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Shuklinova O, Wyszogrodzka-Gaweł G, Baran E, Lisowski B, Wiśniowska B, Dorożyński P, Kulinowski P, Polak S. Can 3D Printed Tablets Be Bioequivalent and How to Test It: A PBPK Model Based Virtual Bioequivalence Study for Ropinirole Modified Release Tablets. Pharmaceutics 2024; 16:259. [PMID: 38399313 PMCID: PMC10893163 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16020259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Revised: 01/27/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
As the field of personalized dosing develops, the pharmaceutical manufacturing industry needs to offer flexibility in terms of tailoring the drug release and strength to the individual patient's needs. One of the promising tools which have such capacity is 3D printing technology. However, manufacturing small batches of drugs for each patient might lead to huge test burden, including the need to conduct bioequivalence trials of formulations to support the change of equipment or strength. In this paper we demonstrate how to use 3D printing in conjunction with virtual bioequivalence trials based on physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling. For this purpose, we developed 3D printed ropinirole formulations and tested their bioequivalence with the reference product Polpix. The Simcyp simulator and previously developed ropinirole PBPK model were used for the clinical trial simulations. The Weibull-fitted dissolution profiles of test and reference formulations were used as inputs for the model. The virtual bioequivalence trials were run using parallel design. The study power of 80% was reached using 125 individuals. The study demonstrated how to use PBPK modeling in conjunction with 3D printing to test the virtual bioequivalence of newly developed formulations. This virtual experiment demonstrated the bioequivalence of one of the newly developed formulations with a reference product available on a market.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olha Shuklinova
- Doctoral School of Medical and Health Sciences, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 16 Łazarza St., 31-530 Kraków, Poland
- Simcyp Division, Certara UK Limited, Level 2-Acero, 1 Concourse Way, Sheffield S1 2BJ, UK;
| | - Gabriela Wyszogrodzka-Gaweł
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Krakow, Poland; (G.W.-G.); (B.L.); (B.W.); (P.D.)
| | - Ewelina Baran
- Institute of Technology, University of the National Education Commission, Podchorążych 2, 30-084 Kraków, Poland; (E.B.); (P.K.)
| | - Bartosz Lisowski
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Krakow, Poland; (G.W.-G.); (B.L.); (B.W.); (P.D.)
| | - Barbara Wiśniowska
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Krakow, Poland; (G.W.-G.); (B.L.); (B.W.); (P.D.)
| | - Przemysław Dorożyński
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Krakow, Poland; (G.W.-G.); (B.L.); (B.W.); (P.D.)
| | - Piotr Kulinowski
- Institute of Technology, University of the National Education Commission, Podchorążych 2, 30-084 Kraków, Poland; (E.B.); (P.K.)
| | - Sebastian Polak
- Simcyp Division, Certara UK Limited, Level 2-Acero, 1 Concourse Way, Sheffield S1 2BJ, UK;
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Krakow, Poland; (G.W.-G.); (B.L.); (B.W.); (P.D.)
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Corpstein CD, Hou P, Park K, Li T. Multiphysics Simulation of Local Transport and Absorption Coupled with Pharmacokinetic Modeling of Systemic Exposure of Subcutaneously Injected Drug Solution. Pharm Res 2023; 40:2873-2886. [PMID: 37344601 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-023-03546-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Subcutaneous (SC) injectables have become more acceptable and feasible for administration of biologics and small molecules. However, efficient development of these products is limited to costly and time-consuming techniques, partially because absorption mechanisms and kinetics at the local site of injection remain poorly understood. OBJECTIVE To bridge formulation critical quality attributes (CQA) of injectables with local physiological conditions to predict systemic exposure of these products. METHODOLOGY We have previously developed a multiscale, multiphysics computational model to simulate lymphatic absorption and whole-body pharmacokinetics of monoclonal antibodies. The same simulation framework was applied in this study to compute the capillary absorption of solubilized small molecule drugs that are injected subcutaneously. Sensitivity analyses were conducted to probe the impact by key simulation parameters on the local and systemic exposures. RESULTS This framework was capable of determining which parameters had the biggest impact on small molecule absorption in the SC. Particularly, membrane permeability of a drug was found to have the biggest impact on drug absorption kinetics, followed by capillary density and drug diffusivity. CONCLUSION Our modelling framework proved feasible in predicting local transport and systemic absorption from the injection site of small molecules. Understanding the effect of these properties and how to model them may help to greatly expedite the development process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clairissa D Corpstein
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, Purdue University, 525 Stadium Mall Dr. RHPH Building, West Lafayette, Indiana, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Peng Hou
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, Purdue University, 525 Stadium Mall Dr. RHPH Building, West Lafayette, Indiana, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Kinam Park
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, Purdue University, 525 Stadium Mall Dr. RHPH Building, West Lafayette, Indiana, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Tonglei Li
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, Purdue University, 525 Stadium Mall Dr. RHPH Building, West Lafayette, Indiana, IN, 47907, USA.
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Pepin X, McAlpine V, Moir A, Mann J. Acalabrutinib Maleate Tablets: The Physiologically Based Biopharmaceutics Model behind the Drug Product Dissolution Specification. Mol Pharm 2023; 20:2181-2193. [PMID: 36859819 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.3c00005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/03/2023]
Abstract
Acalabrutinib maleate tablets correspond to an improved formulation compared to acalabrutinib capsules as they can be dosed with and without acid reducing agents and therefore benefit more cancer patients. The dissolution specification for the drug product was determined using all the information available on the drug safety, efficacy, and in vitro performance. In addition, a physiologically based biopharmaceutics model was developed for acalabrutinib maleate tablets on the back of a previously published model for acalabrutinib capsules to establish that the proposed drug product dissolution specification would ensure safe and effective products for all patients including those under acid reducing agent treatment. The model was built, validated, and used to predict the exposure of virtual batches where the dissolution was slower than that of the clinical target. A combination of exposure prediction and the use of a PK-PD model allowed it to be demonstrated that the proposed drug product dissolution specification was acceptable. This combination of models enabled a larger safe space than would have been granted by consideration of bioequivalence only.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Pepin
- New Modalities and Parenteral Development, Pharmaceutical Technology & Development, Operations, AstraZeneca, Charter Way, SK10 2NA Macclesfield, United Kingdom
| | - Vivien McAlpine
- Oral Product Development, Pharmaceutical Technology & Development, Operations, AstraZeneca, SK10 2NA Macclesfield, United Kingdom
| | - Andrea Moir
- Oral Product Development, Pharmaceutical Technology & Development, Operations, AstraZeneca, SK10 2NA Macclesfield, United Kingdom
| | - James Mann
- Oral Product Development, Pharmaceutical Technology & Development, Operations, AstraZeneca, SK10 2NA Macclesfield, United Kingdom
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García-Arieta A, Gordon J, Gwaza L, Merino V, Mangas-Sanjuan V. Regulatory Requirements for the Development of Second-Entry Semisolid Topical Products in the European Union. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15020601. [PMID: 36839924 PMCID: PMC9961670 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15020601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of second-entry topical products is hampered by several factors. The excipient composition should be similar to the reference product because excipients may also contribute to efficacy. Conventional pharmacokinetic bioequivalence studies were not considered acceptable because drug concentrations are measured downstream after the site of action. There was no agreed methodology to characterize the microstructure of semisolids, and waivers of therapeutic equivalence studies with clinical endpoints were not possible. Only the vasoconstrictor assay for corticosteroids was accepted as a surrogate. This paper describes the implementation of the European Union's stepwise approach for locally acting products to cutaneous products, discusses the equivalence requirements of the EMA Draft Guideline on the Quality and Equivalence of Topical Products, and compares them with the US Food and Drug Administration recommendations. Step 1 includes the possibility of waivers for simple formulations based on in vitro data only (Q1 + Q2 + Q3 + IVRT). Step 2 includes step 1 requirements plus a kinetic study (TS/IVPT/PKBE) to compare the local availability of complex formulations. Step 3 refers to clinical studies with pharmacodynamic/clinical endpoints. As excipients may affect the local tolerability and efficacy of the products, the similarity of excipient composition is required in all steps, except where clinical endpoints are compared.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfredo García-Arieta
- Área de Farmacocinética y Medicamentos Genéricos, División de Farmacología y Evaluación Clínica, Departamento de Medicamentos de Uso Humano, Agencia Española de Medicamentos y Productos Sanitarios, 28022 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence:
| | - John Gordon
- Division of Biopharmaceutics Evaluation, Bureau of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmaceutical Drugs Directorate, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0K9, Canada
| | - Luther Gwaza
- Norms and Standards for Pharmaceuticals, Health Products Policy and Standards, Access to Medicines and Health Products Division, World Health Organization, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Virginia Merino
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology and Parasitology, University of Valencia, 46100 Valencia, Spain
- Interuniversity Research Institute for Molecular Recognition and Technological Development, Polytechnic University of Valencia—University of Valencia, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Víctor Mangas-Sanjuan
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology and Parasitology, University of Valencia, 46100 Valencia, Spain
- Interuniversity Research Institute for Molecular Recognition and Technological Development, Polytechnic University of Valencia—University of Valencia, 46022 Valencia, Spain
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Alternative Pharmacokinetic Metrics in Single-Dose Studies to Ensure Bioequivalence of Prolonged-Release Products at Steady State-A Case Study. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15020409. [PMID: 36839731 PMCID: PMC9963605 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15020409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: this article investigates which PK metrics in a single-dose study (concentration at the end of posology interval, Cτ, partial areas under the curve, pAUCs, or half-value duration, HVD) are more sensitive and less variable for predicting the failure of a prolonged-release product at steady-state that was the bioequivalent for Cmax, AUC0-t and AUC0-inf, in the single-dose study; (2) Methods: a cross-over study was performed in 36 subjects receiving desvenlafaxine 100 mg prolonged-release tablets. Conventional (Cmax, AUC0-t and AUC0-inf) and additional (Cτ, pAUCs and HVD) PK metrics were considered after single-dose conditions. Predicted PK metrics at steady state (AUC0-τ, Cmax,ss, and Cτ,ss) were derived using a population PK model approach; (3) Results: the existing differences in the shape of the concentration-time curves precluded to show equivalence for Cτ,ss in the simulated study at steady state. This failure to show equivalence at steady state was predicted by Cτ, pAUCs and HVD in the single-dose study. Cτ was the most sensitive metric for detecting the different shape, with a lower intra-subject variability than HVD; (4) Conclusions: conventional PK metrics for single-dose studies (Cmax, AUC0-t and AUC0-inf) are not enough to guarantee bioequivalence at steady state for prolonged-release products.
