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Emeh P, Breitholtz K, Berg S, Vedin C, Englund M, Uggla T, Antonsson M, Nunes F, Hilgendorf C, Bergström CAS, Davies N. Experiences and Translatability of In Vitro and In Vivo Models to Evaluate Caprate as a Permeation Enhancer. Mol Pharm 2024; 21:313-324. [PMID: 38054599 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.3c00872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
Transient permeation enhancers (PEs) have been widely used to improve the oral absorption of macromolecules. During pharmaceutical development, the correct selection of the macromolecule, PE, and the combination needs to be made to maximize oral bioavailability and ensure successful clinical development. Various in vitro and in vivo methods have been investigated to optimize this selection. In vitro methods are generally preferred by the pharmaceutical industry to reduce the use of animals according to the "replacement, reduction, and refinement" principle commonly termed "3Rs," and in vitro methods typically have a higher throughput. This paper compares two in vitro methods that are commonly used within the pharmaceutical industry, being Caco-2 and an Ussing chamber, to two in vivo models, being in situ intestinal instillation to rats and in vivo administration via an endoscope to pigs. All studies use solution formulation of sodium caprate, which has been widely used as a PE, and two macromolecules, being FITC-dextran 4000 Da and MEDI7219, a GLP-1 receptor agonist peptide. The paper shares our experiences of using these models and the challenges with the in vitro models in mimicking the processes occurring in vivo. The paper highlights the need to consider these differences when translating data generated using these in vitro models for evaluating macromolecules, PE, and combinations thereof for enabling oral delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prosper Emeh
- The Swedish Drug Delivery Center, Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, BMC P.O. Box 580, Uppsala 751 23, Sweden
| | - Katarina Breitholtz
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg 431 83, Sweden
| | - Staffan Berg
- Advanced Drug Delivery, Pharmaceutical Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg 431 83, Sweden
| | - Charlotta Vedin
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg 431 83, Sweden
| | - Maria Englund
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg 431 83, Sweden
| | - Teresia Uggla
- Laboratory Animal Sciences, Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg 431 83, Sweden
| | - Malin Antonsson
- Laboratory Animal Sciences, Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg 431 83, Sweden
| | - Filipe Nunes
- Laboratory Animal Sciences, Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg 431 83, Sweden
| | - Constanze Hilgendorf
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg 431 83, Sweden
| | - Christel A S Bergström
- The Swedish Drug Delivery Center, Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala 751 23, Sweden
| | - Nigel Davies
- Advanced Drug Delivery, Pharmaceutical Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg 431 83, Sweden
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Tran H, Aihara E, Mohammed FA, Qu H, Riley A, Su Y, Lai X, Huang S, Aburub A, Chen JJH, Vitale OH, Lao Y, Estwick S, Qi Z, ElSayed MEH. In Vivo Mechanism of Action of Sodium Caprate for Improving the Intestinal Absorption of a GLP1/GIP Coagonist Peptide. Mol Pharm 2023; 20:929-941. [PMID: 36592951 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.2c00443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Sodium caprate (C10) has been widely evaluated as an intestinal permeation enhancer for the oral delivery of macromolecules. However, the effect of C10 on the intestinal absorption of peptides with different physicochemical properties and its permeation-enhancing effect in vivo remains to be understood. Here, we evaluated the effects of C10 on intestinal absorption in rats with a glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GIP-GLP1) dual agonist peptide (LY) and semaglutide with different enzymatic stabilities and self-association behaviors as well as the oral exposure of the LY peptide in minipigs. Furthermore, we investigated the mechanism of action (MoA) of C10 for improving the intestinal absorption of the LY peptide in vivo via live imaging of the rat intestinal epithelium and tissue distribution of the LY peptide in minipigs. The LY peptide showed higher proteolytic stability in pancreatin and was a monomer in solution compared to that in semaglutide. C10 increased in vitro permeability in the minipig intestinal organoid monolayer to a greater extent for the LY peptide than for semaglutide. In the rat jejunal closed-loop model, C10 increased the absorption of LY peptide better than that of semaglutide, which might be attributed to higher in vitro proteolytic stability and permeability of the LY peptide. Using confocal live imaging, we observed that C10 enabled the rapid oral absorption of a model macromolecule (FD4) in the rat intestine. In the duodenum tissues of minipigs, C10 was found to qualitatively reduce the tight junction protein level and allow peptide uptake to the intestinal cells. C10 decreased the transition temperature of the artificial lipid membrane, indicating an increase in membrane fluidity, which is consistent with the above in vivo imaging results. These data indicated that the LY's favorable physicochemical properties combined with the effects of C10 on the intestinal mucosa resulted in an ∼2% relative bioavailability in minipigs.
