore not substantially transported via the intestinal lymph. This has contributed to a growing body of investigation into prodrug approaches to deliver drugs to the lymphatic system by chemical manipulation. Optimised lipophilic prodrugs have the potential to increase lymphatic transport thereby improving oral pharmacokinetics via a reduction in first pass metabolism and may also target of disease-specific reservoirs within the lymphatics. This may provide advantages for current pharmacotherapy approaches for a wide array of pathological conditions, e.g. immune disease, cancer and metabolic disease, and also presents a promising approach for advanced vaccination strategies. In this review, specific emphasis is placed on medicinal chemistry strategies that have been successfully employed to design lipophilic prodrugs to deliberately enable lymphatic transport. Recent progress and opportunities in medicinal chemistry and drug delivery that enable new platforms for efficacious and safe delivery of drugs are critically evaluated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aurelia S Elz
- Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia.
| | - Natalie L Trevaskis
- Department of Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia.
| | - Christopher J H Porter
- Department of Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia.
| | - Joanne M Bowen
- School of Biomedicine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia.
| | - Clive A Prestidge
- Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Han S, Mei L, Quach T, Porter C, Trevaskis N. Lipophilic Conjugates of Drugs: A Tool to Improve Drug Pharmacokinetic and Therapeutic Profiles. Pharm Res 2021; 38:1497-1518. [PMID: 34463935 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-021-03093-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Lipophilic conjugates (LCs) of small molecule drugs have been used widely in clinical and pre-clinical studies to achieve a number of pharmacokinetic and therapeutic benefits. For example, lipophilic derivatives of drugs are employed in several long acting injectable products to provide sustained drug exposure for hormone replacement therapy and to treat conditions such as neuropsychiatric diseases. LCs can also be used to modulate drug metabolism, and to enhance drug permeation across membranes, either by increasing lipophilicity to enhance passive diffusion or by increasing protein-mediated active transport. Furthermore, such conjugation strategies have been employed to promote drug association with endogenous macromolecular carriers (e.g. albumin and lipoproteins), and this in turn results in altered drug distribution and pharmacokinetic profiles, where the changes can be 'general' (e.g. prolonged plasma half-life) or 'specific' (e.g. enhanced delivery to specific tissues in parallel with the macromolecular carriers). Another utility of LCs is to enhance the encapsulation of drugs within engineered nanoscale drug delivery systems, in order to best take advantage of the targeting and pharmacokinetic benefits of nanomedicines. The current review provides a summary of the mechanisms by which lipophilic conjugates, including in combination with delivery vehicles, can be used to control drug delivery, distribution and therapeutic profiles. The article is structured into sections which highlight a specific benefit of LCs and then demonstrate this benefit with case studies. The review attempts to provide a toolbox to assist researchers to design and optimise drug candidates, including consideration of drug-formulation compatibility.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sifei Han
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia.
- Suzhou Institute of Drug Innovation, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China.
| | - Lianghe Mei
- Suzhou Institute of Drug Innovation, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China
| | - Tim Quach
- Medicinal Chemistry, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
- PureTech Health, 6 Tide Street, Boston, MA, 02210, USA
| | - Chris Porter
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Natalie Trevaskis
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Kaffash E, Abbaspour M, Afrasiabi Garekani H, Jahanian Z, Saremnejad F, Akhgari A. The Effect of Thermal-Treating on Drug Release from Sustained Release Alginate-Eudragit RS Matrices. Adv Pharm Bull 2021; 11:318-326. [PMID: 33880354 PMCID: PMC8046385 DOI: 10.34172/apb.2021.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Revised: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: The main objective of the present study was to develop the colonic delivery system for 5-aminosalicylic acid (5-ASA) as an anti-inflammatory drug. Methods: Matrix pellets containing various proportions of alginate, calcium and Eudragit® RS were prepared by extrusion-spheronization technique. Thermal treatment was used to investigate the effect of the curing process on the surface morphology, mechanical and physicochemical properties and in vitro drug release profile of pellets. Based on the obtained results optimal formulations were selected to coating by the Eudragit® RS and subjected to a subsequent continuous dissolution test. Results: Image analysis and also scanning electron microscopy results proved acceptable morphology of the pellets. The fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and differential scanning calorimetry studies ruled out any interactions between the formulation’s components. Curing process did not alter the mechanical properties of pellets. The release rate of the drug from matrices was prolonged due to the decreased porosity of cured pellets. Furthermore, selected cured pellets which coated with Eudragit® RS, prevented undesired premature drug release. Conclusion: Formulation containing 17.5% calcium, 17.5% alginate, and a coating level of 10% demonstrated enhanced drug release so that provided resistance to acidic conditions, allowing complete drug release in alkaline pH, mimicking colonic environment. The slow and consistent drug release from this formulation could be used for treatment of a broader range of Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients especially in whom colonic pH levels have been measured at lower than pH 7.0.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ehsan Kaffash
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Student Research Committee, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mohammadreza Abbaspour