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Zhang F, Wu X, Wu K, Yu M, Liu B, Wang H. Predicting the Pharmacokinetics of Orally Administered Drugs across BCS Classes 1-4 by Virtual Bioequivalence Model. Mol Pharm 2023; 20:395-408. [PMID: 36469444 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.2c00688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
To evaluate the influence of solubility and permeability on the pharmacokinetic prediction performance of orally administered drugs using avirtual bioequivalence (VBE) model, a total of 23 orally administered drugs covering Biopharmaceutics Classification System (BCS) classes 1-4 were selected. A VBE model (i.e., a physiologically based pharmacokinetic model integrated with dissolution data) based on a B2O simulator was applied for pharmacokinetic (PK) prediction in a virtual population. Parameter sensitivity analysis was used for input parameter selection. The predictive performances of PK parameters (i.e., AUC0-t, Cmax, and Tmax), PK profiles, and bioequivalence (BE) results were evaluated using the twofold error, average fold error (AFE), absolute average fold error (AAFE), and BE reassessment metrics. All models successfully simulated the mean PK profiles, with AAFE < 2 and AFE ranging from 0.58 to 1.66. As for the PK parameters, except for the time of peak concentration, Tmax, of isosorbide mononitrate, other simulated PK parameters were all within a twofold error. The simulated PK behaviors were comparable to the observed ones, both for test (T) and reference (R) products, and the simulated T/R arithmetic mean ratios were all within 0.88-1.16 of the observed values. These four evaluation metrics were distributed equally among BCS class 1-4 drugs. The VBE model showed powerful performance to predict the PK behavior of orally administered drugs with various combinations of solubility and permeability, irrespective of the BCS category.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Zhang
- Clinical Pharmacology Research Center, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, NMPA Key Laboratory for Clinical Research and Evaluation of Drug, Beijing Key Laboratory of Clinical PK & PD Investigation for Innovative Drugs, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing100730, China
| | - Xiaofei Wu
- Clinical Pharmacology Research Center, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, NMPA Key Laboratory for Clinical Research and Evaluation of Drug, Beijing Key Laboratory of Clinical PK & PD Investigation for Innovative Drugs, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing100730, China
| | - Keheng Wu
- Yinghan Pharmaceutical Technology (Shanghai) Co., Ltd, Shanghai201100, China
| | - Mengyang Yu
- Clinical Pharmacology Research Center, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, NMPA Key Laboratory for Clinical Research and Evaluation of Drug, Beijing Key Laboratory of Clinical PK & PD Investigation for Innovative Drugs, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing100730, China
| | - Bo Liu
- Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan, Hubei430205, China
| | - Hongyun Wang
- Clinical Pharmacology Research Center, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, NMPA Key Laboratory for Clinical Research and Evaluation of Drug, Beijing Key Laboratory of Clinical PK & PD Investigation for Innovative Drugs, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing100730, China
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Liu H, Yu Y, Liu L, Wang C, Guo N, Wang X, Xiang X, Han B. Application of physiologically-based pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic models to evaluate the interaction between nifedipine and apatinib. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:970539. [PMID: 36091758 PMCID: PMC9462537 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.970539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: It has been found that the co-administration of nifedipine with apatinib could cause exposure changes of nifedipine in vivo. But, whether this pharmacokinetic drug-drug interaction (DDI) between nifedipine and apatinib could enhance the antihypertensive effect of nifedipine, causing sever changes of blood pressure was unknown. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to conduct the pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) modelling to evaluate the effect of pharmacokinetic changes on the antihypertensive effect of nifedipine. Thus, the results could guide the co-administration of these two drugs in clinic. Methods: A physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model was first developed for nifedipine. The pharmacokinetic DDI between nifedipine and apatinib was evaluated. Then the verified PBPK models were linked to a PD model for investigating whether the exposure changes of nifedipine could cause severe changes in blood pressure. Furthermore, the changes in blood pressure caused by combination with apatinib were also assessed in patients with hepatic impairment via the PBPK/PD models. Results: The predicted area under plasma concentration-time profile (AUC), maximum concentration (Cmax), area under effect-time profile (AUE), and maximum reduction in systolic blood pressure (Rmax) are all within 0.5–2.0-fold of the observed data, indicating that the PBPK/PD models for nifedipine are successfully established. The increases of predicted AUC and Cmax of nifedipine in the presence of apatinib are 1.73 and 1.41-fold, respectively. Co-administration of nifedipine with apatinib could cause exposure changes of nifedipine in vivo. However, the predicted AUE and Rmax changes of nifedipine in the presence to the absence of apatinib in cancer patients as well as in patients with hepatic impairment are all within 1.25-fold. The results indicate that the exposure changes of nifedipine caused by combination of apatinib has little effect on the changes of systolic blood pressure both in cancer patients and patients with hepatic impairment. Conclusion: The pharmacokinetic changes of nifedipine caused by co-administration with apatinib has little impact on the antihypertensive effect of nifedipine. Apatinib is unlikely to cause severe pharmacodynamic DDI via inhibition of CYP3A4. It is suggested that nifedipine could be used in combination with apatinib without dose adjustment in clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongrui Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, Minhang Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Hongrui Liu, ; Xiaoqiang Xiang, ; Bing Han,
| | - Yiqun Yu
- Department of Pharmacy, Minhang Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lu Liu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chunyan Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Minhang Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Nan Guo
- Department of Pharmacy, Minhang Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaojuan Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Minhang Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoqiang Xiang
- Department of Pharmacy, Minhang Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Hongrui Liu, ; Xiaoqiang Xiang, ; Bing Han,
| | - Bing Han
- Department of Pharmacy, Minhang Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Hongrui Liu, ; Xiaoqiang Xiang, ; Bing Han,
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Patel N, Clarke JF, Salem F, Abdulla T, Martins F, Arora S, Tsakalozou E, Hodgkinson A, Arjmandi-Tash O, Cristea S, Ghosh P, Alam K, Raney SG, Jamei M, Polak S. Multi-phase multi-layer mechanistic dermal absorption (MPML MechDermA) model to predict local and systemic exposure of drug products applied on skin. CPT Pharmacometrics Syst Pharmacol 2022; 11:1060-1084. [PMID: 35670226 PMCID: PMC9381913 DOI: 10.1002/psp4.12814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Physiologically-based pharmacokinetic models combine knowledge about physiology, drug product properties, such as physicochemical parameters, absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion characteristics, formulation attributes, and trial design or dosing regimen to mechanistically simulate drug pharmacokinetics (PK). The current work describes the development of a multiphase, multilayer mechanistic dermal absorption (MPML MechDermA) model within the Simcyp Simulator capable of simulating uptake and permeation of drugs through human skin following application of drug products to the skin. The model was designed to account for formulation characteristics as well as body site- and sex- population variability to predict local and systemic bioavailability. The present report outlines the structure and assumptions of the MPML MechDermA model and includes results from simulations comparing absorption at multiple body sites for two compounds, caffeine and benzoic acid, formulated as solutions. Finally, a model of the Feldene (piroxicam) topical gel, 0.5% was developed and assessed for its ability to predict both plasma and local skin concentrations when compared to in vivo PK data.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Eleftheria Tsakalozou
- Office of Research and Standards, Office of Generic Drugs, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | | | | | | | - Priyanka Ghosh
- Office of Research and Standards, Office of Generic Drugs, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Khondoker Alam
- Office of Research and Standards, Office of Generic Drugs, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Sam G Raney
- Office of Research and Standards, Office of Generic Drugs, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Sebastian Polak
- Simcyp Division, Certara UK, Sheffield, UK.,Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
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Integration of a Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Model for Tegoprazan and Its Metabolite: Application for Predicting Food Effect and Intragastric pH Alterations. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14061298. [PMID: 35745870 PMCID: PMC9230797 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14061298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
A physiologically based pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PBPK/PD) model for tegoprazan and its major metabolite M1 was developed to predict PK and PD profiles under various scenarios. The PBPK model for tegoprazan and M1 was developed and predicted using the SimCYP® simulator and verified using clinical study data obtained after a single administration of tegoprazan. The established PBPK/PD model was used to predict PK profiles after repeated administrations of tegoprazan, postprandial PK profiles, and intragastric pH changes. The predicted tegoprazan and M1 concentration-time profiles fit the observed profiles well. The arithmetic mean ratios (95% confidence intervals) of the predicted to observed values for the area under the curve (AUC0-24 h), maximum plasma drug concentration (Cmax), and clearance (CL) for tegoprazan and M1 were within a 30% interval. Delayed time of maximum concentration (Tmax) and decreased Cmax were predicted in the postprandial PK profiles compared with the fasted state. This PBPK/PD model may be used to predict PK profiles after repeated tegoprazan administrations and to predict differences in physiological factors in the gastrointestinal tract or changes in gastric acid pH after tegoprazan administration.
