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Zampouni K, Mouzakitis C, Lazaridou A, Moschakis T, Katsanidis E. Physicochemical properties and microstructure of bigels formed with gelatin and κ-carrageenan hydrogels and monoglycerides in olive oil oleogels. Food Hydrocoll 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2023.108636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
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2
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Koh E, Freedman BR, Ramazani F, Gross J, Graham A, Kuttler A, Weber E, Mooney DJ. Controlled Delivery of Corticosteroids Using Tunable Tough Adhesives. Adv Healthc Mater 2023; 12:e2201000. [PMID: 36285360 PMCID: PMC11046305 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202201000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogel-based drug delivery systems typically aim to release drugs locally to tissue in an extended manner. Tissue adhesive alginate-polyacrylamide tough hydrogels are recently demonstrated to serve as an extended-release system for the corticosteroid triamcinolone acetonide. Here, the stimuli-responsive controlled release of triamcinolone acetonide from the alginate-polyacrylamide tough hydrogel drug delivery systems (TADDS) and evolving new approaches to combine alginate-polyacrylamide tough hydrogel with drug-loaded nano and microparticles, generating composite TADDS is described. Stimulation with ultrasound pulses or temperature changes is demonstrated to control the release of triamcinolone acetonide from the TADDS. The incorporation of laponite nanoparticles or PLGA microparticles into the tough hydrogel is shown to further enhance the versatility to control and modulate the release of triamcinolone acetonide. A first technical exploration of a TADDS shelf-life concept is performed using lyophilization, where lyophilized TADDS are physically stable and the bioactive integrity of released triamcinolone acetonide is demonstrated. Given the tunability of properties, the TADDS are a suggested technology platform for controlled drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Koh
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Benjamin R Freedman
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Farshad Ramazani
- Novartis Pharma AG, Technical Research and Development, Basel, 4056, Switzerland
| | - Johannes Gross
- Novartis Pharma AG, Technical Research and Development, Basel, 4056, Switzerland
| | - Adam Graham
- Center for Nanoscale Systems, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Andreas Kuttler
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Basel, 4056, Switzerland
| | - Eckhard Weber
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Basel, 4056, Switzerland
| | - David J Mooney
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
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3
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Le TA, Huynh TP. Current advances in the Chemical functionalization and Potential applications of Guar gum and its derivatives. Eur Polym J 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2023.111852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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4
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Corredor-Chaparro MY, Vargas-Riveros D, Mora-Huertas CE. Hypromellose – Collagen hydrogels/sesame oil organogel based bigels as controlled drug delivery systems. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2022.103637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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5
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Engineering drug delivery systems to overcome the vaginal mucosal barrier: Current understanding and research agenda of mucoadhesive formulations of vaginal delivery. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2022.103162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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6
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Dedeloudi A, Siamidi A, Pavlou P, Vlachou M. Recent Advances in the Excipients Used in Modified Release Vaginal Formulations. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15010327. [PMID: 35009472 PMCID: PMC8745980 DOI: 10.3390/ma15010327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
The formulation of an ideal vaginal drug delivery system (DDS), with the requisite properties, with respect to safety, efficacy, patient compliance, aesthetics, harmonization with the regulatory requirements, and cost, requires a meticulous selection of the active ingredients and the excipients used. Novel excipients defined by diversity and multifunctionality are used in order to ameliorate drug delivery attributes. Synthetic and natural polymers are broadly used in pharmaceutical vaginal formulations (solid, semi-solid dosage forms, implantable devices, and nanomedicines) with a promising perspective in improving stability and compatibility issues when administered topically or systemically. Moreover, the use of biopolymers is aiming towards formulating novel bioactive, biocompatible, and biodegradable DDSs with a controllable drug release rate. Overviewing vaginal microenvironment, which is described by variable and perplexed features, a perceptive choice of excipients is essential. This review summarizes the recent advances on the excipients used in modified vaginal drug delivery formulations, in an attempt to aid the formulation scientist in selecting the optimal excipients for the preparation of vaginal products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aikaterini Dedeloudi
- Department of Pharmacy, Division of Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Health Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15784 Athens, Greece; (A.D.); (A.S.)