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Targeted Drug Delivery Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Hadi Afrasiabi Garekani
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Targeted Drug Delivery Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Zohreh Jahanian
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Farinaz Saremnejad
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Abbas Akhgari
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Targeted Drug Delivery Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Arévalo-Pérez R, Maderuelo C, Lanao JM. Recent advances in colon drug delivery systems. J Control Release 2020; 327:703-724. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2020.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
|
11
|
Markovic M, Ben-Shabat S, Dahan A. Prodrugs for Improved Drug Delivery: Lessons Learned from Recently Developed and Marketed Products. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:pharmaceutics12111031. [PMID: 33137942 PMCID: PMC7692606 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12111031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Revised: 10/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Prodrugs are bioreversible, inactive drug derivatives, which have the ability to convert into a parent drug in the body. In the past, prodrugs were used as a last option; however, nowadays, prodrugs are considered already in the early stages of drug development. Optimal prodrug needs to have effective absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination (ADME) features to be chemically stable, to be selective towards the particular site in the body, and to have appropriate safety. Traditional prodrug approach aims to improve physicochemical/biopharmaceutical drug properties; modern prodrugs also include cellular and molecular parameters to accomplish desired drug effect and site-specificity. Here, we present recently investigated prodrugs, their pharmaceutical and clinical advantages, and challenges facing the overall prodrug development. Given examples illustrate that prodrugs can accomplish appropriate solubility, increase permeability, provide site-specific targeting (i.e., to organs, tissues, enzymes, or transporters), overcome rapid drug metabolism, decrease toxicity, or provide better patient compliance, all with the aim to provide optimal drug therapy and outcome. Overall, the prodrug approach is a powerful tool to decrease the time/costs of developing new drug entities and improve overall drug therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Arik Dahan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +972-8-6479483; Fax: +972-8-6479303
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Manda JN, Markovic M, Zimmermann EM, Ben-Shabat S, Dahan A, Aponick A. Phospholipid Cyclosporine Prodrugs Targeted at Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) Treatment: Design, Synthesis, and in Vitro Validation. ChemMedChem 2020; 15:1639-1644. [PMID: 32618133 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202000317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Novel phospholipid (PL)-cyclosporine conjugates were prepared and studied as potential prodrugs for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Our approach relies on phospholipase A2 (PLA2 ), which is overexpressed in the inflamed intestinal tissues, as the prodrug activator to potentially release cyclosporine at the site of inflammation. PL-cyclosporine prodrug conjugates with methylene linkers of various lengths between the sn-2 position of the PL and cyclosporine were synthesized and evaluated for in vitro activation. Surprisingly, despite previous work indicating that conjugates with six methylene linkers between the lipid and drug would suffer rapid enzymatic hydrolysis, with cyclosporine this was not observed. However, compounds with longer linkers (n=10, 12 methylene units) display complete release of the drug by PLA2 -catalyzed hydrolysis, thus demonstrating the importance and profound impact of structural fine-tuning. This study represents a proof-of-concept for our hypothesis and a first step towards a truly targeted IBD treatment with cyclosporine that could be administered throughout the GI tract.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jagadeesh Nagendra Manda
- Florida Center for Heterocyclic Compounds & Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Milica Markovic
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, 84105, Israel
| | - Ellen M Zimmermann
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA
| | - Shimon Ben-Shabat
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, 84105, Israel
| | - Arik Dahan
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, 84105, Israel
| | - Aaron Aponick
- Florida Center for Heterocyclic Compounds & Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Li X, Lu C, Yang Y, Yu C, Rao Y. Site-specific targeted drug delivery systems for the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 129:110486. [PMID: 32768972 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) includes Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis and manifests as a complex and dysregulated immune response. To date, there is no cure for IBD; thus, lifelong administration of maintenance drugs is often necessary. Since conventional IBD treatment strategies do not target the sites of inflammation, only limited efficacy is observed with their use. Moreover, the possibility of severe side effects resulting from systemic drug redistribution is high when conventional drug treatments are used. Therefore, a straightforward disease-targeted drug delivery system is desirable. Based on the pathophysiological changes associated with IBD, novel site-specific targeted drug delivery strategies that deliver drugs directly to the inflammation sites can enhance drug accumulation and decrease side effects. This review summarizes novel inflammation targeted delivery systems in the management of IBD. It also discusses the challenges and new perspectives in this field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Li
- Department of Pharmacology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Chao Lu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Yanyan Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Chaohui Yu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China.