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10
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Developing Clinically Relevant Dissolution Specifications (CRDSs) for Oral Drug Products: Virtual Webinar Series. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14051010. [PMID: 35631595 PMCID: PMC9148161 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14051010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
A webinar series that was organised by the Academy of Pharmaceutical Sciences Biopharmaceutics focus group in 2021 focused on the challenges of developing clinically relevant dissolution specifications (CRDSs) for oral drug products. Industrial scientists, together with regulatory and academic scientists, came together through a series of six webinars, to discuss progress in the field, emerging trends, and areas for continued collaboration and harmonisation. Each webinar also hosted a Q&A session where participants could discuss the shared topic and information. Although it was clear from the presentations and Q&A sessions that we continue to make progress in the field of CRDSs and the utility/success of PBBM, there is also a need to continue the momentum and dialogue between the industry and regulators. Five key areas were identified which require further discussion and harmonisation.
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11
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Song Q, Jiang C, Wang C, Zhou L, Han Z, Sun N, Huang P, Wang D. Preparation and in Vitro Evaluation of Osmotic-Pump Lorcaserin-hydrochloride Controlled-Release Tablets. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2022; 70:202-210. [PMID: 35228384 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.c21-00788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Long-term and constant-release osmotic-pump lorcaserin hydrochloride controlled-release tablets (OP LH CRTs) were prepared, to investigate the influencing factors of LH release and optimize the formulation. The mechanism of release of LH from OP LH CRTs in vitro was investigated. By establishing a high-efficiency method for measuring LH release in vitro, and optimizing it by single-factor and orthogonal experiments, the best formulation of OP LH CRTs was determined. Then, the optimal prescription of OP LH CRTs was: LH = 20.8 mg; mannitol = 100 mg, microcrystalline cellulose = 125 mg; magnesium stearate = 5 mg; cellulose acetate = 3%; polyethylene glycol 400 = 10%; dibutyl phthalate = 10%; Wetting agent and binder was 3% polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP) K30 ethanol solution; aperture diameter = 0.8 mm; the coating gained 3% weight. And finally, prepared OP LH CRTs were released at a constant rate in vitro and sustained for 16 h with good reproducibility between batches. Using an orthogonal experimental design, OP LH CRTs with remarkable zero-order release characteristics within 16 h were obtained, and formulation optimization was realized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiqi Song
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine
| | - Chengjun Jiang
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine.,Shanghai Mosim Pharmaceutical Technology CO., LTD
| | - Chongyang Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine
| | - Li Zhou
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine
| | - Zhili Han
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine
| | - Nianxia Sun
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine
| | - Peng Huang
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine
| | - Dianlei Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine
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12
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Monié A, Franceschi S, Balayssac S, Malet-Martino M, Delample M, Perez E, Garrigues JC. Study of rapeseed oil gelation induced by commercial monoglycerides using a chemometric approach. Food Chem 2022; 369:130870. [PMID: 34455323 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.130870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 08/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Commercial oleogelators rich in monoglycerides (MGs) are complex mixtures of acylglycerides with variable gelling properties, depending on the oil used and their concentration. In this study we developed a chemometric approach to identify the key parameters involved in gelling process. Analytical parameters have been defined, using GC and NMR analysis to identify fatty acids and acylglycerides composing the mixtures. Specific acylglyceride families and compound ratios were calculated to streamline the analytical results. To determine the key analytical parameters, artificial neural networks were used in a QSPR study related to the gelling properties measured by rheology through oscillatory experiments. At low oleogelator concentrations, the MGs especially rich in C16:0 and the ratio of specific isomers both have a positive influence on G'. For high oleogelator concentrations, C18:0-rich acylglycerides and unsaturated/saturated fatty acid ratios have a positive influence on G'. Conversely, at low concentrations, C18:0-rich acylglycerides show a lesser effect on G'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélie Monié
- CRT AGIR, 37 Avenue Albert Schweitzer, BP 100 Talence Cedex, France; Laboratoire des IMRCP, Université de Toulouse, UMR 5623, 118 Route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse Cedex 9, France
| | - Sophie Franceschi
- Laboratoire des IMRCP, Université de Toulouse, UMR 5623, 118 Route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse Cedex 9, France
| | - Stéphane Balayssac
- Laboratoire des IMRCP, Université de Toulouse, UMR 5623, 118 Route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse Cedex 9, France; Groupe de RMN Biomédicale, Laboratoire de Synthèse et Physicochimie de Molécules d'Intérêt Biologique, UMR CNRS 5068, Université de Toulouse, 118 Route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse Cedex 9, France
| | - Myriam Malet-Martino
- Groupe de RMN Biomédicale, Laboratoire de Synthèse et Physicochimie de Molécules d'Intérêt Biologique, UMR CNRS 5068, Université de Toulouse, 118 Route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse Cedex 9, France
| | - Mathieu Delample
- CRT AGIR, 37 Avenue Albert Schweitzer, BP 100 Talence Cedex, France
| | - Emile Perez
- Laboratoire des IMRCP, Université de Toulouse, UMR 5623, 118 Route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse Cedex 9, France
| | - Jean-Christophe Garrigues
- Laboratoire des IMRCP, Université de Toulouse, UMR 5623, 118 Route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse Cedex 9, France.
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Bego M, Patel N, Cristofoletti R, Rostami-Hodjegan A. Proof of Concept in Assignment of Within-Subject Variability During Virtual Bioequivalence Studies: Propagation of Intra-Subject Variation in Gastrointestinal Physiology Using Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling. AAPS J 2022; 24:21. [PMID: 34988679 PMCID: PMC8817238 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-021-00672-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
While the concept of ‘Virtual Bioequivalence’ (VBE) using a combination of modelling, in vitro tests and integration of pre-existing data on systems and drugs is growing from its infancy, building confidence on VBE outcomes requires demonstration of its ability not only in predicting formulation-dependent systemic exposure but also the expected degree of population variability. The concept of variation influencing the outcome of BE, despite being hidden with the cross-over nature of common BE studies, becomes evident when dealing with the acceptance criteria that consider the 90% confidence interval (CI) around the relative bioavailability. Hence, clinical studies comparing a reference product against itself may fail due to within-subject variations associated with the two occasions that the individual receives the same formulation. In this proof-of-concept study, we offer strategies to capture the most realistic predictions of CI around the pharmacokinetic parameters by propagating physiological variations through physiologically based pharmacokinetic modelling. The exercise indicates feasibility of the approach based on comparisons made between the simulated and observed WSV of pharmacokinetic parameters tested for a clinical bioequivalence case study. However, it also indicates that capturing WSV of a large array of physiological parameters using backward translation modelling from repeated BE studies of reference products would require a diverse set of drugs and formulations. The current case study of delayed-release formulation of posaconazole was able to declare certain combinations of WSV of physiological parameters as ‘not plausible’. The eliminated sets of WSV values would be applicable to PBPK models of other drugs and formulations. Graphical Abstract ![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Margareta Bego
- Agency for Medicinal Products and Medical Devices (HALMED), Zagreb, Croatia. .,Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research (CAPKR), School of Health Sciences, University of Manchester, Stopford Building, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK.
| | - Nikunjkumar Patel
- Certara UK Limited, Simcyp Division, 1 Concourse Way, Sheffield, S1 2BJ, UK
| | - Rodrigo Cristofoletti
- Center for Pharmacometrics and Systems Pharmacology, Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Orlando, Florida, USA
| | - Amin Rostami-Hodjegan
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research (CAPKR), School of Health Sciences, University of Manchester, Stopford Building, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK.,Certara UK Limited, Simcyp Division, 1 Concourse Way, Sheffield, S1 2BJ, UK
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14
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Masada T, Takagi T, Minami K, Kataoka M, Izutsu KI, Matsui K, Yamashita S. Bioequivalence of Oral Drug Products in the Healthy and Special Populations: Assessment and Prediction Using a Newly Developed In Vitro System "BE Checker". Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13081136. [PMID: 34452100 PMCID: PMC8398564 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13081136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to assess and predict the bioequivalence (BE) of oral drug products, a new in vitro system "BE checker" was developed, which reproduced the environmental changes in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract by changing the pH, composition, and volume of the medium in a single chamber. The dissolution and membrane permeation profiles of drugs from marketed products were observed in the BE checker under various conditions reflecting the inter-patient variations of the GI physiology. As variable factors, initial gastric pH, gastric emptying time, and GI agitation strength were varied in vitro. Dipyridamole, a basic drug, showed rapid and supersaturated dissolution when the paddle speed in the donor chamber was 200 rpm, which corresponds to the high agitation strength in the stomach. In contrast, supersaturated dissolution disappeared, and the permeated amount decreased under the conditions with a slow paddle speed (100 and 50 rpm) and short gastric emptying time (10 min). In those conditions, disintegration of the formulation was delayed, and the subsequent dissolution of dipyridamole was not completed before the fluid pH was changed to neutral. Similar results were obtained when the initial gastric pH was increased to 3.0, 5.0, and 6.5. To investigate that those factors also affect the BE of oral drug products, dissolution and permeation of naftopidil from its ordinary and orally disintegrating (OD) tablets were observed in the BE checker. Both products showed the similar dissolution profiles when the paddle speed and gastric emptying time were set to 100 rpm and 10 or 20 min, respectively. However, at a low paddle speed (50 rpm), the dissolution of naftopidil from ordinary tablets was slower than that from the OD tablets, and the permeation profiles became dissimilar. These results indicated the possibility of the bioinequivalence of some oral formulations in special patients whose GI physiologies are different from those in the healthy subjects. The BE checker can be a highly capable in vitro tool to assess the BE of oral drug products in various populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takato Masada
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Setsunan University, Osaka 573-0101, Japan; (T.M.); (T.T.); (K.M.); (M.K.)
| | - Toshihide Takagi
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Setsunan University, Osaka 573-0101, Japan; (T.M.); (T.T.); (K.M.); (M.K.)
| | - Keiko Minami
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Setsunan University, Osaka 573-0101, Japan; (T.M.); (T.T.); (K.M.); (M.K.)