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3
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Berg S, Suljovic D, Kärrberg L, Englund M, Bönisch H, Karlberg I, Van Zuydam N, Abrahamsson B, Hugerth AM, Davies N, Bergström CAS. Intestinal Absorption of FITC-Dextrans and Macromolecular Model Drugs in the Rat Intestinal Instillation Model. Mol Pharm 2022; 19:2564-2572. [PMID: 35642793 PMCID: PMC9257752 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.2c00261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
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In this work, we
studied the intestinal absorption of a peptide
with a molecular weight of 4353 Da (MEDI7219) and a protein having
a molecular weight of 11 740 Da (PEP12210) in the rat intestinal
instillation model and compared their absorption to fluorescein isothiocyanate
(FITC)-labeled dextrans of similar molecular weights (4 and 10 kDa).
To increase the absorption of the compounds, the permeation enhancer
sodium caprate (C10) was included in the liquid formulations at concentrations
of 50 and 300 mM. All studied compounds displayed an increased absorption
rate and extent when delivered together with 50 mM C10 as compared
to control formulations not containing C10. The time period during
which the macromolecules maintained an increased permeability through
the intestinal epithelium was approximately 20 min for all studied
compounds at 50 mM C10. For the formulations containing 300 mM C10,
it was noted that the dextrans displayed an increased absorption rate
(compared to 50 mM C10), and their absorption continued for at least
60 min. The absorption rate of MEDI7219, on the other hand, was similar
at both studied C10 concentrations, but the duration of absorption
was extended at the higher enhancer concentration, leading to an increase
in the overall extent of absorption. The absorption of PEP12210 was
similar in terms of the rate and duration at both studied C10 concentrations.
This is likely caused by the instability of this molecule in the intestinal
lumen. The degradation decreases the luminal concentrations over time,
which in turn limits absorption at time points beyond 20 min. The
results from this study show that permeation enhancement effects cannot
be extrapolated between different types of macromolecules. Furthermore,
to maximize the absorption of a macromolecule delivered together with
C10, prolonging the duration of absorption appears to be important.
In addition, the macromolecule needs to be stable enough in the intestinal
lumen to take advantage of the prolonged absorption time window enabled
by the permeation enhancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Staffan Berg
- The Swedish Drug Delivery Center, Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, BMC P.O. Box 580, Uppsala SE-751 23, Sweden.,Advanced Drug Delivery, Pharmaceutical Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg 431 83, Sweden
| | - Denny Suljovic
- The Swedish Drug Delivery Center, Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, BMC P.O. Box 580, Uppsala SE-751 23, Sweden
| | - Lillevi Kärrberg
- Animal Sciences and Technologies, Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg 431 83, Sweden
| | - Maria Englund
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg 431 83, Sweden
| | | | | | - Natalie Van Zuydam
- Data Science and Quantitative Biology, Discovery Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg 431 83, Sweden
| | - Bertil Abrahamsson
- Oral Product Development, Pharmaceutical Technology & Development, Operations, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg 431 83, Sweden
| | - Andreas Martin Hugerth
- Ferring Pharmaceuticals A/S, Product Development and Drug Delivery, Global Pharmaceutical R&D, Amager Strandvej 405, Kastrup 2770, Denmark
| | - Nigel Davies
- Advanced Drug Delivery, Pharmaceutical Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg 431 83, Sweden
| | - Christel A S Bergström
- The Swedish Drug Delivery Center, Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, BMC P.O. Box 580, Uppsala SE-751 23, Sweden
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Berg S, Kärrberg L, Suljovic D, Seeliger F, Söderberg M, Perez-Alcazar M, Van Zuydam N, Abrahamsson B, Hugerth AM, Davies N, Bergström CAS. Impact of Intestinal Concentration and Colloidal Structure on the Permeation-Enhancing Efficiency of Sodium Caprate in the Rat. Mol Pharm 2022; 19:200-212. [PMID: 34928160 PMCID: PMC8728734 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.1c00724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
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In this work, we
set out to better understand how the permeation
enhancer sodium caprate (C10) influences the intestinal absorption
of macromolecules. FITC-dextran 4000 (FD4) was selected as a model
compound and formulated with 50–300 mM C10. Absorption was
studied after bolus instillation of liquid formulation to the duodenum
of anesthetized rats and intravenously as a reference, whereafter
plasma samples were taken and analyzed for FD4 content. It was found
that the AUC and Cmax of FD4 increased
with increasing C10 concentration. Higher C10 concentrations were
associated with an increased and extended absorption but also increased
epithelial damage. Depending on the C10 concentration, the intestinal
epithelium showed significant recovery already at 60–120 min
