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Heidarrezaei M, Mauriello G, Shokravi H, Lau WJ, Ismail AF. Delivery of Probiotic-Loaded Microcapsules in the Gastrointestinal Tract: A Review. Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins 2024:10.1007/s12602-024-10311-6. [PMID: 38907825 DOI: 10.1007/s12602-024-10311-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/24/2024]
Abstract
Probiotics are live microorganisms that inhabit the gastrointestinal tract and confer health benefits to consumers. However, a sufficient number of viable probiotic cells must be delivered to the specific site of interest in the gastrointestinal tract to exert these benefits. Enhanced viability and tolerance to sublethal gastrointestinal stress can be achieved using appropriate coating materials and food matrices for orally consumed probiotics. The release mechanism and interaction of probiotic microcapsules with the gastrointestinal tract have been minimally explored in the literature to date. To the authors' knowledge, no review has been published to discuss the nature of release and the challenges in the targeted delivery of probiotics. This review addresses gastrointestinal-related complications in the formulation of targeted delivery and controlled release of probiotic strains. It investigates the impacts of environmental stresses during the transition stage and delivery to the target region in the gastrointestinal tract. The influence of factors such as pH levels, enzymatic degradation, and redox conditions on the release mechanisms of probiotics is presented. Finally, the available methods to evaluate the efficiency of a probiotic delivery system, including in vitro and in vivo, are reviewed and assessed. The paper concludes with a discussion highlighting the emerging technologies in the field and emphasising key areas in need of future study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahshid Heidarrezaei
- Faculty of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310, Johor Bahru, Malaysia.
- Institute of Bioproduct Development (IBD), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310, Johor Bahru, Malaysia.
| | - Gianluigi Mauriello
- Department of Agricultural Science, University of Naples Federico II, 80049, Naples, Italy
| | - Hoofar Shokravi
- Faculty of Civil Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310, Johor Bahru, Malaysia
| | - Woei Jye Lau
- Faculty of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310, Johor Bahru, Malaysia
- Advanced Membrane Technology Research Centre (AMTEC), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310, Johor Bahru, Malaysia
| | - Ahmad Fauzi Ismail
- Faculty of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310, Johor Bahru, Malaysia
- Advanced Membrane Technology Research Centre (AMTEC), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310, Johor Bahru, Malaysia
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2
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Alizadeh AM, Mohseni M, Gerami K, Gharavi-Nakhjavani M, Aminzare M, Rastegar H, Assadpour E, Hashempour-Baltork F, Jafari SM. Electrospun Fibers Loaded with Probiotics: Fundamentals, Characterization, and Applications. Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins 2024; 16:1099-1116. [PMID: 37882998 DOI: 10.1007/s12602-023-10174-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
Increasing demand for safe, efficient, and eco-friendly solutions for pharmaceutical and food industries has led researchers to explore new approaches to bacterial storage. Several advantages make electrospinning (ES) a promising technique for food systems, including simple manufacturing equipment, a relatively low spinning cost, a wide variety of spinnable materials, and a mild process that is easily controlled, which allows continuous fabrication of ultrafine polymeric fibers at submicron or nanoscales without high temperatures or high pressures. This review briefly describes recent advances in the development of electrospun fibers for loading probiotics (PRB) by focusing on ES technology, its efficiency for loading PRB into fibers (viability, digestive stability, growth rate, release, thermal stability, and interactions of fibers with PRB), and the application of PRB-loaded fibers as active packaging (spoilage/microbial control, antioxidant effect, shelf life). Based on the literature reviewed, the incorporation of PRB into electrospun fibers is both feasible and functional. However, several studies have been limited to proof-of-principle experiments and the use of model biological products. It is necessary to conduct further research to establish the industrial applicability of PRB-loaded fibers, particularly in the fields of food and medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adel Mirza Alizadeh
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
- Department of Food Safety and Hygiene, School of Public Health, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Mehran Mohseni
- Zanjan Applied Pharmacology Research Center, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
- Department of Food and Drug Control, School of Pharmacy, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Kosar Gerami
- Student Research Committee, Department of Food Safety and Hygiene, School of Public Health, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Maryam Gharavi-Nakhjavani
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Majid Aminzare
- Department of Food Safety and Hygiene, School of Public Health, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Hossein Rastegar
- Cosmetic Products Research Center, Iran Food and Drug Administration, Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran
| | - Elham Assadpour
- Food Industry Research Co., Gorgan, Iran
- Food and Bio-Nanotech International Research Center (Fabiano), Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Fataneh Hashempour-Baltork
- Halal Research Center of IRI, Iran Food and Drug Administration, Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Seid Mahdi Jafari
- Department of Food Materials and Process Design Engineering, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran.