| | - Yuefeng Rao
- Department of Pharmacology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Markovic M, Ben-Shabat S, Dahan A. Computational Simulations to Guide Enzyme-Mediated Prodrug Activation. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21103621. [PMID: 32443905 PMCID: PMC7279318 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21103621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Prodrugs are designed to improve pharmaceutical/biopharmaceutical characteristics, pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic properties, site-specificity, and more. A crucial step in successful prodrug is its activation, which releases the active parent drug, exerting a therapeutic effect. Prodrug activation can be based on oxidation/reduction processes, or through enzyme-mediated hydrolysis, from oxidoreductases (i.e., Cytochrome P450) to hydrolytic enzymes (i.e., carboxylesterase). This study provides an overview of the novel in silico methods for the optimization of enzyme-mediated prodrug activation. Computational methods simulating enzyme-substrate binding can be simpler like molecular docking, or more complex, such as quantum mechanics (QM), molecular mechanics (MM), and free energy perturbation (FEP) methods such as molecular dynamics (MD). Examples for MD simulations used for elucidating the mechanism of prodrug (losartan, paclitaxel derivatives) metabolism via CYP450 enzyme are presented, as well as an MD simulation for optimizing linker length in phospholipid-based prodrugs. Molecular docking investigating quinazolinone prodrugs as substrates for alkaline phosphatase is also presented, as well as QM and MD simulations used for optimal fit of different prodrugs within the human carboxylesterase 1 catalytical site. Overall, high quality computational simulations may show good agreement with experimental results, and should be used early in the prodrug development process.
Collapse
|
15
|
Enzymatic Synthesis of O-Methylated Phenophospholipids by Lipase-Catalyzed Acidolysis of Egg-Yolk Phosphatidylcholine with Anisic and Veratric Acids. Catalysts 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/catal10050538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipase-catalyzed acidolysis reactions of egg-yolk phosphatidylcholine (PC) with anisic (ANISA) and veratric (VERA) acids were investigated to develop a biotechnological method for the production of corresponding biologically active O-methylated phenophospholipids. Screening experiments with four commercially available immobilized lipases indicated that the most effective biocatalyst for the incorporation of ANISA into phospholipids was Novozym 435. None of the tested enzymes were able to catalyze the synthesis of PC structured with VERA. The effects of different solvents, substrate molar ratios, temperature, enzyme loading, and time of the reaction on the process of incorporation of ANISA into the phospholipids were evaluated in the next step of the study. The mixture of toluene/chloroform in the ratio 9:1 (v/v) significantly increased the incorporation of ANISA into PC. The acidolysis reaction was carried out using the selected binary solvent system, 1/15 substrate molar ratio PC/ANISA, 30% (w/w) enzyme load, and temperature of 50 °C afforded after 72 h anisoylated lysophosphatidylcholine (ANISA-LPC) and anisoylated phosphatidylcholine (ANISA-PC) in isolated yields of 28.5% and 2.5% (w/w), respectively. This is the first study reporting the production of ANISA-LPC and ANISA-PC via a one-step enzymatic method, which is an environmentally friendly alternative to the chemical synthesis of these biologically active compounds.