| | - Makoto Kataoka
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Setsunan University, Osaka 573-0101, Japan; (T.M.); (T.T.); (K.M.); (M.K.)
| | - Ken-ichi Izutsu
- National Institute of Health Sciences, Kanagawa 210-9501, Japan;
| | - Kazuki Matsui
- Sawai Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Osaka 532-0003, Japan;
| | - Shinji Yamashita
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Setsunan University, Osaka 573-0101, Japan; (T.M.); (T.T.); (K.M.); (M.K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-72-866-3125
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15
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Tsakalozou E, Alam K, Babiskin A, Zhao L. Physiologically-Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling to Support Determination of Bioequivalence for Dermatological Drug Products: Scientific and Regulatory Considerations. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2021; 111:1036-1049. [PMID: 34231211 DOI: 10.1002/cpt.2356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling and simulation provides mechanism-based predictions of the pharmacokinetics of an active ingredient following its administration in humans. Dermal PBPK models describe the skin permeation and disposition of the active ingredient following the application of a dermatological product on the skin of virtual healthy and diseased human subjects. These models take into account information on product quality attributes, physicochemical properties of the active ingredient and skin (patho)physiology, and their interplay with each other. Regulatory and product development decision makers can leverage these quantitative tools to identify factors impacting local and systemic exposure. In the realm of generic drug products, the number of US Food and Drug Administratioin (FDA) interactions that use dermal PBPK modeling to support alternative bioequivalence (BE) approaches is increasing. In this report, we share scientific considerations on the development, verification and validation (V&V), and application of PBPK models within the context of a virtual BE assessment for dermatological drug products. We discuss the challenges associated with model V&V for these drug products stemming from the fact that target-site active ingredient concentrations are typically not measurable. Additionally, there are no established relationships between local and systemic PK profiles, when the latter are quantifiable. To that end, we detail a multilevel model V&V approach involving validation for the model of the drug product of interest coupled with the overall assessment of the modeling platform in use while leveraging in vitro and in vivo data related to local and systemic bioavailability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleftheria Tsakalozou
- Division of Quantitative Methods and Modeling (DQMM), Office of Research and Standards (ORS), Office of Generic Drugs (OGD), Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (CDER), US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Khondoker Alam
- Division of Quantitative Methods and Modeling (DQMM), Office of Research and Standards (ORS), Office of Generic Drugs (OGD), Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (CDER), US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Andrew Babiskin
- Division of Quantitative Methods and Modeling (DQMM), Office of Research and Standards (ORS), Office of Generic Drugs (OGD), Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (CDER), US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Liang Zhao
- Division of Quantitative Methods and Modeling (DQMM), Office of Research and Standards (ORS), Office of Generic Drugs (OGD), Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (CDER), US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
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16
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In Silico Modeling and Simulation to Guide Bioequivalence Testing for Oral Drugs in a Virtual Population. Clin Pharmacokinet 2021; 60:1373-1385. [PMID: 34191255 DOI: 10.1007/s40262-021-01045-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Model-informed drug discovery and development (MID3) shows great advantages in facilitating drug development. A physiologically based pharmacokinetic model is one of the powerful computational approaches of MID3, and the emerging field of virtual bioequivalence is well recognized to be the future of the physiologically based pharmacokinetic model. Based on the translational link between in vitro, in silico, and in vivo, virtual bioequivalence study can evaluate the similarity and potential difference of pharmacokinetic and clinical performance between test and reference formulations. With the aid of virtual bioequivalence study, the pivotal information of clinical trials can be provided to streamline the development for both new and generic drugs. However, a regulatory framework of virtual bioequivalence study has not reached its full maturity. Therefore, this article aims to present an overview of the current status of bioequivalence study, identify the framework of virtual bioequivalence studies for oral drugs, and also discuss the future opportunities of virtual bioequivalence in supporting the waiver and optimization of in vivo clinical trials.
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17
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Kollipara S, Ahmed T, Bhattiprolu AK, Chachad S. In vitro and In silico biopharmaceutic regulatory guidelines for generic bioequivalence for oral products: Comparison among various regulatory agencies. Biopharm Drug Dispos 2021; 42:297-318. [PMID: 34019712 DOI: 10.1002/bdd.2292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Generic drug development is a complex process that involves development of formulation similar to reference product. Because of the complexity associated with generic drug development, many regulatory agencies have come up with various guidelines. Out of many guidelines, the biopharmaceutics classification system that was introduced in 1995 based on aqueous solubility and permeability helped many pharmaceutical scientists across the globe to utilize the tool for formulation development, waiver of in vivo studies. Later on in vitro guidelines based on dissolution and in vitro in vivo correlation were introduced by many regulatory agencies with an intent to reduce number of in vivo human testing thereby facilitating shorter development time and faster approvals and launch. Most recently, understanding the importance in silico approaches such as physiologically based pharmacokinetic modelling, regulatory agencies such as United States Food and Drug Administration (USFDA) and European Middle East and Africa (EMA) came up with modelling guidance documents. Even though consensus exists between guidance documents from various regulatory agencies, still there are many minor to major differences exists between these guidance documents that needs to be considered while submitting a generic drug application. This review aims to compare all the in vitro and in silico guidance documents from major regulatory agencies with emphasis on latest trends and technologies combined with regulatory acceptability with an intention to harmonize regulations. Guidance documents from major regulatory agencies such as USFDA, EMA, World Health Organization, International Council for Harmonization and other emerging markets were compared. Similarities &differences among these guidance documents are critically reviewed to provide the reader a detailed overview of these guidance documents at one place.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sivacharan Kollipara
- Biopharmaceutics Group, Global Clinical Management, Dr. Reddy's Laboratories Ltd., Integrated Product Development Organization (IPDO), Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Tausif Ahmed
- Biopharmaceutics Group, Global Clinical Management, Dr. Reddy's Laboratories Ltd., Integrated Product Development Organization (IPDO), Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Adithya Karthik Bhattiprolu
- Biopharmaceutics Group, Global Clinical Management, Dr. Reddy's Laboratories Ltd., Integrated Product Development Organization (IPDO), Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Siddharth Chachad
- Biopharmaceutics Group, Global Clinical Management, Dr. Reddy's Laboratories Ltd., Integrated Product Development Organization (IPDO), Hyderabad, Telangana, India
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18
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Wu F, Cristofoletti R, Zhao L, Rostami‐Hodjegan A. Scientific considerations to move towards biowaiver for biopharmaceutical classification system class III drugs: How modeling and simulation can help. Biopharm Drug Dispos 2021; 42:118-127. [DOI: 10.1002/bdd.2274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fang Wu
- Division of Quantitative Methods and Modeling Office of Research and Standards Office of Generic Drugs Center for Drug Evaluation and Research U.S. Food and Drug Administration Silver Spring Maryland USA
| | - Rodrigo Cristofoletti
- Department of Pharmaceutics Center for Pharmacometrics and Systems Pharmacology College of Pharmacy University of Florida Orlando Florida USA
| | - Liang Zhao
- Division of Quantitative Methods and Modeling Office of Research and Standards Office of Generic Drugs Center for Drug Evaluation and Research U.S. Food and Drug Administration Silver Spring Maryland USA
| | - Amin Rostami‐Hodjegan
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research University of Manchester Manchester UK
- Certara UK Limited Sheffield UK
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19
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Vinarov Z, Abrahamsson B, Artursson P, Batchelor H, Berben P, Bernkop-Schnürch A, Butler J, Ceulemans J, Davies N, Dupont D, Flaten GE, Fotaki N, Griffin BT, Jannin V, Keemink J, Kesisoglou F, Koziolek M, Kuentz M, Mackie A, Meléndez-Martínez AJ, McAllister M, Müllertz A, O'Driscoll CM, Parrott N, Paszkowska J, Pavek P, Porter CJH, Reppas C, Stillhart C, Sugano K, Toader E, Valentová K, Vertzoni M, De Wildt SN, Wilson CG, Augustijns P. Current challenges and future perspectives in oral absorption research: An opinion of the UNGAP network. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 171:289-331. [PMID: 33610694 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Although oral drug delivery is the preferred administration route and has been used for centuries, modern drug discovery and development pipelines challenge conventional formulation approaches and highlight the insufficient mechanistic understanding of processes critical to oral drug absorption. This review presents the opinion of UNGAP scientists on four key themes across the oral absorption landscape: (1) specific patient populations, (2) regional differences in the gastrointestinal tract, (3) advanced formulations and (4) food-drug interactions. The differences of oral absorption in pediatric and geriatric populations, the specific issues in colonic absorption, the formulation approaches for poorly water-soluble (small molecules) and poorly permeable (peptides, RNA etc.) drugs, as well as the vast realm of food effects, are some of the topics discussed in detail. The identified controversies and gaps in the current understanding of gastrointestinal absorption-related processes are used to create a roadmap for the future of oral drug absorption research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahari Vinarov
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Sofia University, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Bertil Abrahamsson
- Oral Product Development, Pharmaceutical Technology & Development, Operations, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Per Artursson
- Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Hannah Batchelor
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Philippe Berben
- Pharmaceutical Development, UCB Pharma SA, Braine- l'Alleud, Belgium
| | - Andreas Bernkop-Schnürch
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - James Butler
- GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development, Ware, United Kingdom
| | | | - Nigel Davies
- Advanced Drug Delivery, Pharmaceutical Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | | | - Gøril Eide Flaten
- Department of Pharmacy, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Nikoletta Fotaki
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Martin Kuentz
- Institute for Pharma Technology, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Alan Mackie
- School of Food Science & Nutrition, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Anette Müllertz
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | | | | | - Petr Pavek
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | | | - Christos Reppas
- Department of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Kiyohiko Sugano
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Shiga, Japan
| | - Elena Toader
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Iasi, Romania
| | - Kateřina Valentová
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Maria Vertzoni
- Department of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Saskia N De Wildt
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Clive G Wilson
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Patrick Augustijns
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
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20
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Ammar HO, Ghorab MM, Saleh MS, Ghoneim AM. Olanzapine Mesoporous Nanostructured Lipid Carrier: Optimization, Characterization, In Vivo Assessment, and Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling. IEEE Trans Nanobioscience 2021; 20:166-174. [PMID: 33493118 DOI: 10.1109/tnb.2021.3052080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
A promising approach has been emerging to enhance dissolution of hydrophobicdrugsby encapsulation in mesoporous silica materials. Olanzapine is a practically insoluble antipsychotic drug which is subjected to excessive first pass effect and shows inadequate oral bioavailability. Therefore, mesoporous silica was used to improve bioavailability of olanzapine incorporated in nano-structured lipid carriers (NLCs). These systems were characterized for their particle size, polydispersity index (PDI), zeta potential, entrapment efficiency (EE) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) as well asits release profile. The optimized mesoporous NLC system displayed nano-spherical particles (120.56 nm), possessed high entrapment efficiency (88.46%) and the highest percentage of drug released after six hours (75.13%). The biological performance of the optimized system was assessed in comparison with the drug suspension in healthy albino rabbits. The optimized system showed significantly (P < 0.05) prolonged MRT (8.47 h), higher Cmax (22.12± 0.40 ng/ml) and Tmax (2.0 h) values compared to drug suspension. Physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model was simulated and verified. All the predicted results were within 0.6 and 1-fold of the reported data. To set a conclusion, in vitro results as well as in vivo pharmacokinetic study and PBPK data showed an enhancement in bioavailability of the optimized NLCs system over the plain drug suspension. These results proved the potentiality of incorporating olanzapine in mesoporous NLC for a significant improvement in oral bioavailability of olanzapine.
