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Gleeson JP, Zhang SY, Subelzu N, Ling J, Nissley B, Ong W, Nofsinger R, Kesisoglou F. Head-to-Head Comparison of Caco-2 Transwell and Gut-on-a-Chip Models for Assessing Oral Peptide Formulations. Mol Pharm 2024. [PMID: 38941485 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.4c00210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/30/2024]
Abstract
Oral delivery of potent peptide drugs provides key formulation challenges in the pharmaceutical industry: stability, solubility, and permeability. Intestinal permeation enhancers (PEs) can overcome the low oral bioavailability by improving the drug permeability. Conventional in vitro and ex vivo models for assessing PEs fail to predict efficacy in vivo. Here, we compared Caco-2 cells cultured in the conventional static Transwell model to a commercially available continuous flow microfluidic Gut-on-a-Chip model. We determined baseline permeability of FITC-Dextan 3 kDa (FD3) in Transwell (5.3 ± 0.8 × 10-8 cm/s) vs Chip (3.2 ± 1.8 × 10-7 cm/s). We screened the concentration impact of two established PEs sodium caprate and sucrose monolaurate and indicated a requirement for higher enhancer concentration in the Chip model to elicit equivalent efficacy e.g., 10 mM sodium caprate in Transwells vs 25 mM in Chips. Fasted and fed state simulated intestinal fluids (FaSSIF/FeSSIF) were introduced into the Chip and increased basal FD3 permeability by 3-fold and 20-fold, respectively, compared to 4-fold and 4000-fold in Transwells. We assessed the utility of this model to peptides (Insulin and Octreotide) with PEs and observed much more modest permeability enhancement in the Chip model in line with observations in ex vivo and in vivo preclinical models. These data indicate that microfluidic Chip models are well suited to bridge the gap between conventional in vitro and in vivo models.
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Affiliation(s)
- John P Gleeson
- Pharmaceutical Sciences and Clinical Supply, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Stephanie Y Zhang
- Pharmaceutical Sciences and Clinical Supply, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Natalia Subelzu
- Analytical Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Jing Ling
- Pharmaceutical Sciences and Clinical Supply, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Becky Nissley
- Pharmaceutical Sciences and Clinical Supply, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Whitney Ong
- Analytical Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Rebecca Nofsinger
- Pharmaceutical Sciences and Clinical Supply, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
- Current: Eli Lilly and Company, Drug Disposition, Indianapolis, Indiana 46284, United States
| | - Filippos Kesisoglou
- Pharmaceutical Sciences and Clinical Supply, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
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2
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McCartney F, Caisse P, Dumont C, Brayden DJ. Labrafac TM MC60 is an efficacious intestinal permeation enhancer for macromolecules: Comparisons with Labrasol® ALF in ex vivo and in vivo rat studies. Int J Pharm 2024; 661:124353. [PMID: 38909926 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2024.124353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2024] [Revised: 06/14/2024] [Accepted: 06/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024]
Abstract
Labrafac™ MC60 (glycerol monocaprylocaprate) is a lipid-based excipient used in oral formulations as a solubiliser. Due to the high proportions of established permeability enhancers, caprylate (C8) and caprate (C10), in Labrafac™ MC60, we hypothesised that it might behave as an intestinal permeation enhancer. We therefore evaluated this using two paracellular markers (ex vivo) and insulin (in vivo) as model molecules. Ex vivo studies were conducted in isolated muscle-stripped rat colonic mucosae mounted in Ussing chambers. Apical addition of Labrafac™ MC60 (8, 12, and 16 mg/ml) enhanced the apparent permeability coefficients (Papp) of [14C] mannitol and FITC-dextran 4 kDa (FD4) across colonic mucosae. Similar effects were observed in isolated jejunal mucosae, but at higher concentrations (40 mg/ml). The enhancing capacity of Labrafac™ MC60 was transient due to reversibility of reductions in transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) upon wash-out and effects on fluxes were molecular weight-dependent (MW) as suggested by fluxes of a set of high MW FITC-dextrans. The permeability enhancing effects of Labrafac™ MC60 ex vivo were maintained in the presence of simulated intestinal fluids, FaSSIF and FaSSCoF, in both jejunal and colonic mucosae, respectively. Following intra-intestinal regional instillations to rats, the relative bioavailability of 50 IU/kg insulin ad-mixed with Labrafac™ MC60 was 5 % in jejunum (40 mg/ml) and 6 % in colon (8 mg/ml). When Labrafac™ MC60 was combined with PEG-60 hydrogenated castor oil (1 % v/v), this further increased the bioavailability of insulin to 8 % in jejunum. Absorption enhancement was also maintained in the presence of FaSSIF in jejunal instillations. Histology after 120 min exposure to Labrafac™ MC60 in vivo for both jejunum and colon was similar to untreated control. Labrafac™ MC60 therefore acts as a non-damaging intestinal permeation enhancer for macromolecules and can be considered as another excipient in screening programmes to develop orally administered macromolecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona McCartney
- UCD School of Veterinary Medicine and UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
| | | | - Camille Dumont
- Gattefossé SAS, 36, Chemin de Genas, Saint-Priest, France
| | - David J Brayden
- UCD School of Veterinary Medicine and UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
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3
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Kang C, Bernaldez M, Stamatis SD, Rose JP, Sun R. Interaction between Permeation Enhancers and Lipid Bilayers. J Phys Chem B 2024; 128:1668-1679. [PMID: 38232311 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.3c06448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
Permeation enhancers (PEs) are a class of molecules that interact with the epithelial membrane and transiently increase its transcellular permeability. Although there have been few clinical trials of PE coformulated drugs, the mechanism of action of PEs remains elusive. In this paper, the interaction between two archetypes of PEs [salcaprozate sodium (SNAC) and sodium caprate (C10)] and membranes is investigated with extensive all-atom molecular dynamics simulations. The simulations show that (1) the association between the neutral PEs and membranes is favored in free energy, (2) the propensity of neutral PE aggregation is larger in aqueous solution than in lipid bilayers, (3) the equilibrium distribution of neutral PEs in membranes is fast, e.g., accessible with unbiased MD simulations, and (4) the micelle of neutral PEs formed in aqueous solution does not rupture the membranes (e.g., not forming pores or breaking up the membrane) under simulation conditions. All results combined, this study indicates that PEs insert into the membranes in an equilibrium or near equilibrium process. This study lays the foundation for future investigations of how PEs impact the free energy of permeation for small molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Kang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, United States