| | - Angeliki Siamidi
- Department of Pharmacy, Division of Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Health Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15784 Athens, Greece; (A.D.); (A.S.)
| | - Panagoula Pavlou
- Laboratory of Chemistry-Biochemistry-Cosmetic Science, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of West Attica, 28 Ag. Spyridonos Str., 12243 Egaleo, Greece;
| | - Marilena Vlachou
- Department of Pharmacy, Division of Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Health Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15784 Athens, Greece; (A.D.); (A.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +30-2107274674
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7
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Vyas J, Raytthatha N, Shah I, Upadhyay U. Bigels: A newer system – An opportunity for topical application. HAMDAN MEDICAL JOURNAL 2022. [DOI: 10.4103/hmj.hmj_33_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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8
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Martín-Illana A, Notario-Pérez F, Cazorla-Luna R, Ruiz-Caro R, Bonferoni MC, Tamayo A, Veiga MD. Bigels as drug delivery systems: From their components to their applications. Drug Discov Today 2021; 27:1008-1026. [PMID: 34942374 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2021.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Bigels are systems that usually result from mixing a hydrogel and an organogel: the aqueous phase is commonly formed by a hydrophilic biopolymer, whereas the organic phase comprises a gelled vegetable oil because of the presence of an organogelator. The proportion of the corresponding gelling agent in each phase, the organogel/hydrogel ratio, and the mixing temperature and speed all need to be taken into consideration for bigel manufacturing. Bigels, which are particularly useful drug delivery systems, have already been formulated for transdermal, buccal, and vaginal routes. Mechanical assessments and microscopy are the most reported characterization techniques. As we review here, their composition and unique structure confer promising drug delivery attributes, such as mucoadhesion, the ability to control drug release, and the possibility of including both hydrophilic and lipophilic drugs in the same system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Araceli Martín-Illana
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Food Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Fernando Notario-Pérez
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Food Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Raúl Cazorla-Luna
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Food Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Roberto Ruiz-Caro
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Food Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria C Bonferoni
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Aitana Tamayo
- Department of Chemical-Physics of Surfaces and Processes, Institute of Ceramics and Glass, Spanish National Research Council, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - María D Veiga
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Food Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
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9
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Strategies and formulations of freeze-dried tablets for controlled drug delivery. Int J Pharm 2021; 597:120373. [PMID: 33577912 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.120373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 01/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The freeze-drying process has been particularly attractive for preparing tablets for controlled drug release. Although traditional methods, such as granulation or direct compression methods, have been used in various studies to produce tablets with controlled release, freeze-drying processes have been utilized in certain circumstances due to their distinct advantages. However, overall, further development of these strategies, which started with early studies on orally disintegrating tablets, is still necessary. In this review, the incorporation of different formulations into freeze-dried tablets will be discussed. Moreover, the use of excipients, freeze-drying conditions, formulation reconstitution and tablet structure for optimizing the performance of freeze-dried tablets will be reported, including strategies with nanoformulations and natural materials. Generally, this discussion with potential approaches will benefit further development of freeze-dried tablets containing drugs in the pharmaceutical industry.
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Chindamo G, Sapino S, Peira E, Chirio D, Gallarate M. Recent Advances in Nanosystems and Strategies for Vaginal Delivery of Antimicrobials. NANOMATERIALS 2021; 11:nano11020311. [PMID: 33530510 PMCID: PMC7912580 DOI: 10.3390/nano11020311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Vaginal infections such as bacterial vaginosis (BV), chlamydia, gonorrhea, genital herpes, candidiasis, and trichomoniasis affect millions of women each year. They are caused by an overgrowth of microorganisms, generally sexually transmitted, which in turn can be favored by alterations in the vaginal flora. Conventional treatments of these infections consist in systemic or local antimicrobial therapies. However, in the attempt to reduce adverse effects and to contrast microbial resistance and infection recurrences, many efforts have been devoted to the development of vaginal systems for the local delivery of antimicrobials. Several topical dosage forms such as aerosols, lotions, suppositories, tablets, gels, and creams have been proposed, although they are sometimes ineffective due to their poor penetration and rapid removal from the vaginal canal. For these reasons, the development of innovative drug delivery systems, able to remain in situ and release active agents for a prolonged period, is becoming more and more important. Among all, nanosystems such as liposomes, nanoparticles (NPs), and micelles with tunable surface properties, but also thermogelling nanocomposites, could be exploited to improve local drug delivery, biodistribution, retention, and uptake in vulvovaginal tissues. The aim of this review is to provide a survey of the variety of nanoplatforms developed for the vaginal delivery of antimicrobial agents. A concise summary of the most common vaginal infections and of the conventional therapies is also provided.