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21
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Tsakalozou E, Babiskin A, Zhao L. Physiologically-based pharmacokinetic modeling to support bioequivalence and approval of generic products: A case for diclofenac sodium topical gel, 1. CPT-PHARMACOMETRICS & SYSTEMS PHARMACOLOGY 2021; 10:399-411. [PMID: 33547863 PMCID: PMC8129718 DOI: 10.1002/psp4.12600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Establishing bioequivalence (BE) for dermatological drug products by conducting comparative clinical end point studies can be costly and the studies may not be sufficiently sensitive to detect certain formulation differences. Quantitative methods and modeling, such as physiologically‐based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling, can support alternative BE approaches with reduced or no human testing. To enable PBPK modeling for regulatory decision making, models should be sufficiently verified and validated (V&V) for the intended purpose. This report illustrates the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval of a generic diclofenac sodium topical gel that was based on a totality of evidence, including qualitative and quantitative sameness and physical and structural similarity to the reference product, an in vivo BE study with PK end points, and, more importantly, for the purposes of this report, a virtual BE assessment leveraging dermal PBPK modeling and simulation instead of a comparative clinical end point study in patients. The modeling approach characterized the relationship between systemic (plasma) and local (skin and synovial fluid) diclofenac exposure and demonstrated BE between the generic and reference products at the presumed site of action. Based on the fit‐for‐purpose modeling principle, the V&V process involved assessing observed data of diclofenac concentrations in skin tissues and plasma, and the overall performance of the modeling platform for relevant products. Using this case as an example, this report provides current scientific considerations on good practices for model V&V and the establishment of BE for dermatological drug products when leveraging PBPK modeling and simulation for regulatory decision making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleftheria Tsakalozou
- Division of Quantitative Methods and Modeling (DQMM), Office of Research and Standards (ORS), Office of Generic Drugs (OGD), Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (CDER), US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Andrew Babiskin
- Division of Quantitative Methods and Modeling (DQMM), Office of Research and Standards (ORS), Office of Generic Drugs (OGD), Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (CDER), US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Liang Zhao
- Division of Quantitative Methods and Modeling (DQMM), Office of Research and Standards (ORS), Office of Generic Drugs (OGD), Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (CDER), US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
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22
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Farhan N, Cristofoletti R, Basu S, Kim S, Lingineni K, Jiang S, Brown JD, Fang LL, Lesko LJ, Schmidt S. Physiologically-based pharmacokinetics modeling to investigate formulation factors influencing the generic substitution of dabigatran etexilate. CPT-PHARMACOMETRICS & SYSTEMS PHARMACOLOGY 2021; 10:199-210. [PMID: 33449439 PMCID: PMC7965836 DOI: 10.1002/psp4.12589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The exposure‐response relationship of direct acting oral anti‐coagulants (DOACs) for bleeding risk is steep relative to ischemic stroke reduction. As a result, small changes in exposure may lead to bleeding events. The overall goal of this project was to determine the effect of critical formulation parameters on the pharmacokinetics (PKs) and thus safety and efficacy of generic DOACs. In this first installment of our overall finding, we developed and verified a physiologically‐based PK (PBPK) model for dabigatran etexilate (DABE) and its metabolites. The model was developed following a middle out approach leveraging available in vitro and in vivo data. External validity of the model was confirmed by overlapping predicted and observed PK profiles for DABE as well as free and total dabigatran for a dataset not used during model development. The verified model was applied to interrogate the impact of modulating the microenvironment pH on DABE systemic exposure. The PBPK exploratory analyses highlighted the high sensitivity of DABE exposure to supersaturation ratio and precipitation kinetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nashid Farhan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Center for Pharmacometrics and Systems Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Orlando, Florida, USA
| | - Rodrigo Cristofoletti
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Center for Pharmacometrics and Systems Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Orlando, Florida, USA
| | - Sumit Basu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Center for Pharmacometrics and Systems Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Orlando, Florida, USA
| | - Sarah Kim
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Center for Pharmacometrics and Systems Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Orlando, Florida, USA
| | - Karthik Lingineni
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Center for Pharmacometrics and Systems Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Orlando, Florida, USA
| | - Sibo Jiang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Center for Pharmacometrics and Systems Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Orlando, Florida, USA
| | - Joshua D Brown
- Department of Pharmaceutical Outcomes and Policy, Center for Drug Evaluation and Safety, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Lanyan Lucy Fang
- Office of Research and Standards, Office of Generic Drugs, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Lawrence J Lesko
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Center for Pharmacometrics and Systems Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Orlando, Florida, USA
| | - Stephan Schmidt
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Center for Pharmacometrics and Systems Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Orlando, Florida, USA
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Niu W, Li S, Jin S, Lin X, Zhang M, Cai W, Jiao Z, Xiang X. Investigating the interaction between nifedipine- and ritonavir-containing antiviral regimens: A physiologically based pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic analysis. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2020; 87:2790-2806. [PMID: 33269470 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.14684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 10/31/2020] [Accepted: 11/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS Hypertension is a common comorbidity of patients with COVID-19, SARS or HIV infection. Such patients are often concomitantly treated with antiviral and antihypertensive agents, including ritonavir and nifedipine. Since ritonavir is a strong inhibitor of CYP3A and nifedipine is mainly metabolized via CYP3A, the combination of ritonavir and nifedipine can potentially cause drug-drug interactions. This study provides guidance on nifedipine treatment during and after coadministration with ritonavir-containing regimens, using a physiologically based pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PBPK/PD) analysis. METHODS The PBPK/PD models for 3 formations of nifedipine were developed based on the Simcyp nifedipine model and the models were verified using published data. The effects of ritonavir on nifedipine exposure and systolic blood pressure (SBP) were assessed for instant-release, sustained-release and controlled-release formulations in patients. Various nifedipine regimens were investigated when coadministered with or without ritonavir. RESULTS PBPK/PD models for 3 formulations of nifedipine were successfully established. The predicted maximum concentration (Cmax ), area under plasma concentration-time curve (AUC), maximum reduction in SBP and area under effect-time curve were all within 0.5-2.0-fold of the observed data. Model simulations showed that the inhibitory effect of ritonavir on CYP3A4 increased the Cmax of nifedipine 17.92-48.85-fold and the AUC 63.30-84.01-fold at steady state and decreased the SBP by >40 mmHg. Thus, the combination of nifedipine and ritonavir could lead to severe hypotension. CONCLUSION Ritonavir significantly affects the pharmacokinetics and antihypertensive effect of nifedipine. It is not recommended for patients to take nifedipine- and ritonavir-containing regimens simultaneously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanjie Niu
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No. 241 West Huaihai Road, Shanghai, 200030, China.,Department of Pharmacy, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Size Li
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Drug Administration, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Shasha Jin
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Drug Administration, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Xiying Lin
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Drug Administration, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Mengwan Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No. 241 West Huaihai Road, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Weimin Cai
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Drug Administration, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Zheng Jiao
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No. 241 West Huaihai Road, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Xiaoqiang Xiang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Drug Administration, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201203, China
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Loisios-Konstantinidis I, Dressman J. Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic/Pharmacodynamic Modeling to Support Waivers of In Vivo Clinical Studies: Current Status, Challenges, and Opportunities. Mol Pharm 2020; 18:1-17. [PMID: 33320002 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.0c00903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Physiologically based pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PBPK/PD) modeling has been extensively applied to quantitatively translate in vitro data, predict the in vivo performance, and ultimately support waivers of in vivo clinical studies. In the area of biopharmaceutics and within the context of model-informed drug discovery and development (MID3), there is a rapidly growing interest in applying verified and validated mechanistic PBPK models to waive in vivo clinical studies. However, the regulatory acceptance of PBPK analyses for biopharmaceutics and oral drug absorption applications, which is also referred to variously as "PBPK absorption modeling" [Zhang et al. CPT: Pharmacometrics Syst. Pharmacol. 2017, 6, 492], "physiologically based absorption modeling", or "physiologically based biopharmaceutics modeling" (PBBM), remains rather low [Kesisoglou et al. J. Pharm. Sci. 2016, 105, 2723] [Heimbach et al. AAPS J. 2019, 21, 29]. Despite considerable progress in the understanding of gastrointestinal (GI) physiology, in vitro biopharmaceutic and in silico tools, PBPK models for oral absorption often suffer from an incomplete understanding of the physiology, overparameterization, and insufficient model validation and/or platform verification, all of which can represent limitations to their translatability and predictive performance. The complex interactions of drug substances and (bioenabling) formulations with the highly dynamic and heterogeneous environment of the GI tract in different age, ethnic, and genetic groups as well as disease states have not been yet fully elucidated, and they deserve further research. Along with advancements in the understanding of GI physiology and refinement of current or development of fully mechanistic in silico tools, we strongly believe that harmonization, interdisciplinary interaction, and enhancement of the translational link between in vitro, in silico, and in vivo will determine the future of PBBM. This Perspective provides an overview of the current status of PBBM, reflects on challenges and knowledge gaps, and discusses future opportunities around PBPK/PD models for oral absorption of small and large molecules to waive in vivo clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jennifer Dressman