| | - Mabel Bernaldez
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, United States
| | - Stephen D Stamatis
- Lilly Corporate Center, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - John P Rose
- Lilly Corporate Center, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Rui Sun
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, United States
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4
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Tran H, Dogra M, Huang S, Aihara E, ElSayed M, Aburub A. Development and evaluation of C10 and SNAC erodible tablets for gastric delivery of a GIP/GLP1 peptide in monkeys. Int J Pharm 2024; 650:123680. [PMID: 38070657 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2023.123680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2023] [Revised: 11/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
The permeation enhancers (PEs) sodium caprate (C10) and sodium N-[8-(2-hydroxybenzoyl) amino] caprylate (SNAC) have been utilized for the intestinal and gastric delivery of macromolecules, respectively. However, the potential of C10 for the gastric delivery of a peptide and the ability of SNAC to deliver other peptides to the stomach beyond semaglutide have not been investigated. In this study, we have developed and evaluated C10 and SNAC-containing erodible tablets for the gastricdelivery of a glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GIP/GLP1) dual agonist peptide (LY) in cynomolgus monkeys. We also evaluated the impact of release rates on the in vivo performance of C10 and SNAC. Furthermore, we compared the oral exposure of the LY peptide and semaglutide with different proteolytic stabilities using a SNAC erodible tablet. Additionally, we investigated the mechanism of action of SNAC for improving gastric absorption of the LY peptide via tissue distribution in monkey. C10 and SNAC tablets released the peptide and PE by erosion from the tablet surface with 100 % release within 60 min at pH 6.8. Following a single oral administration to monkeys, C10 and SNAC erodible tablets at 300 mg exhibited similar LY mean absolute oral bioavailability of 5.7 % and 4.2 %, respectively. The C10 immediate release capsule (500 mg) with faster dissolution profile (10 min) showed a decrease in the LY oral bioavailability; however, a faster dissolution profile (15 min) with erodible SNAC tablet resulted in a relatively higher LY oral bioavailability compared to the slow-release erodible tablets (60 min). Using SNAC as the PE, the combination of slow-release tablet design and LY peptide with higher pepsin stability resulted in about 4-fold higher mean oral bioavailability in the monkeys than semaglutide (4.2 % vs 1.2 %, respectively). In the monkey gastric tissue, SNAC was found to reduce tight junction protein levels and increase the peptide uptake into the gastric epithelium suggesting its permeation enhancing mechanism via both paracellular and transcellular pathways. Taking these data altogether, the enhanced proteolytic stability of the LY peptide combined with the optimal erodible tablets enabled the gastric delivery of the LY peptide with a higher oral bioavailability than semaglutide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huyen Tran
- Biotechnology Discovery Research, Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Research Laboratories, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, IN 46285
| | - Mridula Dogra
- Department of Drug Disposition, Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Research Laboratories, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, IN 46285
| | - Siyuan Huang
- Synthetic Molecule Design and Development (,) Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Research Laboratories, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, IN 46285
| | - Eitaro Aihara
- Biotechnology Discovery Research, Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Research Laboratories, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, IN 46285
| | - Mohamed ElSayed
- Biotechnology Discovery Research, Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Research Laboratories, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, IN 46285
| | - Aktham Aburub
- Synthetic Molecule Design and Development (,) Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Research Laboratories, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, IN 46285.
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Asano D, Takakusa H, Nakai D. Oral Absorption of Middle-to-Large Molecules and Its Improvement, with a Focus on New Modality Drugs. Pharmaceutics 2023; 16:47. [PMID: 38258058 PMCID: PMC10820198 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16010047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
To meet unmet medical needs, middle-to-large molecules, including peptides and oligonucleotides, have emerged as new therapeutic modalities. Owing to their middle-to-large molecular sizes, middle-to-large molecules are not suitable for oral absorption, but there are high expectations around orally bioavailable macromolecular drugs, since oral administration is the most convenient dosing route. Therefore, extensive efforts have been made to create bioavailable middle-to-large molecules or develop absorption enhancement technology, from which some successes have recently been reported. For example, Rybelsus® tablets and Mycapssa® capsules, both of which contain absorption enhancers, were approved as oral medications for type 2 diabetes and acromegaly, respectively. The oral administration of Rybelsus and Mycapssa exposes their pharmacologically active peptides with molecular weights greater than 1000, namely, semaglutide and octreotide, respectively, into systemic circulation. Although these two medications represent major achievements in the development of orally absorbable peptide formulations, the oral bioavailability of peptides after taking Rybelsus and Mycapssa is still only around 1%. In this article, we review the approaches and recent advances of orally bioavailable middle-to-large molecules and discuss challenges for improving their oral absorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daigo Asano
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratories, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., 1-2-58, Hiromachi, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 140-8710, Japan; (H.T.); (D.N.)