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11
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Martin-Illana A, Cazorla-Luna R, Notario-Pérez F, Ruiz-Caro R, Bedoya LM, Veiga-Ochoa MD, Rubio J, Tamayo A. Amino Functionalized Micro-Mesoporous Hybrid Particles for the Sustained Release of the Antiretroviral Drug Tenofovir. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 13:E3494. [PMID: 32784712 PMCID: PMC7476006 DOI: 10.3390/ma13163494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The sustained release of an antiretroviral agent to women mucosa has been proved as an excellent strategy to reduce the sexual transmission of HIV. Hybrid micro-mesoporous particles have been synthesized and functionalized with a silane coupling agent followed by loading the antiretroviral tenofovir. It has been observed that the disposition of the silane molecule on the surface of the particles determines the interaction mechanism with the antiretroviral molecule loaded independently on the surface area of the particles. In this sense, available and free amino groups are required to achieve a smart pH-responsive material, a condition that is only achieved in those materials containing a silane chemisorbed monolayer. Moreover, the modulation of the release kinetics attributed to the presence of the silane monolayer covering the mesopores has been confirmed by fitting the releasing curves to the first order and Weibull models. The developed micro-mesoporous particles have been demonstrated to be excellent smart-release vehicles for antiviral agents and can be safely used in polymer mucoadhesive vaginal gels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Araceli Martin-Illana
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Food Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Plaza Ramón y Cajal s.n, 28007 Madrid, Spain; (A.M.-I.); (R.C.-L.); (F.N.-P.); (R.R.-C.); (M.D.V.-O.)
| | - Raul Cazorla-Luna
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Food Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Plaza Ramón y Cajal s.n, 28007 Madrid, Spain; (A.M.-I.); (R.C.-L.); (F.N.-P.); (R.R.-C.); (M.D.V.-O.)
| | - Fernando Notario-Pérez
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Food Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Plaza Ramón y Cajal s.n, 28007 Madrid, Spain; (A.M.-I.); (R.C.-L.); (F.N.-P.); (R.R.-C.); (M.D.V.-O.)
| | - Roberto Ruiz-Caro
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Food Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Plaza Ramón y Cajal s.n, 28007 Madrid, Spain; (A.M.-I.); (R.C.-L.); (F.N.-P.); (R.R.-C.); (M.D.V.-O.)
| | - Luis Miguel Bedoya
- Department of Pharmacology, Pharmacognosy and Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Plaza Ramón y Cajal s.n, 28007 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Maria Dolores Veiga-Ochoa
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Food Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Plaza Ramón y Cajal s.n, 28007 Madrid, Spain; (A.M.-I.); (R.C.-L.); (F.N.-P.); (R.R.-C.); (M.D.V.-O.)