after administration. At the highest studied C10 concentrations (100
and 300 mM), the absorption of FD4 was not affected by the colloidal
structures of C10, with similar absorption obtained when C10 was administered
as micelles (pH 8.5) and as vesicles (pH 6.5). In contrast, the FD4
absorption was lower when C10 was administered at 50 mM formulated
as micelles as compared to vesicles. Intestinal dilution of C10 and
FD4 revealed a trend of decreasing FD4 absorption with increasing
intestinal dilution. However, the effect was smaller than that of
altering the total administered C10 dose. Absorption was similar when
the formulations were prepared in simulated intestinal fluids containing
mixed micelles of bile salts and phospholipids and in simple buffer
solution. The findings in this study suggest that in order to optimally
enhance the absorption of macromolecules, high (≥100 mM) initial
intestinal C10 concentrations are likely needed and that both the
concentration and total dose of C10 are important parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Staffan Berg
- The Swedish Drug Delivery Center, Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, BMC P.O. Box 580, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden.,Advanced Drug Delivery, Pharmaceutical Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, 431 83 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Lillevi Kärrberg
- Animal Sciences and Technologies, Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, Biopharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, 431 83 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Denny Suljovic
- The Swedish Drug Delivery Center, Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, BMC P.O. Box 580, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Frank Seeliger
- Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism Safety, Clinical Pharmacology & Safety Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, 431 83 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Magnus Söderberg
- Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism Safety, Clinical Pharmacology & Safety Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, 431 83 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Marta Perez-Alcazar
- Imaging and Data Analytics, Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, Biopharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, 431 83 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Natalie Van Zuydam
- Data Science and Quantitative Biology, Discovery Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, 431 83 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Bertil Abrahamsson
- Oral Product Development, Pharmaceutical Technology & Development, Operations, AstraZeneca, 431 83 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Andreas M Hugerth
- Ferring Pharmaceuticals A/S Global Pharmaceutical R&D, 2300 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Nigel Davies
- Advanced Drug Delivery, Pharmaceutical Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, 431 83 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Christel A S Bergström
- The Swedish Drug Delivery Center, Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, BMC P.O. Box 580, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
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Jeong SH, Kim Y, Lyu AR, Shin SA, Kim TH, Huh YH, Je AR, Gajibhiye A, Yu Y, Jin Y, Park MJ, Park YH. Junctional Modulation of Round Window Membrane Enhances Dexamethasone Uptake into the Inner Ear and Recovery after NIHL. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms221810061. [PMID: 34576224 PMCID: PMC8464844 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221810061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Delivery of substances into the inner ear via local routes is increasingly being used in clinical treatment. Studies have focused on methods to increase permeability through the round window membrane (RWM) and enhance drug diffusion into the inner ear. However, the clinical applications of those methods have been unclear and few studies have investigated the efficacy of methods in an inner ear injury model. Here, we employed the medium chain fatty acid caprate, a biologically safe, clinically applicable substance, to modulate tight junctions of the RWM. Intratympanic treatment of sodium caprate (SC) induced transient, but wider, gaps in intercellular spaces of the RWM epithelial layer and enhanced the perilymph and cochlear concentrations/uptake of dexamethasone. Importantly, dexamethasone co-administered with SC led to significantly more rapid recovery from noise-induced hearing loss at 4 and 8 kHz, compared with the dexamethasone-only group. Taken together, our data indicate that junctional modulation of the RWM by SC enhances dexamethasone uptake into the inner ear, thereby hastening the recovery of hearing sensitivity after noise trauma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong-Hun Jeong
- Department of Medical Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 35015, Korea; (S.-H.J.); (A.-R.L.); (A.G.)
| | - Yoonjoong Kim
- Department of Otolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery, Chungbuk National University Hospital, Cheongju 28644, Korea;
| | - Ah-Ra Lyu
- Department of Medical Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 35015, Korea; (S.-H.J.); (A.-R.L.); (A.G.)