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6
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Solis-Herrera C, Kane MP, Triplitt C. Current Understanding of Sodium N-(8-[2-Hydroxylbenzoyl] Amino) Caprylate (SNAC) as an Absorption Enhancer: The Oral Semaglutide Experience. Clin Diabetes 2023; 42:74-86. [PMID: 38230324 PMCID: PMC10788673 DOI: 10.2337/cd22-0118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
Oral administration of peptide therapeutics faces challenges because of the distinct environment of the gastrointestinal tract. An oral formulation of semaglutide, a glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonist, was approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration in 2019 as a peptide therapy for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Oral semaglutide uses sodium N-(8-[2-hydroxybenzoyl] amino) caprylate (SNAC) technology to enhance the absorption of semaglutide in the stomach and protect it from degradation by gastric enzymes. This article presents a summary of studies investigating SNAC technology as an absorption enhancer for a number of molecules and, in particular, explores how SNAC, once coformulated with oral semaglutide, facilitates increased absorption and bioavailability. Practical advice and dispensing information for pharmacists is also provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Solis-Herrera
- Division of Diabetes, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX
- Division of Endocrinology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX
| | - Michael P. Kane
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Albany, NY
| | - Curtis Triplitt
- Division of Diabetes, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX
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Liu S, Wen X, Zhang X, Mao S. Oral delivery of biomacromolecules by overcoming biological barriers in the gastrointestinal tract: an update. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2023; 20:1333-1347. [PMID: 37439101 DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2023.2231343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Biomacromolecules have proven to be an attractive choice for treating diseases due to their properties of strong specificity, high efficiency, and low toxicity. Besides greatly improving the patient's complaint, oral delivery of macromolecules also complies with hormone physiological secretion, which has become one of the most innovative fields of research in recent years. AREAS COVERED Oral delivery biological barriers for biomacromolecule, transport mechanisms, and various administration strategies were discussed in this review, including absorption enhancers, targeting nanoparticles, mucoadhesion nanoparticles, mucus penetration nanoparticles, and intelligent bionic drug delivery systems. EXPERT OPINION The oral delivery of biomacromolecules has important clinical implications; however, these are still facing the challenges of low bioavailability due to certain barriers. Various promising technologies have been developed to overcome the barriers and improve the therapeutic effect of oral biomacromolecules. By considering safety and efficacy comprehensively, the development of intelligent nanoparticles based on the GIT environment has demonstrated some promise in overcoming these barriers; however, a more comprehensive understanding of the oral fate of oral biomacromolecules is still required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiyun Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiangce Wen
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Shirui Mao
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
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8
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Ejaz S, Ali SMA, Zarif B, Shahid R, Ihsan A, Noor T, Imran M. Surface engineering of chitosan nanosystems and the impact of functionalized groups on the permeability of model drug across intestinal tissue. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 242:124777. [PMID: 37169055 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.124777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Surface attributes of nanocarriers are crucial to determine their fate in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Herein, we have functionalized chitosan with biochemical moieties including rhamnolipid (RL), curcumin (Cur) and mannose (M). FTIR spectra of functionalized chitosan nanocarriers (FCNCs) demonstrated successful conjugation of M, Cur and RL. The functional moieties influenced the entrapment of model drug i.e., coumarin-6 (C6) in FCNCs with payload-hosting and non-leaching behavior i.e., >91 ± 2.5 % with negligible cumulative release of <2 % for 5 h in KREB, which was further verified in the simulated gastric and intestinal fluids. Consequently, substantial difference in the size and zeta potential was observed for FCNCs with different biochemical moieties. Scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy of FCNCs displayed well-dispersed and spherical morphology. In addition, in vitro cytotoxicity results of FCNCs confirmed their hemocompatibility. In the ex-vivo rat intestinal models, FCNCs displayed a time-dependent-phenomenon in cellular-uptake and adherence. However, apparent-permeability-coefficient and flux values were in the order of C6-RL-FCNCs > C6-M-FCNCs > C6-Cur-FCNCs = C6-CNCs > Free-C6. Furthermore, the transepithelial electrical resistance revealed the FCNCs mediated recovery of membrane-integrity with reversible tight junctions opening. Thus, FCNCs have the potential to overcome the poor solubility and/or permeability issues of active pharmaceutical ingredients and transform the impact of functionalized-nanomedicines in the biomedical industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadaf Ejaz
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad (CUI), Park Road, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Syed Muhammad Afroz Ali
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad (CUI), Park Road, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Bina Zarif
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad (CUI), Park Road, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Ramla Shahid
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad (CUI), Park Road, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Ayesha Ihsan
- Nanobiotechnology Group, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (NIBGE), Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Tayyaba Noor
- School of Chemical and Materials Engineering (SCME), National University of Science and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Imran
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad (CUI), Park Road, Islamabad, Pakistan.
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9
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Masloh S, Culot M, Gosselet F, Chevrel A, Scapozza L, Zeisser Labouebe M. Challenges and Opportunities in the Oral Delivery of Recombinant Biologics. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15051415. [PMID: 37242657 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15051415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 04/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Recombinant biological molecules are at the cutting-edge of biomedical research thanks to the significant progress made in biotechnology and a better understanding of subcellular processes implicated in several diseases. Given their ability to induce a potent response, these molecules are becoming the drugs of choice for multiple pathologies. However, unlike conventional drugs which are mostly ingested, the majority of biologics are currently administered parenterally. Therefore, to improve their limited bioavailability when delivered orally, the scientific community has devoted tremendous efforts to develop accurate cell- and tissue-based models that allow for the determination of their capacity to cross the intestinal mucosa. Furthermore, several promising approaches have been imagined to enhance the intestinal permeability and stability of recombinant biological molecules. This review summarizes the main physiological barriers to the oral delivery of biologics. Several preclinical in vitro and ex vivo models currently used to assess permeability are also presented. Finally, the multiple strategies explored to address the challenges of administering biotherapeutics orally are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solene Masloh
- Laboratoire de la Barrière Hémato-Encéphalique (LBHE), Faculté des sciences Jean Perrin, University of Artois, UR 2465, Rue Jean Souvraz, 62300 Lens, France
- Affilogic, 24 Rue de la Rainière, 44300 Nantes, France
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, 1 Rue Michel Servet, 1201 Geneva, Switzerland
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, 1 Rue Michel Servet, 1201 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Maxime Culot
- Laboratoire de la Barrière Hémato-Encéphalique (LBHE), Faculté des sciences Jean Perrin, University of Artois, UR 2465, Rue Jean Souvraz, 62300 Lens, France
| | - Fabien Gosselet
- Laboratoire de la Barrière Hémato-Encéphalique (LBHE), Faculté des sciences Jean Perrin, University of Artois, UR 2465, Rue Jean Souvraz, 62300 Lens, France
| | - Anne Chevrel
- Affilogic, 24 Rue de la Rainière, 44300 Nantes, France
| | - Leonardo Scapozza
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, 1 Rue Michel Servet, 1201 Geneva, Switzerland
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, 1 Rue Michel Servet, 1201 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Magali Zeisser Labouebe
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, 1 Rue Michel Servet, 1201 Geneva, Switzerland
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, 1 Rue Michel Servet, 1201 Geneva, Switzerland
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10
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Gastrointestinal Permeation Enhancers for the Development of Oral Peptide Pharmaceuticals. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15121585. [PMID: 36559036 PMCID: PMC9781085 DOI: 10.3390/ph15121585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, two oral-administered peptide pharmaceuticals, semaglutide and octreotide, have been developed and are considered as a breakthrough in peptide and protein drug delivery system development. In 2019, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved an oral dosage form of semaglutide developed by Novo Nordisk (Rybelsus®) for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Subsequently, the octreotide capsule (Mycapssa®), developed through Chiasma's Transient Permeation Enhancer (TPE) technology, also received FDA approval in 2020 for the treatment of acromegaly. These two oral peptide products have been a significant success; however, a major obstacle to their oral delivery remains the poor permeability of peptides through the intestinal epithelium. Therefore, gastrointestinal permeation enhancers are of great relevance for the development of subsequent oral peptide products. Sodium salcaprozate (SNAC) and sodium caprylate (C8) have been used as gastrointestinal permeation enhancers for semaglutide and octreotide, respectively. Herein, we briefly review two approved products, Rybelsus® and Mycapssa®, and discuss the permeation properties of SNAC and medium chain fatty acids, sodium caprate (C10) and C8, focusing on Eligen technology using SNAC, TPE technology using C8, and gastrointestinal permeation enhancement technology (GIPET) using C10.