| | - Juan Rubio
- Institute of Ceramics and Glass, CSIC, Kelsen 5, 28049 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Aitana Tamayo
- Institute of Ceramics and Glass, CSIC, Kelsen 5, 28049 Madrid, Spain;
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12
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Hu B, Yan H, Sun Y, Chen X, Sun Y, Li S, Jing Y, Li H. Organogels based on amino acid derivatives and their optimization for drug release using response surface methodology. ARTIFICIAL CELLS NANOMEDICINE AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2020; 48:266-275. [PMID: 31851842 DOI: 10.1080/21691401.2019.1699833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Organogels are excellent drug carrier for controlled release. Organogels based on amino acid derivatives has been widely used in the area of drug delivery. In this study, a series of the organogel system based on amino acid derivatives gelators was designed and prepared to investigate the structure-property correlation in organogels. To investigate the factors that influence the property of drug release, we varied the formulation in the organogels: gelator structure, gelator concentration, volume of antigelation solvent, and drug loading. Through the Box-Behnken tests, the optimum organogel formulation in vitro was obtained. The self-healing properties of the organogel have been utilised for injection of a model lipophilic risperidone in situ, and sustained release of the drug has been studied over about one week in vivo. In conclusion, the gelation ability of gelators could be adjusted by the gelator structure. Gel property is related with the whole composition of the formulation. As drug carrier, the drug release property of organogels is affected by multiple factors. Our investigation of the gel release property will play a theoretical guiding role in the application in the in situ drug delivery system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beibei Hu
- College of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang, P, R. China
| | - Haipeng Yan
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang, P. R. China
| | - Yanping Sun
- College of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang, P, R. China
| | - Xi Chen
- College of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang, P, R. China
| | - Yujuan Sun
- College of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang, P, R. China
| | - Sanming Li
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, P. R. China
| | - Yongshuai Jing
- College of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang, P, R. China
| | - Heran Li
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, P. R. China
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Cazorla-Luna R, Notario-Pérez F, Martín-Illana A, Bedoya LM, Tamayo A, Rubio J, Ruiz-Caro R, Veiga MD. Development and In Vitro/ Ex Vivo Characterization of Vaginal Mucoadhesive Bilayer Films Based on Ethylcellulose and Biopolymers for Vaginal Sustained Release of Tenofovir. Biomacromolecules 2020; 21:2309-2319. [PMID: 32267682 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.0c00249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Young women in sub-Saharan Africa have the highest risk of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) acquisition through sexual contact of all groups. Vaginal controlled release of antiretrovirals is a priority option for the prevention of sexual transmission of the virus in women. In this manuscript, bilayer films were prepared based on ethylcellulose and a natural polymer (xanthan or tragacanth gum) plasticized with glycerol and tributylcitrate for tenofovir-controlled release. The mechanical properties and microstructure of the blank films were characterized by texture analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy. The loaded films were evaluated in simulated vaginal fluid through release and swelling studies and ex vivo mucoadhesion assessments. The results show that the preparation method produced bilayer films with adequate mechanical properties. The contribution of both layers allowed the sustained release of tenofovir and a mucoadhesion time of up to 360 h. The toxicity of the materials was evaluated in three cell lines of vaginal origin. The films constituted by ethylcellulose and xanthan gum in a 2:1 proportion (EX2-D) showed the longest mucoadhesion time, with 15 days of tenofovir-controlled release, zero toxicity, and optimal mechanical properties. These films are therefore a promising option for offering women a means of self-protection against the sexual transmission of HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raúl Cazorla-Luna
- Departamento de Farmacia Galénica y Tecnologı́a Alimentaria, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Fernando Notario-Pérez
- Departamento de Farmacia Galénica y Tecnologı́a Alimentaria, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Araceli Martín-Illana
- Departamento de Farmacia Galénica y Tecnologı́a Alimentaria, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis-Miguel Bedoya
- Departamento Farmacologı́a, Farmacognosia y Botánica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Aitana Tamayo
- Departamento de Quı́mica-Fı́sica de Superficies y Procesos, Instituto de Cerámica y Vidrio (ICV), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientı́ficas (CSIC), 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Rubio
- Departamento de Quı́mica-Fı́sica de Superficies y Procesos, Instituto de Cerámica y Vidrio (ICV), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientı́ficas (CSIC), 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Roberto Ruiz-Caro
- Departamento de Farmacia Galénica y Tecnologı́a Alimentaria, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - María-Dolores Veiga