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main 60438, Germany.,Fraunhofer Institute of Translational Pharmacology and Medicine (ITMP), Carl-von-Noorden Platz 9, Frankfurt am Main 60438, Germany
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25
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Zhang F, Zhou Y, Wu N, Jia R, Liu A, Liu B, Zhou Z, Hu H, Han Z, Ye X, Ding Y, He Q, Wang H. In silico prediction of bioequivalence of Isosorbide Mononitrate tablets with different dissolution profiles using PBPK modeling and simulation. Eur J Pharm Sci 2020; 157:105618. [PMID: 33122011 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2020.105618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
AIM The waiver of bioequivalence (BE) studies is well accepted for Biopharmaceutics Classification System (BCS) class I drugs in form of immediate-release solid oral products. This study aimed to assess whether the rapid dissolution profiles (≥85% in 30 min) was crucial to guarantee bioequivalence of isosorbide mononitrate (ISMN) and then established a clinically relevant dissolution specification (CRDS) for screening BE or non-BE batches. METHOD A physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model was constructed by integrating clinical and non-clinical data by B2O simulator. The model was verified by an actual clinical study (NMPA registration number: CTR20191360) with 28 healthy Chinese subjects. Then a virtual BE study was simulated to evaluate the bioequivalence of 7 virtual batches of ISMN tablets with different dissolution profiles, and the CRDS was established by integrating the results. RESULT The simulated PK behavior of ISMN was comparable to the observed. Even though the batches with slower dissolution were not equivalent to a rapid dissolution profile (≥85% in 30 min), it was demonstrated these batches would exhibit the similar in vivo performance. Meanwhile, the in vitro dissolution specification time point and the percentage of drug release (75% in 45 min) proved to have clinical relevance. CONCLUSION The virtual BE simulation by integrating in vitro dissolution profiles into the PBPK model provided a powerful tool for screening formulations, contributing to gaining time and reducing costs in BE evaluations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Zhang
- Clinical Pharmacology Research Center, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Yinping Zhou
- Clinical Pharmacology Research Center, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Ni Wu
- Clinical Pharmacology Research Center, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Ranran Jia
- Clinical Pharmacology Research Center, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Aijing Liu
- Clinical Pharmacology Research Center, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Bo Liu
- Wuhan Institute of Technology, Hubei 430205, China
| | - Zhou Zhou
- Livzon Pharmaceutical Group Inc, Guangdong 519020, China
| | - Haitang Hu
- Livzon Pharmaceutical Group Inc, Guangdong 519020, China
| | - Zhihui Han
- Livzon Pharmaceutical Group Inc, Guangdong 519020, China
| | - Xiang Ye
- Hubei Yinghan Pharmaceutical Technology Co., Ltd, Hubei 435000, China
| | - Ying Ding
- Wuxi People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu 214023, China
| | - Qing He
- Wuxi People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu 214023, China
| | - Hongyun Wang
- Clinical Pharmacology Research Center, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing 100730, China.
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Parrott N, Suarez-Sharp S, Kesisoglou F, Pathak SM, Good D, Wagner C, Dallmann A, Mullin J, Patel N, Riedmaier AE, Mitra A, Raines K, Butler J, Kakhi M, Li M, Zhao Y, Tsakalozou E, Flanagan T, Dressman J, Pepin X. Best Practices in the Development and Validation of Physiologically Based Biopharmaceutics Modeling. A Workshop Summary Report. J Pharm Sci 2020; 110:584-593. [PMID: 33058891 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2020.09.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
This workshop report summarizes the proceedings of Day 2 of a three-day workshop on "Current State and Future Expectations of Translational Modeling Strategies toSupportDrug Product Development, Manufacturing Changes and Controls". From a drug product quality perspective, physiologically based biopharmaceutics modeling (PBBM) is a tool to link variations in the drug product quality attributes to in vivo outcomes enabling the establishment of clinically relevant drug product specifications (CRDPS). Day 2 of the workshop focused on best practices in developing, verifying and validating PBBM. This manuscript gives an overview of podium presentations and summarizes breakout (BO) session discussions related to (1) challenges and opportunities for using PBBM to assess the clinical impact of formulation and manufacturing changes on the in vivo performance of a drug product, (2) best practices to account for parameter uncertainty and variability during model development, (3) best practices in the development, verification and validation of PBBM and (4) opportunities and knowledge gaps related to leveraging PBBM for virtual bioequivalence simulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil Parrott
- Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd. Grenzacherstrasse 124, CH-4070 Basel, Switzerland.
| | | | | | | | - David Good
- Biopharmaceutics, Bristol-Myers Squibb, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Christian Wagner
- Pharmaceutical Technologies, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Development, Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - André Dallmann
- Clinical Pharmacometrics, Research & Development, Pharmaceuticals, Bayer AG, Leverkusen, Germany
| | - James Mullin
- Simulations Plus Inc., 42505 10th Street West, Lancaster, CA 93534, USA
| | | | | | - Amitava Mitra
- Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacometrics, Janssen Research & Development, Spring House, PA, USA
| | - Kimberly Raines
- Division of Biopharmaceutics, Office of New Drug Products, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality (OPQ), Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - James Butler
- Biopharmaceutics, Drug Product Design & Dev, GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Ware, UK
| | - Maziar Kakhi
- Division of Product Quality Research, Office of Testing and Research, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Min Li
- Division of Biopharmaceutics, Office of New Drug Products, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality (OPQ), Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Yang Zhao
- Division of Biopharmaceutics, Office of New Drug Products, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality (OPQ), Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Eleftheria Tsakalozou
- Division of Quantitative Methods and Modeling, Office of Research and Standards, Office of Generic Drugs, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Talia Flanagan
- Pharmaceutical Development, UCB Pharma SA, Braine l'Alleud, Belgium
| | - Jennifer Dressman
- Fraunhofer Institute of Translational Medicine and Pharmacology, Carl-von-Noorden-Platz 9, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Xavier Pepin
- New Modalities and Parenteral Development, Pharmaceutical Technology & Development, Operations, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield, UK
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Jamei M, Abrahamsson B, Brown J, Bevernage J, Bolger MB, Heimbach T, Karlsson E, Kotzagiorgis E, Lindahl A, McAllister M, Mullin JM, Pepin X, Tistaert C, Turner DB, Kesisoglou F. Current status and future opportunities for incorporation of dissolution data in PBPK modeling for pharmaceutical development and regulatory applications: OrBiTo consortium commentary. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2020; 155:55-68. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2020.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Revised: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Jereb R, Kristl A, Mitra A. Prediction of fasted and fed bioequivalence for immediate release drug products using physiologically based biopharmaceutics modeling (PBBM). Eur J Pharm Sci 2020; 155:105554. [PMID: 32946959 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2020.105554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Bioequivalence studies are an integral part of clinical pharmacology strategy for drug development. Physiologically based biopharmaceutics modeling (PBBM) can be a helpful tool to assess potential bioequivalence risks and predict the outcome of bioequivalence studies. In this study, GastroPlus™ was used for virtual bioequivalence (VBE) assessment of 6 case studies which includes four BCS 2, and one each of BCS 1 and 3 molecules. The purpose was to investigate if bioequivalence in fed state can be accurately predicted based on model developed on data from bioequivalence study in fasted state and known food effect from clinical studies. Our results show that we were able to successfully predict passing (5 cases) and failed (1 case) bioequivalence studies. Ultimately, if there is confidence in such models, a case can be made to waive fed bioequivalence study, on a case-by-case basis (e.g. for BCS class 1 and 2 molecules with known food effect mechanism, reliable estimate of human pharmacokinetic parameters, and available in vivo data in fasted state for model verification). This has the potential to reduce clinical burden in drug development, increase confidence in pivotal BE studies and support regulatory applications such as justify waiving of BE study for Scale-Up and Post Approval Changes (SUPAC). Hence VBE can significantly reduce time and cost of drug development, as well as minimize drug exposure to healthy volunteers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebeka Jereb
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Albin Kristl
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Amitava Mitra
- Clinical Development, Sandoz Inc (A Novartis Division), Princeton, NJ, USA; Clinical Pharmacology & Pharmacometrics, Janssen R&D, Spring House, PA, USA.