Collapse
|
16
|
Markovic M, Ben-Shabat S, Aponick A, Zimmermann EM, Dahan A. Lipids and Lipid-Processing Pathways in Drug Delivery and Therapeutics. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21093248. [PMID: 32375338 PMCID: PMC7247327 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21093248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this work is to analyze relevant endogenous lipid processing pathways, in the context of the impact that lipids have on drug absorption, their therapeutic use, and utilization in drug delivery. Lipids may serve as biomarkers of some diseases, but they can also provide endogenous therapeutic effects for certain pathological conditions. Current uses and possible clinical benefits of various lipids (fatty acids, steroids, triglycerides, and phospholipids) in cancer, infectious, inflammatory, and neurodegenerative diseases are presented. Lipids can also be conjugated to a drug molecule, accomplishing numerous potential benefits, one being the improved treatment effect, due to joined influence of the lipid carrier and the drug moiety. In addition, such conjugates have increased lipophilicity relative to the parent drug. This leads to improved drug pharmacokinetics and bioavailability, the ability to join endogenous lipid pathways and achieve drug targeting to the lymphatics, inflamed tissues in certain autoimmune diseases, or enable overcoming different barriers in the body. Altogether, novel mechanisms of the lipid role in diseases are constantly discovered, and new ways to exploit these mechanisms for the optimal drug design that would advance different drug delivery/therapy aspects are continuously emerging.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Milica Markovic
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel; (M.M.); (S.B.-S.)
| | - Shimon Ben-Shabat
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel; (M.M.); (S.B.-S.)
| | - Aaron Aponick
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32603, USA;
| | - Ellen M. Zimmermann
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA;
| | - Arik Dahan
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel; (M.M.); (S.B.-S.)
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Drzazga A, Okulus M, Rychlicka M, Biegała Ł, Gliszczyńska A, Gendaszewska-Darmach E. Lysophosphatidylcholine Containing Anisic Acid Is Able to Stimulate Insulin Secretion Targeting G Protein Coupled Receptors. Nutrients 2020; 12:E1173. [PMID: 32331428 PMCID: PMC7230207 DOI: 10.3390/nu12041173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 04/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is a worldwide health problem with high rates of mortality and morbidity. Management of diabetes mellitus by dietary components is achievable especially at the initial stage of the disease. Several studies confirmed the antidiabetic activities of simple phenolic acids and lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC). The main goal of this study was to identify new potential insulin secretion modulators obtained by combining the structures of two natural compounds, namely O-methyl derivatives of phenolic acids and phospholipids. LPC and phosphatidylcholine bearing methoxylated aromatic carboxylic acids were tested as potential agents able to improve glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) and intracellular calcium mobilization in MIN6 β pancreatic cell line. Our results show that LPC with covalently bonded molecule of p-anisic acid at the sn-1 position was able to induce GSIS and intracellular calcium flux. Notably, 1-anisoyl-2-hydroxy-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine did not affect the viability of MIN6 cells, suggesting its potential safe use. Furthermore, we have shown that three G protein coupled receptors, namely GPR40, GPR55, and GPR119, are targeted by this LPC derivative.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Drzazga
- Institute of Molecular and Industrial Biotechnology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Lodz University of Technology, Stefanowskiego 4/10, 90-924 Lodz, Poland; (A.D.); (Ł.B.)
| | - Marta Okulus
- Department of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Norwida 25, 50-375 Wrocław, Poland; (M.O.); (M.R.)
| | - Magdalena Rychlicka
- Department of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Norwida 25, 50-375 Wrocław, Poland; (M.O.); (M.R.)
| | - Łukasz Biegała
- Institute of Molecular and Industrial Biotechnology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Lodz University of Technology, Stefanowskiego 4/10, 90-924 Lodz, Poland; (A.D.); (Ł.B.)
| | - Anna Gliszczyńska
- Department of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Norwida 25, 50-375 Wrocław, Poland; (M.O.); (M.R.)
| | - Edyta Gendaszewska-Darmach
- Institute of Molecular and Industrial Biotechnology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Lodz University of Technology, Stefanowskiego 4/10, 90-924 Lodz, Poland; (A.D.); (Ł.B.)
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Lipase Catalyzed Acidolysis for Efficient Synthesis of Phospholipids Enriched with Isomerically Pure cis-9,trans-11 and trans-10,cis-12 Conjugated Linoleic Acid. Catalysts 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/catal9121012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The production of phospholipid (PL) conjugates with biologically active compounds is nowadays an extensively employed approach. This type of phospholipids conjugates could improve bioavailability of many poorly absorbed active compounds such as isomers of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA), which exhibit versatile biological effects. The studies were carried out to elaborate an efficient enzymatic method for the synthesis of phospholipids with pure (>90%) cis-9,trans-11 and trans-10,cis-12 CLA isomers. For this purpose, three commercially available immobilized lipases were examined in respect to specificity towards CLA isomers in acidolysis of egg-yolk phosphatidylcholine (PC). Different incorporation rates were observed for the individual CLA isomers. Under optimal conditions: PC/CLA molar ratio 1:6; Rhizomucor miehei lipase loading 24% wt. based on substrates; heptane; DMF, 5% (v/v); water activity (aw), 0.11; 45 °C; magnetic stirring, 300 rpm; 48 h., effective incorporation (EINC) of CLA isomers into PC reached ca. 50%. The EINC of CLA isomers was elevated for 25–30% only by adding a water mimic (DMF) and reducing aw to 0.11 comparing to the reaction system performed at aw = 0.23. The developed method of phosphatidylcholine acidolysis is the first described in the literature dealing with isometrically pure CLA and allow to obtain very high effective incorporation.