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3
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Wuttke B, Ekat K, Chabanovska O, Jackszis M, Springer A, Vasudevan P, Kreikemeyer B, Lang H. Preparation and In Vitro Characterization of Lactococcus lactis-Loaded Alginate Particles as a Promising Delivery Tool for Periodontal Probiotic Therapy. J Funct Biomater 2024; 15:129. [PMID: 38786639 PMCID: PMC11121860 DOI: 10.3390/jfb15050129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Revised: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Probiotic microorganisms are used in a variety of food supplements and medical formulations to promote human health. In periodontal therapy, probiotics are mainly used in the form of gels, tablets or rinses that often tend to leak from the periodontal pocket, resulting in a strongly reduced therapeutic effect. In this pilot in vitro study, we present biodegradable alginate-based particles as an alternative, highly efficient system for a periodontal delivery of probiotic bacteria to the inflammation site. For this purpose, Lactococcus (L.) lactis was encapsulated using a standardized pump-controlled extrusion-dripping method. Time-dependent bacterial release in artificial saliva was investigated over 9 days. The effect of freeze drying was explored to ensure long-term storage of L. lactis-loaded particles. Additionally, the particles were bound to dentin surface using approved bioadhesives and subjected to shear stress in a hydrodynamic flow chamber that mimics the oral cavity in vitro. Thus, round particles within the range of 0.80-1.75 mm in radius could be produced, whereby the diameter of the dripping tip had the most significant impact on the size. Although both small and large particles demonstrated a similar release trend of L. lactis, the release rate was significantly higher in the former. Following lyophilization, particles could restore their original shape within 4 h in artificial saliva; thereby, the bacterial viability was not affected. The attachment strength to dentin intensified by an adhesive could resist forces between 10 and 25 N/m2. Full degradation of the particles was observed after 20 days in artificial saliva. Therefore, alginate particles display a valuable probiotic carrier for periodontal applications that have several crucial advantages over existing preparations: a highly stable form, prolonged continuous release of therapeutic bacteria, precise manufacturing according to required dimensions at the application site, strong attachment to the tooth with low risk of dislocation, high biocompatibility and biodegradability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bettina Wuttke
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Medical Center Rostock, 18057 Rostock, Germany
| | - Katharina Ekat
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Medical Center Rostock, 18057 Rostock, Germany
| | - Oleksandra Chabanovska
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Medical Center Rostock, 18057 Rostock, Germany
| | - Mario Jackszis
- Biomechanics and Implant Technology Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopedics, University Medical Center Rostock, 18057 Rostock, Germany
| | - Armin Springer
- Medical Biology and Electron Microscopy Centre, University Medical Center Rostock, 18057 Rostock, Germany;
| | - Praveen Vasudevan
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Medical Center Rostock, 18057 Rostock, Germany
| | - Bernd Kreikemeyer
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Medical Center Rostock, 18057 Rostock, Germany
| | - Hermann Lang
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Medical Center Rostock, 18057 Rostock, Germany
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4
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Oluwadamilola Miriam K, Rosemary IA, Adebimpe IW, Olusola AM, Prasopchai P, Olanrewaju SB, Adediran OA. Formulation and evaluation of paclitaxel-loaded boronated chitosan/alginate nanoparticles as a mucoadhesive system for localized cervical cancer drug delivery. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2023; 87:104810. [PMID: 37601485 PMCID: PMC10434836 DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2023.104810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
Cervical cancer remains a significant global health challenge, and there is a need for innovative drug delivery systems to improve the efficacy of anticancer drugs. In this study, we developed and evaluated boronated chitosan/alginate nanoparticles (BCHIALG NPs) as a localized mucoadhesive drug delivery system for cervical cancer. Boronated chitosan (BCHI) was synthesized by incorporating 4-carboxyphenylboronic acid onto chitosan (CHI), and boronated chitosan/alginate nanoparticles (BCHIALG NPs) with varying polymer ratios were prepared using an ionic gelation method. The physical properties, drug loading capacity/encapsulation efficiency, mucoadhesive properties, and in vitro drug release profile of the nanoparticles were evaluated. The BCHIALG NPs exhibited a size of less than 390 nm and demonstrated high drug encapsulation efficiency (98.1 - 99.8%) and loading capacity (326.9 - 332.7 μg/mg). Remarkably, the BCHIALG NPs containing 0.03% boronated chitosan and 0.07% alginate showed superior mucoadhesive capability compared to CHIALG NPs, providing sustained drug release and they showed the most promising results as a transmucosal drug delivery system for hydrophobic drugs like paclitaxel (PTX). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report investigating BCHIALG NPs for cervical drug delivery. The new mucoadhesive paclitaxel formulation could offer an innovative strategy for improving cervical cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ifeanafor Adaora Rosemary
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Lagos, Lagos State, Nigeria
| | - Ifade Wuraola Adebimpe
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Lagos, Lagos State, Nigeria
| | | | | | - Silva Boladale Olanrewaju
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Lagos, Lagos State, Nigeria
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5
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Zhou K, Xie J, Su Y, Fang J. Lactobacillus reuteri for chronic periodontitis: focus on underlying mechanisms and future perspectives. Biotechnol Genet Eng Rev 2023:1-28. [PMID: 36856460 DOI: 10.1080/02648725.2023.2183617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023]
Abstract