- Department of Otolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 35015, Korea; (S.-A.S.); (Y.Y.)
| | - Sun-Ae Shin
- Department of Otolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 35015, Korea; (S.-A.S.); (Y.Y.)
- Brain Research Institute, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 35015, Korea
| | - Tae Hwan Kim
- Biomedical Research Institute, Chungnam National University Hospital, Daejeon 35015, Korea;
| | - Yang Hoon Huh
- Electron Microscopy Research Center, Korea Basic Science Institute, Cheongju 28116, Korea; (Y.H.H.); (A.R.J.)
| | - A Reum Je
- Electron Microscopy Research Center, Korea Basic Science Institute, Cheongju 28116, Korea; (Y.H.H.); (A.R.J.)
| | - Akanksha Gajibhiye
- Department of Medical Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 35015, Korea; (S.-H.J.); (A.-R.L.); (A.G.)
| | - Yang Yu
- Department of Otolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 35015, Korea; (S.-A.S.); (Y.Y.)
| | - Yongde Jin
- Department of Otolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery, Yanbian University Hospital, Yanji 133000, China;
| | - Min Jung Park
- Department of Otolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 35015, Korea; (S.-A.S.); (Y.Y.)
- Brain Research Institute, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 35015, Korea
- Correspondence: (M.J.P.); (Y.-H.P.)
| | - Yong-Ho Park
- Department of Medical Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 35015, Korea; (S.-H.J.); (A.-R.L.); (A.G.)
- Department of Otolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 35015, Korea; (S.-A.S.); (Y.Y.)
- Brain Research Institute, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 35015, Korea
- Biomedical Research Institute, Chungnam National University Hospital, Daejeon 35015, Korea;
- Correspondence: (M.J.P.); (Y.-H.P.)
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6
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Brunner N, Stein L, Cornelius V, Knittel R, Fallier-Becker P, Amasheh S. Blood-Brain Barrier Protein Claudin-5 Expressed in Paired Xenopus laevis Oocytes Mediates Cell-Cell Interaction. Front Physiol 2020; 11:857. [PMID: 32848831 PMCID: PMC7396581 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Claudin-5 determines the sealing properties of blood-brain barrier tight junctions and its function is impaired in neurodegenerative and neuroinflammatory disorders. Focusing on the contribution of claudin-5 to the trans-interaction within the tight junction seal, we used Xenopus laevis oocytes as an expression system. Cells were clustered and challenged in a novel approach for the analysis of claudin interaction. We evaluated the strengthening effect of claudin-5 to cell-cell-connection in comparison to claudin-3. Application of a hydrostatic pressure impulse on clustered control oocyte pairs revealed a reduction of contact areas. In contrast, combinations with both oocytes expressing claudins maintained an enhanced connection between the cells (cldn5-cldn5, cldn3-cldn3). Strength of interaction was increased by both claudin-3 and claudin-5. This novel approach allowed an analysis of single claudins contributing to tight junction integrity, characterizing homophilic and hetrophilic trans-interaction of claudins. To test a new screening approach for barrier effectors, exemplarily, this 2-cell model of oocytes was used to analyze the effect of the absorption enhancer sodium caprate on the oocyte pairs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora Brunner
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Veterinary Physiology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Laura Stein
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Veterinary Physiology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Valeria Cornelius
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Veterinary Physiology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ria Knittel
- Institute of Pathology and Neuropathology, University Hospital of Tuebingen, Eberhard Karls University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Petra Fallier-Becker
- Institute of Pathology and Neuropathology, University Hospital of Tuebingen, Eberhard Karls University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Salah Amasheh
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Veterinary Physiology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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7
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Twarog C, Fattah S, Heade J, Maher S, Fattal E, Brayden DJ. Intestinal Permeation Enhancers for Oral Delivery of Macromolecules: A Comparison between Salcaprozate Sodium (SNAC) and Sodium Caprate (C 10). Pharmaceutics 2019; 11:E78. [PMID: 30781867 PMCID: PMC6410172 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics11020078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Revised: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Salcaprozate sodium (SNAC) and sodium caprate (C10) are two of the most advanced intestinal permeation enhancers (PEs) that have been tested in clinical trials for oral delivery of macromolecules. Their effects on intestinal epithelia were studied for over 30 years, yet there is still debate over their mechanisms of