Collapse
|
19
|
The prospects of lipidic prodrugs: an old approach with an emerging future. Future Med Chem 2019; 11:2563-2571. [DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2019-0155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Nowadays, prodrugs are no longer used as a last resort, rather, they are intentionally designed at the early stages of drug development. Lipidic prodrug strategy, where a drug moiety is covalently bound to a lipid carrier, was initially proposed half a century ago, yet, this approach still remains to be explored. Lipidic prodrugs can join physiological lipid metabolic pathways, and hence provide drug targeting via lymphatic transport or site-specific drug release, improve drugs’ pharmacokinetic profile, overcome obstacles originating from biological barriers and bypass hepatic first-pass metabolism. Physiological pathways of lipid processing, uses of different lipidic prodrugs and their clinical benefits are overviewed. Overall, lipidic prodrugs present a promising approach for overcoming different obstacles and fulfilling various unmet needs in drug delivery/targeting.
Collapse
|
20
|
Ding D, Sun B, Cui W, Chen Q, Zhang X, Zhang H, He Z, Sun J, Luo C. Integration of phospholipid-drug complex into self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery system to facilitate oral delivery of paclitaxel. Asian J Pharm Sci 2019; 14:552-558. [PMID: 32104482 PMCID: PMC7032203 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajps.2018.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Revised: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery system (SNEDDS) has emerged as a promising platform to improve oral absorption of drugs with poor solubility and low permeability. However, large polarity molecules with insufficient lipid solubility, such as paclitaxel (PTX), would suffer from inferior formulation of SNEDDS due to poor compatibility. Herein, phospholipid-drug complex (PLDC) and SNEDDS were integrated into one system to facilitate oral delivery of PTX. First, PTX was formulated into PLDC in response to its inferior physicochemical properties. Then, the prepared PLDC was further formulated into SNEDDS by integrating these two drug delivery technologies into one system (PLDC-SNEDDS). After PLDC-SNEDDS dispersed in aqueous medium, nanoemulsion was formed immediately with an average particle size of ∼30 nm. Furthermore, the nanomulsion of PLDC-SNEDDS showed good colloidal stability in both HCl solution (0.1 mol/l, pH 1.0) and phosphate buffer solution (PBS, pH 6.8). In vivo, PTX-PLDC-SNEDDS showed distinct advantages in terms of oral absorption efficiency, with a 3.42-fold and 2.13-fold higher bioavailability than PTX-PLDC and PTX solution, respectively. Our results suggest that the integration of PLDC into SNEDDS could be utilized to facilitate the oral delivery of hydrophobic drugs with large polarity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dawei Ding
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Bingjun Sun
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Weiping Cui
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Qin Chen
- Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning Cancer Hospital & Institute, Shenyang 110042, China
| | - Xuanbo Zhang
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Haotian Zhang
- School of Life Science and Biopharmaceutics, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Zhonggui He
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Jin Sun
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Cong Luo
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Markovic M, Ben-Shabat S, Keinan S, Aponick A, Zimmermann EM, Dahan A. Molecular Modeling-Guided Design of Phospholipid-Based Prodrugs. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20092210. [PMID: 31060339 PMCID: PMC6538990 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20092210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Revised: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The lipidic prodrug approach is an emerging field for improving a number of biopharmaceutical and drug delivery aspects. Owing to their structure and nature, phospholipid (PL)-based prodrugs may join endogenous lipid processing pathways, and hence significantly improve the pharmacokinetics and/or bioavailability of the drug. Additional advantages of this approach include drug targeting by enzyme-triggered drug release, blood–brain barrier permeability, lymphatic targeting, overcoming drug resistance, or enabling appropriate formulation. The PL-prodrug design includes various structural modalities-different conjugation strategies and/or the use of linkers between the PL and the drug moiety, which considerably influence the prodrug characteristics and the consequent effects. In this article, we describe how molecular modeling can guide the structural design of PL-based prodrugs. Computational simulations can predict the extent of phospholipase A2 (PLA2)-mediated activation, and facilitate prodrug development. Several computational methods have been used to facilitate the design of the pro-drugs, which will be reviewed here, including molecular docking, the free energy perturbation method, molecular dynamics simulations, and free density functional theory. Altogether, the studies described in this article indicate that computational simulation-guided PL-based prodrug molecular design correlates well with the experimental results, allowing for more mechanistic and less empirical development. In the future, the use of molecular modeling techniques to predict the activity of PL-prodrugs should be used earlier in the development process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Milica Markovic
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel.