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11
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Chiang PC, Liu J, Nagapudi K, Wu R, Dolton M, Chen J, Plise E, Liu L, Durk MR. Elucidating a Potential Mechanism of Permeability Enhancer Sodium N-[8-(2-hydroxybenzoyl) amino] Caprylate in Rats: Evidence of Lymphatic Absorption of Cyanocobalamin using the Mesenteric Lymph Duct Cannulated Rat. J Pharm Sci 2022; 111:3417-3423. [PMID: 36228756 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2022.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Oral administration is the most popular and convenient route for drug delivery, yet the success of oral drug delivery is dependent on the ADME properties of the drug. Among those ADME properties, permeability is considered one of the key attributes for successful oral drug absorption. Hence, the utilization of permeability enhancers to improve drug oral absorption is an important area of research in drug delivery. A multitude of data suggests that sodium N-[8-(2-hydroxybenzoyl) amino] caprylate (SNAC) is an effective permeability enhancer. Despite its success, the mechanism of how SNAC works to enhance the oral absorption of compounds is poorly understood. To better understand how SNAC worked, we investigated the hypothesis of SNAC promotes lymphatic absorption of target compounds. In this study, cyanocobalamin was used as the model compound and mesenteric lymph duct cannulated rats were used to investigate its absorption with or without SNAC. The present study demonstrated that SNAC enhanced the lymphatic absorption of cyanocobalamin when the two were co-dosed in rats. Furthermore, levels of SNAC in lymph fluid and the systemic circulation were higher when co-dosed with cyanocobalamin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Po-Chang Chiang
- Small Molecule Pharmaceutical Sciences, Genentech Inc, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA.
| | - Jia Liu
- Small Molecule Pharmaceutical Sciences, Genentech Inc, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Karthik Nagapudi
- Small Molecule Pharmaceutical Sciences, Genentech Inc, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Ricky Wu
- Small Molecule Pharmaceutical Sciences, Genentech Inc, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | | | - Jacob Chen
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech Inc, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Emile Plise
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech Inc, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Liling Liu
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech Inc, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Matthew R Durk
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech Inc, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
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12
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Mortensen JS, Bohr SSR, Harloff-Helleberg S, Hatzakis NS, Saaby L, Nielsen HM. Physical and barrier changes in gastrointestinal mucus induced by the permeation enhancer sodium 8-[(2-hydroxybenzoyl)amino]octanoate (SNAC). J Control Release 2022; 352:163-178. [PMID: 36314534 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2022.09.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Drug delivery systems (DDS) for oral delivery of peptide drugs contain excipients that facilitate and enhance absorption. However, little knowledge exists on how DDS excipients such as permeation enhancers interact with the gastrointestinal mucus barrier. This study aimed to investigate interactions of the permeation enhancer sodium 8-[(2-hydroxybenzoyl)amino]octanoate (SNAC) with ex vivo porcine intestinal mucus (PIM), ex vivo porcine gastric mucus (PGM), as well as with in vitro biosimilar mucus (BM) by profiling their physical and barrier properties upon exposure to SNAC. Bulk mucus permeability studies using the peptides cyclosporine A and vancomycin, ovalbumin as a model protein, as well as fluorescein-isothiocyanate dextrans (FDs) of different molecular weights and different surface charges were conducted in parallel to mucus retention force studies using a texture analyzer, rheological studies, cryo-scanning electron microscopy (cryo-SEM), and single particle tracking of fluorescence-labelled nanoparticles to investigate the effects of the SNAC-mucus interaction. The exposure of SNAC to PIM increased the mucus retention force, storage modulus, viscosity, increased nanoparticle confinement within PIM as well as decreased the permeation of cyclosporine A and ovalbumin through PIM. Surprisingly, the viscosity of PGM and the permeation of cyclosporine A and ovalbumin through PGM was unaffected by the presence of SNAC, thus the effect of SNAC depended on the regional site that mucus was collected from. In the absence of SNAC, the permeation of different molecular weight and differently charged FDs through PIM was comparable to that through BM. However, while bulk permeation of neither of the FDs through PIM was affected by SNAC, the presence of SNAC decreased the permeation of FD4 and increased the permeation of FD150 kDa through BM. Additionally, and in contrast to observations in PIM, nanoparticle confinement within BM remained unaffected by the presence of SNAC. In conclusion, the present study showed that SNAC altered the physical and barrier properties of PIM, but not of PGM. The effects of SNAC in PIM were not observed in the BM in vitro model. Altogether, the study highlights the need for further understanding how permeation enhancers influence the mucus barrier and illustrates that the selected mucus model for such studies should be chosen with care.
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Affiliation(s)
- J S Mortensen
- Center for Biopharmaceuticals and Biobarriers in Drug Delivery, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - S S-R Bohr
- Center for Biopharmaceuticals and Biobarriers in Drug Delivery, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Chemistry, Nano-Science Center, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Bülowsvej 17, DK-1870 Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - S Harloff-Helleberg
- Center for Biopharmaceuticals and Biobarriers in Drug Delivery, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark; LEO Foundation Center for Cutaneous Drug Delivery, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - N S Hatzakis
- Department of Chemistry, Nano-Science Center, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Bülowsvej 17, DK-1870 Frederiksberg, Denmark; Novo Nordisk Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - L Saaby
- CNS Drug Delivery and Barrier Modelling, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark; Bioneer A/S, Kogle Alle 2, DK-2970 Hørsholm, Denmark
| | - H M Nielsen
- Center for Biopharmaceuticals and Biobarriers in Drug Delivery, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
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13
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Martinez MN, Wu F, Sinko B, Brayden DJ, Grass M, Kesisoglou F, Stewart A, Sugano K. A Critical Overview of the Biological Effects of Excipients (Part II): Scientific Considerations and Tools for Oral Product Development. AAPS J 2022; 24:61. [DOI: 10.1208/s12248-022-00713-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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14
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Tran H, ElSayed MEH. Progress and limitations of oral peptide delivery as a potentially transformative therapy. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2022; 19:163-178. [PMID: 35255753 DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2022.2051476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The oral delivery of peptides offers advantages over the injectable route of administration due to patient convenience. However, oral delivery remains challenging due to physiological barriers. Numerous formulation technologies have been developed to overcome these challenges, and understanding the advantages and limitations of each technology is important for the development of new delivery systems to enable oral delivery of peptides designed for parenteral administration. AREAS COVERED This review summarizes key learnings from the use of permeation enhancers (PEs) for oral peptide delivery associated with solid dosage form optimization to maximize the PE effect. Furthermore, we will highlight the most recent emerging delivery strategies to improve oral peptide bioavailability such as nanoparticles, self-emulsifying drug delivery systems, gut shuttles, and ingestible devices. In addition, advantages and limitations of these technologies will be compared with the permeation enhancer technology. EXPERT OPINION Despite the success of permeation enhancer technology in the FDA approved oral peptide products for gastric and intestinal delivery, oral peptide delivery is still facing the immense challenge of low-to-single digit oral bioavailability and the impact of food and water intake on oral absorption. Optimization of drug product attributes such as dissolution kinetics is critical to overcome spreading and dilution effects in vivo to improve permeation enhancer efficacy. The next frontiers to substantially increase oral bioavailability and transform injectable peptides to oral deliverables may be ingestible devices and gut shuttles. In addition, ingestible devices may have potential to overcome the impact of food on oral bioavailability. However, clinical studies are necessary to inform the safety and efficacy of these emerging technologies.