action. C10 acts via openings of epithelial tight junctions and/or membrane perturbation, while for decades SNAC was thought to increase passive transcellular permeation across small intestinal epithelia based on increased lipophilicity arising from non-covalent macromolecule complexation. More recently, an additional mechanism for SNAC associated with a pH-elevating, monomer-inducing, and pepsin-inhibiting effect in the stomach for oral delivery of semaglutide was advocated. Comparing the two surfactants, we found equivocal evidence for discrete mechanisms at the level of epithelial interactions in the small intestine, especially at the high doses used in vivo. Evidence that one agent is more efficacious compared to the other is not convincing, with tablets containing these PEs inducing single-digit highly variable increases in oral bioavailability of payloads in human trials, although this may be adequate for potent macromolecules. Regarding safety, SNAC has generally regarded as safe (GRAS) status and is Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved as a medical food (Eligen®-Vitamin B12, Emisphere, Roseland, NJ, USA), whereas C10 has a long history of use in man, and has food additive status. Evidence for co-absorption of microorganisms in the presence of either SNAC or C10 has not emerged from clinical trials to date, and long-term effects from repeat dosing beyond six months have yet to be assessed. Since there are no obvious scientific reasons to prefer SNAC over C10 in orally delivering a poorly permeable macromolecule, then formulation, manufacturing, and commercial considerations are the key drivers in decision-making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Twarog
- UCD School of Veterinary Medicine and UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
| | - Sarinj Fattah
- UCD School of Veterinary Medicine and UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
| | - Joanne Heade
- UCD School of Veterinary Medicine and UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
| | - Sam Maher
- School of Pharmacy, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, St. Stephen's Green, Dublin 2, Ireland.
| | - Elias Fattal
- School of Pharmacy, Institut Galien, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Sud, Univ. Paris-Saclay, 92290 Châtenay-Malabry, France.
| | - David J Brayden
- UCD School of Veterinary Medicine and UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
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8
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McCartney F, Gleeson JP, Brayden DJ. Safety concerns over the use of intestinal permeation enhancers: A mini-review. Tissue Barriers 2016; 4:e1176822. [PMID: 27358756 DOI: 10.1080/21688370.2016.1176822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Revised: 03/18/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Intestinal permeation enhancers (PEs) are key components in ∼12 oral peptide formulations in clinical trials for a range of molecules, primarily insulin and glucagon-like-peptide 1 (GLP-1) analogs. The main PEs comprise medium chain fatty acid-based systems (sodium caprate, sodium caprylate, and N-[8-(2-hydroxybenzoyl) amino] caprylate (SNAC)), bile salts, acyl carnitines, and EDTA. Their mechanism of action is complex with subtle differences between the different molecules. With the exception of SNAC and EDTA, most PEs fluidize the plasma membrane causing plasma membrane perturbation, as well as enzymatic and intracellular mediator changes that lead to alteration of intestinal epithelial tight junction protein expression. The question arises as to whether PEs can cause irreversible epithelial damage and tight junction openings sufficient to permit co-absorption of payloads with bystander pathogens, lipopolysaccharides and its fragment, or exo- and endotoxins that may be associated with sepsis, inflammation and autoimmune conditions. Most PEs seem to cause membrane perturbation to varying extents that is rapidly reversible, and overall evidence of pathogen co-absorption is generally lacking. It is unknown however, whether the intestinal epithelial damage-repair cycle is sustained during repeat-dosing regimens for chronic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona McCartney
- UCD School of Veterinary Medicine and UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin , Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - John P Gleeson
- UCD School of Veterinary Medicine and UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin , Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - David J Brayden
- UCD School of Veterinary Medicine and UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin , Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
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9