Chronic periodontitis is a common oral disorder caused by pathogenic bacteria. Despite the wide use of antibiotics as the conventional adjunctive treatment, the challenges of increased antibiotic resistance and limited therapeutic effect receive considerable attention and the developments of alternative treatments gain increasing consideration. Growing evidence showed that Lactobacillus reuteri (LR) may represent a promising alternative adjunct for chronic periodontitis. It can attenuate inflammation and reduce tissue disruption. LR-assisted treatment has been shown to be effective and relatively safe in multiple clinical trials, and accumulating evidence suggests its significant biological roles. In the current review, we focus on capturing the underlying mechanisms of LR involved in chronic periodontitis, thereby representing a scientific foundation for LR-assisted therapy. Furthermore, we point out the challenges and future directions for further clinical trials to improve the clinical applicability for LR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keyi Zhou
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Stomatological Hospital, School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Jiaman Xie
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Stomatological Hospital, School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Yuan Su
- Department of Periodontology, Stomatological Hospital, School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Jingxian Fang
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Stomatological Hospital, School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, PR China
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6
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Chitosan chemistry review for living organisms encapsulation. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 295:119877. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.119877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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7
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Talebian S, Schofield T, Valtchev P, Schindeler A, Kavanagh JM, Adil Q, Dehghani F. Biopolymer-Based Multilayer Microparticles for Probiotic Delivery to Colon. Adv Healthc Mater 2022; 11:e2102487. [PMID: 35189037 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202102487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 01/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The potential health benefits of probiotics may not be realized because of the substantial reduction in their viability during food storage and gastrointestinal transit. Microencapsulation has been successfully utilized to improve the resistance of probiotics to critical conditions. Owing to the unique properties of biopolymers, they have been prevalently used for microencapsulation of probiotics. However, majority of microencapsulated products only contain a single layer of protection around probiotics, which is likely to be inferior to more sophisticated approaches. This review discusses emerging methods for the multilayer encapsulation of probiotic using biopolymers. Correlations are drawn between fabrication techniques and the resultant microparticle properties. Subsequently, multilayer microparticles are categorized based on their layer designs. Recent reports of specific biopolymeric formulations are examined regarding their physical and biological properties. In particular, animal models of gastrointestinal transit and disease are highlighted, with respect to trials of multilayer microencapsulated probiotics. To conclude, novel materials and approaches for fabrication of multilayer structures are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sepehr Talebian
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering The University of Sydney Sydney NSW 2006 Australia
- Nano Institute (Sydney Nano) The University of Sydney Sydney NSW 2006 Australia
| | - Timothy Schofield
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering The University of Sydney Sydney NSW 2006 Australia
| | - Peter Valtchev
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering The University of Sydney Sydney NSW 2006 Australia
- Centre for Advanced Food Engineering The University of Sydney Sydney NSW 2006 Australia
| | - Aaron Schindeler
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering The University of Sydney Sydney NSW 2006 Australia
- Centre for Advanced Food Engineering The University of Sydney Sydney NSW 2006 Australia
- Bioengineering & Molecular Medicine Laboratory The Children's Hospital at Westmead and the Westmead Institute for Medical Research Westmead NSW 2145 Australia
| | - John M. Kavanagh
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering The University of Sydney Sydney NSW 2006 Australia
| | - Qayyum Adil
- PharmaCare Laboratories 18 Jubilee Ave Warriewood NSW 2102 Australia
| | - Fariba Dehghani
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering The University of Sydney Sydney NSW 2006 Australia
- Centre for Advanced Food Engineering The University of Sydney Sydney NSW 2006 Australia
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8
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Wang X, Gao S, Yun S, Zhang M, Peng L, Li Y, Zhou Y. Microencapsulating Alginate-Based Polymers for Probiotics Delivery Systems and Their Application. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:644. [PMID: 35631470 PMCID: PMC9144165 DOI: 10.3390/ph15050644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Probiotics exhibit many health benefits and a great potential for broad applications in pharmaceutical fields, such as prevention and treatment of gastrointestinal tract diseases (irritable bowel syndrome), prevention and therapy of allergies, certain anticancer effects, and immunomodulation. However, their applications are limited by the low viability and metabolic activity of the probiotics during processing, storage, and delivery in the digestive tract. To overcome the mentioned limitations, probiotic delivery systems have attracted much attention. This review focuses on alginate as a preferred polymer and presents recent advances in alginate-based polymers for probiotic delivery systems. We highlight several alginate-based delivery systems containing various types of probiotics and the physical and chemical modifications with chitosan, cellulose, starch, protein, fish gel, and many other materials to enhance their performance, of which the viability and protective mechanisms are discussed. Withal, various challenges in alginate-based polymers for probiotics delivery systems are traced out, and future directions, specifically on the use of nanomaterials as well as prebiotics, are delineated to further facilitate subsequent researchers in selecting more favorable materials and technology for probiotic delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Yanxia Zhou
- Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai 264209, China; (X.W.); (S.G.); (S.Y.); (M.Z.); (L.P.); (Y.L.)