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15
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Berg S, Kärrberg L, Suljovic D, Seeliger F, Söderberg M, Perez-Alcazar M, Van Zuydam N, Abrahamsson B, Hugerth AM, Davies N, Bergström CAS. Impact of Intestinal Concentration and Colloidal Structure on the Permeation-Enhancing Efficiency of Sodium Caprate in the Rat. Mol Pharm 2022; 19:200-212. [PMID: 34928160 PMCID: PMC8728734 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.1c00724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
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In this work, we
set out to better understand how the permeation
enhancer sodium caprate (C10) influences the intestinal absorption
of macromolecules. FITC-dextran 4000 (FD4) was selected as a model
compound and formulated with 50–300 mM C10. Absorption was
studied after bolus instillation of liquid formulation to the duodenum
of anesthetized rats and intravenously as a reference, whereafter
plasma samples were taken and analyzed for FD4 content. It was found
that the AUC and Cmax of FD4 increased
with increasing C10 concentration. Higher C10 concentrations were
associated with an increased and extended absorption but also increased
epithelial damage. Depending on the C10 concentration, the intestinal
epithelium showed significant recovery already at 60–120 min
after administration. At the highest studied C10 concentrations (100
and 300 mM), the absorption of FD4 was not affected by the colloidal
structures of C10, with similar absorption obtained when C10 was administered
as micelles (pH 8.5) and as vesicles (pH 6.5). In contrast, the FD4
absorption was lower when C10 was administered at 50 mM formulated
as micelles as compared to vesicles. Intestinal dilution of C10 and
FD4 revealed a trend of decreasing FD4 absorption with increasing
intestinal dilution. However, the effect was smaller than that of
altering the total administered C10 dose. Absorption was similar when
the formulations were prepared in simulated intestinal fluids containing
mixed micelles of bile salts and phospholipids and in simple buffer
solution. The findings in this study suggest that in order to optimally
enhance the absorption of macromolecules, high (≥100 mM) initial
intestinal C10 concentrations are likely needed and that both the
concentration and total dose of C10 are important parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Staffan Berg
- The Swedish Drug Delivery Center, Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, BMC P.O. Box 580, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden.,Advanced Drug Delivery, Pharmaceutical Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, 431 83 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Lillevi Kärrberg
- Animal Sciences and Technologies, Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, Biopharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, 431 83 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Denny Suljovic
- The Swedish Drug Delivery Center, Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, BMC P.O. Box 580, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Frank Seeliger
- Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism Safety, Clinical Pharmacology & Safety Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, 431 83 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Magnus Söderberg
- Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism Safety, Clinical Pharmacology & Safety Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, 431 83 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Marta Perez-Alcazar
- Imaging and Data Analytics, Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, Biopharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, 431 83 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Natalie Van Zuydam
- Data Science and Quantitative Biology, Discovery Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, 431 83 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Bertil Abrahamsson
- Oral Product Development, Pharmaceutical Technology & Development, Operations, AstraZeneca, 431 83 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Andreas M Hugerth
- Ferring Pharmaceuticals A/S Global Pharmaceutical R&D, 2300 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Nigel Davies
- Advanced Drug Delivery, Pharmaceutical Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, 431 83 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Christel A S Bergström
- The Swedish Drug Delivery Center, Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, BMC P.O. Box 580, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
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16
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Kneiszl R, Hossain S, Larsson P. In Silico-Based Experiments on Mechanistic Interactions between Several Intestinal Permeation Enhancers with a Lipid Bilayer Model. Mol Pharm 2022; 19:124-137. [PMID: 34913341 PMCID: PMC8728740 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.1c00689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Oral administration of drugs is generally considered convenient and patient-friendly. However, oral administration of biological drugs exhibits low oral bioavailability (BA) due to enzymatic degradation and low intestinal absorption. A possible approach to circumvent the low BA of oral peptide drugs is to coformulate the drugs with permeation enhancers (PEs). PEs have been studied since the 1960s and are molecules that enhance the absorption of hydrophilic molecules with low permeability over the gastrointestinal epithelium. In this study, we investigated the impact of six PEs on the structural properties of a model membrane using molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. The PEs included were the sodium salts of the medium chain fatty acids laurate, caprate, and caprylate and the caprylate derivative SNAC─all with a negative charge─and neutral caprate and neutral sucrose monolaurate. Our results indicated that the PEs, once incorporated into the membrane, could induce membrane leakiness in a concentration-dependent manner. Our simulations suggest that a PE concentration of at least 70-100 mM is needed to strongly affect transcellular permeability. The increased aggregation propensity seen for neutral PEs might provide a molecular-level mechanism for the membrane disruptions seen at higher concentrations in vivo. The ability for neutral PEs to flip-flop across the lipid bilayer is also suggestive of possible intracellular modes of action other than increasing membrane fluidity. Taken together, our results indicate that MD simulations are useful for gaining insights relevant to the design of oral dosage forms based around permeability enhancer molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosita Kneiszl
- Department
of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Husargatan 3, Uppsala 751 23, Sweden
- The
Swedish Drug Delivery Center (SweDeliver), Uppsala University, Husargatan 3, Uppsala 751 23, Sweden
| | - Shakhawath Hossain
- Department
of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Husargatan 3, Uppsala 751 23, Sweden
- The
Swedish Drug Delivery Center (SweDeliver), Uppsala University, Husargatan 3, Uppsala 751 23, Sweden
| | - Per Larsson
- Department
of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Husargatan 3, Uppsala 751 23, Sweden
- The
Swedish Drug Delivery Center (SweDeliver), Uppsala University, Husargatan 3, Uppsala 751 23, Sweden
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17
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Best practices in current models mimicking drug permeability in the gastrointestinal tract - an UNGAP review. Eur J Pharm Sci 2021; 170:106098. [PMID: 34954051 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2021.106098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The absorption of orally administered drug products is a complex, dynamic process, dependent on a range of biopharmaceutical properties; notably the aqueous solubility of a molecule, stability within the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) and permeability. From a regulatory perspective, the concept of high intestinal permeability is intrinsically linked to the fraction of the oral dose absorbed. The relationship between permeability and the extent of absorption means that experimental models of permeability have regularly been used as a surrogate measure to estimate the fraction absorbed. Accurate assessment of a molecule's intestinal permeability is of critical importance during the pharmaceutical development process of oral drug products, and the current review provides a critique of in vivo, in vitro and ex vivo approaches. The usefulness of in silico models to predict drug permeability is also discussed and an overview of solvent systems used in permeability assessments is provided. Studies of drug absorption in humans are an indirect indicator of intestinal permeability, but in vitro and ex vivo tools provide initial screening approaches are important tools for direct assessment of permeability in drug development. Continued refinement of the accuracy of in silico approaches and their validation with human in vivo data will facilitate more efficient characterisation of permeability earlier in the drug development process and will provide useful inputs for integrated, end-to-end absorption modelling.