| | - Shimon Ben-Shabat
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel.
| | | | - Aaron Aponick
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32603, USA.
| | - Ellen M Zimmermann
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA.
| | - Arik Dahan
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Markovic M, Dahan A, Keinan S, Kurnikov I, Aponick A, Zimmermann EM, Ben-Shabat S. Phospholipid-Based Prodrugs for Colon-Targeted Drug Delivery: Experimental Study and In-Silico Simulations. Pharmaceutics 2019; 11:pharmaceutics11040186. [PMID: 30995772 PMCID: PMC6523355 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics11040186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Revised: 04/07/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In ulcerative colitis (UC), the inflammation is localized in the colon, and one of the successful strategies for colon-targeting drug delivery is the prodrug approach. In this work, we present a novel phospholipid (PL)-based prodrug approach, as a tool for colonic drug targeting in UC. We aim to use the phospholipase A2 (PLA2), an enzyme that is overexpressed in the inflamed colonic tissues of UC patients, as the PL-prodrug activating enzyme, to accomplish the liberation of the parent drug from the prodrug complex at the specific diseased tissue(s). Different linker lengths between the PL and the drug moiety can dictate the rate of activation by PLA2, and subsequently determine the amount of free drugs at the site of action. The feasibility of this approach was studied with newly synthesized PL-Fmoc (fluorenylmethyloxycarbonyl) conjugates, using Fmoc as a model compound for testing our hypothesis. In vitro incubation with bee venom PLA2 demonstrated that a 7-carbon linker between the PL and Fmoc has higher activation rate than a 5-carbon linker. 4-fold higher colonic expression of PLA2 was demonstrated in colonic mucosa of colitis-induced rats when compared to healthy animals, validating our hypothesis of a colitis-targeting prodrug approach. Next, a novel molecular dynamics (MD) simulation was developed for PL-based prodrugs containing clinically relevant drugs. PL-methotrexate conjugate with 6-carbon linker showed the highest extent of PLA2-mediated activation, whereas shorter linkers were activated to a lower extent. In conclusion, this work demonstrates that for carefully designed PL-drug conjugates, PLA2 overexpression in inflamed colonic tissues can be used as prodrug-activating enzyme and drug targeting strategy, including insights into the activation mechanisms in a PLA2 binding site.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Milica Markovic
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel.
| | - Arik Dahan
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel.
| | | | | | - Aaron Aponick
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32603, USA.
| | - Ellen M Zimmermann
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32603, USA.