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9
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Development of Turmeric Oil—Loaded Chitosan/Alginate Nanocapsules for Cytotoxicity Enhancement against Breast Cancer. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14091835. [PMID: 35567007 PMCID: PMC9101660 DOI: 10.3390/polym14091835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2022] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Turmeric oil (TO) exhibits various biological activities with limited therapeutic applications due to its instability, volatility, and poor water solubility. Here, we encapsulated TO in chitosan/alginate nanocapsules (CS/Alg-NCs) using o/w emulsification to enhance its physicochemical characteristics, using poloxamer 407 as a non-ionic surfactant. TO-loaded CS/Alg-NCs (TO-CS/Alg-NCs) were prepared with satisfactory features, encapsulation efficiency, release characteristics, and cytotoxicity against breast cancer cells. The average size of the fabricated TO-CS/Alg-NCs was around 200 nm; their distribution was homogenous, and their shapes were spherical, with smooth surfaces. The TO-CS/Alg-NCs showed a high encapsulation efficiency, of 70%, with a sustained release of TO at approximately 50% after 12 h at pH 7.4 and 5.5. The TO-CS/Alg-NCs demonstrated enhanced cytotoxicity against two breast cancer cells, MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7, compared to the unencapsulated TO, suggesting that CS/Alg-NCs are potential nanocarriers for TO and can serve as prospective candidates for in vivo anticancer activity evaluation.
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10
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He S, Meng Q, Zhong S, Gao Y, Cui X. Sonochemical fabrication of reduction-responsive alginate-based nanocapsules with folate targeting for drug delivery. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2022.128349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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11
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Ekrami E, Khodabandeh Shahraky M, Mahmoudifard M, Mirtaleb MS, Shariati P. Biomedical applications of electrospun nanofibers in industrial world: a review. INT J POLYM MATER PO 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/00914037.2022.2032705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elena Ekrami
- Bioprocess Engineering Research Group, Institute of Industrial and Environmental Biotechnology (IIEB), National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB), Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahvash Khodabandeh Shahraky
- Bioprocess Engineering Research Group, Institute of Industrial and Environmental Biotechnology (IIEB), National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB), Tehran, Iran
| | - Matin Mahmoudifard
- Bioprocess Engineering Research Group, Institute of Industrial and Environmental Biotechnology (IIEB), National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB), Tehran, Iran
| | - Mona Sadat Mirtaleb
- Bioprocess Engineering Research Group, Institute of Industrial and Environmental Biotechnology (IIEB), National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB), Tehran, Iran
| | - Parvin Shariati
- Bioprocess Engineering Research Group, Institute of Industrial and Environmental Biotechnology (IIEB), National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB), Tehran, Iran
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12
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Niculescu AG, Grumezescu AM. Applications of Chitosan-Alginate-Based Nanoparticles-An Up-to-Date Review. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:186. [PMID: 35055206 PMCID: PMC8778629 DOI: 10.3390/nano12020186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 01/02/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Chitosan and alginate are two of the most studied natural polymers that have attracted interest for multiple uses in their nano form. The biomedical field is one of the domains benefiting the most from the development of nanotechnology, as increasing research interest has been oriented to developing chitosan-alginate biocompatible delivery vehicles, antimicrobial agents, and vaccine adjuvants. Moreover, these nanomaterials of natural origin have also become appealing for environmental protection (e.g., water treatment, environmental-friendly fertilizers, herbicides, and pesticides) and the food industry. In this respect, the present paper aims to discuss some of the newest applications of chitosan-alginate-based nanomaterials and serve as an inception point for further research in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adelina-Gabriela Niculescu
- Department of Science and Engineering of Oxide Materials and Nanomaterials, Faculty of Applied Chemistry and Materials Science, Politehnica University of Bucharest, 011061 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Alexandru Mihai Grumezescu
- Department of Science and Engineering of Oxide Materials and Nanomaterials, Faculty of Applied Chemistry and Materials Science, Politehnica University of Bucharest, 011061 Bucharest, Romania;
- Research Institute of the University of Bucharest—ICUB, University of Bucharest, 050657 Bucharest, Romania
- Academy of Romanian Scientists, Ilfov No. 3, 050044 Bucharest, Romania
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13
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Microencapsulating polymers for probiotics delivery systems: Preparation, characterization, and applications. Food Hydrocoll 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2021.106882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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14