- Departamento de Farmacia Galénica y Tecnologı́a Alimentaria, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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Notario-Pérez F, Martín-Illana A, Cazorla-Luna R, Ruiz-Caro R, Tamayo A, Rubio J, María-Dolores V. Mucoadhesive Vaginal Discs based on Cyclodextrin and Surfactants for the Controlled Release of Antiretroviral Drugs to Prevent the Sexual Transmission of HIV. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:pharmaceutics12040321. [PMID: 32265431 PMCID: PMC7238131 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12040321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 03/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The strategies for developing vaginal microbicides to protect women against human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) sexual transmission are constantly changing. Although the initial dosage forms required daily administration to offer effective protection, the trend then moved towards sustained-release dosage forms that require less frequency of administration in order to improve women's compliance with the treatment. Nevertheless, another possible strategy is to design on-demand products that can be used in a coitally-dependent manner and only need to be administered immediately before intercourse to offer protection. Vaginal discs based on freeze-dried hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose gels have been developed for this purpose, containing two surfactants, i.e., sodium dodecyl sulphate and polysorbate 60, alone or in combination with 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin, to achieve a formulation capable of incorporating both hydrophilic and lipophilic drugs. Several studies have been carried out to evaluate how the inclusion of these substances modifies the structure of gels (viscosity and consistency studies) and the porosimetry of the freeze-dried discs (scanning electron microscopy micrographs, mechanical properties, swelling behaviour). The drug release and mucoadhesive properties of the discs have also been evaluated with a view to their clinical application. The systems combining sodium dodecyl sulphate and 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin were found to be adequate for the vaginal administration of both Tenofovir and Dapivirine and also offer excellent mucoadhesion to vaginal tissue; these discs could therefore be an interesting option for a coitally-dependent administration to protect women against HIV transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Notario-Pérez
- Departamento de Farmacia Galénica y Tecnología Alimentaria, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Plaza Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040-Madrid, Spain; (F.N.-P.); (A.M.-I.); (R.C.-L.); (R.R.-C.)
| | - Araceli Martín-Illana
- Departamento de Farmacia Galénica y Tecnología Alimentaria, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Plaza Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040-Madrid, Spain; (F.N.-P.); (A.M.-I.); (R.C.-L.); (R.R.-C.)
| | - Raúl Cazorla-Luna
- Departamento de Farmacia Galénica y Tecnología Alimentaria, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Plaza Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040-Madrid, Spain; (F.N.-P.); (A.M.-I.); (R.C.-L.); (R.R.-C.)
| | - Roberto Ruiz-Caro
- Departamento de Farmacia Galénica y Tecnología Alimentaria, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Plaza Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040-Madrid, Spain; (F.N.-P.); (A.M.-I.); (R.C.-L.); (R.R.-C.)
| | - Aitana Tamayo
- Instituto de Cerámica y Vidrio, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Calle Kelsen 5, 28049-Madrid, Spain; (A.T.); (J.R.)
| | - Juan Rubio
- Instituto de Cerámica y Vidrio, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Calle Kelsen 5, 28049-Madrid, Spain; (A.T.); (J.R.)
| | - Veiga María-Dolores
- Departamento de Farmacia Galénica y Tecnología Alimentaria, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Plaza Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040-Madrid, Spain; (F.N.-P.); (A.M.-I.); (R.C.-L.); (R.R.-C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-913-942091; Fax: +34-913-941736
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Vaginal Polyelectrolyte Layer-by-Layer Films Based on Chitosan Derivatives and Eudragit ® S100 for pH Responsive Release of Tenofovir. Mar Drugs 2020; 18:md18010044. [PMID: 31936439 PMCID: PMC7024361 DOI: 10.3390/md18010044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Revised: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Women are still at high risk of contracting the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) virus due to the lack of protection methods under their control, especially in sub-Saharan countries. Polyelectrolyte multilayer smart vaginal films based on chitosan derivatives (chitosan lactate, chitosan tartate, and chitosan citrate) and Eudragit® S100 were developed for the pH-sensitive release of Tenofovir. Films were characterized through texture analysis and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Swelling and drug release studies were carried out in simulated vaginal fluid and a mixture of simulated vaginal and seminal fluids. Ex vivo mucoadhesion was evaluated in bovine vaginal mucosa. SEM micrographs revealed the formation of multilayer films. According to texture analysis, chitosan citrate was the most flexible compared to chitosan tartrate and lactate. The swelling studies showed a moderate water uptake (<300% in all cases), leading to the sustained release of Tenofovir in simulated vaginal fluid (up to 120 h), which was accelerated in the simulated fluid mixture (4–6 h). The films had high mucoadhesion in bovine vaginal mucosa. The multilayer films formed by a mixture of chitosan citrate and Eudragit® S100 proved to be the most promising, with zero toxicity, excellent mechanical properties, moderate swelling (<100%), high mucoadhesion capacity, and Tenofovir release of 120 h and 4 h in vaginal fluid and the simulated fluid mixture respectively.