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18
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Tucker TJ, Embrey MW, Alleyne C, Amin RP, Bass A, Bhatt B, Bianchi E, Branca D, Bueters T, Buist N, Ha SN, Hafey M, He H, Higgins J, Johns DG, Kerekes AD, Koeplinger KA, Kuethe JT, Li N, Murphy B, Orth P, Salowe S, Shahripour A, Tracy R, Wang W, Wu C, Xiong Y, Zokian HJ, Wood HB, Walji A. A Series of Novel, Highly Potent, and Orally Bioavailable Next-Generation Tricyclic Peptide PCSK9 Inhibitors. J Med Chem 2021; 64:16770-16800. [PMID: 34704436 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c01599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Proprotein convertase subtilisin-like/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) is a key regulator of plasma LDL-cholesterol (LDL-C) and a clinically validated target for the treatment of hypercholesterolemia and coronary artery disease. Starting from second-generation lead structures such as 2, we were able to refine these structures to obtain extremely potent bi- and tricyclic PCSK9 inhibitor peptides. Optimized molecules such as 44 demonstrated sufficient oral bioavailability to maintain therapeutic levels in rats and cynomolgus monkeys after dosing with an enabled formulation. We demonstrated target engagement and LDL lowering in cynomolgus monkeys essentially identical to those observed with the clinically approved, parenterally dosed antibodies. These molecules represent the first report of highly potent and orally bioavailable macrocyclic peptide PCSK9 inhibitors with overall profiles favorable for potential development as once-daily oral lipid-lowering agents. In this manuscript, we detail the design criteria and multiparameter optimization of this novel series of PCSK9 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J Tucker
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., 770 Sumneytown Pike, P.O. Box 4, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486 United States
| | - Mark W Embrey
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., 770 Sumneytown Pike, P.O. Box 4, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486 United States
| | - Candice Alleyne
- Department of Discovery Pharmaceutical Sciences, Merck & Co., Inc., 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033 United States
| | - Rupesh P Amin
- Department of Safety Assessment and Laboratory Animal Resources, Merck & Co., Inc., 770 Sumneytown Pike, P.O. Box 4, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486 United States
| | - Alan Bass
- Department of Safety Assessment and Laboratory Animal Resources, Merck & Co., Inc., 770 Sumneytown Pike, P.O. Box 4, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486 United States
| | - Bhavana Bhatt
- Department of Safety Assessment and Laboratory Animal Resources, Merck & Co., Inc., 770 Sumneytown Pike, P.O. Box 4, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486 United States
| | - Elisabetta Bianchi
- Peptides and Small Molecule Research and Development Department, IRBM S.p.A., Via Pontina km 30600, 00071 Pomezia (RM), Italy
| | - Danila Branca
- Peptides and Small Molecule Research and Development Department, IRBM S.p.A., Via Pontina km 30600, 00071 Pomezia (RM), Italy
| | - Tjerk Bueters
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Drug Metabolism, Merck & Co., Inc., 770 Sumneytown Pike, P.O. Box 4, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486 United States
| | - Nicole Buist
- Department of Discovery Pharmaceutical Sciences, Merck & Co., Inc., 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033 United States
| | - Sookhee N Ha
- Department of Modeling and Informatics, Merck & Co., Inc., 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033 United States
| | - Mike Hafey
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Drug Metabolism, Merck & Co., Inc., 770 Sumneytown Pike, P.O. Box 4, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486 United States
| | - Huaibing He
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Drug Metabolism, Merck & Co., Inc., 770 Sumneytown Pike, P.O. Box 4, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486 United States
| | - John Higgins
- Department of Discovery Pharmaceutical Sciences, Merck & Co., Inc., 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033 United States
| | - Douglas G Johns
- Department of Discovery Biology, Merck & Co., Inc., 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033 United States
| | - Angela D Kerekes
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033 United States
| | - Kenneth A Koeplinger
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Drug Metabolism, Merck & Co., Inc., 770 Sumneytown Pike, P.O. Box 4, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486 United States
| | - Jeffrey T Kuethe
- Department of Process Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033 United States
| | - Nianyu Li
- Department of Safety Assessment and Laboratory Animal Resources, Merck & Co., Inc., 770 Sumneytown Pike, P.O. Box 4, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486 United States
| | - BethAnn Murphy
- Department of Discovery Biology, Merck & Co., Inc., 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033 United States
| | - Peter Orth
- Department of Structural Sciences, Merck & Co., Inc., 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033 United States
| | - Scott Salowe
- Department of Discovery Biology, Merck & Co., Inc., 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033 United States
| | - Aurash Shahripour
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033 United States
| | - Rodger Tracy
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Drug Metabolism, Merck & Co., Inc., 770 Sumneytown Pike, P.O. Box 4, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486 United States
| | - Weixun Wang
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Drug Metabolism, Merck & Co., Inc., 770 Sumneytown Pike, P.O. Box 4, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486 United States
| | - Chengwei Wu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., 770 Sumneytown Pike, P.O. Box 4, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486 United States
| | - Yusheng Xiong
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033 United States
| | - Hratch J Zokian
- Department of Discovery Biology, Merck & Co., Inc., 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033 United States
| | - Harold B Wood
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033 United States
| | - Abbas Walji
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033 United States
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19
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Bhattacharjee S. On Harvesting and Handling of Porcine Jejunal Mucus: A Few Tricks of the Trade. J Pharm Sci 2021; 111:1851-1855. [PMID: 34706284 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2021.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
As a heterogeneous hydrogel, mucus has evolved into a formidable physiological barrier protecting the human body from external pathogens and toxic molecules. With mucin as its primary solid component, the viscoelasticity of mucus remains dynamic and dependent upon a plethora of factors, including pathological state, food intake, and infection. Current nanomedicine research strives toward developing nanoformulations that can permeate through the mucus barrier and release the encapsulated cargo of drug molecules at the vicinity of epithelial lining or be directly absorbed into the bloodstream. However, it is difficult to mimic mucus in vitro while the ex vivo models remain inadequate or incompatible with many established microscopic platforms. The UCD School of Veterinary Medicine has a rich legacy of working with porcine gut mucus as an experimental model, while some interesting and innovative ideas were developed by researchers here to address these challenges. This article presents a snapshot of those ideas and life hacks that the author wishes to share with the nanomedicine research community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sourav Bhattacharjee