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29
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Chen F, Liu H, Wang B, Yang Z, Chen Y, Yang L, Wang B, Jiao Z, Lin HS, Quan Y, Wang H, Xiang X. Evaluation of the Impacts of Formulation Parameters on the Pharmacokinetics and Bioequivalence of Risperidone Orodispersible Film: a Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling Approach. AAPS PharmSciTech 2020; 21:245. [PMID: 32856178 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-020-01728-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the impacts of the formulation parameters on the pharmacokinetics and bioequivalence of risperidone orodispersible film (ODF) using physiologically based pharmacokinetic model. The pharmacokinetic profiles of two risperidone ODFs, which exhibit different in vitro dissolution, were examined in Beagle dogs after supralingual administration. Subsequently, a physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model was constructed to evaluate the in vivo performance of risperidone ODF. The parameter sensitivity analysis (PSA) was used to access the impacts of formulation parameters on the pharmacokinetics of risperidone. Moreover, the validated PBPK model was applied to predict human pharmacokinetic profiles and examine the bioequivalence of these two ODFs. These two ODFs displayed similar risperidone pharmacokinetic profiles in dogs. The parameter sensitivity analysis indicated that the changes in the solubility, particle size, particle density, and diffusion coefficient did not have obvious influence on the in vivo properties of risperidone ODF. Alternation of the in vitro complete dissolution time in water from 15 to 30 min led to a 30% decrease in Cmax and 20% of increase in Tmax. AUC0-∞ would be decreased if risperidone was not fully released within 1 h. As both ODFs completely released risperidone within 15 min, the difference in the extent of in vivo absorption, intestinal regional absorption location, and plasma concentration-time curves between these two ODFs was almost negligible. Consequently, a bioequivalence was foreseen in humans. The in vitro cumulative dissolution percentage in water at 15 min was found to be the major determinant on the in vivo properties of risperidone ODF. PBPK modeling appears to be an innovative strategy to guide the development of risperidone ODF.
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Six years of progress in the oral biopharmaceutics area – A summary from the IMI OrBiTo project. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2020; 152:236-247. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2020.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Loisios-Konstantinidis I, Cristofoletti R, Fotaki N, Turner DB, Dressman J. Establishing virtual bioequivalence and clinically relevant specifications using in vitro biorelevant dissolution testing and physiologically-based population pharmacokinetic modeling. case example: Naproxen. Eur J Pharm Sci 2020; 143:105170. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2019.105170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Revised: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Bransford P, Cook J, Gupta M, Haertter S, He H, Ju R, Kanodia J, Lennernäs H, Lindley D, Polli JE, Wenning L, Wu Y. ICH M9 Guideline in Development on Biopharmaceutics Classification System-Based Biowaivers: An Industrial Perspective from the IQ Consortium. Mol Pharm 2020; 17:361-372. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.9b01062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Philip Bransford
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated, 50 Northern Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Jack Cook
- Clinical Pharmacology Department, Global Product Development, Pfizer, Inc., Groton, Connecticut 06320, United States
| | - Manish Gupta
- Biopharmaceutics, Product Development and Supply, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426, United States
| | - Sebastian Haertter
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Ridgefield, Connecticut 06877, United States
| | - Handan He
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, East Hanover, New Jersey 07936, United States
| | - Rob Ju
- Drug Product Development, Abbvie, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Jitendra Kanodia
- Theravance Biopharma US, Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Hans Lennernäs
- Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Box 580, 751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - David Lindley
- AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - James E. Polli
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, United States
| | - Larissa Wenning
- Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics and Drug Metabolism, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Yunhui Wu
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
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In Vitro Dissolution and in Silico Modeling Shortcuts in Bioequivalence Testing. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:pharmaceutics12010045. [PMID: 31947944 PMCID: PMC7022479 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12010045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Revised: 12/31/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: To review in vitro testing and simulation platforms that are in current use to predict in vivo performances of generic products as well as other situations to provide evidence for biowaiver and support drug formulations development. Methods: Pubmed and Google Scholar databases were used to review published literature over the past 10 years. The terms used were “simulation AND bioequivalence” and “modeling AND bioequivalence” in the title field of databases, followed by screening, and then reviewing. Results: A total of 22 research papers were reviewed. Computer simulation using software such as GastroPlus™, PK-Sim® and SimCyp® find applications in drug modeling. Considering the wide use of optimization for in silico predictions to fit observed data, a careful review of publications is required to validate the reliability of these platforms. For immediate release (IR) drug products belonging to the Biopharmaceutics Classification System (BCS) classes I and III, difference factor (ƒ1) and similarity factor (ƒ2) are calculated from the in vitro dissolution data of drug formulations to support biowaiver; however, this method can be more discriminatory and may not be useful for all dissolution profiles. Conclusions: Computer simulation platforms need to improve their mechanistic physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling, and if prospectively validated within a small percentage of error from the observed clinical data, they can be valuable tools in bioequivalence (BE) testing and formulation development.
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Basu S, Yang H, Fang L, Gonzalez‐Sales M, Zhao L, Trame MN, Lesko L, Schmidt S. Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling to Evaluate Formulation Factors Influencing Bioequivalence of Metoprolol Extended‐Release Products. J Clin Pharmacol 2019; 59:1252-1263. [DOI: 10.1002/jcph.1017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sumit Basu
- Center for Pharmacometrics and Systems PharmacologyCollege of PharmacyUniversity of Florida Orlando FL USA
| | - Haitao Yang
- Center for Pharmacometrics and Systems PharmacologyCollege of PharmacyUniversity of Florida Orlando FL USA
| | - Lanyan Fang
- Food and Drug AdministrationOffice of Generic Drugs Silver Spring MD USA
| | | | - Liang Zhao
- Food and Drug AdministrationOffice of Generic Drugs Silver Spring MD USA
| | - Mirjam N. Trame
- Center for Pharmacometrics and Systems PharmacologyCollege of PharmacyUniversity of Florida Orlando FL USA
| | - Lawrence Lesko
- Center for Pharmacometrics and Systems PharmacologyCollege of PharmacyUniversity of Florida Orlando FL USA
| | - Stephan Schmidt
- Center for Pharmacometrics and Systems PharmacologyCollege of PharmacyUniversity of Florida Orlando FL USA
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Mavroudis PD, Kosmidis K, Macheras P. On the unphysical hypotheses in pharmacokinetics and oral drug absorption: Time to utilize instantaneous rate coefficients instead of rate constants. Eur J Pharm Sci 2019; 130:137-146. [PMID: 30690188 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2019.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2018] [Revised: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
This work aims to explore the unphysical assumptions associated with i) the homogeneity of the well mixed compartments of pharmacokinetics and ii) the diffusion limited model of drug dissolution. To this end, we i) tested the homogeneity hypothesis using Monte Carlo simulations for a reaction and a diffusional process that take place in Euclidean and fractal media, ii) re-considered the flip-flop kinetics assuming that the absorption rate for a one-compartment model is governed by an instantaneous rate coefficient instead of a rate constant, and, iii) re-considered the extent of drug absorption as a function of dose using an in vivo reaction limited model of drug dissolution with integer and non-integer stoichiometry values. We found that drug diffusional processes and reactions are slowed down in heterogeneous media and the environmental heterogeneity leads to increased fluctuations of the measurable quantities. Highly variable experimental literature data with measurements in intrathecal space and gastrointestinal fluids were explained accordingly. Next, by applying power law and Weibull input functions to a one-compartment model of disposition we show that the shape of concentration-time curves is highly dependent on the time exponent of the input functions. Realistic examples based on PK data of three compounds known to exhibit flip-flop kinetics are analyzed. The need to use time dependent coefficients instead of rate constants in PBPK modeling and virtual bioequivalence is underlined. Finally, the shape of the fraction absorbed as a function of dose plots, using an in vivo reaction limited model of drug dissolution were found to be dependent on the stoichiometry value and the solubility of drug. Ascending and descending limbs were observed for the higher stoichiometries (2.0 and 1.5) with the low solubility drug. In contrast, for the more soluble drug, a continuous increase of fraction absorbed as a function of dose is observed when the higher stoichiometries are used (2.0 and 1.5). For both drugs, the fraction absorbed for the lower values of stoichiometry (0.7 and 1.0) exhibit a non-dependency on dose profile. Our results give an insight into the complex picture of in vivo drug dissolution since diffusion-limited and reaction-limited processes seem to operate under in vivo conditions concurrently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panteleimon D Mavroudis
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Kosmas Kosmidis
- Division of Theoretical Physics, Physics Department, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece; Pharma Informatics Unit, Research Center ATHENA, Athens, Greece
| | - Panos Macheras
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA; Pharma Informatics Unit, Research Center ATHENA, Athens, Greece; Department of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece.
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Cristofoletti R, Rowland M, Lesko LJ, Blume H, Rostami-Hodjegan A, Dressman JB. Past, Present, and Future of Bioequivalence: Improving Assessment and Extrapolation of Therapeutic Equivalence for Oral Drug Products. J Pharm Sci 2018; 107:2519-2530. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2018.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Revised: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Chetty M, Johnson TN, Polak S, Salem F, Doki K, Rostami-Hodjegan A. Physiologically based pharmacokinetic modelling to guide drug delivery in older people. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2018; 135:85-96. [PMID: 30189273 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2018.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2017] [Revised: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Older patients are generally not included in Phase 1 clinical trials despite being the population group who use the largest number of prescription medicines. Physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modelling provides an understanding of the absorption and disposition of drugs in older patients. In this review, PBPK models used for the prediction of absorption and exposure of drugs after parenteral, oral and transdermal administration are discussed. Comparisons between predicted drug pharmacokinetics (PK) and observed PK are presented to illustrate the accuracy of the predictions by the PBPK models and their potential use in informing clinical trial design and dosage adjustments in older patients. In addition, a case of PBPK modelling of a bioequivalence study on two controlled release products is described, where PBPK predictions reproduced the study showing bioequivalence in healthy volunteers but not in older subjects with achlorhydria, indicating further utility in prospectively identifying challenges in bioequivalence studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoranjenni Chetty
- Simcyp Ltd (a Certara company), Blades Enterprise Centre, John Street, Sheffield, UK.