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Li D, Wei Z, Xue C. Alginate-based delivery systems for food bioactive ingredients: An overview of recent advances and future trends. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2021; 20:5345-5369. [PMID: 34596328 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Due to its advantagessuch as ionic crosslinking, pH responsiveness, excellent biocompatibility, biodegradability and low price, alginate has become one of the most important natural polysaccharides extensively used in constructing desired delivery systems for food bioactive ingredients. In this review, the fundamental knowledge of alginate as a building block for construction of nutraceutical delivery systems is introduced. Then, various types of alginate-based nutraceutical delivery systems are classified and summarized. Furthermore, the future trends of alginate-based delivery systems are highlighted. Currently, alginate-based delivery systems include hydrogel, emulsion, emulsion-filled alginate hydrogel, nanoparticle, microparticle, core-shell particle, liposome, edible film, and aerogel. Although alginate has been widely used in the fabrication of food bioactive ingredient delivery systems, further efforts and improvements are still needed. For this purpose, the future perspectives of alginate-based delivery systems are discussed. The feasible research trends of alginate-based delivery systems include the development of novel large-scale commercial preparation technology, multifunctional delivery system based on alginate, alginate oligosaccharide-based delivery system and alginate-based oleogel. Overall, the objective of this review is to provide useful guidance for rational design and application of alginate-based nutraceutical delivery systems in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duoduo Li
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Zihao Wei
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Changhu Xue
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
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15
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Motalebi Moghanjougi Z, Rezazadeh Bari M, Alizadeh Khaledabad M, Amiri S, Almasi H. Microencapsulation of Lactobacillus acidophilus LA-5 and Bifidobacterium animalis BB-12 in pectin and sodium alginate: A comparative study on viability, stability, and structure. Food Sci Nutr 2021; 9:5103-5111. [PMID: 34532019 PMCID: PMC8441350 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.2470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed at examining whether the microencapsulation of Lactobacillus acidophilus LA-5 and Bifidobacterium animalis BB-12 inside hydrogels could prolong their survival in freeze-drying conditions, stored at 4℃ and in the gastrointestinal medium. Microencapsulation was performed by emulsion with a syringe, while sodium alginate and high methoxyl pectin were used as a carrier material. A relatively high efficiency of encapsulation was obtained (>92%). Z-Average and pdI in samples were not significant (p < .05). In different treatments, changes in the number of bacteria after freeze-drying, 30 days of storage, and gastrointestinal conditions, compared to each other, were significant (p < .05). However, the survival rate after a reduction during storage was higher than 106 cfu/g, indicating the suitability of the microencapsulation process. The surface of microcapsules observed by a scanning electron microscope (SEM) confirmed the success of encapsulation. Finally, a lower decrease in the count of microencapsulated was observed in comparison to the free cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mahmoud Rezazadeh Bari
- Department of Food Science and TechnologyFactually of AgricultureUrmia UniversityUrmiaIran
| | | | - Saber Amiri
- Department of Food Science and TechnologyFactually of AgricultureUrmia UniversityUrmiaIran
| | - Hadi Almasi
- Department of Food Science and TechnologyFactually of AgricultureUrmia UniversityUrmiaIran
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16
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Gheorghita R, Anchidin-Norocel L, Filip R, Dimian M, Covasa M. Applications of Biopolymers for Drugs and Probiotics Delivery. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:2729. [PMID: 34451268 PMCID: PMC8399127 DOI: 10.3390/polym13162729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Research regarding the use of biopolymers has been of great interest to scientists, the medical community, and the industry especially in recent years. Initially used for food applications, the special properties extended their use to the pharmaceutical and medical industries. The practical applications of natural drug encapsulation materials have emerged as a result of the benefits of the use of biopolymers as edible coatings and films in the food industry. This review highlights the use of polysaccharides in the pharmaceutical industries and as encapsulation materials for controlled drug delivery systems including probiotics, focusing on their development, various applications, and benefits. The paper provides evidence in support of research studying the use of biopolymers in the development of new drug delivery systems, explores the challenges and limitations in integrating polymer-derived materials with product delivery optimization, and examines the host biological/metabolic parameters that can be used in the development of new applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roxana Gheorghita
- Department of Health and Human Development, Stefan cel Mare University of Suceava, 720229 Suceava, Romania; (R.G.); (L.A.-N.)