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin (UCD), Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
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20
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Xu Y, Shrestha N, Préat V, Beloqui A. An overview of in vitro, ex vivo and in vivo models for studying the transport of drugs across intestinal barriers. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 175:113795. [PMID: 33989702 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Oral administration is the most commonly used route for drug delivery owing to its cost-effectiveness, ease of administration, and high patient compliance. However, the absorption of orally delivered compounds is a complex process that greatly depends on the interplay between the characteristics of the drug/formulation and the gastrointestinal tract. In this contribution, we review the different preclinical models (in vitro, ex vivo and in vivo) from their development to application for studying the transport of drugs across intestinal barriers. This review also discusses the advantages and disadvantages of each model. Furthermore, the authors have reviewed the selection and validation of these models and how the limitations of the models can be addressed in future investigations. The correlation and predictability of the intestinal transport data from the preclinical models and human data are also explored. With the increasing popularity and prevalence of orally delivered drugs/formulations, sophisticated preclinical models with higher predictive capacity for absorption of oral formulations used in clinical studies will be needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yining Xu
- University of Louvain, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Advanced Drug Delivery and Biomaterials, Avenue Mounier 73 B1.73.12, 1200 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Neha Shrestha
- University of Louvain, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Advanced Drug Delivery and Biomaterials, Avenue Mounier 73 B1.73.12, 1200 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Véronique Préat
- University of Louvain, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Advanced Drug Delivery and Biomaterials, Avenue Mounier 73 B1.73.12, 1200 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Ana Beloqui
- University of Louvain, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Advanced Drug Delivery and Biomaterials, Avenue Mounier 73 B1.73.12, 1200 Brussels, Belgium.
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21
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Dening TJ, Douglas JT, Hageman MJ. Do Macrocyclic Peptide Drugs Interact with Bile Salts under Simulated Gastrointestinal Conditions? Mol Pharm 2021; 18:3086-3098. [PMID: 34255531 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.1c00309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Peptide drugs face several barriers to oral delivery, including enzymatic degradation in the gastrointestinal tract and low membrane permeability. Importantly, the direct interaction between various biorelevant colloids (i.e., bile salt micelles and bile salt-phospholipid mixed micelles) present in the aqueous gastrointestinal environment and peptide drug molecules has not been studied. In this work, we systematically characterized interactions between a water-soluble model peptide drug, octreotide, and a range of physiologically relevant bile salts in solution. Octreotide membrane flux in pure bile salt solutions and commercially available biorelevant media, i.e., fasted state simulated intestinal fluid (FaSSIF) and fed state simulated intestinal fluid (FeSSIF), was evaluated using a side-by-side diffusion cell equipped with a cellulose dialysis membrane. All seven micellar bile salt solutions as well as FaSSIF and FeSSIF decreased octreotide membrane flux, and dihydroxy bile salts were found to have a much larger effect than trihydroxy bile salts. An inverse relationship between octreotide membrane flux and pancreatic enzymatic stability was also observed; bile salt micelles and bile salt-phospholipid mixed micelles provided a protective effect toward enzymatic degradation and prolonged octreotide half-life in vitro. Diffusion ordered nuclear magnetic resonance (DOSY NMR) spectroscopy and dynamic light scattering (DLS) were used as complementary experimental techniques to confirm peptide-micelle interactions in solution. Experiments were also performed using desmopressin as a second model peptide drug; desmopressin interacted with bile salts in solution, albeit to a lower extent relative to octreotide. The findings described herein demonstrate that amphiphilic, water-soluble peptide drugs do interact with bile salts and phospholipids in solution, with an effect on peptide membrane flux and enzymatic stability. Correspondingly, oral peptide drug absorption and bioavailability may be impacted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tahnee J Dening
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, The University of Kansas, 2093 Constant Avenue, Lawrence, Kansas 66047, United States
| | - Justin T Douglas
- Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Core Laboratory, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66047, United States
| | - Michael J Hageman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, The University of Kansas, 2093 Constant Avenue, Lawrence, Kansas 66047, United States
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22
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Tombling BJ, Zhang Y, Huang YH, Craik DJ, Wang CK. The emerging landscape of peptide-based inhibitors of PCSK9. Atherosclerosis 2021; 330:52-60. [PMID: 34246818 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2021.06.903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) is a clinically validated target for treating cardiovascular disease (CVD) due to its involvement in cholesterol metabolism. Although approved monoclonal antibodies (alirocumab and evolocumab) that inhibit PCSK9 function are very effective in lowering cholesterol, their limitations, including high treatment costs, have so far prohibited widespread use. Accordingly, there is great interest in alternative drug modalities to antibodies. Like antibodies, peptides are valuable therapeutics due to their high target potency and specificity. Furthermore, being smaller than antibodies means they have access to more drug administration options, are less likely to induce adverse immunogenic responses, and are better suited to affordable production. This review surveys the current peptide-based landscape aimed towards PCSK9 inhibition, covering pre-clinical to patented drug candidates and comparing them to current cholesterol lowering therapeutics. Classes of peptides reported to be inhibitors include nature-inspired disulfide-rich peptides, combinatorially derived cyclic peptides, and peptidomimetics. Their functional activities have been validated in biophysical and cellular assays, and in some cases pre-clinical mouse models. Recent efforts report peptides with potent sub-nanomolar binding affinities to PCSK9, which highlights their potential to achieve antibody-like potency. Studies are beginning to address pharmacokinetic properties of PCSK9-targeting peptides in more detail. We conclude by highlighting opportunities to investigate their biological effects in pre-clinical models of cardiovascular disease. The anticipation concerning the PCSK9-targeting peptide landscape is accelerating and it seems likely that a peptide-based therapeutic for treating PCSK9-mediated hypercholesterolemia may be clinically available in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin J Tombling
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld, 4072, Australia
| | - Yuhui Zhang
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld, 4072, Australia
| | - Yen-Hua Huang
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld, 4072, Australia
| | - David J Craik
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld, 4072, Australia
| | - Conan K Wang
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld, 4072, Australia.