| | - Trevor N Johnson
- Simcyp Ltd (a Certara company), Blades Enterprise Centre, John Street, Sheffield, UK
| | - Sebastian Polak
- Simcyp Ltd (a Certara company), Blades Enterprise Centre, John Street, Sheffield, UK; Unit of Pharmacoepidemiology and Pharmacoeconomics, Department of Social Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9 Str., 30-688 Cracow, Poland
| | - Farzaneh Salem
- Simcyp Ltd (a Certara company), Blades Enterprise Centre, John Street, Sheffield, UK
| | - Kosuke Doki
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan; Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research (CAPKR), University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Amin Rostami-Hodjegan
- Simcyp Ltd (a Certara company), Blades Enterprise Centre, John Street, Sheffield, UK; Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research (CAPKR), University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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Kesisoglou F, Vertzoni M, Reppas C. Physiologically Based Absorption Modeling of Salts of Weak Bases Based on Data in Hypochlorhydric and Achlorhydric Biorelevant Media. AAPS PharmSciTech 2018; 19:2851-2858. [PMID: 29872977 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-018-1059-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Accepted: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Physiologically based absorption modeling has been attracting increased attention to study the interactions of weakly basic drug compounds with acid-reducing agents like proton-pump inhibitors and H2 blockers. Recently, standardized gastric and intestinal biorelevant media to simulate the achlorhydric and hypochlorhydric stomach were proposed and solubility and dissolution data for two model compounds were generated. In the current manuscript, for the first time, we report the utility of these recently proposed biorelevant media as input into physiologically based absorption modeling. Where needed, data collected with the biorelevant gastrointestinal transfer (BioGIT) system were used for informing the simulations in regard to the precipitation kinetics. Using two model compounds, a HCl salt and a semi-fumarate co-crystal which as expected dissolve to a greater extent in these media (and in gastric and intestinal human aspirates) compared to what the pH-solubility profile of the free form would suggest, we demonstrate successful description of the plasma concentration profiles and correctly predicted the lack of significant interaction after administration with pantoprazole or famotidine, respectively. Thus, the data reported in this manuscript represent an initial step towards defining biorelevant input for such simulations on interactions with acid-reducing agents.
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Facile synthesis and characterization of tailor-made pectin-gellan gum-bionanofiller composites as intragastric drug delivery shuttles. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 118:149-159. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.06.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Revised: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 06/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Litou C, Effinger A, Kostewicz ES, Box KJ, Fotaki N, Dressman JB. Effects of medicines used to treat gastrointestinal diseases on the pharmacokinetics of coadministered drugs: a PEARRL Review. J Pharm Pharmacol 2018; 71:643-673. [DOI: 10.1111/jphp.12983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Objectives
Drugs used to treat gastrointestinal diseases (GI drugs) are widely used either as prescription or over-the-counter (OTC) medications and belong to both the 10 most prescribed and 10 most sold OTC medications worldwide. The objective of this review article is to discuss the most frequent interactions between GI and other drugs, including identification of the mechanisms behind these interactions, where possible.
Key findings
Current clinical practice shows that in many cases, these drugs are administered concomitantly with other drug products. Due to their metabolic properties and mechanisms of action, the drugs used to treat gastrointestinal diseases can change the pharmacokinetics of some coadministered drugs. In certain cases, these interactions can lead to failure of treatment or to the occurrence of serious adverse events. The mechanism of interaction depends highly on drug properties and differs among therapeutic categories. Understanding these interactions is essential to providing recommendations for optimal drug therapy.
Summary
Interactions with GI drugs are numerous and can be highly significant clinically in some cases. While alterations in bioavailability due to changes in solubility, dissolution rate, GI transit and metabolic interactions can be (for the most part) easily identified, interactions that are mediated through other mechanisms, such as permeability or microbiota, are less well-understood. Future work should focus on characterising these aspects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chara Litou
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Angela Effinger
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Faculty of Science, University of Bath, Bath, UK
| | - Edmund S Kostewicz
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Karl J Box
- Pion Inc. (UK) Ltd., Forest Row, East Sussex, UK
| | - Nikoletta Fotaki
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Faculty of Science, University of Bath, Bath, UK
| | - Jennifer B Dressman
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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Ibarra M, Valiante C, Sopeña P, Schiavo A, Lorier M, Vázquez M, Fagiolino P. Integration of in vitro biorelevant dissolution and in silico PBPK model of carvedilol to predict bioequivalence of oral drug products. Eur J Pharm Sci 2018; 118:176-182. [PMID: 29605455 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2018.03.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Revised: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Bioequivalence implementation in developing countries where a high proportion of similar drug products are being marketed has found several obstacles, impeding regulatory agencies to move forward with this policy. Biopharmaceutical quality of these products, several of which are massively prescribed, remains unknown. In this context, an in vitro-in silico-in vivo approach is proposed as a mean to screen product performance and target specific formulations for bioequivalence assessment. By coupling in vitro biorelevant dissolution testing in USP-4 Apparatus (flow-through cell) with physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling in PK-Sim® software (Bayer, Germany), the performance of seven similar products of carvedilol tablets containing 25 mg available in the Uruguayan market were compared with the brand-name drug Dilatrend®. In silico simulations for Dilatrend® were compared with published results of bioequivalence studies performed in fasting conditions allowing model development through a learning and confirming process. Single-dose pharmacokinetic profiles were then simulated for the brand-name drug and two similar drug products selected according to in vitro observations, in a virtual Caucasian population of 1000 subjects (50% male, aged between 18 and 50 years with standard body-weights). Population bioequivalence ratios were estimated revealing that in vitro differences in drug release would have a major impact in carvedilol maximum plasma concentration, leading to a non-bioequivalence outcome. Predictions support the need to perform in vivo bioequivalence for these products of extensive use. Application of the in vitro-in silico-in vivo approach stands as an interesting alternative to tackle and reduce drug product variability in biopharmaceutical quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Ibarra
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Department - Faculty of Chemistry, Bioavailability and Bioequivalence Centre for Medicine Evaluation (CEBIOBE) - Universidad de la República, Uruguay.
| | - Cristian Valiante
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Department - Faculty of Chemistry, Bioavailability and Bioequivalence Centre for Medicine Evaluation (CEBIOBE) - Universidad de la República, Uruguay
| | - Patricia Sopeña
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Department - Faculty of Chemistry, Bioavailability and Bioequivalence Centre for Medicine Evaluation (CEBIOBE) - Universidad de la República, Uruguay
| | - Alejandra Schiavo
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Department - Faculty of Chemistry, Bioavailability and Bioequivalence Centre for Medicine Evaluation (CEBIOBE) - Universidad de la República, Uruguay
| | - Marianela Lorier
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Department - Faculty of Chemistry, Bioavailability and Bioequivalence Centre for Medicine Evaluation (CEBIOBE) - Universidad de la República, Uruguay
| | - Marta Vázquez
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Department - Faculty of Chemistry, Bioavailability and Bioequivalence Centre for Medicine Evaluation (CEBIOBE) - Universidad de la República, Uruguay
| | - Pietro Fagiolino
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Department - Faculty of Chemistry, Bioavailability and Bioequivalence Centre for Medicine Evaluation (CEBIOBE) - Universidad de la República, Uruguay
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Hens B, Talattof A, Paixão P, Bermejo M, Tsume Y, Löbenberg R, Amidon GL. Measuring the Impact of Gastrointestinal Variables on the Systemic Outcome of Two Suspensions of Posaconazole by a PBPK Model. AAPS JOURNAL 2018; 20:57. [DOI: 10.1208/s12248-018-0217-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 03/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Doki K, Darwich AS, Achour B, Tornio A, Backman JT, Rostami-Hodjegan A. Implications of intercorrelation between hepatic CYP3A4-CYP2C8 enzymes for the evaluation of drug-drug interactions: a case study with repaglinide. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2018; 84:972-986. [PMID: 29381228 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.13533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2017] [Revised: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 01/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Statistically significant positive correlations are reported for the abundance of hepatic drug-metabolizing enzymes. We investigate, as an example, the impact of CYP3A4-CYP2C8 intercorrelation on the predicted interindividual variabilities of clearance and drug-drug interactions (DDIs) for repaglinide using physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modelling. METHODS PBPK modelling and simulation were employed using Simcyp Simulator (v15.1). Virtual populations were generated assuming intercorrelations between hepatic CYP3A4-CYP2C8 abundances derived from observed values in 24 human livers. A repaglinide PBPK model was used to predict PK parameters in the presence and absence of gemfibrozil in virtual populations, and the results were compared with a clinical DDI study. RESULTS Coefficient of variation (CV) of oral clearance was 52.5% in the absence of intercorrelation between CYP3A4-CYP2C8 abundances, which increased to 54.2% when incorporating intercorrelation. In contrast, CV for predicted DDI (as measured by AUC ratio before and after inhibition) was reduced from 46.0% in the absence of intercorrelation between enzymes to 43.8% when incorporating intercorrelation: these CVs were associated with 5th/95th percentiles (2.48-11.29 vs. 2.49-9.69). The range of predicted DDI was larger in the absence of intercorrelation (1.55-77.06) than when incorporating intercorrelation (1.79-25.15), which was closer to clinical observations (2.6-12). CONCLUSIONS The present study demonstrates via a systematic investigation that population-based PBPK modelling incorporating intercorrelation led to more consistent estimation of extreme values than those observed in interindividual variabilities of clearance and DDI. As the intercorrelations more realistically reflect enzyme abundances, virtual population studies involving PBPK and DDI should avoid using Monte Carlo assignment of enzyme abundance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kosuke Doki
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, Division of Pharmacy & Optometry, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Adam S Darwich
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, Division of Pharmacy & Optometry, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Brahim Achour
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, Division of Pharmacy & Optometry, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Aleksi Tornio
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Janne T Backman
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Amin Rostami-Hodjegan
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, Division of Pharmacy & Optometry, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.,Simcyp Limited (A Certara Company), Sheffield, UK
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