- Integrated Center for Research, Development and Innovation in Advanced Materials, Nanotechnologies, and Distributed Systems for Fabrication and Control, Stefan cel Mare University of Suceava, 720229 Suceava, Romania;
| | - Liliana Anchidin-Norocel
- Department of Health and Human Development, Stefan cel Mare University of Suceava, 720229 Suceava, Romania; (R.G.); (L.A.-N.)
| | - Roxana Filip
- Hipocrat Clinical Laboratory, 720003 Suceava, Romania;
| | - Mihai Dimian
- Integrated Center for Research, Development and Innovation in Advanced Materials, Nanotechnologies, and Distributed Systems for Fabrication and Control, Stefan cel Mare University of Suceava, 720229 Suceava, Romania;
- Department of Computers, Electronics and Automation, Stefan cel Mare University of Suceava, 720229 Suceava, Romania
| | - Mihai Covasa
- Department of Health and Human Development, Stefan cel Mare University of Suceava, 720229 Suceava, Romania; (R.G.); (L.A.-N.)
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA
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Routier A, Blaizot A, Agossa K, Dubar M. What do we know about the mechanisms of action of probiotics on factors involved in the pathogenesis of periodontitis? A scoping review of in vitro studies. Arch Oral Biol 2021; 129:105196. [PMID: 34153538 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2021.105196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Probiotics are increasingly used in oral prevention and treatment conditions, but little is known about their abilities. The aim of this review is to clarify, summarize and disseminate current knowledge about the mode of action of in vitro probiotics on factors involved in the pathogenesis of periodontitis. METHOD 2495 articles were identified in three databases (Medline, Web of Science, SpringerLink) and 26 studies included in this scoping review. RESULTS Twenty-three probiotic species were identified, the majority of which were Lactobacilli or Bifidobacteria. Lactobacillus rhamnosus (30.8 %) and Lactobacillus reuteri (42.3 %) were found to be the two predominantly studied probiotic species and three main mechanisms of action of probiotics could be classified as: (i) modulation of the immuno-inflammatory response, (ii) direct actions of probiotics on periodontopathogens by adhesion or nutritive competitions and/or the secretion of antimicrobial molecules and (iii) indirect actions through environmental modifications. A combination of several probiotic strains seems to be beneficial via synergistic action amplifying the functions of each strain used. However, heterogeneity of the methodologies and probiotic species included in studies leads us to consider the following avenues for future research: (i) implementation of standardized periodontal models as close as possible to in vivo periodontal conditions to identify the functions of each strain for appropriate medication, (ii) updating data about interactions within oral biofilms to identify new candidates and to predict then analyze their behavior within these biofilms. CONCLUSION Probiotics may have their place in the response to inter-individual variability in periodontitis, provided that the choice of the probiotic strain or combination of them will be personalized and optimal for each patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur Routier
- School of Dentistry, Lille University Hospital, Lille, France.
| | - Alessandra Blaizot
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Dental Surgery, Lille University Hospital, Lille, France.
| | - Kevimy Agossa
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dental Surgery, Lille University Hospital, Lille, France; University of Lille, Inserm, Lille University Hospital, U1008, F-59000 Lille, France.
| | - Marie Dubar
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dental Surgery, Lille University Hospital, Lille, France; University of Lille, Inserm, Lille University Hospital, UMR-S 1172, F-59000 Lille, France.