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Tscheik C, Blasig IE, Winkler L. Trends in drug delivery through tissue barriers containing tight junctions. Tissue Barriers 2014; 1:e24565. [PMID: 24665392 PMCID: PMC3887097 DOI: 10.4161/tisb.24565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2013] [Revised: 04/03/2013] [Accepted: 04/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A limitation in the uptake of many drugs is the restricted permeation through tissue barriers. There are two general ways to cross barriers formed by cell layers: by transcytosis or by diffusion through the intercellular space. In the latter, tight junctions (TJs) play the decisive role in the regulation of the barrier permeability. Thus, transient modulation of TJs is a potent strategy to improve drug delivery. There have been extensive studies on surfactant-like absorption enhancers. One of the most effective enhancers found is sodium caprate. However, this modulates TJs in an unspecific fashion. A novel approach would be the specific modulation of TJ-associated marvel proteins and claudins, which are the main structural components of the TJs. Recent studies have identified synthetic peptidomimetics and RNA interference techniques to downregulate the expression of targeted TJ proteins. This review summarizes current progress and discusses the impact on TJs' barrier function.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ingolf E Blasig
- Leibniz Institut für Molekulare Pharmakologie; Berlin-Buch, Germany
| | - Lars Winkler
- Leibniz Institut für Molekulare Pharmakologie; Berlin-Buch, Germany
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10
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Abstract
The apical-most region of cell-to-cell contact in a vertebrate epithelium is the tight junction (TJ) complex. It is composed of bicellular TJs (bTJs) that bridge two adjacent epithelial cells and tricellular TJs (tTJs) that are points of contact between three adjoining epithelial cells. Tricellulin (TRIC) is a transmembrane TJ protein of vertebrates that is found in the tTJ complex. Full-length cDNA encoding rainbow trout TRIC was cloned and sequenced. In silico analysis of rainbow trout TRIC revealed a tetraspannin protein with several putative posttranslational modification sites. TRIC mRNA was broadly expressed in rainbow trout tissues and exhibited moderately greater abundance in the gill. In a primary cultured gill epithelium, TRIC localized to tTJs and TRIC protein abundance increased in association with corticosteroid-induced reductions in paracellular permeability. Sodium caprate was used to compromise cultured gill epithelium integrity by disrupting the tTJ complex. Sodium caprate treatment caused a reversible reduction in transepithelial resistance, caused an increase in paracellular permeability (as measured by [³H]PEG-4000 flux), and displaced TRIC from tTJs while leaving bTJs intact. Data from this study support the view that tTJs and the TJ protein TRIC 1) play a role in maintaining gill epithelium integrity and 2) contribute to the regulation of gill epithelium permeability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Kolosov
- Department of Biology, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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11
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Zhang M, Lv X, Li J, Meng Z, Wang Q, Chang W, Li W, Chen L, Liu Y. Sodium caprate augments the hypoglycemic effect of berberine via AMPK in inhibiting hepatic gluconeogenesis. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2012; 363:122-30. [PMID: 22922125 PMCID: PMC3795615 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2012.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2012] [Revised: 08/06/2012] [Accepted: 08/08/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Berberine (BER), a natural product and active ingredient of genera Berberis and Coptis, has been demonstrated to possess anti-diabetic activities. However, the poor bioavailability of this agent greatly limits its clinical application. In our previous study, we demonstrated that co-administration of sodium caprate, an absorption enhancer, with BER could significantly increase the bioavailability of BER without any serious mucosal damage. Here, we investigated the effects of BER on AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK)/gluconeogenesis pathway and the effects of sodium caprate on hypoglycemic action of BER. The ability of BER co-administered with sodium caprate to reduce insulin resistance was investigated in diabetic rat model induced by high-fat diet and low dose STZ. Western blot was performed to evaluate effects of BER on AMPK signaling proteins involved in hepatic gluconeogenesis in diabetic rat and HepG2 hepatocytes. BER reduced body weight and caused a significant improvement in glucose tolerance without altering food intake in diabetic rats. Similarly, BER reduced plasma triglycerides and improved insulin action in diabetic rats. BER down-regulated the elevated expressions of gluconeogenesis key enzymes PEPCK and G6Pase, inhibited the translocation of TORC2 from cytoplasm to nucleus and increased AMPK activity in liver tissues. The effect of BER was higher when co-administered with sodium caprate. BER treatment resulted in reduced glucose production in HepG2 hepatocytes. BER increased AMPK activity, reduced the expression of PEPCK, and the nuclear transcription factors PGC-1, HNF-4α and FOXO1. The effect of BER on gluconeogenesis could be partly blocked by AMPK inhibitor, Compound C. BER could suppress hepatic gluconeogenesis in rat model of diabetes at least in part via stimulation of AMPK activity and this action of BER is augmented by sodium caprate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Norman Bethune Medical College, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Xiaoyan Lv