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Notario-Pérez F, Martín-Illana A, Cazorla-Luna R, Ruiz-Caro R, Bedoya LM, Peña J, Veiga MD. Development of mucoadhesive vaginal films based on HPMC and zein as novel formulations to prevent sexual transmission of HIV. Int J Pharm 2019; 570:118643. [PMID: 31446023 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2019.118643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Revised: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Although vaginal films were initially developed for a fast release of the drug, with the adequate formulation they can also be useful for sustained release. The latest strategies for the prevention of the sexual transmission of HIV have moved towards sustained-release dosage forms, so films may be an effective strategy that could also improve the patient's comfort. A hydrophilic polymer (hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose) and an amphiphilic polymer (zein) have been evaluated for the development of Tenofovir sustained-release vaginal films. The modification of the film's properties by the inclusion of polar (glycerol and polyethylene glycol 400 (PEG)) and amphiphilic (tributyl citrate and oleic acid) plasticisers was also evaluated. The films' physicochemical and mechanical properties were determined. The in vitro release of Tenofovir from the films and their bioadhesive capacity and behaviour in simulated vaginal fluid were also assessed. The combination of hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose and zein in films (ratio 1:5), with the inclusion of PEG (40% w/w) proved not only to have excellent mechanical properties, but was also able to release TFV in a sustained manner for 120 h and remain attached to biological tissues throughout this time. This film could be an interesting option for the prevention of sexual transmission of HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Notario-Pérez
- Departamento de Farmacia Galénica y Tecnología Alimentaria, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Plaza Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Araceli Martín-Illana
- Departamento de Farmacia Galénica y Tecnología Alimentaria, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Plaza Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Raúl Cazorla-Luna
- Departamento de Farmacia Galénica y Tecnología Alimentaria, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Plaza Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Roberto Ruiz-Caro
- Departamento de Farmacia Galénica y Tecnología Alimentaria, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Plaza Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Luis-Miguel Bedoya
- Departamento de Farmacología, Farmacognosia y Botánica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Plaza Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040-Madrid, Spain.
| | - Juan Peña
- Departamento de Química en Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Plaza Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040-Madrid, Spain.
| | - María-Dolores Veiga
- Departamento de Farmacia Galénica y Tecnología Alimentaria, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Plaza Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
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Smart Freeze-Dried Bigels for the Prevention of the Sexual Transmission of HIV by Accelerating the Vaginal Release of Tenofovir during Intercourse. Pharmaceutics 2019; 11:pharmaceutics11050232. [PMID: 31086015 PMCID: PMC6571877 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics11050232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Revised: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Sub-Saharan African women are still at risk from the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and sex with men is the main route of transmission. Vaginal formulations containing antiretroviral drugs are promising tools to give women the power to protect themselves. The aim of this work was to obtain freeze-dried bigels containing pectin, chitosan, or hypromellose for the vaginal controlled release of Tenofovir, which is accelerated in the presence of semen. Nine batches of bigels were formulated using different proportions of these polymers in the hydrogel (1, 2, and 3% w/w). The bigels obtained were freeze-dried and then underwent hardness and deformability, mucoadhesion, swelling, and drug release tests, the last two in simulated vaginal fluid (SVF) and SVF/simulated seminal fluid (SSF) mixture. The formulation containing 3% pectin (fd3P) has the highest values for hardness, resistance to deformation, and good mucoadhesivity. Its swelling is conditioned by the pH of the medium, which is responsive to the controlled release of Tenofovir in SVF, with the fastest release in the SVF/SSF mixture. fd3P would be an interesting smart microbicidal system to allow faster release of Tenofovir in the presence of semen, and thus increase women’s ability to protect themselves from the sexual transmission of HIV.