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18
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Zidar A, Kristl J, Kocbek P, Zupančič Š. Treatment challenges and delivery systems in immunomodulation and probiotic therapies for periodontitis. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2021; 18:1229-1244. [PMID: 33760648 DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2021.1908260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Periodontitis is a widespread illness that arises due to disrupted interplay between the oral microbiota and the host immune response. In some cases, conventional therapies can provide temporary remission, although this is often followed by disease relapse. Recent studies of periodontitis pathology have promoted the development of new therapeutics to improve treatment options, together with local application using advanced drug delivery systems.Areas covered: This paper provides a critical review of the status of current treatment approaches to periodontitis, with a focus on promising immunomodulation and probiotic therapies. These are based on delivery of small molecules, peptides, proteins, DNA or RNA, and probiotics. The key findings on novel treatment strategies and formulation of advanced delivery systems, such as nanoparticles and nanofibers, are highlighted.Expert opinion: Multitarget therapy based on antimicrobial, immunomodulatory, and probiotic active ingredients incorporated into advanced delivery systems for application to the periodontal pocket can improve periodontitis treatment outcomes. Translation of such adjuvant therapy from laboratory to patient is expected in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anže Zidar
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Julijana Kristl
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Petra Kocbek
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Špela Zupančič
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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19
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Gao Y, Ma Q, Cao J, Wang Y, Yang X, Xu Q, Liang Q, Sun Y. Recent advances in microfluidic-aided chitosan-based multifunctional materials for biomedical applications. Int J Pharm 2021; 600:120465. [PMID: 33711469 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.120465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 02/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Chitosan-based biomaterials has shown great advantages in a broad range of applications, including drug delivery, clinical diagnosis, cell culture and tissue engineering. However, due to the lack of control over the fabrication processes by conventional techniques, the wide application of chitosan-based biomaterials has been hampered. Recently, microfluidics has been demonstrated as one of the most promising platforms to fabricate high-performance chitosan-based multifunctional materials with monodisperse size distribution and accurately controlled morphology and microstructures, which show great promising for biomedical applications. Here, we review recent progress of the fabrication of chitosan-based biomaterials with different structures and integrated functions by microfluidic technology. A comprehensive and in-depth depiction of critical microfluidic formation mechanism and process of various chitosan-based materials are first interpreted, with particular descriptions about the microfluidic-mediated control over the morphology and microstructures. Afterwards, recently emerging representative applications of chitosan-based multifunctional materials in various fields, are systematically summarized. Finally, the conclusions and perspectives on further advancing the microfluidic-aided chitosan-based multifunctional materials toward potential and versatile development for fundamental researches and biomedicine are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Gao
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Qingming Ma
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.
| | - Jie Cao
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yiwen Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xin Yang
- Hangzhou Huadong Medicine Group Biotechnology Institute Company, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qiulong Xu
- Jiangsu Seven Continent Institute of Green Technology, Suzhou, China
| | - Qing Liang
- The Affiliated People's Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Yong Sun
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.
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20
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Yao M, Xie J, Du H, McClements DJ, Xiao H, Li L. Progress in microencapsulation of probiotics: A review. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2020; 19:857-874. [DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Revised: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mingfei Yao
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious DiseasesCollaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious DiseasesNatl. Clinical Research Center for Infectious DiseasesThe First Affiliated HospitalCollege of MedicineZhejiang Univ. Hangzhou 310003 China
| | - Jiaojiao Xie
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious DiseasesCollaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious DiseasesNatl. Clinical Research Center for Infectious DiseasesThe First Affiliated HospitalCollege of MedicineZhejiang Univ. Hangzhou 310003 China
| | - Hengjun Du
- Dept. of Food ScienceUniv. of Massachusetts Amherst MA 01003 U.S.A
| | | | - Hang Xiao
- Dept. of Food ScienceUniv. of Massachusetts Amherst MA 01003 U.S.A
| | - Lanjuan Li
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious DiseasesCollaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious DiseasesNatl. Clinical Research Center for Infectious DiseasesThe First Affiliated HospitalCollege of MedicineZhejiang Univ. Hangzhou 310003 China
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21
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de Liz GR, Verruck S, Canella MHM, Dantas A, Garcia SG, Maran BM, Murakami FS, Prudencio ES. Stability of bifidobacteria entrapped in goat's whey freeze concentrate and inulin as wall materials and powder properties. Food Res Int 2019; 127:108752. [PMID: 31882096 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2019.108752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Revised: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Goat's whey was submitted to two cycles of block freeze concentration process, resulting in concentrate 1 and concentrate 2. Concentrate 1 was added with 5 g of inulin and both concentrates were inoculated with Bifidobacterium animalis ssp. lactis BB-12, the concentrates were then denoted as feed solutions 1 and 2, respectively. Feed solutions were spray-dried, resulting in powder 1 and 2. The stability of the bifidobacteria entrapped within the powders was evaluated for both spray-dried powders stored at 4 °C and 25 °C for 60 days. The spray-dried powders were also evaluated in relation to their physical and thermal properties. It was noted that Bifidobacteria displayed increased stability at refrigeration temperature. Analysis of physical properties indicated that the addition of inulin resulted in increased water solubility. However, both spray-dried powders displayed less flowability, as well as a yellow-greenish color. By evaluating the spray-dried powders thermal properties, it was possible to confirm that goat whey concentrates behave as excellent wall materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Rodrigues de Liz
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Rod. Admar Gonzaga, 1346, Itacorubi, 88034-001 Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Silvani Verruck
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Rod. Admar Gonzaga, 1346, Itacorubi, 88034-001 Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Maria Helena Machado Canella
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Rod. Admar Gonzaga, 1346, Itacorubi, 88034-001 Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Adriana Dantas
- Postgraduate Program in Food Engineering, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Technology Center, Trindade, 88040-970 Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Sofia Grechi Garcia
- Department of Chemistry and Food Engineering, Technology Center, Trindade, 88040-970 Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Bruna Marchesan Maran
- Department of Chemistry and Food Engineering, Technology Center, Trindade, 88040-970 Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Fabio Seigi Murakami
- Department of Pharmacy, Federal University of Paraná, Av. Pref. Lothário Meissner, 632, Jardim Botânico, 80210-170 Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Elane Schwinden Prudencio
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Rod. Admar Gonzaga, 1346, Itacorubi, 88034-001 Florianópolis, SC, Brazil; Postgraduate Program in Food Engineering, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Technology Center, Trindade, 88040-970 Florianópolis, SC, Brazil.