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23
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Gleeson JP, Fein KC, Whitehead KA. Oral delivery of peptide therapeutics in infants: Challenges and opportunities. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 173:112-124. [PMID: 33774115 PMCID: PMC8178217 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The vast majority of drugs are not designed or developed for pediatric and infant populations. Peptide drugs, which have become increasingly relevant in the past several decades, are no exception. Unfortunately, nearly all of the 60+ approved peptide drugs are formulated for injection, a particularly unfriendly mode of administration for infants. Although three peptide drugs were recently approved for oral formulations, this major advance in peptide drug delivery is available only for adults. In this review, we consider the current challenges and opportunities for the oral formulation of peptide therapeutics, specifically for infant populations. We describe the strategies that enable oral protein delivery and the potential impact of infant physiology on those strategies. We also detail the limited but encouraging progress towards 1) adapting conventional drug development and delivery approaches to infants and 2) designing novel infant-centric formulations. Together, these efforts underscore the feasibility of oral peptide delivery in infants and provide motivation to increase attention paid to this underserved area of drug delivery and formulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- John P Gleeson
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States
| | - Katherine C Fein
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States
| | - Kathryn A Whitehead
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States.
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24
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Brayden DJ, Stuettgen V. Sodium glycodeoxycholate and sodium deoxycholate as epithelial permeation enhancers: in vitro and ex vivo intestinal and buccal bioassays. Eur J Pharm Sci 2021; 159:105737. [PMID: 33524502 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2021.105737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Bile salts were first tested as epithelial permeation enhancers (PEs) for the intestine and buccal routes over 20 years ago. They are not as popular as other PEs due to their non-specific mechanism of action and perceived toxicity potential. We revisited two of them by comparing efficacy and toxicity of sodium glycodeoxycholate (SGC) and sodium deoxycholate (DC) for both routes using in vitro and ex vivo methods. Cytotoxicity assays in Caco-2 cells revealed that both agents altered cellular parameters at concentrations >2 mM over 60 min. Both agents reduced the transepithelial resistance (TEER) and doubled the Papp of [3H]-octreotide across isolated rat colonic mucosae mounted in Ussing chambers at 10 mM concentrations. In some studies, 10 mM GDC also increased the Papp of the paracellular marker, FITC-dextran 4000 (FD4) and the fluorescent peptide, FITC-LKP, across colonic mucosae. Tissue histology was intact despite some mild perturbation at 10 mM. In the buccal epithelial cell line, TR146, changes in cell parameters were also seen at 1.5 mM over 60 min for both agents, with slightly more sensitivity seen for DC. In isolated porcine buccal epithelial mucosae, GDC was slightly more potent and efficacious than DC at increasing the Papp of [14C]-mannitol. It also increased the Papp of [3H]-octreotide and FITC-LKP by ∼3-fold across porcine buccal tissue without causing damage. Overall, GDC and DC were efficacious in intestinal and buccal models. Both cause mild perturbation leading to an increase in paracellular fluxes for hydrophilic molecules including peptides. Their moderate efficacy, low potency, and low toxicity in these models are similar to that of more established PEs in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Brayden
- UCD School of Veterinary Medicine; UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
| | - Vivien Stuettgen
- UCD School of Veterinary Medicine; UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
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25
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Comparison of the effects of the intestinal permeation enhancers, SNAC and sodium caprate (C 10): Isolated rat intestinal mucosae and sacs. Eur J Pharm Sci 2020; 158:105685. [PMID: 33359131 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2020.105685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
SNAC and C10 are intestinal permeation enhancers (PEs) used in formulations of peptides for oral delivery in clinical trials. Our aims were to compare their: (i) mechanism of action in isolated rat intestinal mucosae mounted in Ussing chambers and in non-everted gut sacs, (ii) effects on mucosa integrity in those models and also in in situ intra-jejunal instillations and (iii) interactions with intestinal mucus. SNAC increased the apparent permeability coefficient (Papp) of the paracellular marker, FITC-dextran 4000 (FD4), across isolated rat gastric mucosae in concentration-dependent fashion, whereas C10 did not, while both reduced the transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER). In isolated jejunal and colonic mucosae, both agents increased the Papp of [14C]-mannitol and FD4 whereas C10 but not SNAC reduced TEER. 20 mM SNAC was required to achieve the efficacy of 10 mM C10 in jejunal and colonic mucosae. In isolated non-everted jejunal and colonics sacs, FD4 flux increases were observed in the presence of both PEs. Histology of mucosae revealed that both PEs induced minor epithelial damage to the mucosa at concentrations that increased fluxes. Jejunal tissue withstood epithelial damage in the following order: intra jejunal in situ instillations > jejunal sacs > isolated jejunal mucosae. Both PEs modulated viscoelastic properties of porcine jejunal mucus without altering rheological properties. In conclusion, SNAC and C10 are reasonably efficacious PEs in rat intestinal tissue with common overall mechanistic features. Their potency and toxic potential are low, in agreement with clinical trial data.
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26
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New and novel approaches for enhancing the oral absorption and bioavailability of protein and peptides therapeutics. Ther Deliv 2020; 11:713-732. [DOI: 10.4155/tde-2020-0068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The advancement of the oral route for macromolecules has gained a lot of attention due to its noninvasive nature, safe and challenging in active research but with limited success. Oral administration poses challenges due to poor solubility, short half-life, quick elimination and the physical, chemical and biological barriers of the gastrointestinal tract. Approaches of past for improving oral absorption, such as enhancers, mucoadhesive delivery and enzyme inhibitors have been taken over by novel approaches like advanced liposomes, self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery system, nanoparticles and targeted delivery. Eudratech™ Pep, Peptelligence, Rani Pill and Pharm Film are the emerging technologies for delivering oral proteins and peptide. Calcitonin, semaglutide and octreotide are the peptides available in the market for oral delivery as outcomes of these technologies.
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