| | - Shimon Ben-Shabat
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Li Y, Du L, Wu C, Yu B, Zhang H, An F. Peptide Sequence-Dominated Enzyme-Responsive Nanoplatform for Anticancer Drug Delivery. Curr Top Med Chem 2019; 19:74-97. [PMID: 30686257 DOI: 10.2174/1568026619666190125144621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Revised: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/23/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Enzymatic dysregulation in tumor and intracellular microenvironments has made this property
a tremendously promising responsive element for efficient diagnostics, carrier targeting, and drug
release. When combined with nanotechnology, enzyme-responsive drug delivery systems (DDSs) have
achieved substantial advancements. In the first part of this tutorial review, changes in tumor and intracellular
microenvironmental factors, particularly the enzymatic index, are described. Subsequently, the
peptide sequences of various enzyme-triggered nanomaterials are summarized for their uses in various
drug delivery applications. Then, some other enzyme responsive nanostructures are discussed. Finally,
the future opportunities and challenges are discussed. In brief, this review can provide inspiration and
impetus for exploiting more promising internal enzyme stimuli-responsive nanoDDSs for targeted tumor
diagnosis and treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Li
- First Clinical Medical College, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030001, China
| | - Liping Du
- Institute of Medical Engineering, Department of Biophysics, School of Basic Medical Science, Health Science Center, Xi’an Jiaotong University, No.76 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China
| | - Chunsheng Wu
- Institute of Medical Engineering, Department of Biophysics, School of Basic Medical Science, Health Science Center, Xi’an Jiaotong University, No.76 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China
| | - Bin Yu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- First Clinical Medical College, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030001, China
| | - Feifei An
- Institute of Medical Engineering, Department of Biophysics, School of Basic Medical Science, Health Science Center, Xi’an Jiaotong University, No.76 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Date T, Paul K, Singh N, Jain S. Drug-Lipid Conjugates for Enhanced Oral Drug Delivery. AAPS PharmSciTech 2019; 20:41. [PMID: 30610658 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-018-1272-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Oral drug delivery route is one of the most convenient and extensively utilised routes for drug administration. But there exists class of drugs which exhibit poor bioavailability on oral drug administration. Designing of drug-lipid conjugates (DLCs) is one of the rationale strategy utilised in overcoming this challenge. This review extensively covers the various dimensions of drug modification using lipids to attain improved oral drug delivery. DLCs help in improving oral delivery by providing benefits like improved permeability, stability in gastric environment, higher drug loading in carriers, formation of self-assembled nanostructures, etc. The clinical effectiveness of DLCs is highlighted from available marketed drug products along with many DLCs in phase of clinical trials. Conclusively, this drug modification strategy can potentially help in augmenting oral drug delivery in future.
Collapse
|
25
|
Markovic M, Ben-Shabat S, Keinan S, Aponick A, Zimmermann EM, Dahan A. Prospects and Challenges of Phospholipid-Based Prodrugs. Pharmaceutics 2018; 10:pharmaceutics10040210. [PMID: 30388756 PMCID: PMC6321354 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics10040210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Revised: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Nowadays, the prodrug approach is used already at the early stages of drug development. Lipidic prodrug approach is a growing field for improving a number of drug properties/delivery/therapy aspects, and can offer solutions for various unmet needs. This approach includes drug moiety bound to the lipid carrier, which can be triglyceride, fatty acids, steroid, or phospholipid (PL). The focus of this article is PL-based prodrugs, which includes a PL carrier covalently bound to the active drug moiety. An overview of relevant physiological lipid processing pathways and absorption barriers is provided, followed by drug delivery/therapeutic application of PL-drug conjugates, as well as computational modeling techniques, and a modern bioinformatics tool that can aid in the optimization of PL conjugates. PL-based prodrugs have increased lipophilicity comparing to the parent drug, and can therefore significantly improve the pharmacokinetic profile and overall bioavailability of the parent drug, join the endogenous lipid processing pathways and therefore accomplish drug targeting, e.g., by lymphatic transport, drug release at specific target site(s), or passing the blood-brain barrier. Moreover, an exciting gateway for treating inflammatory diseases and cancer is presented, by utilizing the PL sn-2 position in the prodrug design, aiming for PLA₂-mediated activation. Overall, a PL-based prodrug approach shows great potential in improving different drug delivery/therapy aspects, and is expected to grow.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Milica Markovic
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel.
| | - Shimon Ben-Shabat
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel.
| | | | - Aaron Aponick
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32603, USA.
| | - Ellen M Zimmermann
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.
| | - Arik Dahan
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Markovic M, Ben‐Shabat S, Keinan S, Aponick A, Zimmermann EM, Dahan A. Lipidic prodrug approach for improved oral drug delivery and therapy. Med Res Rev 2018; 39:579-607. [DOI: 10.1002/med.21533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Revised: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Milica Markovic
- Department of Clinical PharmacologySchool of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben‐Gurion University of the NegevBeer‐Sheva Israel
| | - Shimon Ben‐Shabat
- Department of Clinical PharmacologySchool of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben‐Gurion University of the NegevBeer‐Sheva Israel
| | | | - Aaron Aponick
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of FloridaGainesville Florida
| | - Ellen M. Zimmermann
- Department of MedicineDivision of Gastroenterology, University of FloridaGainesville Florida
| | - Arik Dahan
- Department of Clinical PharmacologySchool of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben‐Gurion University of the NegevBeer‐Sheva Israel
| |
Collapse
|