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Zupančič Š, Casula L, Rijavec T, Lapanje A, Luštrik M, Fadda AM, Kocbek P, Kristl J. Sustained release of antimicrobials from double-layer nanofiber mats for local treatment of periodontal disease, evaluated using a new micro flow-through apparatus. J Control Release 2019; 316:223-235. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2019.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Revised: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Zupančič Š, Škrlec K, Kocbek P, Kristl J, Berlec A. Effects of Electrospinning on the Viability of Ten Species of Lactic Acid Bacteria in Poly(Ethylene Oxide) Nanofibers. Pharmaceutics 2019; 11:E483. [PMID: 31540399 PMCID: PMC6781326 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics11090483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Revised: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Lactic acid bacteria can have beneficial health effects and be used for the treatment of various diseases. However, there remains the challenge of encapsulating probiotics into delivery systems with a high viability and encapsulation efficacy. The electrospinning of bacteria is a novel and little-studied method, and further investigation of its promising potential is needed. Here, the morphology, zeta potential, hydrophobicity, average cell mass, and growth characteristics of nine different species of Lactobacillus and one of Lactococcus are characterized. The electrospinning of polymer solutions containing ~10 log colony forming units (CFU)/mL lactic acid bacteria enabled the successful incorporation of all bacterial species tested, from the smallest (0.74 µm; Lactococcus lactis) to the largest (10.82 µm; Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus), into poly(ethylene oxide) nanofibers with an average diameter of ~100 nm. All of these lactobacilli were viable after incorporation into nanofibers, with 0 to 3 log CFU/mg loss in viability, depending on the species. Viability correlated with the hydrophobicity and extreme length of lactic acid bacteria, whereas a horizonal or vertical electrospinning set-up did not have any role. Therefore, electrospinning represents a promising method for the incorporation of lactic acid bacteria into solid delivery systems, while drying the bacterial dispersion at the same time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Špela Zupančič
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva 7, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Katja Škrlec
- Department of Biotechnology, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Petra Kocbek
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva 7, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Julijana Kristl
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva 7, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Aleš Berlec
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva 7, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
- Department of Biotechnology, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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Development of electrospun nanofibers that enable high loading and long-term viability of probiotics. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2019; 136:108-119. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2019.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Revised: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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25
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Moens F, Van den Abbeele P, Basit AW, Dodoo C, Chatterjee R, Smith B, Gaisford S. A four-strain probiotic exerts positive immunomodulatory effects by enhancing colonic butyrate production in vitro. Int J Pharm 2018; 555:1-10. [PMID: 30445175 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2018.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Revised: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Poorly formulated probiotic supplements intended for oral administration often fail to protect bacteria from the challenges of human digestion, meaning bacteria do not reach the small intestine in a viable state. As a result, the ability of probiotics to influence the human gut microbiota has not been proven. Here we show how (i) considered formulation of an aqueous probiotic suspension can facilitate delivery of viable probiotic bacteria to the gut and (ii) quantitate the effect of colonisation and proliferation of specific probiotic species on the human gut microbiota, using an in-vitro gut model. Our data revealed immediate colonisation and growth of three probiotic species in the luminal and mucosal compartments of the proximal and distal colon, and growth of a fourth species in the luminal proximal colon, leading to higher proximal and distal colonic lactate concentrations. The lactate stimulated growth of lactate-consuming bacteria, altering the bacterial diversity of the microbiota and resulting in increased short-chain fatty acid production, especially butyrate. Additionally, an immunomodulatory effect of the probiotics was seen; production of anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6 and IL-10) was increased and production of inflammatory chemokines (MCP-1, CXCL 10 and IL-8.) was reduced. The results indicate that the probiotic species alone do not result in a clinical effect; rather, they facilitate modulation of the gut microbiota composition and metabolic activity thereby influencing the immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Abdul W Basit
- UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, UK
| | - Cornelius Dodoo
- UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, UK
| | | | - Barry Smith
- Symprove Ltd, Sandy Farm, The Sands, Farnham, Surrey GU10 1PX, UK
| | - Simon Gaisford
- UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, UK.
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