- Clinical Laboratory, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Pharmacology, Norman Bethune Medical College, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Zhaojie Meng
- Department of Pharmacology, Norman Bethune Medical College, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Qiujing Wang
- Experimental Center of Functional Sciences, Norman Bethune Medical College, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - WenGuang Chang
- Department of Pharmacology, Norman Bethune Medical College, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Pharmacology, Norman Bethune Medical College, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 1300118, China
| | - Li Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, Norman Bethune Medical College, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
- Corresponding authors. Addresses: 126 Xin Min Street, Changchun 130021, China (L. Chen), Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, UCLA School of Medicine, Charles Drew University of Medicine and Science, 1731 East 120th Street, Los Angeles, CA 90059, USA (Y. Liu). (L. Chen), (Y. Liu)
| | - Yanjun Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, Norman Bethune Medical College, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, UCLA School of Medicine, Charles Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, CA 90059, USA
- Corresponding authors. Addresses: 126 Xin Min Street, Changchun 130021, China (L. Chen), Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, UCLA School of Medicine, Charles Drew University of Medicine and Science, 1731 East 120th Street, Los Angeles, CA 90059, USA (Y. Liu). (L. Chen), (Y. Liu)
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12
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Lv XY, Li J, Zhang M, Wang CM, Fan Z, Wang CY, Chen L. Enhancement of sodium caprate on intestine absorption and antidiabetic action of berberine. AAPS PharmSciTech 2010; 11:372-82. [PMID: 20237966 PMCID: PMC2850468 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-010-9386-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2009] [Accepted: 01/23/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Berberine, a plant alkaloid used in traditional Chinese medicine, has a wide spectrum of pharmacological actions, but the poor bioavailability limits its clinical use. The present aim was to observe the effects of sodium caprate on the intestinal absorption and antidiabetic action of berberine. The in situ, in vitro, and in vivo models were used to observe the effect of sodium caprate on the intestinal absorption of berberine. Intestinal mucosa morphology was measured to evaluate the toxic effect of sodium caprate. Diabetic model was used to evaluate antidiabetic effect of berberine coadministered with sodium caprate. The results showed that the absorption of berberine in the small intestine was poor and that sodium caprate could significantly improve the poor absorption of berberine in the small intestine. Sodium caprate stimulated mucosal-to-serosal transport of berberine; the enhancement ratios were 2.08, 1.49, and 3.49 in the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum, respectively. After coadministration, the area under the plasma concentration-time curve of berberine was increased 28% than that in the absence of sodium caprate. Furthermore, both berberine and coadministration with sodium caprate orally could significantly decrease fasting blood glucose and improve glucose tolerance in diabetic rats (P < 0.05). The hypoglycemic effect of coadministration group was remarkably stronger, and the areas under the glucose curves was decreased 22.5%, compared with berberine treatment group (P < 0.05). Morphologic analysis indicated that sodium caprate was not significantly injurious to the intestinal mucosa. The study demonstrates that sodium caprate could significantly promote the absorption of berberine in intestine and enhance its antidiabetic effect without any serious mucosal damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Yan Lv
- />Department of Pharmacology, Norman Bethune Medical College, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021 China
| | - Jing Li
- />Department of Pharmacology, Norman Bethune Medical College, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021 China
| | - Ming Zhang
- />Department of Pharmacology, Norman Bethune Medical College, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021 China
| | - Chun-Mei Wang
- />Department of Pharmacology, Norman Bethune Medical College, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021 China
| | - Zheng Fan
- />Department of Pharmacology, Norman Bethune Medical College, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021 China
| | - Chun-yan Wang
- />Department of Cadre Ward, First Affiliated Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021 China
| | - Li Chen
- />Department of Pharmacology, Norman Bethune Medical College, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021 China
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