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Chitosan-Based Mucoadhesive Vaginal Tablets for Controlled Release of the Anti-HIV Drug Tenofovir. Pharmaceutics 2019; 11:pharmaceutics11010020. [PMID: 30621307 PMCID: PMC6359514 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics11010020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2018] [Revised: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaginal microbicides have the potential to give women at high risk of contracting HIV the option of self-protection by preventing the sexual transmission of the virus. In this paper, mucoadhesive vaginal tablets based on chitosan, alone and in combination with pectin and locust bean gum, were developed for the sustained release of tenofovir (an antiretroviral drug). The formulations were placed in simulant vaginal fluid (SVF) to swell, and Hg porosity and SEM microscopy were used for the microstructural characterization of the swelling witnesses. The results show that the association of pectin and chitosan generated polyelectrolyte complexes and produced a robust system able to maintain its structure during the swelling process, when small pores are formed. Drug release and bovine vaginal mucoadhesion studies were performed in SVF showing that tenofovir-controlled dissolution profiles and adhesion to the mucosa were conditioned by the swelling processes of the polymer/s in each formulation. Tablets based on chitosan/pectin have the most homogeneous tenofovir dissolution profiles and last up to 96 h, remaining attached to the vaginal mucosa for the same period. These formulations can therefore be considered a good option for the self-protection of women from the sexual transmission of HIV.
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Shakeel A, Farooq U, Iqbal T, Yasin S, Lupi FR, Gabriele D. Key characteristics and modelling of bigels systems: A review. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2018; 97:932-953. [PMID: 30678982 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2018.12.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2018] [Revised: 12/23/2018] [Accepted: 12/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Bigels are interesting semisolid formulations with better properties for different applications such as cosmetics and pharmaceutical systems. Due to the mixing of two phases of different nature (polar and apolar), bigels possess some interesting features like ability to deliver hydrophilic and hydrophobic drugs, better spreadability and water washability, improved permeability of drugs, enhanced hydration of stratum corneum and ability to manipulate the drug release rate. The main objective of this review article is to provide a thorough insight into the important characteristics of bigels together with the discussion on modelling of bigel systems to relate their properties with individual constituents and different parameters. Moreover, some important applications of bigels are also discussed by considering some examples from the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Shakeel
- Department of Chemical, Polymer & Composite Materials Engineering, University of Engineering & Technology, KSK Campus, Lahore 54890, Pakistan; Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Department of Hydraulic Engineering, Rivers, Ports, Waterways and Dredging Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Stevinweg 1, 2628 CN Delft, the Netherlands.
| | - Ujala Farooq
- Department of Chemical, Polymer & Composite Materials Engineering, University of Engineering & Technology, KSK Campus, Lahore 54890, Pakistan.
| | - Tanveer Iqbal
- Department of Chemical, Polymer & Composite Materials Engineering, University of Engineering & Technology, KSK Campus, Lahore 54890, Pakistan.
| | - Saima Yasin
- Department of Chemical, Polymer & Composite Materials Engineering, University of Engineering & Technology, KSK Campus, Lahore 54890, Pakistan.
| | - Francesca R Lupi
- Department of Information, Modeling, Electronics and System Engineering (D.I.M.E.S.), University of Calabria, Via P. Bucci, Cubo 39C, I-87036 Rende, CS, Italy.
| | - Domenico Gabriele
- Department of Information, Modeling, Electronics and System Engineering (D.I.M.E.S.), University of Calabria, Via P. Bucci, Cubo 39C, I-87036 Rende, CS, Italy.
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